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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Deformation Structures and Processes within the Continental Crust (2014)
    London : The Geological Soc.
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(394)
    In: Geological Society special publication
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: vi, 239 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 9781862396272
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 394
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/394/1
    Classification:
    Geodynamics
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    Can Tanzania’s adaptation measures prevent future maize yield decline? A simulation study from Singida region (2021)
    Springer Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Cereal crop production in sub-Saharan Africa has not achieved the much-needed increase in yields to foster economic development and food security. Maize yields in the region’s semi-arid agroecosystems are constrained by highly variable rainfall, which may be worsened by climate change. Thus, the Tanzanian government has prioritized agriculture as an adaptation sector in its intended nationally determined contribution, and crop management adjustments as a key investment area in its Agricultural Sector Development Programme. In this study, we investigated how future changes in maize yields under different climate scenarios can be countered by regional adjusted crop management and cultivar adaptation strategies. A crop model was used to simulate maize yields in the Singida region of Tanzania for the baseline period 1980–2012 and under three future climate projections for 2020–2060 and 2061–2099. Adaptation strategies to improve yields were full irrigation, deficit irrigation, mulch and nitrogen addition and another cultivar. According to our model results, increase in temperature is the main driver of future maize yield decline. Increased respiration and phenological development were associated with lower maize yields of 16% in 2020–2060 and 20% in 2061–2099 compared to the 1980–2012 baseline. Surprisingly, none of the management strategies significantly improved yields; however, a different maize variety that was tested as an alternative coping strategy performed better. This study suggests that investment in accessibility of improved varieties and investigation of maize traits that have the potential to perform well in a warmer future are better suited for sustaining maize production in the semi-arid region than adjustments in crop management.
    Description: Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)
    Description: Universität Hohenheim (3153)
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Maize ; Climate change ; Adaptation ; Model ; Tanzania ; NDC
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of progressive deformation in minor structures in Western Asturias (N. W. Spain) (1975)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 64 (1975), S. 278-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Examples of progressive deformation provided by minor structures are not frequent in the geological literature. In NW Spain some minor structures in Lower Paleozoic inhomogeneous layered material may be interpreted as the result of progressive deformation during the Hercynian Orogeny. The examples described include structures generated by progressive contraction (folded wedges), contraction followed by elongation (folds disrupted by boudinage) and elongation followed by contraction (folded boudins).
    Abstract: Resumen Los ejemplos de estructuras menores que muestran evidencia de haber sido originados por deformación progresiva no son muy frecuentes en la literatura geológica. En el NW de España, determinadas estructuras menores originadas durante la Orogénesis Herciniana en rocas inhomogeneas estratificadas del Paleozoico inferior, pueden ser interpretadas como el resultado de una deformación progresiva. Los ejemplos que se citan incluyen estructuras originadas por contraction progresiva (cuñas plegadas), contracción seguida por elongación (pliegues fuertemente estirados o partidos por boudinage) y elongación seguida por contracción (boudins plegados).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beispiele für progressive Deformation in Kleinstrukturen sind in der geologischen Literatur nicht häufig. In Nordwestspanien können einige Kleinstrukturen in altpaläozoischem, inhomogenem, geschichtetem Material als Ergebnis progressiver Deformation während der herzynischen Orogenese gedeutet werden. Die Beispiele umfassen Strukturen, die durch progressive Kontraktion (gefaltete Keile), Kontraktion mit nachfolgender Verlängerung (durch Boudinage unterbrochene Falten) und Verlängerung mit nachfolgender Kontraktion (gefaltete Streckungsspindeln) entstanden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01820668
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
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    Diversity of Soil Gamasine Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Gamasina) in an Area of Natural Vegetation and Cultivated Areas of the Cerrado Biome in Northern Brazil (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-29
    Description: The Brazilian Cerrado biome has undergone major changes, with the incorporation of new areas for agricultural production. While this can certainly provide for the worldwide growing need for agricultural products, especially food, care should be taken to prevent possible environmental degradation. Worldwide, mites of the cohort Gamasina constitute the most abundant and diverse group of soil predatory mites, usually considered important in maintaining the ecological balance of natural environments. Little is known about the abundance and diversity of Gamasina in the Cerrado. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the abundance and diversity of Gamasina in soils of natural vegetation and of agroecosystems in Cerrado areas of the northern Brazilian state of Tocantins. This is considered the first step in the determination of possible role of the local predators as biological control agents, and their potential for practical use locally and elsewhere. Soil samples were taken monthly between July 2015 and June 2016. In total, 1373 Gamasina representing 45 species of 24 genera and 9 families were collected. The most abundant Gamasina belonged to Rhodacaridae in areas of the natural vegetation and to Ascidae in the agroecosystems. Abundance and diversity were much higher in the rainy than in the dry season. Rhodacarids and ascids have not been used commercially for pest control, but investigations conducted so far suggest their potential as biological control agents. The confirmation of this possibility and the development of techniques that would allow their maintenance in agricultural areas require subsequent research efforts.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-2818
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 5
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 4330: Modelling Rainfed Pearl Millet Yield Sensitivity to Abiotic Stresses in Semi-Arid Central Tanzania, Eastern Africa (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Drought and heat-tolerant crops, such as Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), are priority crops for fighting hunger in semi-arid regions. Assessing its performance under future climate scenarios is critical for determining its resilience and sustainability. Field experiments were conducted over two consecutive seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017) to determine the yield responses of the crop (pearl millet variety “Okoa”) to microdose fertilizer application in a semi-arid region of Tanzania. Data from the experiment were used to calibrate and validate the DSSAT model (CERES Millet). Subsequently, the model evaluated synthetic climate change scenarios for temperature increments and precipitation changes based on historic observations (2010–2018). Temperature increases of +0.5 to +3.0 °C (from baseline), under non-fertilized (NF) and fertilizer microdose (MD) conditions were used to evaluate nine planting dates of pearl millet from early (5 December) to late planting (25 February), based on increments of 10 days. The planting date with the highest yields was subjected to 49 synthetic scenarios of climate change for temperature increments and precipitation changes (of −30% up to +30% from baseline) to simulate yield responses. Results show that the model reproduced the phenology and yield, indicating a very good performance. Model simulations indicate that temperature increases negatively affected yields for all planting dates under NF and MD. Early and late planting windows were more negatively affected than the normal planting window, implying that temperature increases reduced the length of effective planting window for achieving high yields in both NF and MD. Farmers must adjust their planting timing, while the timely availability of seeds and fertilizer is critical. Precipitation increases had a positive effect on yields under all tested temperature increments, but Okoa cultivar only has steady yield increases up to a maximum of 1.5 °C, beyond which yields decline. This informs the need for further breeding or testing of other cultivars that are more heat tolerant. However, under MD, the temperature increments and precipitation change scenarios are higher than under NF, indicating a high potential of yield improvement under MD, especially with precipitation increases. Further investigation should focus on other cropping strategies such as the use of in-field rainwater harvesting and heat-tolerant cultivars to mitigate the effects of temperature increase and change in precipitation on pearl millet yield.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    The iodine clock reaction: A surprising variant (1989)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-9584
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-1328
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Education
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 7
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    Contributions of gamma-ray spectrometry to terrestrial impact crater studies: The example of Serra da Cangalha, northeastern Brazil (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-25
    Description: Several geophysical methods have been used for decades for the identification and exploration of impact craters. Most of them are based on seismic, potential fields and electrical data, focusing on exploration of anomalies caused by changes in physical properties or by structures associated with the formation of the crater. Gamma-ray spectrometry is usually not mentioned among the geophysical methods employed in crater studies, although it is known that impact cratering processes cause a number of physical/chemical changes in the country rocks. These changes include the remobilization of hydrothermal fluids which directly modify the composition of target rocks and, subsidiarily, of soils related to these rocks. Therefore, the distribution of radioactive elements K, Th and U has the potential to map such modifications. We present the analysis of gamma-ray signatures at the Serra da Cangalha impact structure, located in northeastern Brazil, using methods for enhancing K anomalies and also the overall gamma-ray signatures. These results provide valuable information on the distinct zones within the crater and might contribute to the understanding of hydrothermal enrichment processes produced as a result of the impact event.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Insights about the formation of a complex impact structure formed in basalt from numerical modeling: The Vista Alegre structure, southern Brazil (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract We present the outcomes of simulations of the formation of the Vista Alegre impact structure, Paraná Basin, Brazil. The target comprised a thick sequence of volcanic rocks of predominantly basaltic composition of the Serra Geral Formation that had been deposited on top of sedimentary rocks (sandstones) of the Pirambóia/Botucatu formations. The cratering process was modeled using the iSALE shock physics code. Our best‐fit model suggests that (1) the crater was originally ~10 km in size; (2) it was formed in ~115 s by a stony projectile of 1000 m in diameter, for an assumed impact velocity of 12 km s−1; (3) target rocks underwent a peak pressure of ~20 GPa, in agreement with previous petrographic investigations of shock deformation. Furthermore, the model points out that the sedimentary strata below the layer of volcanic rocks were raised by ~650 meters at the central part of the crater, which resulted in the current partial exposure of the sandstones at the surface. The outcomes of our modeling suggest that parameters like cohesion and strength of the target rocks, after shock compression, determined the final morphology of the crater, especially the absence of a topographically prominent central peak. Finally, the results of the numerical modeling are roughly in agreement with gravity data over the structure, in particular with respect to the presence of the uplifted sedimentary strata, which are responsible for a low gravity signature at the center of the structure.
    Print ISSN: 1086-9379
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5100
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Water, Vol. 11, Pages 578: Analysis of Intra and Interseasonal Rainfall Variability and Its Effects on Pearl Millet Yield in a Semiarid Agroclimate: Significance of Scattered Fields and Tied Ridges (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Water
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Establishing food security in sub-Saharan African countries requires a comprehensive and high resolution understanding of the driving factors of crop production. Poor soil and adverse climate conditions are among the major drivers of poor regional crop production. Drought and rainfall variability challenges are not fully being addressed by rainfed producers in semiarid areas. In this study, we analysed the spatiotemporal rainfall variability (STRV) and its effects on pearl millet yield using two seasons of data collected from 38 rain gauge stations scattered randomly in farm plots within a 1500 ha area of semiarid central Tanzania. The STRV effects on pearl millet yield under flat and tied ridge management were analysed. Our results show that seasonal rainfall can vary significantly for neighboring fields at distances of less than 200 m, which impacts yield. The STRV for daily rainfall was found to be more critical than for total seasonal rainfall amounts. Scattering fields can help farmers avoid total harvest loss by obtaining at least some yield from the areas that received adequate rain. The use of tied ridges is recommended to conserve soil moisture and improve yields more than flat cultivation in semiarid areas.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4441
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 10
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    Agronomy, Vol. 9, Pages 400: The Management Strategies of Pearl Millet Farmers to Cope with Seasonal Rainfall Variability in a Semi-Arid Agroclimate (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Agronomy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Rainfed agriculture constitutes around 80% of the world’s agricultural land, achieving the lowest on-farm crop yields and greatest on-farm water losses. Much of this land is in developing countries, including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where hunger is chronic. The primary constraint of rainfed agriculture—frequently experienced in SSA—is water scarcity, heightened by the unpredictability of season onset, erratic rainfall, as well as the inability of farmers to provide adequate soil and crop management. Farmers react differently to constraints, making a variety of choices—including the timing of planting, type of land cultivation, fertilization, and scattered fields, among many others. Limited information is available on the combined effects of these strategies for improving crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE). An experiment was co-conducted with farmers over four consecutive rainy seasons (2014–2018) in Tanzania, to evaluate these strategies for single and joint effects in improving yield and WUE on rainfed pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.). The treatments used were flat cultivation both without and with microdosing, as well as tied ridging without and with microdose interaction, with different planting dates depending on farmers’ decisions. Results show that farmers react differently to the early, normal, or late onset of the rainy season, and cumulative rainfall during its onset, which affects their decisions regarding planting dates, yield, and WUE. Microdose fertilization increases both the yield and WUE of pearl millet significantly, with greater effects obtained using tied ridging compared to flat cultivation. For low-income smallholder farmers in a semi-arid agroclimate, using tied ridging with microdosing during early planting is an effective response to spatiotemporal rainfall variability and poor soils.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4395
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by MDPI
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