ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks presents a large number of diagrams showing the stability relations among minerals and groups of minerals found in metamorphic rocks. The diagrams help to determine the pressure and temperature conditions under which a given set of metamorphic rocks may have formed. Other parameters that control metamorphic mineral assemblages are also discussed and pitfalls resulting from simplifications and generalizations are highlighted. The book discusses the most common metamorphic rock types, their nomenclature, structure and graphical representation of their mineral assemblages. Part I defines basic principles of metamorphism, introduces metamorphic processes, geologic thermometry and barometry and defines metamorphic grade. Part II presents in a systematic way mineralogical changes and assemblages found in the most common types of metamorphic rocks. The computation of diagrams is based on recent advances in quantitative petrology and geochemistry. An extensive bibliography, including the key contributions and classic papers in the field, make it an invaluable source book for graduate students and professional geologists.

Description / Table of Contents: Volcanoes have played a profound role in shaping our planet, and volcanic activity is a major hazard locally, regionally and globally. Many volcanoes are, however, poorly accessible and sparsely monitored. Consequently, remote sensing is playing an increasingly important role in tracking volcano behaviour, while synoptic remote sensing techniques have begun to make major contributions to volcanological science. Volcanology is driven in part by the operational concerns of volcano monitoring and hazard management, but the goal of volcanological science is to understand the processes that underlie volcanic activity. This volume shows how we may reach a deeper understanding by integrating remote sensing measurements with modelling approaches and, if available, ground-based observations. It includes reviews and papers that report technical advances and document key case studies. They span a range of remote sensing applications to volcanoes, from volcano deformation, thermal anomalies and gas fluxes, to the tracking of eruptive ash and gas plumes. The result is a state-of-the-art overview of the ever-growing importance of remote sensing to volcanology.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 Science Histories ; 3 Science Economics ; 4 Conserving Science and Composing Nature ; 5 Making Climate Change ; 6 The Circulation of Climate Change ; 7 The Science of Coming Home ; 8 Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Energie aus Biomasse hat mit einem Anteil von weit über acht Prozent am deutschen Endenergieverbrauch den größten Anteil an der Bereitstellung regenerativer Alternativen zum fossil-atomaren System. Die Rohstoffe, die dies ermöglichen, reichen von Energiepflanzen über Wald- und Resthölzer bis hin zu Abfällen aus Landwirtschaft und Biotonne. Der neu erschienene Bundesländer-Potenzialatlas Bioenergie der Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien (AEE) zeigt Status Quo und Möglichkeiten zur Nutzung von Holz, Raps, Mais, Gülle und Co. auf. Je nach regionalen Gegebenheiten sind die Bioenergie-Potenziale in Deutschlands Regionen unterschiedlich groß. Für alle Regionen gilt: Die Vielfalt des Multitalents Bioenergie wird vor Ort gerade erst entdeckt. In den einzelnen Bundesländern kann die Nutzung der Biomasse noch steigen. Das macht der neue AEE-Potenzialatlas ebenso deutlich wie die Vielzahl an Nutzungsmöglichkeiten für die Biomasse. Entwickelt wurde der Band auf Basis von Untersuchungen des Deutschen Biomasseforschungszentrums (DBFZ). (Quelle: Verlag)

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1: Prologue ; PART 1: Setting the scene ; Chapter 2: The climate change challenge in the context of international trade ; Chapter 3: Environmental protection and the international trade system ; PART 2: The current state of play ; Chapter 4: Legal and policy responses to climate change ; Chapter 5: Analyzing the Kyoto Protocol ; Chapter 6: Top-down and bottom-up approaches to climate change and trade ; Chapter 7: Regional trade agreements and climate change ; Chapter 8: Geoengineering the climate and possible trade implications ; Chapter 9: Recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1: Responding to Climate Change: Introduction and Overview ; Chapter 2: Sustaining Growth and Mitigating Climate Change: Are the Costs of Mitigation Underestimated? ; Chapter 3: Tradable Carbon Allowances: The Experience of the European Union and Lessons Learned ; Chapter 4: Energy and Climate Change Policy: Perspectives from the International Energy Agency ; Chapter 5: The Political Economy of Climate Change ; Chapter 6: Climate Change Meets Trade in Promoting Green Growth: Potential Conflicts and Synergies ; Chapter 7: Terms of Trade in Korea: Causes of Decline Since the Mid-1990s and Implications for Green Growth ; Chapter 8: Low Carbon Green Growth and Energy Policy in Korea ; Chapter 9: Issues in Establishing a Carbon Market in Korea

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 The Rise of Sovereign Wealth Funds ; 3 Rethinking the "Sovereign" in Sovereign Wealth Funds ; 4 The Virtues of Long-Term Commitment: Australia's Future Fund ; 5 The Ethics of Global Investment: Norway's Government Pension Fund ; 6 Insurer of Last Resort: Singapore's Government Investment Corporation ; 7 Legitimacy, Trade, and Global Imbalances: The China Investment Corporation ; 8 Modernity, Imitation, and Performance: The Gulf States' Funds ; 9 Conclusion: Form and Function in the Twenty-First Century

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction: governing climate relations between Europe and Asia in a restructuring world order ; PART I: The European Union, China and the global governance of climate change ; Chapter 2: The increasingly complex nature of EU-China climate relations ; Chapter 3: China, the European Union and global environmental governance: the case of climate change ; Chapter 4: Explaining the development of China's renewable energy policies: comparing wind and solar power ; Chapter 5: Cap or tax? Exploring the potential for a carbon tax or emissions trading in China ; Chapter 6: The governance of the CDM in China: achievements and deficiencies ; PART II: EU-Vietnam climate relations: a study of the Clean Development Mechanism ; Chapter 7: The role and dynamics of the Clean Development Mechanism in EU-Vietnam climate relations ; Chapter 8: The Vietnamese regulatory framework for the Clean Development Mechanism ; Chapter 9: Public-private partnerships in CDM implementation in Vietnam ; Chapter 10: Opportunities and challenges for Vietnamese enterprises involved in the CDM ; Chapter 11: Case-study of Vietnamese hydropower CDM projects: shortcomings and barriers ; Chapter 12: The governance of climate relations between Europe and Asia in the 'pivotal decade' (2010-2020): evidence from China and Vietnam

Description / Table of Contents: Your Python code may run correctly, but you need it to run faster. By exploring the fundamental theory behind design choices, this practical guide helps you gain a deeper understanding of Python's implementation. You'll learn how to locate performance bottlenecks and significantly speed up your code in high-data-volume programs. This book includes war stories from companies that use high performance Python for social media analytics, productionized machine learning, and other situations.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Wahrscheinlichkeit.- Zufallsgrößen und Verteilungen.- Klassisches Schätzen.- Klassisches Testen.- Die Posterioriverteilung.- Bayessches Schätzen.- Bayessches Testen.- Drei historische Fälle.- A. Standardnormalverteilung

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part 1 - Setting the Scene ; Chapter 1 The Global Outlook ; Chapter 2 Tracking Clean Energy Progress ; Part 2 - Harnessing Electricity's Potential ; Chapter 3 Electrification of the Energy System ; Chapter 4 Solar Power: Possibly the Dominant Source by 2050 ; Chapter 5 Natural Gas in Low-Carbon Electricity Systems ; Chapter 6 Electrifying Transport: How Can E-Mobility Replace Oil? ; Chapter 7 Electricity Storage: Costs, Value and Competitiveness ; Chapter 8 Attracting Finance for Low-Carbon Generation ; Chapter 9 Power Generation in India ; Annexes

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1. Climate Change - An Urban Problem? Chapter 2. Climate Risk and Vulnerability in the City Chapter 3. Accounting for Urban GHG emissions Chapter 4. Governing Climate Change in the City Chapter 5. Climate Change Mitigation and Low Carbon Cities Chapter 6. Urban Adaptation - Towards Climate Resilient Cities? Chapter 7. Climate Change Experiments and Alternatives in the City Chapter 8. Conclusions

Description / Table of Contents: Antarctica preserves a rock record that spans three and a half billion years of history and has a remarkable story to tell about the evolution of our Earth, from the hottest crustal rocks yet found in an orogenic system, to the assembly and breakup of Gondwana in the Phanerozoic. This volume highlights our improved understanding of the tectonic events that have shaped Antarctica and how these potentially relate to supercontinent assembly and fragmentation. The internal constitution of the East Antarctic Shield is assessed using information available from the basement geology and from detritus preserved as Mesozoic sediments in the Trans Antarctic Mountains. Accretionary orogenesis along the proto-Pacific margin of Antarctica is examined and the volumes of intracrustal melting compared with juvenile magma additions in these complex orogenic systems assessed. This volume demonstrates the diversity of approaches required to elucidate and understand crustal evolution and evaluate the supercontinent concept.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1. Computer Arithmetic ; Chapter 2. Interval Arithmetic ; Chapter 3. Interval Analysis ; Chapter 4. Automatic Differentiation ; Chapter 5. Interval Analysis in Action ; Chapter 6. Ordinary Differential Equations ; Appendix A. Mathematical Foundations ; Appendix B. Program Codes

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Climate archives, variables and dating. - 1.2 Noise and statistical distribution. - 1.3 Persistence. - 1.4 Spacing. - 1.5 Aim and structure of this book. - 1.6 Background material. - 2 Persistence models. - 2.1 First-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.1.1 Even spacing. - 2.1.2 Uneven Spacing. - 2.2 Second-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.3 Mixed Autoregressive Moving Average Model. - 2.4 Other models. - 2.4.1 Long-memory process. - 2.4.2 Nonlinear and non-gaussian models. - 2.5 Climate theory. - 2.5.1 Stochastic climate models. - 2.5.2 Long memory of temperature fluctuations?. - 2.5.3 Long memory of river runoff. - 2.6 Background material. - 2.7 Technical issues. - 3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 3.1 Error bars and confidence intervals. - 3.1.1 Theoretical example: Mean estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.2 Theoretical example: Standard deviation estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.3 Real world. - 3.2 Bootstrap principle. - 3.3 Bootstrap resampling. - 3.3.1 Nonparametric: Moving block bootstrap. - 3.3.2 Parametric: Autoregressive Bootstrap. - 3.3.3 Parametric: Surrogate Data. - 3.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 3.4.1 Normal confidence interval. - 3.4.2 Student's t confidence interval. - 3.4.3 Percentile confidence interval. - 3.4.4 BCa Confidence Interval. - 3.5 Examples. - 3.6 Bootstrap hypothesis tests. - 3.7 Notation. - 3.8 Background material. - 3.9 Technical issues. - PART 2 UNIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 4 Regression I. - 4.1 Linear regression. - 4.1.1 Weighted least-squares and ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.2 Generalized least-squares estimation. - 4.1.3 Other estimation types. - 4.1.4 Classical confidence intervals. - 4.1.5 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 4.1.6 Monte Carlo Experiments: Ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.7 Timescale errors. - 4.2 Nonlinear regression. - 4.2.1 Climate Transition Model: Ramp. - 4.2.2 Trend-Change Model: Break. - 4.3 Nonparametric regression or smoothing. - 4.3.1 Kernel estimation. - 4.3.2 Bootstrap confidence intervals and bands. - 4.3.3 Extremes or outlier detection. - 4.4 Background material. - 4.5 Technical issues. - 5 Spectral analysis. - 5.1 Spectrum. - 5.1.1 Example: AR(1) process, discrete time. - 5.1.2 Example: AR(2) process, discrete time. - 5.1.3 Physical meaning. - 5.2 Spectral estimation. - 5.2.1 Periodogram. - 5.2.2 Welch's overlapped segment averaging. - 5.2.3 Multitaper estimation. - 5.2.4 Lomb-Scargle estimation. - 5.2.5 Peak detection: red-noise hypthesis. - 5.2.6 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum. - 5.2.7 Aliasing. - 5.2.8 Timescale errors. - 5.2.9 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum (continued). - 5.3 Background material. - 5.4 Technical Issues. - 6 Extreme value time series. - 6.1 Data types. - 6.1.1 Event times. - 6.1.2 Peaks over threshold. - 6.1.3 Block extremes. - 6.1.4 Remarks on data selection. - 6.2 Stationary models. - 6.2.1 Generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.2.2 Generalized pareto distribution. - 6.2.3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 6.2.4 Example: Elbe summer floods, 1852-2002. - 6.2.5 Persisitence. - 6.2.6 Remark: Tail estimation. - 6.2.7 Remark: Optimal estimation. - 6.3 Nonstationary models. - 6.3.1 Time-dependent generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.3.2 Inhomogenous poisson process. - 6.3.3 Hybrid: Poisson-Extreme value distribution. - 6.4 Sampling and time spacing. - 6.5 Background material. - 6.6 Technical issues. - PART 3 BIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 7. Correlation. - 7.1 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. - 7.1.1 Remark: Alternative correlation measures. - 7.1.2 Classical confidence intervals, nonpersistent processes. - 7.1.3 Bivariate time series models. - 7 .1.4 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.1.5 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.2 Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. - 7.2.1 Classical Confidence Intervals, Nonpersistent Processes. - 7.2.2 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.2.3 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.4 Example: Elbe Runoff Variations. - 7.5 Unequal Timescales. - 7.5.1 Binned Correlation. - 7.5.2 Synchrony Correlation. - 7.5.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.5.4 Example: Vostok Ice Core Records. - 7.6 Background Material. - 7. 7 Technical Issues. - 8 Regression II. - 8.1 Linear Regression. - 8.1.1 Ordinary Least-Squares Estimation. - 8.1.2 Weighted Least-Squares for Both Variables Estimation. - 8.1.3 Wald-Bartlett Procedure. - 8.2 Bootstrap Confidence lntervals. - 8.2.1 Simulating Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 8.3.1 Easy Setting. - 8.3.2 Realistic Setting: Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.3 Dependence on Accuracy of Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.4 Mis-Specified Prior Knowledge. - 8.4 Example: Climate Sensitivity. - 8.5 Prediction. - 8.5.1 Example: Calibration of a Proxy Variable. - 8.6 Lagged Regression. - 8.6.1 Example: CO2 and Temperature Variations in the Pleistocene. - 8.7 Background Material. - 8.8 Technical Issues. - PART 4 OUTLOOK. - 9 Future Directions. - 9 .1 Timescale Modeling. - 9.2 Novel Estimation Problems. - 9.3 Higher Dimensions. - 9.4 Climate Models. - 9.4.1 Fitting Climate Models to Observations. - 9.4.2 Forecasting with Climate Models. - 9.4.3 Design of the Cost Function. - 9.4.4 Climate Model Bias. -9.5 Optimal Estimation. - 9.6 Background Material. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Climate is a paradigm of a complex system. Analysing climate data is an exciting challenge, which is increased by non-normal distributional shape, serial dependence, uneven spacing and timescale uncertainties. This book presents bootstrap resampling as a computing-intensive method able to meet the challenge. It shows the bootstrap to perform reliably in the most important statistical estimation techniques: regression, spectral analysis, extreme values and correlation. This book is written for climatologists and applied statisticians. It explains step by step the bootstrap algorithms (including novel adaptions) and methods for confidence interval construction. It tests the accuracy of the algorithms by means of Monte Carlo experiments. It analyses a large array of climate time series, giving a detailed account on the data and the associated climatological questions.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Executive summaries ; 1. Air pollution ; 2. Armed conflicts ; 3. Climate change ; 4. Ecosystems and biodiversity ; 5. Education ; 6. Gender inequality ; 7. Human health ; 8. Malnutrition ; 9. Trade barriers ; 10. Water and sanitation

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Background -- On the role(s) of energy in the economy -- A brief history of bubbles and busts through 1933 -- Post World War II -- After the end of Glass-Steagall -- The role of misbehavior -- Where do we stand today? -- A policy agenda for stabilization -- Economic growth -- Concluding thoughts about bubbles and energy.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction and contextual background ; 2. Methodological approach ; 3. Current initiatives promoting youth entrepreneurship in Egypt and Tunisia ; 4. Evaluation of initiatives promoting youth entrepreneurship in Tunisia and Egypt

Description / Table of Contents: Decoding the complete history of Earth and our solar system requires the placing of the scattered pages of Earth history in a precise chronological order, and the 40Ar/39Ar dating technique is one of the most trusteddating techniques to do that. The 40Ar/39Ar method has been in use for more than 40 years, and has constantlyevolved since then. The steady improvement of the technique is largely due to a better understandingof the K/Ar system, an appreciation of the subtleties of geological material and a continuous refinement ofthe analytical tools used for isotope extraction and counting. The 40Ar/39Ar method is also one of the mostversatile techniques with countless applications in archaeology, tectonics, structural geology, orogenic processesand provenance studies, ore and petroleum genesis, volcanology, weathering processes and climate,and planetary geology. This volume is the first of its kind and covers methodological developments, modelling,data handling, and direct applications of the 40Ar/39Ar technique.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Chapter 1: Cultural Capital Defined ; Chapter 2: Why Jews, Confucians, and Protestants? ; Chapter 3: Jews ; Chapter 4: Confucians ; Chapter 5: Protestants ; Chapter 6: Other High Achievers I: Basques and Sikhs ; Chapter 7: Other High Achievers II: Mormons and Ismailis ; Chapter 8: Catholic Latin America ; Chapter 9: Latino Immigration into the United States ; Chapter 10: African Americans ; Chapter 11: What to Do

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Prologue ; Why we need to transform ourselves ; Planet Earth in the Anthropocene - the Age of Humans ; Hot stuff: climate change ; We're not that stupid. A glance into the past ; Technically, everything is possible ; A task fot the whole world ; Who is going to pay for it? ; The State also has a role to play ; Politicians can't manage it alone

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 The United States is Bankrupt ; 2 Catastrophic Success ; 3 Living beyond Our Children's Means ; 4 Economic Fallout ; 5 Beatings without Bruises ; 6 Does It Pay to Grow Up? ; 7 The War on Our Children ; 8 Unsafe at Any Speed ; 9 Getting to Yes ; 10 There Must Be Some Way Out of Here ; 1 Time to Retire ; 12 Becoming Our Own Solution ; 13 The Power of Ordinary Living ; 14 The [Coming] Generational Storm

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction: Australia's Choice ; Part 1 ; 1 A World Tramsformed ; 2 The Reform Era ; 3 The Great Australian Complacency ; 4 The Hair of the Dog ; Part2 ; 5 Reform for Full Employment and Stability ; 6 Reform to Raise Productivity ; 7 Population, Participation and Equity ; 8 The Public Sector and the Federation ; 9 Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change ; Part 3; 10 A Changed Political Culture ; 11 Public versus Private Interests ; Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART I: Setting the scene ; 1: Introduction ; 2: The evolution of global climate governance ; PART II: Analytical framework ; 3: The concept of fragmentation ; 4: Types of regime interaction ; 5: Management of regime interactions ; PART III: Case studies ; 6: The UN climate regime and minilateral clean technology agreements ; 7: The UN climate regime and the Convention on Biological Diversity ; 8: The UN climate regime and the World Trade Organization ; PART IV: Synthesis and conclusions ; 9: Regime interactions in global climate governance ; 10: Conclusions and ways forward

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; PART I: FOSSIL FUEL MARKETS ; 1: Oil prices, exhaustible resources and economic growth ; 2: Gas markets: past, present and future ; 3: The likelihood and potential implications of a natural gas cartel ; 4: Global steam coal markets until 2030: perspectives on production, trade and consumption under increasing carbon constraints ; PART II: ELECTRICITY MARKETS ; 5: The future of the (US) electric grid ; 6: Increasing the penetration of intermittent renewable energy: innovation in energy storage and grid management ; 7: Electric vehicles: will consumers purchase them? ; PART III: ENERGY POLICY ; 8: The contribution of energy efficiency towards meeting CO2 targets ; 9: Economic analysis of feed-in tariffs for generating electricity from renewable energy sources ; 10: A renewable energy future? ; 11: Energy policy: a full circle? ; PART IV: CLIMATE AGREEMENTS ; 12: Anthropogenic influences on atmospheric CO2 ; 13: International cooperation on climate change: why is there so little progress? ; 14: Long live the Kyoto Protocol! ; 15: Designing a Bretton Woods institution to address global climate change ; PART V: CARBON MITIGATION POLICIES ; 16: Fiscal instruments for climate finance ; 17: How high should climate change taxes be? ; 18: State-contingent pricing as a response to uncertainty in climate policy ; 19: Climate change, buildings and energy prices ; 20: Using micro data to examine causal effects of climate policy ; 21: Carbon trading: past, present and future ; 22: Moral positions on tradable permit markets ; 23: The European CO2 allowances market: issues in the transition to Phase III ; PART VI: LOW-CARBON BEHAVIOUR AND GOVERNANCE ; 24: The role of behavioural economics in energy and climate policy ; 25: Valuing nature for climate change policy: from discounting the future to truly social deliberation ; 26: Individual consumers and climate change: searching for a new moral compass ; 27: Decentralization of governance in the low-carbon transition ; 28: Is a global crisis required to prevent climate change? A historical-institutional perspective ; PART VII: LOW-CARBON GROWTH ; 29: Prosperity with growth: economic growth, climate change and environmental limits ; 30: Should we sustain? And if so, sustain what? Consumption or the quality of life? ; 31: At the crossroads: can China grow in a low-carbon way? ; Chapter 32: Low-carbon economy: dark age or golden age?

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; PART 1: National and local experiences ; Chapter 1: Bureaucratic rhetoric of climate change in Nigeria: International aspiration versus local realities ; Chapter 2: Combating climate change and biodiversity loss in a 'hot spot' mega-diversity country ; Chapter 3: Does the concept of ecosystem services promote synergies between European strategies for climate change and biodiversity? ; Chapter 4: Impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss and population on sustainable development in Ethiopia ; Chapter 5: Climate change, human rights and the Darfur crisis ; PART 2: International and transboundary approaches ; Chapter 6: The clustering of multilateral environmental agreements: Can the clustering of the chemicals-related conventions be applied to the biodiversity and climate change conventions? ; Chapter 7: Retreading negotiations on equity in environmental governance: Case studies contrasting the evolution of ABS and REDD+ ; Chapter 8: Climate change, biodiversity and human rights: Can synergy help? ; Chapter 9: Reducing emissions in the forest sector under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A new opportunity for biodiversity conservation? ; Chapter 10: Transboundary conservation of mountain biodiversity in a climate change impacted world: Governance perspectives from Central Asia and the Island of Borneo ; PART 3: Land use and agriculture ; Chapter 11: Climate change, the EU Floods Directive and biodiversity protection: Lessons from the Scheldt on land use planning as an adaptive measure ; Chapter 12: Climate change and biodiversity: The vulnerability of the Amazon rainforest in the face of increasing ethanol demand ; Chapter 13: The contribution of the EU Common Agricultural Policy to protecting biodiversity and global climate in Europe ; PART 4: Solutions from science and technology ; Chapter 14: Creating marine protected area networks in Pacific North America for biodiversity conservation: Linking ecology to legislation ; Chapter 15: Preventing and mitigating the impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss through biosecurity

Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication contains 43 scientific studies presented at the 5th conference on "Clays in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement" held in Montpellier, France in 2012. The conference and this resulting volume cover all the aspects of clay characterization and behaviour considered at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay, from basic phenomenological process descriptions to the global understanding of performance and safety at repository and geological scales. Special emphasis has been given to the modelling of processes occurring at the mineralogical level within the clay barriers.The papers in this Special Publication consider research into argillaceous media under the followingtopic areas: large-scale geological characterization; clay-based concept/large-scale experiments; hydrodynamical modelling; geochemistry; geomechanics; mass transfer/gas transfer; mass transfer mechanisms.The collection of different topics presented in this Special Publication demonstrates the diversity of geological repository research.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Das Wissen über den anthropogenen Klimawandel. - 1 .1 Die globale Erwärmung ist eindeutig: Beobachtungen des Klimasystems. - 1.1.1 Erwärmung der Atmosphäre. - 1.1.2 Erwärmung des Ozeans. - 1.1.3 Ozeanversauerung. - 1.1.4 Schmelzen der Eismassen. - 1.1.4.1 Meereis, gegenläufige Trends an den beiden Polen. - 1.1.4.2 Die Eisschilde Grönlands und der Antarktis. - 1.1.5 Meeresspiegelanstieg. - 1 .2 Fähigkeiten und Grenzen von Klimamodellen und Szenarien. - 1.2.1 Klima- und Erdsystemmodelle. - 1.2.2 Integrierte Analysemodelle. - 1.2.3 Emissionsszenarien. - 1 .3 Der menschliche Einfluss auf das Klima ist evident: zum Verständnis der Zusammenhänge. - 1 .4 CO2 aus fossilen Energieträgern - der Kern des Klimaproblems. - 1.4.1 Die Rolle von CO2. - 1.4.2 Andere klimawirksame Gase und Stoffe. - 1 .5 Die zukünftige Entwicklung des Klimas hängt stark vom menschlichen Handeln ab. - 1.5.1 Representative Concentration Pathways - Ein Blick in die Zukunft. - 1.5.1.1RCP 2.6: Ambitionierte Klimapolitik - Negative Emissionen. - 1.5.1.2 RCP 8.5: Der Pfad zur Klimakatastrophe - Business as usual. - 1.5.2 Potenzielle Instabilitäten des Klimasystems - das Risiko der Auslösung nichtlinearer Prozesse. - 1 .6 Beobachtete Auswirkungen des Klimawandels. - 1 .7 Die zukünftigen Auswirkungen des globalen Klimawandels auf die natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen der Menschheit. - 1.7.1 Gefährliche anthropogene Störung des Klimasystems: fünf Gefährdungslagen. - 1.7.2 Kernrisiken für den Erhalt der natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen. - 1.7.3 Kernrisiken für Sektoren und Regionen: Beispiele. - 1.7.3.1 Nahrungsproduktion und Ernährungssicherheit. - 1.7.3.2 Süßwasserdargebot. - 1.7.3.3 Städtische Verdichtungsräume. - 1.7.3.4 Menschliche Gesundheit. - 1.7.3.5 Verlust von Kulturerbe und kultureller Vielfalt. - 1.7.3.6 Konfliktfaktor Klimawandel. - 1.7.3.7 Migration. - 1.7.3.8 Ökosysteme und biologische Vielfalt. - 1.7.4 Regionale Herausforderungen. - 1.7.4.1 Europa. - 1.7.4.2 Afrika und Asien. - 1 .8 Den anthropogenen Klimawandel begrenzen. - 1.8.1 Transformationspfade zur Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 1.8.2 Handlungsfelder und Sektoren für den Klimaschutz. - 1.8.2.1 Energie. - 1.8.2.2 Transport. - 1.8.2.3 Gebäude. - 1.8.2.4 Industrie. - 1.8.2.5 Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie weitere Landnutzung. - 1.8.2.6 Menschliche Siedlungen, Infrastruktur und Raumplanung. - 1.8.3 Großtechnische Eingriffe. - 1.8.3.1 Aktive Entfernung von CO2. - 1.8.3.2 Manipulation der Strahlungsbilanz. - 1 .9 Rahmenbedingungen für die Transformation zu einer klimaverträglichen Gesellschaft. - 1.9.1 Emissionstrends und ihre Treiber. - 1.9.2 Klimaschutz erfordert neue Investitionsmuster. - 1.9.3 Klimaschutzmaßnahmen und ihre Zusatznutzen. - 1.9.4 Akteure und Bündnisse für den Klimaschutz. - 1 .10 Kernbotschaften. - 2 Herausforderungen für einen gerechten Klimaschutz. - 2 .1 Die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke als zentrales Ziel im internationalen Klimaschutz. - 2 .2 Voraussetzungen für die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 2 .3 Verantwortung für die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 2.3.1 Das Nullemissionsziel als gemeinsame Verantwortung für alle Staaten. - 2.3.2 Das Nullemissionsziel als gemeinsame Verantwortung aller gesellschaftlichen Akteure. - 2.3.3 Eine neue Verantwortungsarchitektur für den Klimaschutz: Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Weltbürgerbewegung und Multilateralismus. - 2 .4 Kernbotschaften. - 3 Vorschlag für ein Pariser Klimaprotokoll 2015. - 3 .1 Leitkonzept: Prozeduralisierung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 3 .2 Pariser Protokoll: Allgemeiner Teil. - 3.2.1 Wissenschaftliche Expertise rechtsverbindlich verankern. - 3.2.2 Größtmögliche Transparenz durch Information gewährleisten. - 3.2.3 Akzeptanz und Kontrolle durch Beteiligung fördern. - 3.2.4 Befolgung durch Klagerechte verbessern. - 3 .3 Pariser Protokoll: Besonderer Teil. - 3.3.1 Klimaschützende Maßnahmen. - 3.3.1.1 2°C-Leitplanke als rechtsverbindlichen Maßstab verankern. - 3.3.1.2 Globales Langfristziel verbindlich festlegen. - 3.3.1.3 Vertragsstaatliche Zusagen zur CO2-Reduktion und Überprüfungsverfahren (Pledge-and-Review- Verfahren). - 3.3.1.4 Berichterstattung klar strukturieren und verbindlich verankern. - 3.3.2 Anpassung: Fortführung und Stärkung vorhandener Maßnahmen. - 3.3.3 Verluste und Schäden: Warschau-Mechanismus ausbauen. - 3.3.4 Flexible Mechanismen. - 3.3.4.1 Die flexiblen Mechanismen im Kyoto-Protokoll. - 3.3.4.2 Zukünftige Nutzung flexibler Mechanismen. - 3.3.5 Ein Transformationsfonds für eine klimaverträgliche Wirtschaft. - 3.3.5.1 Vorschlag für einen Transformationsfonds. - 3.3.6 Finanzierung. - 3 .4 Kernbotschaften. - 4 Narrative und Laboratorien für aktiven Klimaschutz. - 4 .1 Die Vitalisierung internationaler Verhandlungen. - 4 .2 Modularer Multilateralismus. - 4.2.1 Staaten-Clubs. - 4.2.2 Club der Metropolen: das Beispiel C40 Climate Leadership Group. - 4 .3 Individuelle und kollektive Verantwortung. - 4.3.1 Politischer Konsum: Boykott und Buykott. - 4.3.2 Individueller Emissionshandel: Beispiel CO2-Kreditkarte. - 4.3.3 Transition-Town-Bewegung. - 4.3.4 Divestition. - 4.3.5 Anpassungsnetzwerke. - 4.3.6 Städtenetzwerke. - 4 .4 Normativer und kognitiver Paradigmenwechsel. - 4.4.1 Von Reallaboren bis zur Citizen Science - zum unterschätzten Potenzial einertransformativen Wissenschaft. - 4.4.2 Impulse aus Religionsgemeinschaften. - 4 .5 Wiedereinbettung der Märkte. - 4.5.1 Multi-Stakeholder-Initiativen. - 4.5.2 Nachhaltiges öffentliches Beschaffungswesen. - 4.5.3 Energiegenossenschaften. - 4.5.4 Privatwirtschaftliche Akteure und deren Zusammenschlüsse. - 4.5.5 Gemeinwohl-Ökonomie. - 4 .6 Das Zusammenspiel. - 4 .7 Handlungsempfehlungen. - 4.7.1 Modularer Multilateralismus. - 4.7.2 Individuelle und kollektive Verantwortung stärken. - 4.7.3 Wiedereinbettung der Märkte. - 4 .8 Kernbotschaften. - 5 Forschungsempfehlungen. - 5 .1 Transformationsforschung und transformative Forschung. - 5.1.1 Transformationsforschung. - 5.1.2 Transformative Forschung und Wissenskoproduktion. - 5.1.3 Institutionelle Impulse. - 5 .2 Global Governance für die Transformation zur klimaverträglichen Gesellschaft. - 5.2.1 Governance- und Gerechtigkeitsfragen. - 5.2.2 Gestaltung des Pariser Klimaprotokolls. - 5.2.3 Integrative Ansätze. - 5.2.4 Forschung zu Niedrigemissionstechnologien und zu großtechnischen Eingriffen. - 5 .3 Ausgewählte Laboratorien für eine Transformation zur klimaverträglichen Gesellschaft. - 5.3.1 Förderung von Experimenten und Reallaboren. - 5.3.2 Politischer Konsum. - 5.3.3 Wissenschaftliche Begleitung lokaler Transformationsinitiativen. - 5.3.4 Städtenetzwerke. - 5.3.5 Anpassungsnetzwerke. - 5.3.6 Desertec. - 5.3.7 Transformationserfordernisse und -barrieren in der Privatwirtschaft. - 5.3.8 Entwicklung handelbarer Emissionsrechte für Privathaushalte. - 5.3.9 Integration nachhaltiger und innovations orientierter Beschaffung. - 5 .4 Epilog. - 6 Synopse. - 7 Literatur.

Description / Table of Contents: Der 5. Sachstandsbericht des Weltklimarates (IPCC) macht unmissverständlich klar: Inakzeptable Klimafolgen, die sich jenseits der 2°C-Leitplanke häufen dürften, können nur vermieden werden, wenn der weitere Anstieg der Treibhausgaskonzentration so bald wie möglich gestoppt wird. Der WBGU empfiehlt daher, die CO2-Emissionen aus fossilen Energieträgern bis spätestens 2070 auf Null zu senken. Dies ist ein ebenso ehrgeiziges wie prägnantes Politikziel, denn jedes Land, jede Kommune, jedes Unternehmen und jeder Bürger müssen - die Null schaffen-, wenn die Welt als Ganzes klimaneutral werden soll. Die 2°C-Linie kann allerdings nur gehalten werden, wenn zahlreiche Akteure - insbesondere die OECD-Staaten - schon deutlich früher ihre Emissionen herunterfahren. Der Weltgesellschaft als Ganzes steht ein eng begrenztes Kohlenstoffbudget zur Verfügung, so dass der Scheitelpunkt der Emissionen möglichst bis 2020, auf alle Fälle aber in der dritten Dekade erreicht werden sollte. Der WBGU umreißt in diesem Gutachten eine Doppelstrategie für den globalen Klimaschutz, die auf das Zusammenspiel von Multilateralismus und Zivilgesellschaft setzt. Dafür sollte zum einen das für Ende 2015 angestrebte Pariser Klimaabkommen bestimmte Merkmale aufweisen, die der Beirat benennt. Insbesondere sollte ein Prozess vereinbart werden, der die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke sicherstellt. Zum anderen sollten alle gesellschaftlichen Akteure ihre spezifischen Beiträge zur Dekarbonisierung leisten. So kann eine verschränkte Verantwortungsarchitektur für die Zukunft unseres Planeten entstehen, in der vertikales Delegieren und horizontales Engagieren keinen Gegensatz bilden, sondern sich wechselseitig verstärken.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Environmental change and migration ; Part II. Definitions and concepts ; Part III. Displacement and resettlement ; Part IV. Migration as adaptation ; Part V. Vulnerability and resilience ; Part VI. Economic and social implications ; Part VII. Links with disaster response ; Part VIII. Climate change, migration and conflict ; Part IX. Methodologies ; Part X. Hot spot areas of climate change impact and migration ; Part XI. Policy responses.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part I: Future Issues of Asia ; Chapter 1: Agriculture, structural change and socially responsible development in China and Vietnam ; Chapter 2: Population, poverty and responsible social protection issues of Asia ; Chapter 3: Resource constraints and Asia's growth: regional cooperation for enhancing energy security ; Part II: Responsible Policy Matters ; Chapter 4: Taxing for the future: an intergenerational perspective ; Chapter 5: Indian agriculture in the era of global warming ; Chapter 6: China's changing public health paradox and the new generation of health NGOs ; Chapter 7: Towards universal sanitation: the Cambodian case ; Chapter 8: Decentralization and poverty reduction in Indonesia: the case of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) ; Chapter 9: Migration of Bangladeshi workers to Malaysia: emerging lessons of economic and social costs and benefits at the migrant, migrant household and community levels ; Part III: Realizing the Asian Century: The Challenges ; Chapter 10: Sustainable resource development in Asia: challenges and opportunities ; Chapter 11: Business's challenge: relating corporate sustainability, strategy and leadership ; Chapter 12: The Asian century is the Chinese century and the century of turbulence

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; PART I: Understanding the economics of climate change, policy implementation and public perceptions ; Chapter 1: The carbon tax: early experience and future prospects ; Chapter 2: Carbon pricing in Australia: an early view from the inside ; Chapter 3: How has the carbon tax affected the public 'debate' on climate change? ; Chapter 4: The carbon tax and tax reform debate ; Chapter 5: How I learned to stop worrying and love the RET ; PART III: Threats, opportunities and industry adaptation and adjustment ; Chapter 6: The impact of carbon prices on Australia's National Electricity Market ; Chapter 7: Modeling the impact of the Australian greenhouse emissions trading scheme on farm and fishery businesses ; Chapter 8: Science, transaction costs and carbon markets ; Chapter 9: Agricultural adaptation: observations and insights ; PART IV: Dealing with the uncertain future , Chapter 10: Climate change and the precautionary principle , Conclusion

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction to the Clean Development Mechanism ; Chapter 2: Conceptual framework ; Chapter 3: Will preferential access measures overcome barriers to CDM projects in Least Developed Countries? ; Chapter 4: Discounting emission credits and competitiveness of different CDM host countries ; Chapter 5: Does the CDM discourage emission reduction targets in advanced developing countries? An analysis of the 'low-hanging fruit' issue ; Chapter 6: Do domestic renewable energy promotion policies lead to more CDM projects? ; Chapter 7: Concluding remarks

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; Arctic Warming and Extreme Events in the Mid-Latitudes: A Possible Link? ; The Role of Arctic Warming in the Context of Other Forcing Factors ; Observational Evidence of Trends ; Theoretical and Modeling Studies ; ACID Test to Assess Proposed Linkages ; Future Needs and Opportunities ; Appendixes

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; 1. A Climate-Constrained World ; 2. Shifting the Boundary: The Role of Innovation ; 3. Getting to Yes ; 4. Coping with Uncertainty ; 5. Climate Policy and the Forestry Sector: The Role of Non-energy Emissions ; 6. Adaptation and Mitigation: What is the Optimal Balance? ; 7. A Focus on the Latest Developments in the Modelling of Mitigation Options ; 8. Conclusions ; 9. Complete List of Publications that Use WITCH