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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(400)
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication contains 43 scientific studies presented at the 5th conference on "Clays in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement" held in Montpellier, France in 2012. The conference and this resulting volume cover all the aspects of clay characterization and behaviour considered at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay, from basic phenomenological process descriptions to the global understanding of performance and safety at repository and geological scales. Special emphasis has been given to the modelling of processes occurring at the mineralogical level within the clay barriers.The papers in this Special Publication consider research into argillaceous media under the followingtopic areas: large-scale geological characterization; clay-based concept/large-scale experiments; hydrodynamical modelling; geochemistry; geomechanics; mass transfer/gas transfer; mass transfer mechanisms.The collection of different topics presented in this Special Publication demonstrates the diversity of geological repository research.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 632 : z.T. farb. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 9781862396548
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 400
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication contains 43 scientific studies presented at the 5th conference on ‘Clays in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement’ held in Montpellier, France in 2012. The conference and this resulting volume cover all the aspects of clay characterization and behaviour considered at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay, from basic phenomenological process descriptions to the global understanding of performance and safety at repository and geological scales. Special emphasis has been given to the modelling of processes occurring at the mineralogical level within the clay barriers. The papers in this Special Publication consider research into argillaceous media under the following topic areas: large-scale geological characterization; clay-based concept/large-scale experiments; hydrodynamical modelling; geochemistry; geomechanics; mass transfer/gas transfer; mass transfer mechanisms. The collection of different topics presented in this Special Publication demonstrates the diversity of geological repository research.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 632 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862396548
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 16 (1981), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The uranium occurrences of the Guerande peninsula (South Brittany) are, as in Vendée, located near a muscovite leucogranite. This one belongs to the numerous granites associated with the shearing zones developped by the Hercynian tectogenesis. The mineralisations consist in a pitchblende filling of veins, with subordinate sulphides. Structural studies show development of the ore in an open fault network. The structural network is a result of a well defined tectonic phase which gives regional senestral East-west shearings and develop preferential faulting in certain metamorphic series: northern surrounding rocks of the granite, or metamorphic enclaves. The influence of mechanic factors seem to be essential in the deposition of the uranium.
    Notes: Résumé Les gisements et indices d'uranium de la presqu'ile Guérandaise (Bretagne méridionale) sont, comme en Vendée, liés spatialement à un leucogranite à muscovite appartenant à l'ensemble important de granites localisés au voisinage des zones de cisaillement liées à la tectogenèse hercynienne. Les minéralisations consistent en un remplissage filonien, presque exclusivement de pechblende, avec phases sulfurées subordonnées. Les études structurales montrent que les minéralisations se sont développées dans un réseau ouvert de paraclases, qui résultent d'une phase tectonique bien définie: celle-ci consiste en des cisaillements senestres Est-Ouest régionaux, développant la fracturation préférentielle de certains niveaux métamorphiques: encaissant septentrional du granite ou enclaves métamorphiques. L'influence des facteurs mécaniques semble primordiale dans le dépôt de l'uranium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 18 (1983), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A comprehensive study of alteration minerals, especially clays, developed around or within French hydrothermal uranium ore bodies (Vendée and Margeride), generally associated with leucogranitic rocks, using optical examinations, classical methods of clay mineralogy and electron microprobe determinations, demonstrates the general feature of potassic minerals as products of reaction between ore forming fluids and host rocks. Six stages of alteration follow the typical metallogenic sequence established for numerous deposits: early stages and uranium stages 1) 2) 3) with phengites, illite, mixed layered illite and K-montmorillonites; 4), early reworking of pitchblende 1 to pitchblende 2 with complex zoning around ores: illite, illite-K-montmorillonites; 5) then to coffinite-smectites; 6) sooty pitchblende, during supergene weathering, with smectites and kaolinite. Potassic metasomatism by fluids in desequillibrium with the minerals of the granitic host rocks, essentially albite, explains the complex alterations in K-smectites, mixed layered minerals and adularia. Variety of alteration products in each alteration zone indicate incomplete reactions of the solids and chemical potential gradients on a small scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 66 (1999), S. 83-109 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier verschiedene Arten von metamorphen/hydrothermalen Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen wurden im Zuge von detaillierten mikrothermometrischen und spektroskopischen Untersuchungen an Flüssigkeiten in Proben von spätgebildeten Quarzgängen aus dem Gesamtbereich des Witwatersrand-Beckens identifiziert. Bei diesen Flüssigkeiten konnten wässerige, H2O-CO2-reiche, H2O-CH4-CO2-reiche und CH4-N2-reiche Typen unterschieden werden. Bei frühgebildeten Einschlüssen dominieren H2O- und CO2-reiche Flüssigkeiten. Die frühen Einschlüsse kommen entlang verheilter Bruchflächen vor und werden von einer späteren, gasreichen Generation durchkreuzt, die CH4, C2H6, N2, H2, und H2S enthält. Insbesondere Quarzgänge, die an Verwerfungen gebunden sind, enthalten Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse des letzteren Typs. Einige dieser Flüssigkeiten haben die Anwesenheit von Tochterkristallen und hydrokarbonischer Komponenten gemeinsam. Eine sehr späte Generation von wäßrigen Flüssigkeiten kommt in den meisten Proben in der Form von trans-granularen Einschlussbahnen vor. Berücksichtigung von P-V-T-X Bedingungen und Chlorit-Thermometrie, von Mineralparagenesen und Überlagerungsmächtigkeit weisen auf Bildungstemperaturen zwischen 200 und 400 °C, lokal bis zu 500 °C. Die Zusammensetzungen der Flüssigkeiten deuten an, daß die spät-bis post-diagenetischen C-O-H Flüssigkeiten, die auf die Sedimente einwirkten, Sauerstoffugazitäten im Bereich zwischen Q-F-M und Ni-NiO, für Temperaturen von 300 bis 400 °C, hatten. Dies erkärt, warum detritischer Uraninit in weiten Bereichen des Beckens auftritt und warum Remobilisierung von Gold entlang von Zonen hoher Fluidwegsamkeit stattfinden konnte.
    Notes: Summary Four metamorphic/hydrothermal fluid systems were identified in detailed microthermometric and spectroscopic investigations carried out on fluids trapped in late-stage quartz veins sampled throughout the Witwatersrand Basin. These include aqueous, H2O-CO2-rich, H2O-CH4-CO2-rich and CH4-N2-rich fluids. Early inclusion populations are dominated by H2O- and CO2-rich fluid systems. Cross-cutting these early fluid populations are trails of inclusions that contain CH4, C2H6, N2, H2 and H2S (vapour-rich inclusions). Fault-related quartz veins, in particular, are characterized by these later fluid types. A common feature of some of these later fluids is the presence of hydrocarbons and daughter crystals. A very late phase of aqueous fluids occurs in most samples as transgranular inclusion trails. P-V T-X considerations as well as chlorite geothermometry, mineral assemblages and burial conditions suggest entrapment temperatures of between 200°C and 400°C and locally up to 500°C. Fluid chemistry suggests that the post-depositional C-O-H fluids affecting the sediments have oxygen fugacities between Q-F-M and Ni-NiO in the range 300°C to 400°C. This accounts for the widespread preservation of detrital uraninite and gold remobilization along major fluid conduits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 100 (1988), S. 418-428 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Smectite, illite, celadonite and chlorite are the major products of alteration of rhyolites and andesites, in the upper part of the Los Azufres geothermal system. Changes in mineral assemblages and composition of phases are observed as a function of depth and host rock lithology. Two different sequences characterize the rhyolites and the andesites from the surface to a depth of about 1500 m: kaolinite→smectite (±interlayered illite/smectite)→illite→muscovite (rhyolites), and kaolinite→smectite (±interlayered illite/smectite)→illite+celadonite→illite+chlorite→chlorite (andesites). Illite, and chlorite at depth, are largely dominant. Similar substitutions and correlations among chemical constituents characterize illites from rhyolites or andesites, but their compositions in the two host rock lithologies exhibit slight but significant differences, especially in their Fe and Mg contents which are the highest in illites from andesites. Illite exhibits progressive changes in composition with depth: a strong increase in the K content in the interlayer, together with an increase of the Fe content in the octahedral site. These changes correspond to a slight increase in the molar fraction of Fe-(Mg) celadonite end-members, and mostly to a dramatic decrease of pyrophyllite with increasing temperature. Temperature of the mineralogical and compositional changes was estimated from fluid inclusions studies, combined with other geothermometric approaches (chemical geothermometers and direct measurements). Variation of X-pyrophyllite with temperature is proposed as a geothermometer for different host rock lithologies. Transitions between the stability fields of illite±interstratified illite-smectite and illite+chlorite is around 200±30° C, and between illite+chlorite and chlorite around 290±20° C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: Exceptional outcrops recently exposed in the Koniambo massif allow the study of the serpentine sole of the peridotite nappe of New Caledonia (southwest Pacific Ocean). Many magnesite veins are observed, with characteristics indicating that they were emplaced during pervasive top-to-the-southwest shear deformation. The oxygen isotope composition of magnesite is homogeneous (27.4 〈 18 O 〈 29.7), while its carbon isotope composition varies widely ( – 16.7 〈 13 C 〈 – 8.5). These new data document an origin of magnesite from meteoric fluids. Laterization on top of the peridotite nappe and carbonation along the sole appear to represent complementary records of meteoric water infiltration. Based on the syn-kinematic character of magnesite veins, we propose that syn-laterization tectonic activity has enhanced water infiltration, favoring the exportation of leached elements like Mg, which has led to widespread carbonation along the serpentine sole. This calls for renewed examination of other magnesite-bearing ophiolites worldwide in order to establish whether active tectonics is commonly a major agent for carbonation.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-12-04
    Description: The design of the repository for high-level nuclear waste (HLW) in France consists of a multiple-barrier system including steel canisters in a clay host rock. The system will undergo temperature variations in time and space, the heat source being the HLW within the canisters. The effect of a thermal gradient in space on the Fe–claystone interaction was investigated here by applying a thermal gradient (150–300°C and 80–150°C) to a mix of claystone, Fe, and an aqueous chloride solution over periods of 3 and 6 months. Following the reaction, the starting clay minerals (mostly illite and mixed-layer illite-smectite) evolved toward chlorite, Fe-serpentine, Fe-saponite, mixed-layer chlorite-smectite, or mixed-layer serpentine-smectite as a function of temperature. Iron corrosion made the medium basic and reductive. Magnesium enrichment of clay minerals was observed in the hottest part of the experiment due to Mg migration under the thermal gradient. Reaction progress was enhanced at the lowest temperatures, compared to batch experiments.
    Print ISSN: 0009-8604
    Electronic ISSN: 1552-8367
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Clay Minerals Society
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-10-25
    Description: The cooling of steel containers in radioactive-waste storage was simulated in a step-by-step experiment from 90 to 40°C. Among newly formed clay minerals observed in run products, cronstedtite was identified by a number of analytical techniques (powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy). Cronstedtite has not previously been recognized to be so abundant and so well crystallized in an iron–clay interaction experiment. The supersaturation of experimental solutions with respect to cronstedtite was due to the availability of Fe and Si in solution, as a result of the dissolution of iron metal powder, quartz, and minor amounts of other silicates. Cronstedtite crystals are characterized by various morphologies: pyramidal (truncated or not) with a triangular base and conical with a rounded or hexagonal cross-section. The pyramidal crystals occur more frequently and their polytypes (2 M 1 , 1 M , 3 T ) were identified by selected area electron diffraction patterns and by automated diffraction tomography. Cronstedtite is stable within the 90–60°C temperature range. At temperatures of ≤ 50°C, the cronstedite crystals showed evidence of alteration.
    Print ISSN: 0009-8604
    Electronic ISSN: 1552-8367
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Clay Minerals Society
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  • 10
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