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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 137-156 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; mycoparasite ; potato black scurf ; Rhizoctonia solani ; sclerotia ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Verticillium biguttatum cannot utilise cellulose or nitrate-nitrogen and it requires biotin for growth, yet it grew and sporulated abundantly onRhizoctonia solani on cellulose, obtaining at least organic carbon, nitrogen and biotin fromR. solani. Videomicroscopy of inter-hyphal interactions on films of water agar showed thatV. biguttatum behaved as a biotrophic mycoparasite. From germinating spores, it penetrated the hyphae ofR. solani and formed haustorium-like branches without killing the host cells, and the haustoria supported an external mycelial network of the mycoparasite. Later the mycoparasite sporulated, and the infected host cells died. On cellulosic substrataV. biguttatum did not reduce the growth ofR. solani, and often enhanced the rate of cellulose degradation. However,V. biguttatum drastically reduced the production of sclerotia byR. solani, often completely suppressing sclerotium production when the mycoparasite infected only a localized region of the host colony. This is ascribed to the creation of a nutrient sink by the parasite, consistent with biotrophy. On plates of cellulose agar the suppression of sclerotia was not confined to parasitized colonies but extended to adjacent colonies ofR. solani that had successfully anastomosed with the parasitized colony. There was no effect on adjacent vegetatively incompatible colonies, where attempted anastomoses caused cytoplasmic death. In comparable experiments the necrotrophic mycoparasiteGliocladium roseum had no long-distance effect on sclerotium production byR. solani. Suppression of sclerotium production may explain the reported success ofV. biguttatum in biocontrol of black scurf of potato in experimental field conditions.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; antibiotics ; Tn5 mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is an effective biocontrol agent of various soilborne pathogens. It controls damping-off or root rot caused byPythium ultimum on cucumber, wheat and cress. Strain CHA0 synthesizes several antibiotic metabolites such as hydrogen cyanide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and pyoluteorin. The role of pyoluteorin in the suppression of damping-off was investigated. Two Tn5 mutants (CHA660 and CHA661) of strain CHA0 were isolated which had lost the capacity to produce pyoluteorin but still produced 2,4-diacteylphloroglucinol and HCN. These mutants still inhibitedP. ultimum on malt agar (which favours the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) but had partially lost the ability to inhibit this pathogen on King's B agar (which favours the production of pyoluteorin). The two pyoluteorin-negative mutants showed a reduced capacity to suppress damping-off of cress caused byP. ultimum but were as effective in the protection of cucumber against this pathogen as the wild-type strain. These results indicate that, depending on the plant, pyoluteorin production plays a role in the suppression of damping-off by strain CHA0 without being a major mechanism in disease suppression. We suggest that the contribution of pyoluteorin to the biocontrol activity of strain CHA0 is determined by the quantity of this antibiotic produced in the rhizosphere, which might depend on the root exudates of the host plant.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; chitinase ; sheath blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial antagonists of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent groups were screened for in-vitro inhibition of the rice sheath blight (ShB) fungus Rhizoctonai solani Kuhn and chitinase production in the laboratory. Twelve percent of the total 1,757 strains screened inhibited R. solani while 31% of the total 1,366 strains tested were positive for chitinase activity. The efficient strains were then evaluated in the field for ShB suppression. Two strains from each of the three seed-bed experiments were chosen for the field test in a hot-spot location. Additional treatments were a Bacillus and validamycin, the fungicide. There was no correlation between chitinase activity in the antagonists and ShB suppression in the seed-bed or field plots. Two most efficient Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens strains afforded 68 and 52% ShB suppression while validamycin afforded 27% disease control.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alginate ; biological control ; Cucumis sativus ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Meloidogyne incognita ; microbial ecology ; nematode eggs ; soil microbiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method was developed for utilizing alginate films to deliver inoculum into soil and evaluate microbial antagonistic activity against nematode eggs. Eggs of Meloidogyne incognita were harvested from galled tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum), surface disinfested, suspended in 2% (w/v) aqueous sodium alginate, and applied to 2.5 × 5.0 cm polyvinyl chloride coated fiberglass screens (1.5 mm2 mesh size) at a uniform thickness of 0.5 mm. The alginate solution was gelled by dipping in 0.25 M CaCl2. Films containing eggs were observed in vitro and egg development was evaluated. The number of immature eggs and eggs with first stage juveniles declined linearly over time while the number of empty eggs shells, and hatched juveniles increased over time, indicating that the alginate gel did not inhibit development and motility of M. incognita juveniles. In a greenhouse experiment using cucumber (Cucumis sativus) the number of galls g-1 root was correlated with the number of eggs in alginate films placed in each pot at planting. Films containing M. incognita eggs were buried in field soil containing organic amendments, incubated, removed from soil, rinsed with water, and observed. The number of immature eggs in grids from soil amended with chitin or flax seed meal were lower than in untreated soil; percent parasitized eggs was also greater in films from amended soil than from untreated soil.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinomycetes ; biological control ; Brassica rapa ; Daucus carota ; PGPR ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root-colonization ability of Streptomyces griseoviridis was tested on turnip rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera) and carrot (Daucus carota) by the plate test and the sand-tube method. In the plate test, colonized root length of total root length was highly significantly greater for turnip rape roots (72%) from those for carrot roots (1%). In the sand-tube method, root-colonization ability was examined in nonsterile soil, and no water was added after sowing. Seeds were treated with spores of S. griseoviridis or the biofungicide Mycostop. Roots were cut into 2-cm segments, and the root segments and the rhizosphere soil were studied separately. Root-colonization frequencies and population densities of the microbe in the rhizosphere soil indicated that S. griseoviridis successfully colonized turnip rape but weakly colonized carrot. Root-colonization of turnip rape is accounted for as proliferation of S. griseoviridis in the rhizosphere of turnip rape seedlings and is not due to the movement of microbe through the rhizosphere by water infiltration.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ascospores ; biological control ; chinese aster ; germination ; heat resistance ; seed coating ; survival ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spores of the biocontrol agentTalaromyces flavus were recovered from coating material of chinese aster and tomato seeds in which they were incorporated 17 years before. The seeds had been stored at room temperature. About 20% of the ascospores had retained their heat resistance and survived treatment in aqueous suspension at 60°C for 30 min. None of the chinese aster seeds and 90% of the tomato seeds germinated after the storage period. Presence ofT. flavus during storage had not affected germinability of the seeds.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 315-336 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; grey mould ; sorulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sixty isolates of saprophytic microorganisms were screened for their ability to reduce the severity of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) infection and sporulation. Isolates of the bacteriaXanthomonas maltophilia, Bacillus pumilus, Lactobacillus sp., andPseudomonas sp. and the fungusGliocladium catenulatum reduced germination of conidia of the pathogen and controlled disease on bean and tomato plants. Their activity under growth room conditions was good, consistent, and similar to the activity of the known biocontrol agent,Trichoderma harzianum T39 (non-formulated). Although the tested isolates may for nutrients with the germinating conidia ofB. cinerea, resistance induced in the host by live or dead cells were also found to be involved. Inhibitory compounds were not detected on treated leaves. Sporulation ofB. cinerea after its establishment on leaves was also reduced by the above mentioned isolates and byPenicillium sp.,Arthrinium montagnei, Ar. phaeospermum, Sesquicillium candelabrum, Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata, Ulocladium atrum, andT. viride. These sporulation-inhibiting fungi did not reduce the infection of leaves byB. cinerea. Most of these selected fungi and bacteria were capable of reducing lesion expansion.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Trichoderma spp. ; biological control ; increased growth response ; PGPR ; damping-off
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma harzianum was applied to cucumber and pepper seedlings as a peat-bran preparation incorporated into the propagative mixture in a commercial production nursery. On marketing day (after 18 and 30 days for cucumber and pepper, respectively), significant increases of 23.8% and 17.2% in seedling height, 96.1% and 50% in leaf area, and 24.7% and 28.6% in plant dry weight were observed in cucumber and pepper seedlings, respectively, as compared to their non-treated counterparts.Trichoderma-treated seedlings were much more developed and vigorous and had higher chlorophyll contents. No significant differences were found in N, P or K content between treatments. Cucumber seedlings were then transplanted to a commercial greenhouse and analyzed over two successive growth cycles following soil fumigation with methyl bromide (500 kg/ha). Results revealed theTrichoderma-treated plants to be more resistant to damping-off disease. During the first cycle, immediately after soil fumigation, no damping-off was observed with either treatment, except in border beds where 4% of the non-treated plants died, as compared to no damping-off in theTrichoderma-treated plants. During the second growing cycle however, significant reductions in damping-off of 67% and 52% were obtained in middle and border beds, respectively, as compared to the non-treated controls.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: predatory soil mite ; biological control ; glasshouse ; development rate ; fecundity ; longevity ; rearing techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Différents aspects de la biologied'Hypoaspis miles sont examinés: vitesse de développement de l'oeuf à l'adulte à différentes températures, fécondité, longévité et voracité sur les sciarides. Avec une augmentation de la température, la durée du développement passe de 33,7 jours à 15°C à 9,2 jours à 28°C. La température minimale qui permet le développement complet deH. miles est située entre 10 et 12°C. Quand il est nourri d'"itAcarus siro, H. miles pond 2 à 3 oeufs par jour et seuls les oeufs non fécondés donnent des mâles. Les adultes deH. miles (âgés de 0 à 1 jour) survivent pendant 24±1,4 jours sans nourriture et si elles sont nourries pendant 6 jours puis privées de nourriture, les femelles vivent 65,4±2,6 jours, ce qui est significativement plus long que les mâles (45,2±3 jours). Avec de la nourriture, 60% des mâles et des femelles vivent pendant 142 jours. Toutes les larves de sciarides sont attaquées parH. miles, mais le nombre de proies consommées dépend de la taille des larves. La prédation des oeufs est négligeable et les pupes ne sont pas attaquées. Dans des études sur la productivité deH. miles en élevage (nourri deA. siro), la durée nécessaire aux acariens pour atteindre une densité de 45–65 000/1 est de 76 et 23 jours à 15°C et 28°C respectivement.
    Notes: Abstract The following aspects ofHypoaspis miles' biology were investigated; development rate of egg to adult at different temperatures, fecundity, longevity and rate of predation on sciarids. With an increase in temperature the time taken for development decreased from 33.7 days at 15°C to 9.2 days at 28°C. The threshold temperature forH. miles to complete its life cycle was between 10° and 12°C. When fed onAcarus siro, H. miles laid 2–3 eggs a day and unfertilized eggs only developed into males. Adults ofH. miles (0–1 day old) survived for 24.0±1.4 days without food and if fed for 6 days and then starved, females lived for 65.4±2.6 days which was significantly longer than males (45.2±3.0 days). With food, 60% of males and females survived for 142 days. All larval instars of sciarids were attacked byH. miles although the numbers consumed were dependent on the size of the larvae. Egg predation was negligible and pupae were not attacked. In productivity studies ofH. miles in culture (fed onA. siro), the time taken for the mites to reach a density of 45–65,000/litre ranged from 76 to 23 days at 15° and 28°C respectively.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Abax parallelepipedus ; biological control ; mass breeding ; soil capsule ; growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des travaux précédents ont montré qu'Abax parallelepipedus Piller & Mitterpacher est un prédateur de limaces sur le terrain et peut être employé efficacement pour leur contrôle dans les tunnels en polyéthylène. Pour que la lutte biologique soit réalisable, ce carabe doit aussi pouvoir être produit massivement. La préparation du substrat garantit que les oeufs soient pondus dans des boulettes de terre, mais déposés dans de la tourbe, ce qui facilite la récolte et la surveillance. Un carabe peut pondre jusqu'à 570 oeufs/femelle, à une température constante de 20 °C. Quel que soit le stade de développement de cette espèce, aucun cannibalisme n'a été observé. Les larves sont élevées intensivement en groupes et nourriesad libitum de vers de terre vivants, ce qui élimine ainsi la nécessité d'apporter régulièrement les aliments et de retirer la nourriture en décomposition. Les expériences d'élevage ont été menées à differents régimes de températures. A une température constante de 20 °C, la croissance s'arrête pendant une longue période chez plusieurs larves de deuxième stade. La réduction de température à 14 °C, durant les 24 à 31 jours après l'éclosion, induit la synchronisation des passages du deuxième au troisième stade larvaire. Le cycle de vie complet, depuis la ponte de l'oeuf jusqu'au carabe adulte, peut être réduit à moins de 110 jours. La mortalité est la plus élevée à la fin du troisième stade larvaire et au stade pré-pupal, et les causes possibles en sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Previous work has shown thatAbax parallelepipedus Piller & Mitterpacher preys upon slugs in the field, and can be effectively employed to control slugs in polythene tunnels. To be a viable biological control agent this carabid must also be amenable to mass culturing. Manipulation of the substrate ensured that eggs were laid in soil capsules, but deposited in peat, facilitating collection and monitoring. Up to 570 eggs per beetle were laid at 20°C. No cannibalism was exhibited at any stage by this species. Larvae were reared intensively in batches and fed ad libitum on live earthworms, eliminating the need for regular feeding and the removal of decaying food. Rearing experiments were undertaken under a number of different temperature regimes. At constant 20°C it was found that growth was arrested in some 2nd instar larvae for long periods. Co-ordinated changes between 2nd and 3rd instar stages were induced by reduction of the temperature to 14°C between days 24–31 from hatching. The complete life cycle, from newly laid egg to adult beetle, could be reduced to less than 110 days. Mortality was greatest at the late 3rd instar and pre-pupal stages, and possible reasons for this are discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Chrysomelidae ; weed ; Acacia ; host specificity ; oviposition ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au Kenya, la chrysomèle phytophage,Weiseana barkeri Jacoby, se nourrit surAcacia nilotica (L.) Willdenow ex Delile. Des essais de spécificité à l'hôte montre que cette espèce est strictement spécifique àA. nilotica: l'autorisation de lâcher dans le nord ouest du Queensland a donc été demandée pour cet auxiliaire carA. nilotica est considérée comme une plante nuisible dans les zones de pacage de troupeaux dans cette région d'Australie. En outre, une nouvelle technique d'élevage et de tests de spécificité à l'hôte est rappotée dans laquelle la présence de feuillage deA. nilotica permet de stimuler l'oviposition deW. barkeri sur des bandes de carton ondulé.
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-feeding beetleWeiseana barkeri Jacoby feeds onAcacia nilotica (L.) Willdenow ex Delile in Kenya. Host specificity tests show it is host specific toA. nilotica and approval has been given for its field release in northwest Queensland. A novel rearing and host specificity-testing technique is reported whereA. nilotica foliage stimulates oviposition into strips of corrugated cardboard.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; weeds ; Compositae ; Centaurea ; moths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie de la PhalènePterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) a été étudiée dans le Sud de l'Europe. Les larves vivent dans les racines deCentaurea diffusa De Lamarck et deC. maculosa De Lamarck. Les larves de premier stade n'infestent pas les Compositae d'importance économique des genresCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. etCalendula L.P. inspersa est largement répandue dans la zone étudiée, et se retrouve à la fois dans des populations denses ou dispersées de la plante hôte, en général sur des sols sableux ou rocheux. Il n'existe qu'une seule génération par an. Les larves se nourrissent dans les racines pendant environ 11 mois (août–septembre à juillet–août de l'année suivante). Au laboratoire, les adultes émergent entre mi-juillet et fin août, le pic d'émergence se situant à la mi-août. Sur le terrain, les adultes sont observés tout au long du mois de juillet. L'oviposition a été observée à partir du 10 juillet jusqu'à la fin du mois. Les œufs sont déposés isolément ou en groupes de 5 ou 6 sur des rosettes, solidement fixés aux feuilles des plantes-hôtes. Au laboratoire, les adultes s'accouplent au cours des 24 heures suivant l'émergence. La période de pré-oviposition dure 2,6±0,8 jours et la période de l'oviposition 7,4±2,2 jours. Le nombre moyen d'œufs pondus est de 142,2±59,2 par femelle. La durée moyenne d'incubation est de 12±4,7 jours, le stade durant 14,7±2,4 jours. La durée de vie des femelles est supérieure à celle des mâles: 15,8±2,4 au lieu de 10,7±1,4 jours.
    Notes: Abstract The moth,Pterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae), is widely distributed in southern Europe, north Africa, Turkey and the former Soviet Union. It occurs in both thick and scattered stands of knapweeds in disturbed sites, usually on sandy and/or stony soil. Larvae bore in the roots of diffuse and spotted knapweeds (Centaurea diffusa De Lamarck andC. maculosa De Lamarck). There is one generation per year in northern Greece, and larvae feed in the roots for about 11 months during the growing season (August–September, to the following July–August). In the laboratory garden, emergence took place between the second half of July and the end of August, with peak emergence during mid August. In the field, adults were observed from early to late July. Female moths oviposited on rosettes during the first ten days of July and continued through the end of July. Eggs were laid singly or in groups of five or six, firmly attached to the leaves of the host plant. In the laboratory, females mated within 24 hours of emergence and the preoviposition period lasted 2.6±0.8 days. The oviposition period lasted 7.4±2.2 days and the average number of eggs per female was 142.2±59.2. The incubation period was 12±4.7 days; the pupal stage lasted 14.7±2.4 days; and females lived 15.8±2.4 days, while males lived 10.7±1.4 days. First instar larvae failed to survive on economically important Compositae in the generaCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. andCalendula L. (Dunnet al., 1989).
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Coleomegilla maculata ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des bioessais en laboratoire ont été effectués afin de déterminer si les larves de la coccinelle maculée,Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Col.: Coccinellidae), sont affectées par M-One™, un insecticide biologique préparé à partir de la bactérieBacillus thuringiensis var.san diego Berliner et utilisé dans la lutte contre le doryphore de la pomme de terre,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Le développement larvaire, effectué sur du pollen traité avec des concentrations de 20 ml M-One™/litre (5,6×108 unités internationales de doryphore/litre) et 200 ml M-One™/litre, a nécessité 29,3 et 38,5 jours respectivement, comparativement à 21,9 jours pour le témoin (eau). M-One™ n'a pas causé de mortalité chez les larves. Au cours d'un test de 48 h, les larves de stade III n'ont montré aucune préférence entre des œufs traités avec 20 ml M-One™/litre et des œufs traités avec de l'eau. Par contre avec 200 ml M-One™/litre, le nombre d'œufs attaqués a diminué significativement de 34,7% par rapport au témoin, 48 h après le début du test. Ces résultats indiquent que l'utilisation de M-One™ à la concentration recommandée de 20 ml/litre ne représente pas une menace pour les populations larvaires de la coccinelle maculée.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of M-One™ (Bacillus thuringiensis var.san diego) on larval instars ofColeomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake. Coccinellid larval development (from egg hatch to adult), completed on pollen treated with suspensions of M-One™ at 20 ml/litre (5.6×108 CPBIU/litre) and 200 ml/litre, took respectively 29.3 and 38.5 days compared with 21.9 days for the control (water). M-One™ did not cause larval mortality.C. maculata third instars did not show any preference between eggs ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) treated with water or with M-One™ at 20 ml/litre. However, at 200 ml M-One™/litre, the number of eggs attacked was 34.7% lower than the eggs treated with water only, 48 h after the beginning of the test. These results indicate that the use of M-One™, at the manufacturer's recommended field rate of 20 ml/litre, does not cause a major threat to larvalC. maculata populations.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Podisus maculiventris ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Pieris brassicae ; biological control ; predation rate ; development rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des recherches de terrain ont été menées afin d'étudier le degré de prédation journalier et l'effet de la proie sur le développement et la survie des différents stades nymphaux deProdisus maculiventris Say en présence de larves du 3e stade deLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) et dePieris brassicae (Linnaeus). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les nymphes du 5e stade et les adultes du prédateur ont une importante activité prédatrice avec un taux de survie élevé quand ils se nourrissent aux dépens de larves du doryphore ou de la Piéride du chou. Par conséquent, il est très probable quePodisus pourrait être utilisé contre ces ravageurs dans des zones où les conditions climatiques sont proches de celles de la région de Thessaloniki (Grèce du Nord).
    Notes: Abstract The mean predation rate per day and the effect of the prey on the development and survival of the various nymphal stages ofPodisus maculiventris (Say) were studied under field-cage conditions. Third instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and the large white butterflyPieris brassicae (Linnaeus) were used as the prey. The results show that under climatic conditions similar to those occurring in the Thessaloniki region (N. Greece), the 5th instar nymphs and the adults of the predatorP. maculiventris would be promising agents for the biological control of larvae ofL. decemlineata andP. brassicae.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; cantharid ; supplementary food ; coccinellids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chrysophtharta bimaculata Olivier (Col. Chrysomelidae) est un défoliateur important des régénérations d'eucalyptus en Tasmanie: il cause une forte réduction de l'accroissement en hauteur et en diamètre des arbres, réduisant ainsi le cubage de bois produit à l'hectare. En 1991 et 1992, une étude pour conserver et accroître l'efficacité de coccinelles, principalementCleobora mellyi Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae), et d'une cantharide,Chauliognathus pulchellus (Macleay) (Col.: Cantharidae) comme agents de lutte biologique, a été faite dans les jeunes peuplements forestiers de Tasmanie du sud pour la lutte biologique deC. bimaculata. Les cantharides adultes et les adultes et larves de coccinelles se nourrissent des œufs deC. bimaculata et à un degré moindre, des jeunes larves. L'activité des coccinelles était la plus importante pendant le stade œuf et les premier et deuxième stades larvaires deC. bimaculata. Les cantharides n'étaient actives que durant le stade œuf de la proie puis disparaissaient de la parcelle. Les coccinelles étaient donc les prédateurs les plus utiles, mais leur population diminuait lorsque la proie atteignait les 3e et 4e stades larvaires. Comme le manque de nourriture pouvait être à l'origine de leur diminution, un complément de nourriture a été fourni sous forme de pulvérisation de saccharose ou de granules de sucre déposées à une station de nourrissage. Ceci a provoqué le maintien des populations des deux prédateurs, particulièrement des coccinelles, et a augmenté leur efficacité.
    Notes: Abstract Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major defoliator of regeneration eucalypt trees in Tasmania causing a significant reduction in height and diameter increment of trees which reduces wood volume per hectare. A study to conserve and enhance the efficiency of coccinellid species chieflyCleobora mellyi (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the cantharid,Chauliognathus pulchellus (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), for the biological control ofC. bimaculata was conducted in young regeneration forests in southern Tasmania from 1991–92. Cantharid adults and coccinellid adults and larvae feed onC. bimaculata eggs and, to a lesser extent, young larvae. The study found that coccinellids were more active throughout the egg and early (1st and 2nd) stage ofC. bimaculata. The cantharid, however was active only during the egg stage of the prey and then disappeared from the plantation. The coccinellids were therefore the most useful predators, but their population declined when the prey reached the 3rd and 4th stages. As shortage of food may account for this decline, supplementary food was provided in the form of sucrose sprays or sugar granules at a feeding station. This resulted in the retention of both predators and particularly the coccinellids and enhanced their efficacy.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphodius ater ; Aphodius sphacelatus ; Sphaeridium bipustulatum ; Dictyocaulus sp. ; biological control ; Pilobolus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de l'activité d'Aphodius spacelatus et deA. ater dans les bouses de vaches et deSphaeridium bipustulatum dans les fèces de moutons et de chevaux, sur la libération de sporanges parPilobolus a été étudié en conditions de laboratoire. Sur 5 essais le nombre médian de sporanges libérés dans des cellules expérimentales (avec 1 ou 2 bousiers/g fèces) était significativement inférieur (P〈0.01) à celui obtenu dans des cellules témoins (sans bousier). De plus, le pourcentage médian de réduction des sporanges est significativement plus élevé (P〈0,01) pourA. sphacelatus (80,9%) que pourA. ater (56,9%) à la densité de 1 bousier/g de bouse.
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofAphodius sphacelatus andA. ater activity in cattle faeces andSphaeridium bipustulatum in sheep and horse faeces on the discharge ofPilobolus sporangia was investigated under laboratory conditions. In five trials, the median number of sporangia produced was significantly less (P〈0.01) in experimental chambers (with 1 or 2 beetles/g faeces) than in control chambers (without beetles). In addition, median percentage reduction of sporangia was significantly higher (P〈0.01) forA. sphacelatus (80.9%) than forA. ater (56.9%) at 1 beetle/g cattle faeces.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Diadegma semiclausum ; Cotesia plutellae ; superparasitism ; multiparasitism ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été menées en laboratoire afin d'étudier les caractéristiques du parasitisme dePlutella xylostella (L.), ravageur des crucifères de répartition mondiale, par un parasitoïde larvaire,Diadegma semiclausum Hellén. Les résultats montrent que plus la densité des larves-hôtes est importante, plus le pourcentage de larves parasitées est faible. La surface explorée décroît avec l'augmentation de la densité du parasitoïde mais la valeur de k est pratiquement invariable. Le parasitisme réduit la consommation alimentaire des chenilles. Aucune différence n'est observée quant à la durée des stades larvaires entre larves parasitées et larves non parasitées. La proportion de femelles augmente avec l'accroissement de la fréquence du superparasitisme. La présence de larves du parasitoïde à l'intérieur de la larve-hôte limite davantage le superparasitisme que la présence d'oeufs du parasitoïde. La présence de larves deD. semiclausum ou d'un autre parasitoïde larvaire,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, à l'intérieur des larves-hôtes freine davantage le multiparasitisme par l'une ou l'autre des espèces que la présence d'oeufs de l'un ou l'autre parasitoïde.D. semiclausum est beaucoup plus aggressive queC. plutellae pour parasiter les larves deP. xylostella.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of parasitism of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), a worldwide pest of crucifers, by a larval parasite,Diadegma semiclausum Hellén. Results showed that the greater the host larval density, the lesser was the percentage of larvae parasitized. The area of discovery decreased with increasing parasite density, but k-value remained practically unchanged. Parasitism reduced food consumption in parasitised larvae. No difference was observed in duration of larval instars between the parasitized and healthy larvae. As the frequency of superparasitism increased, the proportion of production of female progeny also increased. Presence of parasite larva within the host larva deterred superparasitism greater than the presence of parasite egg. Presence of larva of eitherD. semiclausum or another larval parasite,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, within host larva deterred multiparasitism by either species greater than the presence of egg of either parasite species.Diadegma semiclausum was much more aggressive thanC. plutellae in parasitisingP. xylostella larvae.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Dendroctonus micans ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Scolytidae ; Rhizophagidae ; biological control ; mass-rearing ; flight ; take-off ; windtunnel ; quality control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le temps passé en conservation à basse température (3–7°C) depuis la métamorphose est intervenu pour 81% dans la perte de la capacité d'envol chez le coléoptère prédateurRhizophagus grandis Gyll. lors d'expériences en tunnel de vol. A l'âge de trois semaines, les insectes sont à leur plus haut niveau d'envol (envol d'environ 80% des insectes). Par la suite, il y a un déclin constant de la capacité d'envol, à raison de 7% des insectes chaque mois. Des changements dans les réserves lipidiques peuvent partiellement expliquer cette réduction, bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de différence entre le poids frais d'insectes capables de s'envoler et celui d'individus qui en étaient incapables. Le sexe a une influence sur le taux d'envol, avec un taux d'envol significativement plus élevé de 8.7% chez les femelles. La capacité d'envol est encore réduite chez des insectes qui ont été produits dans des élevages de masse où les parents étaient soumis à un mélange de stimuli de ponte de synthèse au lieu d'être mis en présence de larves deD. micans vivantes. Chez les insectes qui prennent leur vol, cependant, la réponse aux attractifs de synthèse est indépendante de l'âge ainsi que des conditions d'élevage.
    Notes: Abstract Time spent by adult beetles in cold storage at 3–7°C accounted for 81% of the loss of take-off capacity inRhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal in windtunnel experiments. At the age of three weeks, the insects were at their highest take-off capacity at about 80%. This was followed by a steady decrease, 7% of the insects failing to take-off each month. Changes in the fat reserves during cold storage could explain at least partly this reduction of flight capacity although there was no significant difference in fresh weight between insects that were able/unable to take-off. Sex had a significant influence on take-off rates, with an 8.7% higher take-off rate in females. Take-off capacity was further reduced when the insects were mass-produced in cultures using parent beetles submitted to a blend of synthetic oviposition stimulants instead of live prey larvae. Response to synthetic attractants by those insects which took-off, however, was not influenced by cold storage or by the use of synthetic stimulants in the culture medium.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antibiosis ; biological control ; disease resistance ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi ; root colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by two fluorescentPseudomonas strains were studied. Treatments of carnation roots withPseudomonas sp. WCS417r significantly reduced fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod). Mutants of WCS417r defective in siderophore biosynthesis (sid−) were less effective in disease suppression compared with their wild-type. Treatments of carnation roots withPseudomonas putida WCS358r tended to reduce fusarium wilt, whereas a sid− mutant of WCS358 did not. Inhibition of conidial germination of Fod in vitro by purified siderophores (pseudobactins) of bothPseudomonas strains was based on competition for iron. The ferrated pseudobactins inhibited germination significantly less than the unferrated pseudobactins. Inhibition of mycelial growth of Fod by bothPseudomonas strains on agar plates was also based on competition for iron: with increasing iron content of the medium, inhibition of Fod by thePseudomonas strains decreased. The sid− mutant of WCS358 did not inhibit Fod on agar plates, whereas the sid− mutants of WCS417r still did. This suggests that inhibition of Fod by WCS358r in vitro was only based on siderophore-mediated competition for iron, whereas also a non-siderophore antifungal factor was involved in the inhibition of Fod by strain WCS417r. The ability of thePseudomonas strains to induce resistance against Fod in carnation grown in soil was studied by spatially separating the bacteria (on the roots) and the pathogen (in the stem). Both WCS417r and its sid− mutant reduced disease incidence significantly in the moderately resistant carnation cultivar Pallas, WCS358r did not. It is concluded that the effective and consistent suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by strain WCS417r involves multiple mechanisms: induced resistance, siderophore-mediated competition for iron and possibly antibiosis. The less effective suppression of fusarium wilt by WCS358r only depends on siderophore-mediated competition for iron.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; pupal parasitism ; density dependence ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le parasitisme nymphal deLymantria dispar a été étudié dans 15 placettes du New Jersey, de 1978 à 1988. Le principal parasitoïde était un chalcidien,Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), qui n'a été trouvé que dans 6 placettes. Le parasitisme s'observait généralement dans l'année même ou dans celle précédant l'apparition du maximum d'ooplaques deL. dispar. Un seul site montrait un taux de parasitisme dépassant 4%. Le pourcentage de parasitisme était significativement corrélé avec le nombre d'ooplaques par ha de la saison en cours et avec le nombre de nymphes par site de la saison précédente, suggérant une densité-dépendance retardée. Une analyse de régression multiple a révélé un pourcentage de parasitisme significativement corrélé avec le pourcentage d'infection par le virus de la polyhédrose nucléaire, la densité de nymphes hôtes mâles, les températures minimales moyennes en août et en mars. Une analyse canonique discriminante, effectuée pour différencier les sites avec ou sans parasitoïdes, a été significative. Les placettes avecB. intermedia présentent des populations d'hôtes et une défoliation relativement plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract Pupal parasitism of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), was monitored in 15 study plots in New Jersey from 1978 to 1988. The predominant parasitoid was a chalcidid wasp,Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), which was found in only six plots. Parasitism was generally observed in the year of or preceding the peak numbers of gypsy moth egg masses. Parasitism exceeded 4% in only one plot. Percentage parasitism was correlated significantly with numbers of egg masses per hectare in the current season and with numbers of pupae per plot in the previous season, suggesting delayed density dependence. A multiple regression analysis found percentage parasitism to be correlated significantly with percentage infection by nuclear polyhedrosis virus, density of male host pupae, and mean minimum temperature in August and March. A canonical discriminant analysis carried out to distinguish study plots with and without the parasitoid was significant. Plots withB. intermedia had relatively higher host populations and defoliation.
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  • 21
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 3-6 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; sexual reproduction ; asexual reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Psyllaephagus ; Tamarixia ; Heteropsylla ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fécondité en fonction de l'âge de deux parasitoïdes du psylleHeteropsylla cubana, Psyllaephagus yaseeni etTamarixia leucaenae a été étudiée en condition de laboratoire. A 25 °C,P. yaseeni présente une fécondité plus élevée (R0=192,9) queT. leucaenae (R0=71,2);T. leucaenae montre cependant une sex ratio plus faible (environ 99 % de femelles) queP. yaseeni (environ 50 %). Le taux d'accroissement potentiel (rm=0,236) deT. leucaenae était plus élevé que celui deP. yaseeni (rm=0,188). Les vitesses de développement des parasitoïdes ont été examinées à des températures constantes et fluctuantes et les équations de la vitesse de développement en fonction de la température ont été calculées. A 25 °C, la durée moyenne des générations était respectivement de 28,0 et 18,1 jours pourP. yaseeni etT. leucaenae. Aux températures de 21,5, 25 et 30 °C la durée totale de développement (de l'œuf à l'adulte) était de 28,5, 21,9 et 14,7 jours chezP. yaseeni et 19,2, 12,6 et 9,5 jours chezT. leucaenae. Le taux de parasitisme était faible et la mortalité nymphale était élevée à la température la plus basse, 21,5 °C, pour les deux parasitoïdes. Tous deux présentaient une survie faible à 100 % de HR;P. yaseeni survivait particulièrement bien à une température de 21 °C et à 44 ou 76% d'HR. P. yaseeni attribuait environ 58 % de femelles aux larves de premier stade de développement mais seulement 12 % aux larves de second stade. Environ 99 % de toutes les éclosions deT. leucaenae était constituée de femelles. La taille des femelles issues des larves de 5e stade étaient significativement supérieure à la taille de celles qui émergeaient des larves de 3e ou 4e stade.
    Notes: Abstract Age specific fecundity of two parasitoids,P. yaseeni andT. leucaenae, of the leucaena psyllidH. cubana, were studied under laboratory conditions. At 25 °C,P. yaseeni had a greater fecundity (R0=192.9)_thanT. leucaenae (R0=71.2);T. leucaenae however had a lower sex ratio (about 99 % females) thanP. yaseeni (about 50 % females). Innate capacity for increase (rm=0.236) ofT. leucaenae was higher thanP. yaseeni (rm=0.188). Developmental rates of the parasitoids were examined at constant and fluctuating temperatures and equations of the rate of development against temperature were calculated. At 25 °C, mean generation times were 28.0 and 18.1 days forP. yaeseeni andT. leucaenae respectively. At temperatures of 21.5, 25, and 30 °C total development times (egg to adult) were 28.5, 21.9, and 14.7 days inP. yaseeni and 19.2, 12.6, and 9.5 days inT. leucaenae respectively. The level of parasitism was low and pupal mortality was high at the lower temperature of 21.5 °C for both parasitoids. Both parasitoids showed poor survivorship at 100 % RH,P. yaseeni survived particularly well (32 days) at a temperature of 21.5 °C and 44 or 76 % RH. P. yaseeni allocated about 58 % females to first instar psyllid nymphs but only 12 % females to second instars. About 99 % of allT. leucaenae births were females. Significantly largerT. leucaenae females emerged from fifth instar parasitized nymphs than third or fourth instars.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid ; biological control ; heat shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Suite à une efficacité parasitaire faible des trichogrammes, constatée, dans des conditions climatiques particulières lors des lâchers de ces parasitoïdes contre la pyrale du maïs, des chocs thermiques à 35°C et 44°C pendant une durée de 6 heures sont appliqués au stade nymphal deTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko. Deux âges sont choisis: nymphe blanche et nymphe mélanisée. Différents critères biologiques ont été étudiés pour la génération G0 ayant subi le choc de température et pour les descendants G1. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une sensibilité des deux âges, surtout à 44°C. Cette température provoque une réduction du pouvoir parasitaire de la G0 de 51% pour les individus issus des nymphes blanches traitées et de 55% pour ceux issus des nymphes mélanisées traitées. Au niveau de la génération G1, on constate une chute de la proportion des femelles dans la descendance des adultes issus des deux âges traités: réduction de 38% pour les individus issus des nymphes mélanisées; 88% pour ceux issus des nymphes blanches. Dans ce dernier cas, la génération G1 pratiquement totalement mâle, est obligatoirement sans efficacité parasitaire.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko is used throughout Europe as an effective biological control agent against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). However, in certain climatic regions, the biological control exerted by this parasitoid is less effective. High temperatures inside the released capsules are suspected to have a negative influence on the parasitoids. To simulate these adverse conditions, we applied heat shocks (35°C and 44°C) for 6 hours to pupae ofTrichogramma brassicae at two periods: white pupae and melanized pupae. The results showed the susceptibility of both the white pupae and melanized pupae, especially at 44°C. At this temperature, the adults (G0 generation) derived from pupae treated at any age showed reduced longevity and fecundity. Moreover, those descended from treated melanized pupae showed an emergence rate lower than that of the control. These effects reduced to half and more the parasitic efficiency of the G0 generation. For the progeny (G1 generation), we observed a decrease of the female ratio: 38% for the progeny of adults derived from treated melanized pupae; 88% for the progeny of those derived from treated white pupae. In that condition, the G1 generation, almost totally male, could not have any parasitic activity.
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  • 24
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en conditions contrôlées dans des boîtes carrées semées de trèfle ou de ray grass ont montré que les CarabesAbax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) etPterostichus madidus F. limitent les populations de limaces dans les champs de trèfle et de ray grass. La limitation par ces carabes se révèle aussi bonne que celle obtenue avec le molluscicide methiocarb.A. parallelepipedus semble plus efficace queP. madidus dans ce rôle, les dégâts sur le trèfle étant maintenus à un minimum.P. madidus ne limite les limaces qu'une fois le trèfle déjà attaqué.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments conducted in sward boxes under controlled conditions showed that the carabid beetlesAbax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) andPterostichus madidus F. controlled slugs in a grass/clover sward. Control was shown to be as good as that by the molluscicide, methiocarb.A. parallelepipedus proved to be more successful thanP. madidus at controlling the slugs, damage to the clover being kept to a minimum.P. madidus controlled the slugs only after some damage to the clover was sustained.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: host size preference ; parasitoid ; stored product ; maize ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La première génération d'Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) récoltée dans du maïs stocké commercialement en Caroline du Sud fut exposée, dans du maïs écossé, à un mélange de jeunesSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, de toutes tailles représentant une distribution d'âge uniforme. On a observé 87% de parasitisme sur les larves comportant un tunnel de 0,9 à 1,8 mm et 6% sur les prépupes et pupes pour cette distribution d'âge. Le taux de préférence était le plus élevé pour les grosses larves-hôte (1,6 mm de diamètre), moyen pour les autres larves de 0,9 à 1,8 mm, et le plus bas pour les pupes et les petites larves. On a discuté de la sélectivité des hôtes en utilisant les paramètres de Chesson (1983): préférence, αi, probabilité de parasitisme, Pi, et index d'électivité ɛi.
    Notes: Abstract First generationAnisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) collected from commercial stored maize in South Carolina were exposed to a mixture of all sizes of immatureSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, representative of a uniform age distribution, in shelled maize. Eighty-seven percent of parasitism is expected on larvae with tunnel diameters of 0.9 to 1.8 mm and 6% on prepupae and pupae, given this host-size distribution. Preference was greatest for large host larvae (1.6 mm diameter), intermediate for other larvae in the range 0.9 to 1.8 mm, and least for pupae and small larvae. Host-stage preference is discussed with respect to Chesson's (1983) parameters for preference, αi, probability of parasitism, Pi, and electivity index, ɛi.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphidius polygonaphis ; Illinoia liriodendri ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; tuliptree aphid ; biological control ; hyperparasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un recensement du cortège parasitaire deIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) effectué en Californie du nord de 1988 à 1990 a révélé la présence de 12 espèces de parasitoïdes primaires et de 14 espèces d'hyperparasitoïdes. Le plus abondant des parasitoïdes primaires,Aphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), importé dans les années 1970, est à présent établi dans toute la région. Sont signalés pour la première fois associés àI. liriodendri les parasitoïdes primaires suivants:A. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch),Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), etMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) [tous Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae] etAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae]. Les hyperparasitoïdes les plus abondants sontPachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) etAsaphes californicus Girault [tous deux Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]Pachyneuron californicum Girault etCoruna clavata Walker [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae] sont signalés pour la première fois comme hyperparasitoïdes sur Aphidiinae et Aphelinidae spp. pour le premier, et surAphelinus sp. pour le second.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the parasitoids ofIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) in northern California conducted from 1988–1990 revealed the presence of 12 primary and 14 hyper-parasitoid species. The most common primary parasitoid wasAphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), which was imported from the eastern United States in the 1970's and is now established throughout the area. New host records were noted forA. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch), Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), andMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) (all Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), andAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The most common hyperparasitoid species werePachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) andAsaphes californicus Girault (both Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). New hyperparasitoid host records were noted forPachyneuron californicum Girault on Aphidiine and Aphelinidae spp. andCoruna clavata Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) onAphelinus sp.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Mamestra brassicae ; Chrysodeixis chalcites ; parasitoid ; sweet pepper ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eulophus pennicornis, a hymenopteran parasitoid of several Lepidoptera, was found onMamestra brassicae in a commercial sweet pepper crop in 1990 in Belgium. The rearing of the parasitoid and some additional data on biology are described.
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  • 28
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid ; biological control ; release of beneficial arthropods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Entre 1975 et 1982, l'Institut de Lutte biologique “Israël Cohen” a mis en place un programme de lutte biologique contre la cochenille noire de l'olivierSaissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hom.: Coccidae). Au cours de cette période, 17 espèces d'ennemis naturels furent introduites en Israël, et les populations du ravageur retombèrent à un niveau acceptable. Le principal parasitoïde responsable de cette réduction a étéMetaphycus bartletii A. & M. (Hym.: Encyrtidae). Cet article expose le programme et apporte en outre quelques données sur la biologie des parasitoïdes introduits.
    Notes: Abstract During the years 1975–1982, the “Israel Cohen” Inst. for Biological Control conducted a biological control project, against the black scale,Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Seventeen species of natural enemies were introduced into Israel during that period, and their action reduced the populations of the pest to an acceptable level. The major parasitoid responsible for that transition wasMetaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). This article describes the project and introduces some notes on the biology of the introduced parasitoids.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two indigenous species ofTrichogramma were reared from natural populations of the blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) infesting cranberries in British Columbia, Canada. One was identified asTrichogramma sp. nr.sibericum Sorokina and the other wasTrichogramma minutum Riley. Percentage of parasitized hosts increased during the season in an abandoned field, but decreased in a commercial field where pesticides were used. The potential ofTrichogramma as a biological control agent against the fireworm is discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Parabemisia myricae ; Eretmocerus debachi ; Citrus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aleurodeParabemisia myricae (Kuwana) est l'un des plus sérieux ravageurs des vergers de citrus dans la région métiterranéenne de l'est de la Turquie. En 1986, un parasitoïde spécifique deP. myricae, l'aphelinideEretmocerus debachi Rose et Rosen, était introduit de Californie en Turquie et lâché dans les vergers de Citrus le long de la côte méditerranéenne orientale. Au cours des années suivantes, les populations deP. myricae étaient rapidement tombées d'environ 17 aleurodes au stade immature par feuille à moins de 0,1 par feuille dans tous les vergers de citrus où les parasitoïdes ont été lâchés. De plus,E. debachi a montré une bonne capacité de dispersion et s'est bien adapté aux conditions climatiques de la région orientale. Depuis l'installation réussie deE. debachi, l'aleurode n'est plus un ravageur dangereux et il est difficile de trouver des individus non parasités dans la région méditerranéenne de l'est de la Turquie.
    Notes: Abstract The whitefly,Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) is one of the most serious citrus pests in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In 1986, a host-specific parasitoid ofP. myricae, the aphelinidEretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen, was imported from California to Turkey and released into citrus orchards along the Eastern Mediterranean coast. In the following yearsP. myricae-populations were rapidly reduced from about 17 whitefly-immature stages per leaf to less than 0.1 stages per leaf in all citrus orchards where the parasitoids were released. Furthermore,E. debachi was shown to be a good disperser and it is well adapted to the climatic conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Since the successful colonization ofE. debachi, the whitefly is no longer a serious pest and it is difficult to find unparasitized individuals in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: sex ratio ; parasitoid ; biological control ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans un verger de pommier à Armidale, sur les plateaux du nord de la Nouvelle Galles du Sud la sex ratio des populations d'Aphelinus mali, un endoparasitoïde d'Eriosoma lanigerum varie de 0,51 (pourcentage de mâles) pour de faibles densités de l'hôte à des proportions favorables aux femelles pour des densités d'hôtes élevées (pourcentage de mâles compris entre 0,35 et 0,39). Cette variation dans la sex ratio est apparemment due à des différences dans l'attribution d'une descendance mâle ou femelle en fonction de la taille de l'hôte. dans la nature,A. mali parasite le puceron du pommier à tous les stades de son développement (les 4 stades larvaires et l'adulte). D'après le modèle du régime optimal de Hughes (1979), l'acceptation de l'hôte sous toutes ses formes semble être la meilleure stratégie. Cependant, il permet à l'hôte de continuer son développement (dans le cas d'un stade larvaire) ou de se reproduire (au stade adulte) jusqu'à la momification. Aucune mortalité n'est observée en laboratoire lorsque l'hôte est parasité au 1° ou au 2° stade larvaire. Des momies de petite taille récoltées sur le terrain présentent une sex ratio favorable aux mâles alors que des momies de grande taille produisent surtout des femelles. En laboratoire, la descendance issue des hôtes de faible taille (du 1° au 3° stade) présente une sex ratio qui n'est pas significativement différente de 0,5 alors que la descendance issue des hôtes de grande taille (3° et 4° stade) montre une sex ratio favorable aux femelles. Pendant l'hiver (juin–août) et le début du printemps (septembre–octobre), c'est-à-dire à la période où la population hôte dans le verger est constituée principalement de larves, le parasitoïde tend à produire autant de mâles que de femelles. En revanche, aux pics de densité de population, en été et en automne (décembre à mai) lorsque des hôtes de grande taille sont disponibles, la sex ratio est favorable aux femelles. La taille de l'hôte,E. lanigerum et celle deA. mali, sont donc des éléments importants pour la dynamique des relations hôtes-parasitoïdes.
    Notes: Abstract In an apple orchard at Armidale, the Northern Tablelands of NSW, population sex ratios ofAphelinus mali (Haldeman), an endoparasitoid of the woolly apple aphid,Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) varied from 0.51 (proportion of males) at low host densities to female-biased at high host densities (proportion of males ranged from 0.35–0.39). This shift in sex ratio seems to be caused by the differences in allocation of sons and daughters to hosts of different sizes. In the fieldA. mali parasitizes all life stages (four nymphal instars and adult) of the woolly aphid upon encountering. According to Hughes'(1979) optimal diet model, such general host acceptance seems to be the best strategy. However, it allows the host nymphs or adults to continue to develop or reproduce until about to mummify (pupate). No mortality was observed when first or second-instar hosts were parasitized in the laboratory. Field collected small mummified hosts yielded male-biased sex ratios whereas large mummified hosts produced mainly females. In the laboratory, progeny from smaller hosts (first to third-instars) produced sex ratios which were not significantly different from 0.5 whereas progeny from larger hosts (third and fourth-instars) produced female-biased sex ratio. During winter (June–August) and early spring (September–October) when the host populations in the orchard were predominantly nymphs, the parasitoid tended to allocate equal resources to male and female offspring. In contrast, at peak population densities in summer and autumn (December–May) when larger hosts were available, the sex ratios were female-biased. The host size ofE. lanigerum andA. mali is, therefore, an important component in the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions.
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  • 32
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Life cycle ; host specificity ; Pachycerus cordiger ; Heliotropium europaeum ; Boraginaceae ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The univoltine weevilPachycerus cordiger Germar (=P. scabrosus Brullé) completes its life cycle on species of Boraginaceae, it is found from western Europe to the Middle East. In southern France, adultP. cordiger were collected feeding on the leaves ofHeliotropium europaeum L.,Echium vulgare L. andCynoglossum creticum Miller, whereas larvae were found feeding externally on the roots of the three plant species from within an earthen cell. BecauseP. cordiger is considered too much of a generalist to be released in Australia, work on the weevil as a potential biological control agent ofH. europaeum has been stopped.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Diadegma semiclausum ; biological control ; biology ; temperature effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études en laboratoires ont été menées sur certains aspects de la biologie deDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, parasitoïde larvaire d'un ravageur des crucifères,Plutella xylostella (L.). Entre 15 et 35°C, plus la température est élevée, plus courte est la durée du développement des stades larvaires et adulte. L'éclosion et l'émergence des adultes est élevée entre 15 et 30°C mais elle est significativement réduite à 35°C. Plus la température est haute, plus la proportion de mâles est grande. Le seuil théorique de développement est de 5,74°C pour les œufs; 3,80°C pour les larves, 5,91°C pour les nymphes et 6,60°C pour les adultes. La ponte deD. semiclausum dans les larves des trois premiers stades deP. xylostella produit plus de parasitoïdes mâles que de femelles mais la ponte dans le 4e stade produit significativement plus de femelles que de mâles. Les parasites adultes ont tendance à émerger de la nymphe entre 6 h et 9 h bien que quelques individus sortent à d'autres moments de la photophase. La longévité des adultes et la production d'œufs augmentent quand on fournit aux adultes de la nourriture (miel) par rapport à l'absence de nourriture ou la fourniture d'eau seule. Des parasites adultes survivent et pondent pendant 28 jours lorsqu'on les nourrit mais seulement pendant 3 jours lorsqu'ils sont privés de nourriture.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted on certain aspects of biology ofDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, a larval parasite of a crucifer pest,Plutella xylostella (L.). Within the range of 15°C to 35°C, the higher temperature, the shorter was the duration of larval and adult stages. Egg hatching and adult emergence were high at 15°C to 30°C but were significantly reduced at 35°C. The higher the temperature, the higher was the proportion of males produced. Temperature threshold was 5.74°C for eggs, 3.80°C for larvae, 5.91°C for pupae and 6.60°C for adults.D. semiclausum oviposition in the first threeP. xylostella larval instars produced more parasite males than females but oviposition in the fourth instar produced significantly more females than males. Parasite adults tended to emerge from their pupae from 06∶00 to 09∶00 hours although some emerged at other hours during the photophase. Adult longevity and production of eggs increased when adults were provided with a food source (honey) compared with no food or provision of water alone. Parasite adults survived and laid eggs for 28 days when provided with food but for only three days when deprived of food.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Liriomyza bryoniae ; Diglyphus isaea ; simulation model ; biological control ; parasitoid-host interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A deterministic model was developed to simulate population growth of the agromyzid flyLiriomyza bryoniae and the parasitoidDiglyphus isaea. The model has two driving variables, ambient temperature and leaf nitrogen content of the tomato plant. Results of a glasshouse experiment were used to validate the model. The timing of successive generations of leafminers was simulated accurately over four generations. Population growth of leafminers was correctly simulated during the first two generations, but overestimated in the third generation. Mortality of leafminers due to parasitism was overestimated in the first generation after introduction of parasitoids: 73% instead of the observed 30%. A nearly 100% mortality of leafminers was correctly simulated in the second generation after introduction of parasitoids. Sensitivity analysis was performed for three types of variables: (1) driving variables, temperature and leaf nitrogen content; (2) parasitoid traits, searching efficiency and allocation of attacks to host feeding and oviposition, and (3) introduction strategies for biological control, timing, number of releases and number of parasitoids per release. Population growth was sensitive to temperature, leaf nitrogen content, searching efficiency of parasitoids and numbers of parasitoids released.
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  • 35
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cultural measures ; chemical control ; biological control ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Conventional ways to control aphid vectors on potato crops rely essentially on cultural and chemical methods. The extensive use of insecticides, too often applied regardless of real needs and consequences, has resulted in more and more failures in both controlling aphids and virus spread. This paper stresses the need to introduce more rationale in the operation of existing methods by improving the efficiency of some of them like forecasting systems, to assess the potential of others like fertilization and semiochemicals and to put most efforts on resistant cultivars so that integrated pest management can be operated in the near future.
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  • 36
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; hyperparasites ; cell wall degradation ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Some fungal species isolated from other fungi were tested for their capacity to degrade chitin, cellulose and laminarin. Only three entomophagous fungi degraded native chitin. However colloidal chitin was degraded by all fungi tested except four. Cellulolytic activity was mainly found in fungi with a poor performance against cucumber powdery mildew. This suggests that the capacity to produce cellulase is not important for successful mycoparasitic activity against cucumber powdery mildew. A good correlation was found between the capacity to degrade laminarin and the mycoparasitic activity of the fungi that were investigated.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; furfural ; slow-release N fertilizer compounds ; soil microflora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Populations of microorganisms from soil treated with guanidine thiocyanate, guanylurea sulfate, thiourea, or furfural were compared with those of untreated soil. The materials effected quantitative and/or qualitative changes in composition of the soil microflora depending on the compound used. Guanidine thiocyanate (Gt) significantly (p≤0.05) increased total fungal populations relative to populations of other treatments. Populations of Penicillium purpurogenum were markedly higher in Gt-treated soil. Gt also increased total bacterial populations, and was the only compound that increased actinomycete populations. The relative percentage of Trichoderma harzianum was significantly higher in soil treated with thiourea than in the other treatments. Furfural increased the percentage of P. purpurogenum with respect to total fungi, and was as effective as guanylurea sulfate in increasing chitinolytic bacteria and those in the Pseudomonas cepacia-group. Thiourea most effectively promoted proliferation of coryneform bacteria. Chitinolytic fungi increased synergistically when Gt and guanylurea sulfate were applied in combination.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antagonism ; bacterization ; biological control ; sheath blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent and nonfluorescent strains of bacteria isolated from rice rhizospheres on the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) farm were evaluated for in vitro antibiosis towards the sheath blight (ShB) pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, and for suppression of ShB in detached rice leaves. Efficient strains were located on the basis of consistent performance in two laboratory tests. Among nine efficient strains, 3 strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, 5 strains were tentatively identified as Bacillus spp. and one strain was identified as Enterobacter. In three greenhouse tests lowland rice soils with optimum pH for rice growth (pH 5.5–6.5), acidic pH (pH 5.0) and boron toxicity were found more suitable for biological control of ShB and, less frequently, also yield increases than were alkaline (pH 6.9) and zinc-deficient soils. Bacterial treatments afforded significant ShB reductions in 3 field experiments, but no significant yield increases resulted. In direct-seeded rice best performances by bacterial treatments in terms of ShB suppression were 66 and 98% during DS 1988 and WS 1988, respectively, which were comparable to or better than the performance of validamycin (a fungicide routinely used for ShB control) which afforded 42 and 63% disease suppression, respectively, in the same experiments. Although bacterial treatments caused ShB reductions both in direct-seeded and transplanted rice crops, disease control was more pronounced in direct-seeded than in transplanted crops. These results indicate that carefully selected strains of bacterial antagonists have the potential for ShB suppression in rice at least in areas where direct-seeding is practised.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antagonistic plants ; biological control ; fatty acids ; Heterodera glycines ; Meloidogyne incognita ; rhizobacteria ; rhizosphere ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from roots of young and mature plants with known antagonism to phytopathogenic nematodes, including velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), castor bean (Ricinus communis), sword bean (Cannavalia ensiformis), and Abruzzi rye (Secale cereale). Isolates from antagonistic plants were compared to soybean isolates for the frequency of antagonism to the root-knot (Meloidogyne incognita) and soybean cyst (Heterodera schachtii) nematodes in a disease assay with soybean. Bacterial isolates were identified using fatty acid analysis, and isolates which exhibited a significant reduction in incidence of soybean damage from both nematodes were characterized physiologically. The bacterial taxa associated with antagonistic plants were markedly different from soybean bacteria. Isolates from soybean were predominantly Bacillus spp., while those from antagonistic plants included more coryneform and Gram-negative genera. Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas gladioli were predominant among Gram-negative bacteria on antagonistic plants but were not isolated from soybean. Four to six times the number of bacteria from antagonistic plants, compared to soybean, significantly reduced disease incidence of both nematodes. No single pattern of physiological reactions was common among all these bacteria, suggesting that multiple mechanisms accounted for the observed biological control. The results suggest that rhizospheres of antagonistic plants may be useful sources of potential biological control agents for phytopathogenic nematodes.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Rastrococcus invadens ; Gyranusoïdea tebygi ; manguier ; frangipanier ; parasitoïde ; hyperparasitisme ; lutte biologique ; dynamique des populations ; Rastrococcus invadens ; Gyranusoidea tebygi ; mango ; frangipani ; parasitoid ; hyperparasitoid ; biological control ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study of fruit-trees mealybugRastrococcus invadens Williams [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] population dynamics, before and after accidental introduction of the Indo-Pakistani primary parasitoidGyranusoidea tebygi Noyes [Hym.: Encyrtidae], was investigated in Congo, on two of its host-plants, mango (Mangifera indica L.,Anacardiaceae) and frangipani (Plumeria alba L.,Apocynaceae). It shows that before introduction of the exotic parasitoid, the local entomophagous complex is little abundant and diversified. The population dynamics of the pest, very different on the two host-plants, seems more linked to the physiological and phenological characteristics of the plant than to climatic factors. On the two host-plants, the mealybug is able to develop 5 generations per year, each of 70–80 days. Three to four months after its introduction,G. tebygi developed 50 to 90% of parasitism that significantly affects mealybug population dynamics. Eight to nine months later its establishment among low densities of the pest confirm its acclimatation. The 50 to 60% ofG. tebygi mortality attributable to the 8 species of the hyperparasitoid complex do not seem to prevent it from being an efficient parasitoid. The impact ofR. invadens parasitoid complex was compared to the one of cassava mealybug.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude de la dynamique des populations de la cochenille farineuse des arbres fruitiersRastrococcus invadens Williams [Hom.: Pseudococcidae], avant et après l'introduction accidentelle du parasitoïde primaire indo-pakistanaisGyranusoïdea tebygi Noyes [Hym.: Encyrtidae], a été entreprise au Congo, sur 2 de ses plantes hôtes, le manguier (Mangifera indica L.,Anacardiaceae) et le frangipanier (Plumeria alba L.,Apocynaceae). Avant l'introduction du parasitoïde exotique, le complexe entomophage local s'est révélé peu abondant et diversifié. Le profil de gradation des populations du ravageur, très différent sur les 2 plantes hôtes, semble davantage lié aux caractéristiques physiologiques et phénologiques du végétal qu'aux facteurs climatiques. La cochenille est capable de développer 5 générations de 70–80 jours par an sur les 2 plantes hôtes. Trois à quatre mois après son introduction, les 50 à 90% de parasitisme développés parG. tebygi ont affecté significativement la dynamique des populations de la cochenille. Huit à neuf mois plus tard, son maintien sur de faibles effectifs du ravageur confirme son acclimatation. Les 50 à 60% de mortalité provoqués par les 8 espèces du complexe hyperparasitaire ne paraissent pas limiter son efficacité. Le complexe parasitaire deR. invadens est comparé à celui de la cochenille du manioc.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Disonycha argentinensis ; alligator weed ; terrestrial growth ; biological control ; Disonycha argentinensis ; milieu terrestre ; lutte biologique ; Alternanthera philoxeroides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En Australie, la lutte biologique contreAlternanthera philoxeroides, mauvaise herbe se développant en milieu aquatique, a été couronnée de succès mais les auxiliaires utilisés, un ColéoptèreAgasicles hygrophila et un LépidoptèreVogtia malloi sont inefficaces en milieu terrestre. Un autre Coléoptère,Disonycha argentinensis, fut donc introduit en Australie pour lutter contre le développement de cette mauvaise herbe en milieu terrestre. Les descendants des adultes récoltés au Brésil dans des zones similaires par le climat et le biotope à celles où croît la mauvaise herbe en Australie ont été relâchés mais ne se sont pas installés. Des œufs furent pondus par des femelles lâchées dans une grande cage sur le terrain et des adultes ont ainsi été obtenus, mais ceux-ci ne se reproduisirent pas. Cet échec peut s'expliquer par le microclimat ou la prédation qui auraient empêché l'installation deDisonycha argentinensis. Cependant ces résultats ne devraient pas empêcher des essais d'installation de cet insecte en Amérique du Nord, en Chine ou ailleurs.
    Notes: Abstract Biological control of alligator weed growing in aquatic habitats in Australia is successful but the agents, a flea beetleAgasicles hygrophila and a mothVogtia malloi, do not control terrestrial growth. Consequently another flea beetleDisonycha argentinensis was introduced into Australia specifically to control the terrestrial growth. Progeny of adults collected in Brazil from areas similar in climate and habitat to areas infested with alligator weed in Australia, were released but failed to become established. Eggs were laid by females released into a large field cage and some completed development, but the new adults failed to reproduce. Tentative conclusions are that microclimate or predation may have prevented establishment ofD. argentinensis but the results should not preclude attempts to establish this insect in North America, China or elsewhere.
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  • 42
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    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Chaetorellia australis ; Tephritidae ; Diptera ; rearing ; Centaurea solstitialis ; biological control ; weeds ; Chaetorellia australis ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; élevage artificiel ; Centaurea solstitialis ; lutte biologique ; mauvaises herbes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le TephritideChaetorellia australis qui attaque les capitules floraux deCentaurea solstitialis L. et qui est considéré comme auxiliaire potentiel dans la lutte biologique contre cette mauvaise herbe, est élevé pour la première fois et pendant 2 générations consécutives sur un milieu nutritif artificiel. Avec une densité de 0,5 œuf/g de substrat nutritif, on obtient finalement 18% d'adultes, mais quand la densité des œufs augmente, ce rendement diminue. A une température de 25°C, la durée de développement du stade œuf jusqu'au stade adulte varie entre 20 et 25 jours pour les 2 générations étudiées. La longévité moyenne des adultes de la première génération est d'environ 32 jours pour les mâles et de 34,9 jours pour les femelles. La fécondité est de 53,3 œufs par femelle et le taux d'éclosion est de 88,8%. Ces paramètres biologiques sont plus ou moins similaires à ceux observés dans la population sauvage.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the tephritid flyChaetorellia australis Hering, which infests flowerheads of the yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), and which is a candidate species for biological control, of that weed, were reared for the first time and for two consecutive generations on an artificial diet. At a density of 0.5 eggs per g diet a yield of 18.5% F1 adults (over hatched eggs), was obtained. When the density of eggs per g diet increased, the yield decreased. At 25°C the duration of development from egg to adult was 20–25 days for both generations. F1 adults reared on artificial diet had an average longevity of 32.0 days for males and 34.9 days for females. The fecundity was 53.3 eggs per female and the egg hatchability 88.8%. These and other biological parameters are similar to those of wild flies.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Heteropsylla spinulosa ; Mimosa invisa ; host specificity ; biology ; biological control ; Heteropsylla spinulosa ; Mimosa invisa ; spécificité ; biologie ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité du psyllideHeteropsylla spinulosa Muddiman, Hodkinson & Hollis récolté surMimosa invisa Von Martius ont été examinées au Brésil et en Australie. On a observé l'oviposition sur 19 des 100 espèces de plantes examinées, mais toutes les larves sont mortes sans se nourrir, à l'exception de celles qui étaient surMimosa invisa. On a montré queHeteropsylla spinulosa est spécifique deMimosa invisa; le psyllide a donc été introduit et il s'est établi en Australie et en Samoa-Occidentale.
    Notes: Abstract The biology and host specificity of the psyllidHeteropsylla spinulosa Muddiman, Hodkinson & Hollis collected fromMimosa invisa Von Martius, was studied in Brazil and in Australia. Oviposition was recorded on 19 of 100 plant species tested but nymphs died without feeding, except onM. invisa. H. spinulosa was shown to be specific toM. invisa and was subsequently released and established in Australia and Western Samoa.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Saissetia oleae ; Chalcidoidea ; parasitoids ; biological control ; abundance ; Saissetia oleae ; Chalcidoidea ; parasitoïde ; lutte biologique ; abondance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un examen d'ensemble des parasitoïdes de la Cochenille noireSaissetia oleae (Olivier), présents en Californie méridionale a été conduit entre septembre 1987 et septembre 1989. 1 610 spécimens ont été obtenus à partir de 308 récoltes de rameaux d'agrumes d'olivier et de laurier-rose, infestés de cochenille noire et provenant de 19 sites. Les spécimens consistaient en neuf espèces de parasitoïdes primaires et six espèces de parasitoïdes secondaires. Les quatre espèces primaires suivantes étaient abondantes en Californie méridionale:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke et Mynhardt,Metaphycus helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky) etDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. Les parasitoïdes secondaires les plus communs étaientMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere etTetrastichus minutus (Howard). Dans la région côtière du Sud de la Californie,M. bartletti était le parasitoïde le plus abondant, suivi dans l'ordre, parD. elegans, S. carulea etM. helvolus. Dans les régions intermédiaire et intérieure,M. helvolus était le plus abondant.D. elegans était second en abondance dans la région intermédiaire, mais rare dans la région intérieure.M. bartletti était second en abondance dans la région intérieure et troisième en abondance dans la région intermédiaire.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of black scaleSaissetia oleae (Olivier) parasitoids present in southern California was conducted between September 1987 and September 1989. From 308 collections of black scale-infested citrus, olive, and oleander twigs from 19 sites in southern California, 1,610 specimens were collected. Nine primary and six secondary parasitoid species were identified. Four primary species were abundant in southern California:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt,M. helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=S. cyanea Motschulsky), andDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. The most common secondary parasitoids wereMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere, andTetrastichus minutus (Howard). In the coastal region of southern California,M. bartletti was the most abundant parasitoid, followed in order byD. elegans, S. Caerulea, andM. helvolus. In the intermediate and interior regions,M. helvolus was most abundant.D. elegans was second most abundant in the intermediate region, but was rare in the interior region.M. bartletti was second in abundance in the interior region and third in the intermediate region.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Calligrapha pantherina ; chrysomelid ; biological control ; weed ; host specificity ; Sida acuta ; Sida rhombifolia ; Calligrapha pantherina ; Sida acuta ; Sida rhombifolia ; lutte biologique ; mauvaise herbe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La spécificité de la chrysomèle originaire du Mexique,Calligrapha pantherina, vis-à-vis de son hôte a été contrôlée, dans les installations de la quarantaine du C.S.I.R.O. à Brisbane (Australie), sur 80 espèces de plantes appartenant à 28 familles, étroitement liées aux Malvacées ou comprenant des espèces d'importance économique. C. pantherina pond et se développe avec succès sur son hôte préférentielS. acuta et avec moins de succès surS. rhombifolia etS. spinosa, qui sont toutes des mauvaises herbes d'Australie. On a décrit les aspects de l'oviposition, du développement larvaire, de l'alimentation des adultes et de la longévité deC. pantherina. C. pantherina fut lâchée en Australie en 1989 et s'est bien installée surS. acuta mais seulement en quelques sites surS. rhombifolia.
    Notes: Abstract The host specificity of a chrysomelid beetle,Calligrapha pantherina Stål, from Mexico, was verified in the CSIRO quarantine facilities in Brisbane, Australia on 80 species of plants in 28 families, either closely related to Malvaceae or in families containing economically important species.C. pantherina oviposited and developed successfully on its preferred host,S. acuta, and less successfully onS. rhombifolia andS. spinosa, all of which are weeds in Australia. Aspects of oviposition, larval development, and adult feeding and longevity ofC. pantherina are described.C. pantherina was released in Australia during 1989 and readily established onS. acuta but established at only a few sites onS. rhombifolia.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Parkinsonia ; biological control ; weeds ; Insecta ; Sonoran desert ; Australia ; Parkinsonia ; lutte biologique ; mauvaises herbes ; Insecta ; désert Sonoran ; Australie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), mauvaise herbe du nord de l'Australie, fut l'objet d'un programme de lutte biologique entre 1983 et 1987. Soixante-cinq espèces d'insectes phytophages furent récoltés surP. aculeata dans la région du désert Sonoran, (sud-ouest des Etats-Unis) et au Mexique. Six ordres (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera et Thysanoptera) et 30 familles furent représentés. Parmi les 12 espèces qui sont potentiellement des agents de lutte biologique, une seule est acceptable selon des tests de spécificité et a été libérée en Australie.
    Notes: Abstract Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpiniaceae), a weed in northern Australia, was the target of a biological control programme from 1983–1987. Sixty-five phytophagous insect species were collected fromP. aculeata growing in the Sonoran desert region of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Six orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera) and 30 families were represented. Of the 12 species with potential as biological control agents, only one has passed specificity testing and has been released in Australia.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; endophytic relationship ; biological control ; insect pathology ; Zea mays ; Beauveria bassiana ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; lutte biologique ; relation endophyte ; pathologie de l'insecte ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le champignon entomopathogène,Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin a été épandu sur maïs, au stade cornet (V7) par application foliaire d'une formulation granulée de grits de maïs contenant des conidies ou par injection d'une suspension de conidies. Toutes les plantes ont été infestées à l'aide de larves de la Pyrale du maïs,Ostrinia nubilalis, au stade V7 (cornet), V12 (fin de stade cornet), ou V17 (apparition de la panicule). Les plantes infestées au stade cornet et à la fin du stade cornet ont eu significativement plus de chenilles de Pyrale en train de miner que les plantes infestées au stade début de panicule mâle. Le pourcentage de plantes infestées parB. bassiana n'était pas significativement différent entre ces 3 stades phénologiques. Au fur et à mesure que les plantes se développaient,B. bassiana était isolé de différentes parties de la plante, la moelle étant plus souvent infestée que les ligules. Les applications foliaires deB. bassiana ont entraîné la destruction immédiate de la pyrale chez les plantes infestées au stade cornet. La baisse de l'efficacité deB. bassiana aux stades intermédiaires par comparaison avec son efficacité au moment de la récolte est discutée.
    Notes: Abstract The entomopathogenic fungus,Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, was applied to whorl-stage (V7) corn,Zea mays L., by foliar application of a granular formulation of corn grits containing conidia or by injection of a conidial suspension. All plants were infested with European corn borer larvae,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), at the V7 (whorl), V12 (late-whorl), or V17 (pretassel) stage of plant development. Plants infested at whorl and late-whorl stages had significantly more European corn borer tunneling than did plants infested at the pretassel stage. The percentage of plants colonized byB. bassiana did not differ significantly among the whorl, late-whorl, and pretassel stages. As the plants matured,B. bassiana was isolated from different plant areas, with the pith more frequently colonized than the leaf collars. Foliar application ofB. bassiana provided immediate suppression ofO. nubilalis in those plants infested at whorl stage. The reduced efficacy ofB. bassiana at the intermediate plant stages relative to efficacy at harvest is discussed.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phytoseiidae ; predation ; biological control ; preference ; Phytoseiidae ; lutte biologique ; Citrus ; relation prédateur proie ; préférence alimentaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié le comportement alimentaire des deux principales espèces de phytoséiides présents dans les vergers de Citrus en Espagne,Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) etTyphlodromus phialatus Athias-Henriot. Les expériences ont été menées en élevant l'acarien prédateur sur feuilles d'oranger, avec un excès de sa proiePanonychus citri (McGregor). Dans les essais avec tous les stades de l'acarien rouge, le nombre moyen de proies tuées par heure est de 5.12 et 2.00, le pourcentage d'attaques réussies de 58% et 21% et le temps moyen passé à se nourrir sur chaque proie de 5.1 min et 12.2 min respectivement pour les femelles d'E. stipulatus etT. phialatus. Tous les stades de développement, excepté le stade œuf, peuvent être consommés parE. stipulatus tandis queT. phialatus se nourrit de tous les stades, à l'exception des mes. Chez les deux espèces, les femelles deP. citri sont attaquées avec moins de succès que les immatures. Lorsque les proies sont constituées de femelles adultes ou d'œufs deP. citri le nombre moyen de proies tuées quotidiennement est de 4.51 femelles pourE. stipulatus, et de 2.01 femelles et 2.12 œufs pourT. phialatus. Si l'on considère le nombre d'œufs pondus par les acariens prédateurs durant la même période,E. stipulatus ingère seulement 30% du total des proies tuées, alors queT. phialatus ingère un nombre de proies variable selon les individus, allant de 40 à 100%. Ces différences d'alimentation chez ces deux espèces pourraient expliquer en partie leurs différences d'efficacité observées sur le terrain, en tant qu'agents de lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract Observations were made on the feeding behavior of the two main phytoseiid species in Spanish Citrus orchards,Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) andTyphlodromus phialatus Athias-henriot. The experiences were carried out by rearing the predatory mites on excised orange leaves, and always with an excess of the prey the Citrus Red Mite (=CRM)Panonychus citri (McGregor). In experiments with all stages of CRM, the number of prey killed per hour was 5.12 and 2.00, the percentage of successful attacks, 58% and 21%, and the mean time spent feeding on each prey was 5.1 and 12.2 minutes for starving females ofE. stipulatus andT. phialatus respectively.E. stipulatus feeds on all stages of the prey except eggs, andT. philatus, on all stages, except males. Both species attack much less successfully females ofP. citri rather than immatures. In experiments with adult females and eggs ofP. citri as prey, the mean number of prey killed daily was 4.51 females forE. stipulatus, and 2.01 females and 2.12 eggs forT. philatus. Considering this killing rate and the number of eggs laid by the predators in the same period, it can be concluded thatE. stipulatus consumes only 30% of the content of the preys killed, whereasT. philatus consumes a percentage of prey variable between individuals and ranging from 40% to 100%. These differences in feeding behavior between the two species could partly explain differences in their efficiency as biocontrol agents ofP. citri observed in the field.
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  • 49
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    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 575-582 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Apple sawfly ; Hoplocampa testudinea ; biological control ; nematodes ; Steinernema ; Heterorhabditis ; Hoplocampe de la pomme ; Hoplocampa testudinea ; lutte biologique ; nématodes ; Steinernema ; Heterorhabditis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a effectué quatre types d'expériences pour évaluer la pathogénicité de nématodes entomogènes contre l'hoplocampe des pommes,Hoplocampa testudinea Klug (Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae). En boîte de Petri,Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) souche DD 136,S. carpocapsae souche All,S. feltiae (Filipjev) etHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar ont causé 100% de mortalité larvaire 72 h aprè le traitement. En conditions de plein champs sous des pommiers nains, un seul traitement avec 40 ou 80S. carpocapsae souche All/cm2 a causé une mortalité significative (〉 80%). Un second traitement avec des nématodes n'a pas amené une augmentation significative de la mortalité. En 1990, des traitements tardifs avec 40S. carpocapsae souche All/cm2 dans des quadrats de 50×50 cm disposés sous des pommiers nains ont été effectués au printemps 1989. Au printemps 1990, respectivement 22 et 25 hoplocampes adultes émergeaient des quadrats traités avec 40 et 80S. carpocapsae souche All/cm2, tandis que 78 adultes ont émergé des quadrats traités avec de l'eau. Pulvérisé sur le feuillage, un seul traitement avec la souche All deS. carpocapsae a significativement réduit le pourcentage de fruits ayant des dommages secondaires. On discute de la possibilité d'utiliser des nématodes entomogènes dans le cadre d'un programme de lutte intégrée, avec une attention particulière à l'intégration avec le programme de lutte contre les populations du charançon de la prune,Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).
    Notes: Abstract Four types of experiments were conducted to assess the pathogenicity of entomogenous nematodes against the apple sawfly,Hoplocampa testudinea Klug (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In Petri dish,Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) DD 136 strain,S. carpocapsae All strain,S. feltiae (Filipjev) andHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar caused 100% larval mortality 72 h after the treatments. In semi-field conditions under dwarf apple trees, a single treatment with either 40 or 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2 caused significant (〉80%) larval mortality. No significant increase in mortality was obtained with a second application. In 1990, late treatment with 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2 caused significant (39.1%) pupal mortality. In 50×50 cm quadrats under dwarf apple trees, treatment with 40 and 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2 were done in spring 1989. In spring 1990, respectively 22 and 25 apple sawfly adults emerged from quadrats treated with 40 and 80S. carpocapsae All strain/cm2, whereas 78 adults emerged from untreated quadrats. In a foliar application experiment, a single treatment withS. carpocapsae All strain significantly reduced the percent of fruit showing secondary damage. The possibility of using entomogenous nematodes as part of an integrated pest management in apple orchards is discussed, with particular reference to the integration of programs aimed at managing plum curculio,Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Senecio jacobaea ; ragwort ; Cochylis atricapitana ; biological control ; establishment ; Senecio jacobaea ; Cochylis atricapitana ; lutte biologique ; lâcher
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les larves du lépidoptère nocturneCochylis atricapitana (Stephens) sont monophages sur le séneçonSenecio jacobaea L. (Asteraceae). Certains aspects du cycle biologique deC. atricapitana ont été étudiés. Les femelles pondent une moyenne de 158 œufs avec un maximum de 355. La majorité des œufs sont pondus individuellement, à côté des nervures primaires et secondaires, à la face inférieure des feuilles. La période d'incubation est de 4,2 jours à 30°C et de 14,4 jours à 15°C. Il faut 40 jours pour obtenir une génération, avec une température de 23°C et une photopériode de 16 heures. Les jeunes chenilles creusent des galeries dans les feuilles, couronnes, tiges et bourgeons de la plante. Il y a cinq stades larvaires et les chenilles entrent en diapause au dernier stade. Dans le sud du Victoria, les adultes sont actifs de la fin septembre au début de février.C. atricapitana s'est installé sur deux sites et les dégâts sur séneçon ont été observés dans 52% des sites où les lépidoptères ont été lâchés.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the mothCochylis atricapitana (Stephens) are monophagous leaf, crown, stem or bud borers of ragwort,Senecio jacobaea L. (Asteraceae). In the present investigation, aspects of the life cycle ofC. atricapitana were determined. Moths ofC. atricapitana lay an average of 158 eggs/female with as many as 355 eggs being laid by a single female. The majority of eggs are laid individually along the primary and secondary veins on the underside of ragwort leaves. Egg incubation ranges from 4.2 days at 30°C to 14.4 days at 15°C. At a constant 23°C under a 16 hour photoperiod,C. atricapitana takes approximately 40 days to complete a generation. Caterpillars make their way to young, actively growing ragwort shoots or buds, and begin mining into the plant tissue, boring into the leaf, crown, stem or bud.C. atricapitana has five larval instars and enters diapause as a final instar larva. In southern Victoria, moths ofC. atricapitana fly from late September through to the beginning of February. Adults emerge after overwintering towards the end of spring or beginning of summer.C. atricapitana has established at two sites while larvae, or signs of damage have been observed at approximately 52% of release sites.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata ; beneficial arthropods ; dispersal ; predation ; biological control ; arthropodes utiles ; dissémination ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] est un prédateur et un parasite courants de la mouche des racines [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] dans les cultures commerciales et les jardins potagers. Pour évaluer l'activité de dissémination deA. bilineata dans les jardins potagers, on a lâché des coléoptères marqués à raison de 0 et de 1000 en 1987, et de 0, 250, 500, et 1000/jardin potager/semaine en 1988. Trois pour cent des coléoptères ainsi marqués ont été recapturés dans les jardins potagers d'origine. Les populations naturelles deA. bilineata sont très faibles dans tous les jardins potagers et on ne constate aucune augmentation décelable de 1987 à 1988. Les recaptures sont proportionnelles aux taux de lâchers. On n'observe aucune différence significative dans les taux de recapture entre les sexes. Les recaptures et les distributions non uniformes deA. bilineata marqués dans les jardins potagers révèlent qu'ils ont pu voler au moins à 5 km de distance dans les conditions urbaines et choisir certains jardins plutôt que d'autres comme emplacements propices à l'accouplement, la quête de nourriture et l'oviposition.
    Notes: Abstract Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] is a common predator and endoparasite of root maggot [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] in both commercial crops and home gardens. To test dispersal activity ofA. bilineata in home gardens, marked beetles were released at rates of 0 and 1,000 in 1987 and 0, 250, 500, and 1,000/gardens/wk in 1988. Three percent of marked beetles were recaptured in release gardens. NaturalA. bilineata populations were very small in all gardens, and there was no detectable increase from 1987 to 1988. Recaptures were proportional to release rates. There was no significant difference in recapture rates between sexes. Recaptures and non-uniform distributions of markedA. bilineata in control gardens revealed that they were capable of flying at least 5 km under urban conditions, and of selecting particular gardens as suitable mating, foraging, and oviposition sites.
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  • 52
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    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phanerotoma hendecasisella ; biological control ; biology ; Phanerotoma hendecasisella ; lutte biologique ; biologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a mené des études sur l'endoparasitoïde oophage solitairePhanerotoma hendecasisella Cam. [Hymenoptera, Braconidae] pour déterminer sa biologie surDiaphania indica (Saunders) [Lepidoptera, Pyralidae]. Les larves passent par trois stades déterminés par la forme et la taille des mandibules. La durée moyenne de développement de l'œuf à l'adulte était de 26,51 jours à 26,06°C et 73,88% d'humidité relative. Il n'y a pas de période de préoviposition. Le rapport des sexes était: 1∶1,12 (♂/♀). La longévité moyenne de l'adulte n'était pas différente pour les mâles et les femelles.
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted on the solitary egg-larval endoparasitoidPhanerotoma hendecasisella Cam. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] to determine its biology onDiaphania indica (Saunders) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae]. Larvae pass through 3 stages as determined by the shape and size of the mandibles. Mean developmental period from egg to adult was 26.51 days at 26.06 °C and 73.88% RH. There is no preoviposition period. The sex ratio was 1∶1.12 (male/female). Mean adult longevity was not different for ♂♂ and ♀♀.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Entomophthora muscae ; Musca domestica ; Muscidae ; infectivity ; biological control ; Entomophthora muscae ; Musca domestica ; Muscidae ; pathogénie infectieuse ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études sur les doses mortelles ont été conduites avec deux membres du complexe d'Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius du sud de la Californie (CA) et du Danemark (DA) infectant les mouches domestiques,Musca domestica L., du sud de la Californie. Les conidies primaires de la forme danoise furent significativement plus infectieuses (DL 50=34 conidies/mm2) que les conidies primaires de la forme californienne (DL 50=67 conidies/mm2) pour des mouches (≪jeunes≫) âgées de 2 à 7 jours. La pathogénie infectieuse (simple essai expérimental) pour les mouches (≪vieilles≫) âgées de 10 à 14 jours des conidies primaires de la forme californienne (DL 50=34 conidies/mm2) était similaire à celle de la forme danoise pour les mouches jeunes. Les conidies secondaires de la forme californienne furent nettement plus infectieuses (DL 50=0,36 conidies/mm2) que les conidies primaires de chaque forme. La dose n'avait pas d'effet significatif sur la période d'incubation pour les conidies primaires de chaque forme, mais des doses croissantes entraînaient des périodes d'incubation significativement plus courtes pour les mouches exposées aux conidies secondaires de la forme californienne.
    Notes: Abstract Dose-mortality studies were conducted with 2 members of theEntomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius complex from southern California (CA) and Denmark (DA) infecting house flies,Musca domestica L., from southern California. Primary conidia of the DA form were significantly more infective (LC50=34 conidia/mm2) than primary conidia of the CA form (LC50=67 conidia/mm2) for 2–7 days old (‘young’) flies. Infectivity (single experimental trial) for 10–14 day old (‘old’) flies of primary conidia of the CA form (LC50=34 conidia/mm2) was similar to that of the DA form for young flies. Secondary conidia of the CA form were markedly more infective (LC50=0.36 conidia/mm2) than primary conidia of either form. Dose had no significant effect on incubation period for primary conidia of either form, but increased doses resulted in significantly shorter incubation periods for flies exposed to secondary conidia of the CA form.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: rice ; predation ; biological control ; predator effectiveness ; riz ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; efficacité prédatrice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Huit insectes prédateurs communs dans l'écosystème du riz aux Philippines ont été comparés au laboratoire pour leur capacité à se nourrir sur les œufs de la chenilleRivula atimeta Swinhoe. Une échelle basée sur les taux de prédation a été établie:Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Gryllidae) était le prédateur le plus vorace suivi parAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) etConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigonidae). Le petit Miride,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, se nourrissait aussi facilement sur les œufs.Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) (Staphilinidae) etCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) se nourrissait dans une mesure très limitée.Metioche vittaticollis etCyrtorhinus lividipennis ont été aussi testés vis-à-vis des œufs de la NoctuelleNaranga aenescens Moore et de la Mineuse du Riz,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. Le taux de prédation deM. vitaticollis était identique sur les trois proies, maisC. lividipennis manifestait un taux de prédation plus élevé sur les œufs deN. aenescens. Dans les cages de plein air, de 1,6 m2, on permettait à différentes densités deM. vittaticollis et d'O. nigrofasciata de se nourrir sur des œufs deR. atimeta exposés durant deux jours.Metioche vittaticollis consommait 13 et 26 œufs aux densités respectives de 1 et 2 prédateurs par cage, mais la prédation n'était pas beaucoup plus élevée à la densité de 8. La prédation due àO. nigrofasciata n'était pas significative.
    Notes: Abstract Eight insect predators common in the rice ecosystem in the Philippines were compared in the laboratory on their ability as to feed on the eggs of green hairy caterpillar,Rivula atimeta Swinhoe. A ranking, based on feeding rates was made:Metioche vittaticollis (Stål) (Gryllidae) was the most voracious predator, followed byAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) andConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigoniidae). Also the smallCyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Miridae), readily fed upon the eggs.Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Staphilinidae) andCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) fed to a very limited extent.Metioche vittaticollis andCyrtorhinus lividipennis were also tested on eggs of green semilooper,Naranga aenescens Moore, and rice whorl maggot,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. The feeding rate ofM. vittaticollis was similar on the 3 different preys, butC. lividipennis had a higher feeding rate onN. aenescens eggs. In 1.6 m2 field cages, different densities ofM. vittaticollis andO. nigrofasciata were allowed to feed on exposedR. atimeta eggs during 2 days.Metioche vittaticollis consumed 13 and 26 eggs at predator densities of 1 and 2 per cage respectively, but was not much higher at density 8. Predation byO. nigrofasciata was not significant.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Functional response ; Curinus coeruleus ; Heteropsylla cubana ; Leucaena leucocephala ; biological control ; host-plant resistance ; Réponse fonctionnelle ; Curinus coeruleus ; Heteropsylla cubana ; Leucaena leucocephala ; lutte biologique ; variétés résistantes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des résultats obtenus en laboratoire sur la réponse fonctionnelle des adultes deCurinus coeruleus (Mulsant) aux nymphes deHeteropsylla cubana Crawford sur des substrats differents ont révété un effet significatif du substrat sur l'ingestion des nymphes à différents densités. Les substrats utilisés étaient composés de matière foliaire deLeucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit d'espèces apparentées en plus d'un substrat de papier comme témoin. Les résultats obtenus pourraient être utiles en ce qui concerne des projets intégrant lutte biologique et sélection de variétés résistantes.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory measurements of the functional response of adultCurinus coeruleus (Mulsant) to nymphs ofHeteropsylla cubana Crawford on filter paper and on leaves of different host plants showed a significant effect of these different substrates on nymph consumption at several different densities. Moreover, this effect may be explained by the influence of the substrate on the search rate of the predator. Host plants tested includedLeucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Witt,L. diversifolia (Schlecht.) Benth. andL. pallida Britton and Rose. Results obtained may be relevant to plant-protection research programs involving the integration of biological control with host-plant resistance.
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  • 56
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 5 (1991), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: aquatic herbivores ; aquatic weeds ; biological control ; Guyana ; manatee ; sea cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) has been widely suggested as a means of biological control of aquatic weeds. Despite significant research little data is available from existing manatee installations. Manatees have been used in Guyana for weed control for over a century and are still being used today. Data was collected from a number of sites, both past and present, to establish the reliability of the manatee as a weed control agent and to formulate a series of guidelines on which to base future manatee developments.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; biological control ; Botrytis sp. ; Erwinia carotovora ; Fusarium solani ; Pseudomonas sp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two strains of opine-utilizing rhizobacteria were evaluated for physiological traits which have been related to plant growth-promoting activity. Tests included antibiosis against two bacterial and eight fungal pathogens of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), production of hydrogen cyanide and fluorescent pigment production. On average, 71 and 12% of the bacteria inhibited the growth of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively. The growth of Botrytis sp. was inhibited by 62% of the bacteria, and half of these produced an inhibition zone of more than 7 mm in diameter. Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes, Phoma exigua, Verticillium dahliae, F. oxysporum, V. albo-atrum and F. sambucinum were antagonized by 43, 34, 31, 25, 19, 18, and 12% of the bacteria, respectively. Only four strains produce hydrogen cyanide. The inhibition of a plant pathogen was not correlated to the production of fluorescent pigment. No strain produced a hypersensitive reaction whereas only three strains induced soft-rot and two produced polygalacturonase. Some opine-utilizing rhizobacteria were strong inhibitors of all plant pathogens, while most were active against specific plant pathogens.
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antagonistic bacteria ; biological control ; Helianthus annuus ; Pseudomonas spp. ; Sclerotium rolfsii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria isolated on nutrient agar and King's medium B from sunflower leaves, crown and roots inhibited in vitro growth of the leaf spot and wilt pathogens Alternaria helianthi, and Sclerotium rolfsii, respectively, and also the root rot pathogensRhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Antagonistic bacteria from leaves were mainly actinomycetes and pigmented Gram-positive bacteria, while those from roots and crowns were identified asPseudomonas fluorescens-putida, P. maltophilia, P. cepacia, Flavobacterium odoratum andBacillus sp. In soil bioassays, when used as seed inoculum in the presence ofS. rolfsii, P. cepacia strain N24 increased significantly the percentage of seedling emergence. Bacterial strains which exhibited broad spectrum in vitro antagonistic activity were tested for colonisation of sunflower roots, when used as a seed inoculum. Good colonisers (104 to 106 bacteria/g root) were consistent in their ability to reduce disease and fungal wilt. A seedling having a primary root length 〈 5 cm with fewer lateral roots, necrosed cotyledons or crown and a wilted shoot indicated its diseased status. On an average, only 30% of seedlings were diseased when treated with the antagonistic strains, in the presence of the pathogen, while 60% of the seedlings were diseased in the presence of the pathogen alone. In microplots treated with strain N24, only 1 to 3% of the seedlings were wilted, while 14% of the seedlings were wilted in the presence of the pathogen alone. The results obtained show that bacterial antagonists of sclerotial fungi can be used as seed inocula to improve plant growth through disease suppression
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  • 59
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    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; logistic growth ; Rhizoctonia solani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotia ofRhizoctonia solani collected from potato tubers from different countries were assayed for the presence of mycoparasites. Among the mycoparasites observedVerticillium biguttatum predominated. Its geographical distribution was not restricted to certain latitudes or soil types;V. biguttatum occurred worldwide in potato fields. The minimum growth temperature of 57V. biguttatum isolates was found to be in the narrow range from 10 to 13°C, irrespective of their geographical origin. A non-linear logistic growth model was used to describe the radial growth onRhizoctonia mycelium and nutrient agar plates. At near-minimum temperature the maximum colony radii varied considerably; they were up to 3.8 times that of the reference isolate M73. Based on parameter values for logistic growth, fast-and slow-growing isolates could be distinguished. Although the growth properties ofV. biguttatum isolates from different locations varied, the presence of fast- and slow-growing isolates was not restricted to particular areas and both types could be found in the same field. However, bioassays with selected fast- and slow-growing isolates do not support the assumption that growth at near-minimum temperatures is a relevant criterion for screening isolates ofV. biguttatum in terms of effectiveness for biological control ofR. solani.
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  • 60
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    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 209-232 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Sporobolomyces ; Cryptococcus ; biological control ; maneb ; anilazin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aphid honeydew on wheat leaves can affect host physiology directly and can stimulate infection by necrotrophic pathogens. The role of naturally occurring saprophytes on wheat flag leaves in removing aphid honeydew was examined in five field experiments at different locations in the Netherlands in 1987 and 1988. Aphid populations, saprophyte populations and aphid honeydew were measured weekly. Diseases were monitored at 1–4 week intervals. In the control treatment, sprayed with water, the naturally occurring saprophytes consumed the honeydew almost completely, except in one experiment in which the aphid population increased very rapidly. In the treatments in which the saprophytes were reduced by the broad-spectrum fungicide maneb in 1987 and with maneb alternated with anilazin in 1988, honeydew accumulated. The observed honeydew consumption by the naturally occurring saprophytic population is ascribed mainly to pink and white yeasts (Sporobolomyces spp. andCryptococcus spp., respectively). Additional treatments showed, that in the presence of the naturally occurring saprophytes the yield loss per aphid-infestation-day was lower than when the saprophytes were inhibited by fungicides, showing that yeasts can reduce the detrimental effect of aphid honeydew in wheat.
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  • 61
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    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insecta ; Richogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; inundative release ; Insecte ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; lutte biologique ; lâcher inondatif
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous évaluons combien deTrichogramma nubilale devraient être lâchés en une seule localité pour lutter contreOstrinia nubilalis dans le maïs doux. Six parcelles de 8,6×16 m recevaient de 18,4 à 2 090 femelles deT. nubilale/unité de surface, quand les pieds étaient au milieu du stade du dernier verticille, où l'unité de surface, est la surface du plant/m2. Pour évaluer le contrôle potentiel de nos lâchers, nous exposons les ooplaques d'O. nubilalis élevés au laboratoire aux parasitoïdes lâchés en quatre fois après le lâcher. Quand une ooplaque était parasitée parT. nubilale, 75,7% des œufs de l'ooplaque étaient parasités. Nous développons des équations pour estimer le pourcentage d'ooplaques qu'une seule femelle s'attendait à parasiter en une journée (efficacité du parasitisme) et les taux de disparition de femelle (mort et dispersion) si tous deux étaient constants durant notre expérience. Le taux exponentiel de disparition était −0,52±0,03 jour−1, ce qui impliquait que 40% des femelles restantes disparaissaient par jour. L'efficacité du parasitisme était 0,050% parasitisme/femelle/unité de surface/jour, ce qui impliquait que 351 000 femelles/ha seraient nécessaires pour atteindre 90% de parasitisme. En clair, pour queT. nubilale soit un agent de lutte biologique assuré de succès, il faut accroître l'efficacité du parasitisme et réduire les taux de disparition.
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated how manyTrichogramma nubilale should be released at a single location to controlOstrinia nubilalis in sweet corn. Six 8.6×16 m plots received 18.4 to 2 090 ΦΦT. nubilale/SAI when plants were in the mid to late whorl stage, where SAI, surface area index, is the plant surface area/m2. To evaluate the potential control by our releases, we exposed laboratory-rearedO. nubilalis egg masses to the released parasitoids at 4 times after the release. When an egg mass was parasitized byT. nubilale, 75.7% of the eggs in the egg mass were parasitized. We developed an equation to estimate the percent of egg masses that a single female was expected to parasitize in a day (efficiency of parasitism) and female disappearance (death and dispersal) rates, if both were constant during our experiment. The exponential disappearance rate was −0.52±0.03 day−1, which implied that 40% of the remaining ΦΦ disappeared per day. The efficiency of parasitism was 0.050% parasitism/Φ/SAI/day, which implied that at least 351,000 ΦΦ/ha would be needed to achieve 90% parasitism. Clearly, forT. nubilale to be a successful biological control agent, efficiency of parasitism must be increased and disappearance rates must be reduced.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoids ; recruitment ; evaluation ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; potato ; biological control ; augmentation ; parasitoïde ; recrutement ; évaluation ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; pomme de terre ; lutte biologique ; accroissement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En 1987, le lâcher approximatif de 17.700 adultes deE. puttleri femelles, contre la première génération des œufs de doryphores dans un champ de pommes de terre à S. Deerfield au Massachusetts, entraînait un parasitisme, établi par la mesure directe de l'hôte et du parasitoïde, de 3.6% uniquement. Les niveaux de non viabilité indiquaient un pourcentage supplémentaire de 2,8% d'hôtes tués par «host-feeding» pour un impact total de 6,4%. Le lâcher en 1988 de 126.300 parasitoïdes contre la 1re génération d'hôtes dans un champs de pommes de terre de 0,4 ha au même endroit, produisait uniquement des niveaux légèrement supérieurs de parasitisme (10,6%) et d'«host-feeding» (2,0%). Le lâcher en 1987 de 32.800 hyménoptères contre la 2e génération d'œufs entraînait uniquement 0,7% de parasitisme et 0,3% d'«host-feeding» par suite de la toxicité des résidus d'une seule application de fenvalerate (PydrinR) utilisée pour lutter contre la cicadelle de la pomme de terreEmpoasca fabae (Harris). Le lâcher en 1988 de 47.400 hyménoptères contre la 2e génération d'hôtes entraînait, en l'absence de toute application insecticide, 34,4 % de parasitisme et 16,1 % d'«host-feeding» pour un impact total de 50,5%. La différence dans les niveaux de parasitisme entre les générations de l'hôte supporte l'idée que les adultes d'E. puttleri réclament à l'extérieur une source d'hydrates de carbone tels que le miellat de pucerons pour se reproduire. Dans l'Etat du Massachusetts, les populations de pucerons de la pomme de terre, ne se développent typiquement pas jusqu'à la fin de la première génération larvaire. La méthode «de recrutementα deVan Driesche & Bellow (1988) pouvait être une approche satisfaisante pour déterminer les résultats de lâchers croissants de parasitoïdes.
    Notes: Abstract Release of approximately 17,700 experienced adult femaleEdovum puttleri Grissell against 1st generation Colorado potato beetle eggs in 1987 in a 0.4 ha potato field in S. Deerfield, Massachusetts resulted in only 3.6% parasitism as assessed by direct measurement of host and parasitoid recruitment. Levels of non-viability indicated an additional 2.8% of hosts killed by parasitoid hostfeeding, for an overall impact of 6.4%. Release in 1988 of 126,300 parasitoid against 1st generation hosts in a 0.4 ha potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field at the same site produced only slightly higher levels of parasitism (10.6%) and host feeding (2.0%). Release in 1987 of 32,800 wasps against 2nd generation eggs resulted in only 0.7% parasitism and 0.3% host feeding due to the toxicity of fenvalerate (PydrinR) residues from a single application applied for control of the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris). Release in 1988 of 47,400 wasps against the 2nd host generation in the absence of any pesticide applications resulted in 34.4% parasitism and 16.1% host feeding, for a total impact of 50.5%. Difference in parasitization levels between host generations supports the idea thatE. puttleri adults require an in-field carbohydrate source such as aphid honeydew to reproduce. In Massachusetts, aphid populations in potato typically do not develop until the end of the 1st larval generation. The recruitment method ofVan Driesche & Bellows (1988) proved to be a satisfactory approach for determining results of augmentative parasitoid releases.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Bembecia chrysidiformis ; Rumex spp. ; biological control ; host-specificity ; Mediterranean region ; Bembecia chrysidiformis ; Rumex spp. ; lutte biologique ; spécificité plante-hôte ; région méditerranéene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esper) [Lep.: Sesiidae] a été étudiée pour ses possibilités de lutte contre les mauvaises herbesRumex spp. (Polygonaceae) en Australie. Les adultes de cet insecte sud-européen apparaissent entre la fin du printemps et l'été. Les œufs sont pondus sur les tiges florales des plantes deRumex spp. et les larves se développent dans les racines jusqu'au printemps suivant. Dans la nature on trouve des larves dans les plantes des sous-genresRumex etAcetosa. Dans les tests de spécificité avec les larves du premier stade, un certain nombre de genres au sein de la famille desPolygonaceae furent attaqués. Les larves ne survécurent pas sur les plantes appartenant à d'autres familles, sauf dansPersea americana Miller(Lauraceae), Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller (Cistaceae) etQuercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) où les larves attaquent la tige. Cet insecte fut jugé apte à être introduit en Australie après étude de sa biologie, de ses plantes-hôtes ainsi que de l'absence de cas d'attaque signalés sur d'autres espèces.
    Notes: Abstract Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esper) [Lep.: Sesiidae] was examined for its natural history and specificity toRumex spp. (Polygonaceae) which are weeds in Australia. Adults of this southern European insect appear in late spring to summer. Eggs are laid on the dried, seed bearing stems of perennialRumex plants. The larvae tunnel inside the root during summer through to the next spring. In nature, the larvae are round inRumex species of the subgeneraRumex andAcetosa. In host-specificity tests with 1st instar larvae, the roots of a number of genera within thePolygonaceae were attacked. Larvae died on a range of plants from other families except inPersea americana Miller(Lauraceae), Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller (Cistaceae) andQuercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) where larvae fed on the stems. The insect was judged safe for release in Australia by assessing aspects of its biology, its known host plants, and the lack of reported attack on other plants.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; biological control ; diapause ; greenhouse ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; lutte biologique ; diapause ; serre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le prédateur d'acariensAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) est un agent important de lutte biologique pour les thrips dans les serres commerciales, mais son efficacité à l'automne et durant l'hiver est limitée par une diapause induite par les conditions de jour court. L'influence de la photopériode et de la température sur l'induction de la diapause a été étudiée pour fournir des informations pour une utilisation fructueuse du prédateur. Pour des photopériodes de 8 h de lumière et de 16 h d'obscurité et des températures de photophase de 22°C, l'incidence de la diapause était inversement liée à la température de la scotophase; décroissant de 100% de diapause à 15°C, à une diapause nulle à 21°C. En obscurité continue, la diapause était induite par les thermopériodes de 20∶10 et 22∶17, mais non 25∶15°C (T∶C) (8 h de thermophase). La longueur du jour critique pour induire la diapause à 22∶17°C (T∶C) était 12.45 h, ce qui était en harmonie avec la tendance à l'installation de la diapause chez les acariens récoltés de septembre à novembre, dans une population établie en serre. La plupart desA. cucumeris diapausaient uniquement quand ils étaient exposés aux conditions induisant la diapause au cours de leur développement larvaire et rien ne stoppait la ponte quand ils étaient transférés comme adultes, de conditions non diapausantes à des conditions diapausantes. Après 14 générations de sélection génétique pour une lignée sans diapause, l'incidence de cette dernière était encore de 33,3%.
    Notes: Abstract The predatory miteAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) is an important biological control agent for thrips in commercial greenhouses, but its effectiveness in fall and winter is limited by reproductive diapause induced under short day conditions. Influence of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction was investigated to provide information for successful management of the predator. Under 8∶16 (L∶D) photoperiods and 22°C photophase temperatures, diapause incidence was inversely related to scotophase temperature, decreasing from 100% diapause at 15°C to no diapause at 21°C. In continuous darkness, diapause was induced by thermoperiods of 20∶10 and 22∶17 and 22∶17 but not 25∶15°C (T∶C) (8h thermophase). Critical daylength for inducing diapause under 22∶17°C (T∶C) was 12.45 h, which was consistent with the trend in diapause incidence in mites collected from an established greenhouse population September to November. MostA. cucumeris diapaused only when exposed to diapause inducing conditions throughout their juvenile development and none stopped laying eggs when transferred from nondiapause to diapause inducing conditions as adults. After 14 generations of genetic selection for a nondiapause strain, diapause incidence was 33.3%.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Trichogramma ; rearing ; augmentation ; Manduca sexta ; lutte biologique ; Trichogramma ; élevage ; augmentation ; Manduca sexta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'œuf fraîchement congelé du ver du tabacManduca sexta (L.) (TBH; tobacco hornworm) est un support efficace et excellent pour la production à grande échelle deTrichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis. Chaque œuf-hôte peut produire 10.7±2.8 (n=7)T. nubilale. La proportion de ♀♀ s'est stabilisée à 80–90% avec 69.9±26.6 (n=8) œufs ovariens par femelle. Jusqu'à 3 ♀♀ ont été observées en train de pondre simultanément dans un œuf unique de ver TBH. Le superparasitisme (〉10 descendants) doit être évité, car il peut entraîner des limitations spatiales ou nutritionnelles nuisant au bon développement deT. nubilale.
    Notes: Abstract The fresh frozen egg of the tobacco hornworm (TBH)Manduca sexta (L.), is an efficient and superior host for mass production ofTrichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis. Each host egg may produce 10.7±2.8 (n=7) large, robust, and activeT. nubilale. The proportion of ♀♀ stabilized at 80–90% with 69.9±26.6 (n=8) ovarian eggs per female. As many as 3 ♀♀ were observed ovipositing simultaneously into a single TBH egg. Superparasitism (〉10 progeny) should be avoided because it may cause nutritional or space limitations on the development of effectiveT. nubilale.
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  • 66
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    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 29-54 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Fourmis ; Oecophylla ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Ants ; Oecophylla ; predation ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The predatory activity of 12 societies ofOecophylla longinoda Latreille was observed for 124 hours during which 2,482 prey items were captured. Predation took place in trees containing the nests (“habitual” territory) and in “secondary” territories usually situated on the ground. The 7 following situations were observed. Ant activity I) In the “habitual” tree situation; 2) During the passage of a column of Dorylinae; 3) In the “secondary” hunting territory of a society settled on a tree close to the bank of a river; a zone where numerous insects gathered to drink; 4) In a society centred on a mango tree in which the biological cycle (seasonal variations, blossoming time, fruit ripening) and its impact on predation byOecophylla was closely observed; 5) In a “habitual” situation when a swarm of fermites fell into the territory of a society; 6) In a “secondary” territory situated beneath a house verandah, to which numerous winged insects were attracted each night by the verandah light; 7) In the “secondary” territories of two contiguous societies during both the combat and the calm periods. “Secondary” territories are generally situated in zones, such as on the forest floor, along side water courses or beneath lights where there is a concentration of prey. At such sites,Oecophylla often capture wingless insects which they rarely catch on trees. Due to their pronounced territoriality, permanent surveillance and very efficient recruitment,Oecophylla respond extremely quickly to any increase in prey numbers. Owing to the great diversity in their potential prey, this species can be considered very effective as a biological control agent. For example, a society comprising 12 nests will capture about 45,000 prey items per year. When corrected for the numbers of individuals involved and the period of activity, the predation level of this species is similar to that ofFormica lugubris.
    Notes: Résumé L'activité prédatrice de 12 sociétés d'Oecophylla longinoda Latreille a été étudiée durant 124 h d'observations pendant lesquelles 2 482 proies ont été capturées. La prédation s'exerce sur les arbres supportant les nids ainsi que sur des territoires «secondaires» habituellement situés sur le sol. Les 7 situations suivantes sont comparées: 1) En forêt, durant les périodes «habituelles»; 2) Durant le passage d'une colonne de Magnans; 3) Le territoire de chasse «secondaire» d'une société installée sur un arbre situé en bordure de rivière correspond à une zone où de nombreux insectes se concentrent pour s'abreuver; 4) L'arbre support est un manguier dont on suit le cycle biologique (inter-saison, floraison, fruits mûrs) et son impact sur la prédation par lesOecophylla; 5) On compare la situation «habituelle» à ce qui se passe lorsqu'un essaimage de Termites est rabattu sur les territoires d'une société; 6) Le territoire «secondaire» est situé sous la véranda d'une maison éclairée chaque nuit où de nombreux insectes ailés sont attirés; 7) Les territoires «secondaires» de 2 sociétés étant contigus, on compare les périodes de combats aux périodes calmes. Les territoires «secondaires» sont situés sur des zones de concentration en proies (insectes de la litière des forêts, zones où ils viennent s'abreuver, attraction par la lumière, la nuit). LesOecophylla y capturent souvent des insectes aptères, cas relativement rare sur l'arbre support. Ces territoires sont défendus contre les ouvrières d'autres sociétés. Du fait de leur territorialité très marquée avec surveillance permanente du territoire et un recrutement très efficace, lesOecophylla répondent très rapidement à toute prolifération en proies. A cela s'ajoute une grande diversité de proies potentielles de sorte que cette espèce peut être considérée comme très efficace en lutte biologique, les ouvrières réagissant spécifiquement à toute abondance d'un type d'insecte. Pour une société comprenant 12 calies, le nombre de proies capturées par an est de l'ordre de 45 000. Ramené à un nombre équivalent d'individus et de jours d'activité, il est du même ordre que celui desFormica lugubris (Cherix, 1986).
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  • 67
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    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 335-352 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: cockroache ; parasitoid ; biological control ; blatte ; parasitoïde ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Certains aspects de la biologie et de l'action potentielle des hyménoptères parasites de blattes, des famillesAmpulicidae, Evaniidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, etEncyrtidae ont été étudiés. Un intérêt particulier a été porté aux parasites d'espèces importantes de blattes, en particulier à celles qui ont été utilisées à titre expérimental dans des programmes de lutte intégrée. Les parasites les plus prometteurs furentAprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) contre les espècesPeriplaneta, etComperia merceti (Compere) contreSupella longipalpa (F.). Les études futures devraient se concentrer sur des techniques pratiques d'augmentation des populations de parasites, qui seraient compatibles avec d'autres méthodologies de lutte dans un environnement urbain.
    Notes: Abstract The biology and control potential of hymenopterous natural enemies of cockroaches in the familiesAmpulicidae, Evaniidae, Pteromalidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, andEncyrtidae were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on parasitoids of major domiciliary cockroach species, especially those that have had experimental usage in integrated pest management programs. The most promising parasitoids wereAprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) againstPeriplaneta species, andComperia merceti (Compere) againstSupella longipalpa (F.). Future research should focus on practical augmentation techniques that will be compatible with other control methodologies in the urban environment.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; Mexico ; Lebia ; Myiopharus ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; lutte biologique ; Mexique ; Lebia ; Myriopharus ; Edovum puttleri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la partie centrale du Mexique, zone d'origine deLeptinotarsa decemlineata (SAY) et de ses principales plante hôtes,L. decemlineata y est associé à un complexe d'ennemis naturels. Les obscrvations conduites durant 2 ans dans l'état de Morelos au Mexique révélaient, l'existence de 4 espèces de pentatomides asopine, 7 espèces de Carabes recherchant leurs proies au niveau des feuilles, et 2 Coccinelles parmi les prédateurs deL. decemlineata. Les parasitoïdes comprennent 3 espèces de tachinides etEdovum puttleri, eulophide oophage. Ces ennemis naturels comportent plusierus prédateurs qui n'avaient jamais été mentionnés antérieurement comme attaquantL. decemlineata.
    Notes: Abstract In central Mexico, the center of origin forLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and its principal host plants,L. decemlineata is associated with a diverse complex of natural enemies. Observations during 2 years in Morelos, Mexico revealed 4 species of asopine pentatomids, 7 species of foliar searching carabids, and 2 coccinellids among the predators ofL. decemlineata. Parasitoids include 3 species of tachinids andEdovum puttleri Grissel, an eulophid egg parasitoid. These natural enemies include several predators that have not previously been reported attackingL. decemlineata.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Goniozus sensorius ; biological control ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Goniozus sensorius Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) est un parasite important de la Chenille du potiron,Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Cet article donne une information détaillée sur le comportement de ponte deG. sensorius. Avant la ponte, le parasite paralyse temporairement la larve hôte. La paralysie dure environ 2 h. La ponte des œufs sur chaque larve demande 30–60 min. Les œufs sont déposés principalement sur le 6e et le 7e segment, et aucun sur les segments terminaux. La ponte est généralement limitée à un segment de la larve hôte; et occasionnellement à 3 segments. Le nombre maximum d'œufs est déposé au cours du second et du troisième jour après l'émergence et le nombre moyen d'œufs pondus sur chaque hôte larvaire est de 7.1.
    Notes: Abstract Goniozus sensorius Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) was recorded as a major parasite of the pumpkin caterpillar,Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). This paper provides detailed information on the oviposition behaviour ofG. sensorius. Prior to oviposition, the parasite temporarily paralyses the host larva. The paralysed condition lasts for about 2 h. The egg laying process on each larva requires 30 to 60 min. The maximum number of eggs are laid on the 6th and 7th segment, and none in the terminal segments. Generally, oviposition is restricted to 1 segment of the host larva and occasionally on 3 segments. The maximum number of eggs are laid on the 2nd and 3rd day after emergence and the mean number of eggs laid on each host larva was 7.1.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: lutte biologique ; établissement ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; hyperparasite ; déplacement compétitif ; Cochenille du manioc ; Gabon ; biological control ; establishment ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; hyperparasite ; competitive displacement ; Cassava mealybug ; Gabon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The exotic parasite,Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) was introduced in Gabon for the biological control of the Cassava mealybug (CM),Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in 1986. The establishment of the parasite after introduction, shows a speed of dispersal of 70 to 120 km/year. The parasite spread more slowly in the rain forest than in the savannah zone. Changes in the parasitization rates according to CM density shows that the parasite is capable of maintaining a percentage of parasitism of 20 to 56% over a range of host densities of 2 to 16 parasitizable mealybugs. The establishment of the introduced parasite results in a competitive displacement of the local primary parasites and in a decline of the relative abundance of the hyperparasites in the fauna associated with the CM.
    Notes: Résumé Le parasite exotiqueEpidinocarsis lopezi de Santis (Hyménoptère, Encyrtidae) a été introduit au Gabon en vue de la lutte biologique contre la Cochenille du manioc,Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. L'établissement du parasite constaté un an après son introduction montre que la vitesse de dispersion est de 70 à 120 km par an. La dispersion du parasite cst nettement plus lente en zone de forêt qu'en zonc de savane. L'évolution du pourcentage de parasitisme actif en fonction de la densité du ravageur montre que le parasite est capable de se maintenir à un taux de parasitisme compris entre 20 et 56%, pour des densités de population comprises entre 2 et 16 cochenilles par apex. L'établissement du parasite exotique se traduit dès la première année par un déplacement compétifif des parasites primaires indigènes de la biocoenose du manioc et une nette régression de l'abondance relative des hyperparasites dans l'entomocoenose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent par ailleurs que pour un niveau trophique donné, l'abondance, exprimée en nombre d'hôtes parasités, est un bon indicateur de la compétitivité d'un parasite par rapport aux autres.
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  • 71
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    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 481-491 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Cotton leafworm ; Alabama argillacea ; biological control ; predation ; Alabama argillacea ; lutte biologique ; prédation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La destruction des premiers stades larvaires d'Alabama argillacea (Huebner) par les prédateurs naturels a été étudiée sur coton dans la région de Jaboticabal, Etat de Sao Paulo, Brésil, durant l'année 1986. La présence des arthropodes prédateurs indigènes montre une «attaque» de 78,0% et 88,9% des larves après exposition respective de 24 et 48 heures. Le rapport prédateur/proie de 1∶1 (1 chenille pour 1 prédateur — clé/plante) maintient un niveau de plus d'une petite larve d'A. argillacea par plante. Les arthropodes prédateurs les plus visibles dans les champs étudiés sont: les coccinelles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); les fourmis (Pheidole sp.) etConomyrma sp.;Dermaptera Doru lineare (Eschs);Hemiptera Geocoris sp.,Nabis sp., etOrius insidiosus Say; et les araignées (Theridion volubile, Chrysso pulcherrima, Misumenops sp.,Chiracanthium sp. etOxyopes salticus Hentz.
    Notes: Abstract Natural predation first instar larvae of the cotton leafworm (CLW)A. argillacea was studied in cotton fields in Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 1986. The presence of naturally occurring arthropod predators showed a first instar larvae predation rate of 78.6 and 88.9% after 24 h and 48 h of exposure, respectively. A predator prey ratio of 1∶1 (1 CLW key predator per 1 prey/plant) maintained a level of no more than 1 CLW small larvae per plant. The most evident arthropod predators in the studied fields were: beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), antsPheidole sp. andConomyrma sp.;Dermaptera Doru lineare (Eschs);Hemiptera Geocoris sp., andOrius insidiosus Say; and the spidersTheridion volubile, Chrysso pulcherrima, Misumenops sp.,Chiracanthium sp., andOxyopes salticus Hentz.
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  • 72
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    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 605-618 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Longitarsus jacobaeae ; Senecio jacobaea ; biological control ; life cycle ; Longitarsus jacobaeae ; Senecio jacobaea ; lutte biologique ; cycle biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le cycle biologique et l'abondance de la chrysomèleLongitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse) ont été étudiés dans les dunes littorales de Hollande. L'espèce hiverne à l'état d'œuf. Les œufs peuvent être parasités par un hyménoptère Mymaridae. On ne peut pas trouver de larves avant le printemps. Il y a 3 stades larvaires qu'on peut distinguer par la mesure et la couleur de leur capsule céphalique. Au début, il y a beaucoup de larves par plante infestée (jusqu'à 214); en fin de printemps leur nombre est fortement réduit. Les adults apparaissent en Juin et Juillet et ils sont communs jusqu'en Octobre. Mais on peut les trouver normalement jusqu'à la fin de Décembre. Ce cycle est nettement différent de celui décrit pour l'espèce en Suisse, en Italie et en Grande Bretagne. Ces différences et les conséquences pour la lutte biologique contre le Séneçon avecLongitarsus sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and abundance of the tansy ragwort flea beetle,Longitarsus jacobaeae (Waterhouse), were investigated in a dune area in the Netherlands. The beetle overwinters in the egg stage, which is parasitised by a Mymarid wasp. No larvae were found until spring. Three larval instars can be separated by head capsule size and coloration. Initial larval numbers are high (up to 214 larvae per plant), but drop to very low levels by late spring. Adults appear during June or July, the numbers are high until October, the adults can be found until the end of December. This life cycle differs remarkably from those described for the species in Switzerland, Italy and Britain. Possible causes for these differences are discussed, as well as implications for the use ofLongitarsus in biological control.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Chamaesphecia doryliformis ; Rumex spp. ; biological control ; host-specificity ; Mediterranean region ; Chamaesphecia doryliformis ; Rumex spp. ; lutte biologique ; spécificité plante hôte ; région méditerranéenne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité deChamaesphecia doryliformis (Ochsenheimer) [Lep.: Sesiidae] sont décrites, et l'efficacité potentielle de cet insecte en tant qu'agent de lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes du genreRumex (Polygonaceae) en Australie est discutée. L'insecte est localisé dans la partie occidentale du bassin Méditerranéen, principalement en Afrique duNord. Les adultes apparaissent et pondent au printemps. Les larves se développent à l'intérieur des racines des plantes ayant déjà fleuri. Les plantes attaquées appartiennent aux sous-genresRumex etAcetosa. Au cours de tests de spécificité avec des larves du 1er stade, seules des plantes de la famille desPolygonaceae furent l'objet de dégâts. L'insecte fut jugé apte à être introduit en Australie après que l'étude de sa biologie et de sa spécificité eut démontré que lesPolygonaceae endémiques ne seraient pas menacées.
    Notes: Abstract The host-specificity and biology ofChamaesphecia doryliformis (Ochsenheimer) [Lep.: Sesiidae] are described and the insect is assessed for its potential as a biological control agent for weeds of the genusRumex (Polygonaceae) in Australia. The insect is found in the western Mediterranean region, chiefly in north Africa. Adults emerge from pupation in late spring to summer when they lay eggs. The larvae feed inside the roots of post-reproductive plants belonging to the subgeneraRumex andAcetosa. In host-specificity tests 1st instar larvae attacked only plants of thePolygonaceae. The insect was judged safe to release in Australia after assessing its level of host-specificity, and attributes of its biology which indicate that native AustralianPolygonaceae will not be endangered.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Nabis roseipennis ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Baculoviridae ; nuclear polyhedrosis ; soybean ; predation ; biological control ; Nabis roseipennis ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; Baculoviridae ; polyédrose nucléaire ; soja ; prédation ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lorsque, en laboratoire et sur le soja, le choix entre des larves saines et des larves infectées par le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire (NPV) a été offert aux nymphes deNabis roseipennis, ces dernières ont démontré une préférence pour les larves infectées. En laboratoire, (boîtes de Pétri), les nymphes de petite (2e et 3e stade larvaire) et de grosse taille (5e et 6e stade) ont attaqué un nombre significativement plus élevé de larves malades que de larves saines à tous les stades de développement larvaire testés (du 1er au 5e) et aux périodes d'exposition (2, 5, et 24 heures), excepté qu'à la période de 2 h, le nombre de 1er et de 3e stade larvaire attaqué par les nymphes de grosse taille n'a pas différé de manière significative (P≤0,05). Dans la pépinière et après une période de 2 jours, la mise en cage desNabis roseipennis avec des plants de soja individuels a entraîné un pourcentage d'attaque par les nymphes de petite et de grosse taille généralement bas, allant de 5,6 à 36,7%. Quant au soja, et comme pour les boîtes de Pétri, les nabids ont montré qu'ils préféraient de manière significative, les larves malades aux larves saines. Ils ont attaqué les malades quel que soit le stade de développement des nabids et des larves, le pourcentage de larves malades attaquées allant alors de 28,0 à 65,4% (P≤0,05). Cette préférence pour les larves malades, aussi bien sur le soja qu'en laboratoire, indique que cette préférence n'est pas due à la proximité de l'hôte et de la proie dans les boîtes de Pétri. La préférence pour les larves malades peut être due à l'affaiblissement du mécanisme de défense qui a lieu pendant les stades avancés de la maladie.
    Notes: Abstract Nabis roseipennis Reuter nymphs demonstrated a preference for nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) — infected over healthyAnticarsia gemmatalis Hübner larvae when offered a choice of larval prey in Petri dishes and on soybean. In Petri dishes, small (second-third instar) and large (fifth-sixth instar) nymphs attacked a significantly greater number of diseased than healthy larvae at all larval instars tested (first-fifth instars) and exposure periods (2, 5 and 24 h), except that at 2 h the number of 1st and 3rd instar larvae attacked by large nymphs did not differ significantly (P≤0.05). Nabis roseipennis caged with larvae on individual soybean plants in the greenhouse resulted in a generally low percentage of attack by small and large nymphs after 2 days, ranging from 5.6 to 36.7%. As in the Petri dishes, the nabids showed a significant preference for diseased larvae over healthy larvae attacked for all nabid and larval sizes on soybean, with the percentage of diseased larvae attacked ranging from 28.0 to 65.4% (P≤0.05). This preference for diseased larvae on soybean as well as in Petri dishes demonstrates that the preference was not due to the close proximity in which the host and prey were found in the Petri dishes. The preference for diseased larvae may be due to a reduction in a defensive response in late stages of disease.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Amblyseius barkeri ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Thrips tabaci ; cabbage ; biological control ; Amblyseius barkeri ; Amblyseius cucumeris ; Thrips tabaci ; chou ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux espèces d'acariens prédateurs,Amblyseius barkeri (Hugues [=A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard] etAmblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans), ont été testés comme agents de lutte biologique potentiels contreThrips tabaci Lindeman sur chou.A. barkeri colonisa les pommes des choux durant les essais préliminaires. Des lâchers en plein champ de différents nombres d'A. barkeri en 1987 ont démontré que les thrips sur choux étaient réduits proportionnellement au nombre d'acariens lâchés, mais le dommage dû aux thrips demeurait identique. En 1988, des lâchers en plein champ d'un même nombre d'A. cucumeris, mais à des périodes différentes, ont démontré que les premiers lâchers réduisaient au maximum le nombre de thrips et les dommages à la récolte, mais cette corrélation n'était pas établie quand les pyréthroides sont employés. Nous concluons qu'un lâcher inoculatif d'Amblyseius spp. est une stratégie potentielle utilisable contre les thrips du chou, en perfectionnant le choix du nombre et du moment des lâchers, pour rendre la lutte acceptable sur le plan commercial.
    Notes: Abstract Two species of predaceous mites,Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) [=A. mckenziei Schuster & Pritchard] andA. cucumeris (Oudemans) [Acarina: Phytoseiidae] were evaluated as potential biological control agents forThrips tabaci Lindeman [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on cabbage.A. barkeri colonized cabbage heads in preliminary trials. Field releases of different numbers of mites per plant during 1987 showed thatA. barkeri reduced the number of thrips in cabbage heads at harvest, and the reduction was proportional to the number of mites released, but thrips damage was unaffected. ReleasingA. cucumeris at different times during 1988, but releasing the same number of mites each time, we found that earlier releases resulted in fewer thrips and less damage at harvest; these relationships were not present, however, in plots treated with pyrethroid insecticides. We conclude that inoculative release ofAmblyseius spp. is a potentially useful thrips management strategy, but improvements in release timing and strategy will be required to provide commercially acceptable control.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Coccus celatus ; Coccus viridis ; Metaphycus stanleyi ; Metaphycus baruensis ; Diversinervus stramineus ; Coccophagus rusti ; biological control ; Coccus celatus ; Coccus viridis ; Coccus alpinus ; Metaphycus stanleyi ; Metaphycus baruensis ; Diversinervus stramineus ; Coccophagus rusti ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cochenilles vertesCoccus celatus De Lotto etC. viridis Green font partie des plus grands fléaux du caféier en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (P.N.G.) Des études sur les ennemis naturels des cochenilles vertes ont été menées au Kenya pour trouver les espèces appropriées à introduire en P.N.G. Il s'est avéré que ces ennemis naturels forment des communautés différentes, en particulier ceux trouvés dans les hautes terres centrales où 3 parasitoïdes primaires,Metaphycus stanleyi Compere,M. baruensis Noyes andDiversinervus stramineus Compere — (Encyrtidae) y dominent surC. celatus etC. alpinus De Lotto. Il est suggéré que ces 3 parasitoïdes soient des agents de lutte biologique possible contreC. celatus. Plusieurs insectes prédateurs ont été trouvés en compagnie deC. celatus dans les hautes terres centrales, mais la plupart n'étaient actifs que dans les populations de cochenilles sans fourmis. Un seul ennemi naturel deC. viridis, l'aphélinide parasitoïde primaireCoccophagus rusti Compere, a été trouvé. Cette espèce, quoiqu'il en soit, pourrait être un agent potentiel de lutte biologique du fait de son utilisation antérieure contre cette cochenille.
    Notes: Abstract Coffee green scales,Coccus celatus De Lotto andC. viridis (Green), are major pests of coffee in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Surveys for insect natural enemies of coffee green scales were conducted in Kenya to find species suitable for introduction to PNG. Natural enemy communities in Kenya were found to be diverse, particularly those located in the central highlands where 3 primary parasitoids,Metaphycus stanleyi Compere,M. baruensis Noyes andDiversinervus stramineus Compere (Encyrtidae), were dominant onC. celatus andC. alpinus De Lotto. It is suggested that these 3 parasitoids may be potential biological control agents forC. celatus. Several insect predators were found associated withC. celatus in the central highlands but most were only common in ant-free scale populations. An aphelinid primary parasitoid,Coccophagus rusti Compere, was the only natural enemy ofC. viridis located. This species, however, could be of potential as a biological control agent, especially in view of its previous use in biological control against soft scales.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two biological control agents, Pythium nunn and Trichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks. T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds and P. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested with Pythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity of P. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions between P. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism between P. nunn and T. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination of P. nunn and T. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone. P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves. T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but without P. nunn or T. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population of P. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates ofTrichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates ofT. koningii andT. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. AlthoughT. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 ofT. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
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  • 79
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    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; bioluminescence ; Enterobacter cloacae ; lettuce ; Pythium ultimum ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plasmid pUCD607 was mobilized into the biocontrol agent Enterobacter cloacae strain E6 by conjugation and the resultant strain, E6(pUCD607), was bioluminescent. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by E6(pUCD607) was similar to that of the parent strain, E6. The location of E6(pUCD607) in the soil and in the rhizosphere of lettuce was readily determined by pressing agar medium against plant roots in a root box, allowing the bacteria to grow overnight on the medium, and detecting the presence of bioluminescence by autophotography. There was a positive, linear correlation between population sizes determined by dilution plating and the quantity of light emitted due to bioluminescence. However, both the intercept and slope of this line varied among experiments possibly due to the differing physiological states of cells recovered from soils. The amount of light emitted by the bioluminescent strain E6(pUCD607) was not quantitative. This technique is useful for qualitative determinations of populations and for photographically locating bacteria.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; bacterial wilt ; Bacillus spp. ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas solanacearum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract From among 125 strains of fluorescent and 52 strains of nonfluorescent bacteria initially screened in the laboratory for their antibiosis towards the bacterial wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, strain Pfcp of Pseudomonas fluorescens and strains B33 and B36 of Bacillus spp., were chosen and evaluated further in greenhouse and field tests. Pfcp treated banana (Musa balbisiana), eggplant and tomato plants were protected from wilt upto 50, 61 and 95% in greenhouse and upto 50, 49 and 36% respectively in field. Protection afforded by the Bacillus strains was lower. In bacteria-treated plants which were subsequently inoculated with P. solanacearum plant height and biomass values increased and were close to those of nontreated and noninoculated control plants.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates of T. koningii and T. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. Although T. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 of T. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two biological control agents,Pythium nunn andTrichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks.T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds andP. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested withPythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity ofP. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions betweenP. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism betweenP. nunn andT. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination ofP. nunn andT. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone.P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves.T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but withoutP. nunn orT. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population ofP. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
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  • 83
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    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; chitinase ; cloning ; parasitism ; antibiosis ; competition ; rhizosphere ; Serratia marcescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial antagonism, responsible for biological control, may operate by antiobiosis, competition or parasitism. Parasitism relies on lytic enzymes for the degradation of cell walls of pathogenic fungi. Serratia marcescens was found to be an efficient biocontrol agent of Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions. Populations of 105 or 106 colony forming units g-1 soil were the most effective. Drench and drip application of S. marcescens suspension were more effective in controlling S. rolfsii than spraying, mixing in soil or seed coating. The highest population density of the bacteria in the rhizosphere was found on the proximal portion of the root, decreasing significantly until the tips, where it increased again. The isolated Serratia, found to possess chitinolytic activity, was able to release N-acetyl D-glucosamine from cell walls of S. rolfsii. The gene coding for chitinase was cloned into Escherichia coli and the enzyme was uniquely excreted from the bacterium into its growth medium. When S. rolfsii was sprayed by partially purified chitinase produced by the cloned gene, rapid and extensive bursting of the hyphal tips was observed. This chitinase preparation was effective in reducing disease incidence caused by S. rolfsii in beans and R. solani in cotton, under greenhouse conditions. A similar effect was obtained when a viable E. coli cell, containing the plasmid with the chitinase gene (pLCHIA), was applied. It appears that genetic engineering of the lytic enzymes, such as chitinase which play an important role in plant disease control, may improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents.
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  • 84
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    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; carnation ; iron ; pseudomonads ; rockwool ; siderophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Verwelkingsziekte in anjers op steenwol, veroorzaakt doorFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod), werd gereduceerd indien het ijzer-chelaat Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA werd toegevoegd aan de nutriëntenvloeistof. Bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r had een additioneel effect bij de matig resistence cultivar Pallas maar niet bij de vatbare cultivar Lena. Toevoeging van Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA aan planten als ijzerbron resulteerde op de wortels in hogere aantallen en percentages fluorescerende pseudomonaden, diein vitro antagonistisch waren ten opzichte vanFod. De verschillen waren echter alleen significant 56 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Lena en 14 en 28 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Pallas. Beide chelaten vertoonden bij verschillende concentraties geen effect op de kolonisatie van de wortel door beide microorganismen. Echter, wanneer beide micro-organismen gezamelijk werden toegevoegd nam de wortelkolonisatie doorFod stam WCS816 af bij concentraties lager dan 10−5 M Fe-EDDHA. Er werd meer van het siderofoor fusarine doorFod stam WCS816 geproduceerd bij concentraties lager dan 10−4 M Fe indien Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA als ijzerbron aan het cultuurmedium was toegevoegd. Er werd geen effect van beide chelaten gevonden op de siderofoorproduktie door WCS417r. Indien een overmaat van het gezuiverde siderofoor van WCS417r werd toegevoegd aan Fe-EDDHA werden een sterkere afname van de kiembuislengte gevonden dan toevoeging aan Fe-DTPA. De reductie van de kiembuislengte bleek niet volledig verklaard te kunnen worden door een afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid. Het chelaat EDDHA heeft ook een toxisch effect op conidiën van fusarium. Wij concluderen, dat de waargenomen reductie van de verwelkingziekte door Fe-EDDHA een gevolg is van de afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid voorFod. Dit wordt waarschijnlijk versterkt door de ontwikkeling van een antagonistische, fluorescerendePseudomonas-populatie die sterk concurreren om ijzer. Het additioneel effect dat door bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. WCS417r van de met Fe-EDDHA behandelde matig resistante anjers (‘Pallas’) werd verkregen is voor een deel het gevolg van een directe concurrentie om ijzer tussen de sideroforen vanFod stam WCS816 en vanPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r.
    Notes: Abstract In carnations grown on rockwool disease incidence of fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi (Fod) was reduced when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in the nutrient solution. Addition ofPseudomonas sp. strain WSC417r intensified this reduction in the cultivar Pallas, moderately resistant to Fusarium, but not in the susceptible cultivar Lena. Treatment of plants with Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA as iron source resulted in higher numbers and percentages on the roots, ofin vitro antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads. However, differences were only significant at 56 days after planting for cv. Lena and at 14 and 28 days after planting for cv. Palas. Both chelators, at different concentrations, had no effect on root colonization by eitherPseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r orFod strain WCS816. However, when coinoculated, reduced numbers of propagules ofFusarium were found at concentrations of Fe-EDDHA lower than 10−5 M. Higher concentrations of the siderophore fusarine produced byFod strain WCS816 were demonstrated when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in culture media. At equal concentrations, no such differences were found in the amount of siderophore produced by WCS417r. Germ tube length ofFod was less with Fe-EDDHA than with Fe-DTPA. The reduction of germ tube length was stronger when the purified siderophore of WCS417r was added in excess to the culture media with Fe-EDDHA than those with Fe-DTPA. Therefore, the observed reduction of germ tube growth can not completely be explained by iron deprivation. It appeared that EDDHA exhibited a toxic effect for conidia ofFod strain WCS816 as well. we conclude that the observed disease reduction by Fe-EDDHA is a consequence of a limitation of iron availability forFod. This limitation is possibly intensified by the increase in number or percentage of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads that strongly compete for iron. The additional effect after bacterization withPseudomonas strain WCS417r in Fe-EDDHA treated carnations of cv. Pallas is likely to be due, at least partly, to a direct competition for iron between the siderophores ofFod strain WCS816 and ofPesudomonas sp. strain WCS417r.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; biological control ; predation ; functional response ; Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; lutte biologique ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a observé que les adultes d'O. insidiosus mangeaient les œufs et les stades les plus jeunes de la chenille «légionnaire»Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Il y avait significativement plus de larves néonates tuées en 24 h que de larves âgées de 1, 2 ou 3 jours. Les prédateurs mâles et femelles ont montré une réponse fonctionnelle de type II lorsqu'ils se nourrissaient sur des densités variées d'œufs et de larves néonates de la chenille «légionnaire».
    Notes: Abstract Orius insidiosus (Say) was observed to successfully prey on eggs and earlier instar larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Significantly more neonates of FAW were killed per 24 h than either 1, 2 or 3 d old larvae. Female and male predators exhibited a typical type-II functional response when preying on varying densities of eggs or neonates of FAW.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Euclasta whalleyi ; Euclasta maceratalis ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; biological control ; Euclasta whalleyi ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; Euclasta maceratalis ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A Madagascar, la pyraleEuclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. br. et les autres genres de la sous-famille desPeriplocoideae de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. Les études faites sur sa biologie et sa spécificité ont montré qu'elle était inféodée à cette sous-famille. LeGymnanthera nitida R. Br. originaire d'Australie, fait aussi partie de cette sous-famille, et est l'hôte d'une espèce d'Euclasta originaire d'Australie,E. maceratalis Lederer. Malgré la possibilité d'attaquerG. nitida, et de rivaliser avecE. maceratalis, E. whalleyi a été approuvé pour être lâché en Australie en octobre 1987. Durant l'année 1988 plus de 22 000 larves ont été lâchées dans la nature, mais leur établissement n'y a pas encore été prouvé.
    Notes: Abstract In Madagascar, the leaf feeding Pyralid,Euclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. and other genera in the subfamilyPeriplocoideae of the familyAsclepiadaceae. Studies on its biology and host plant specificity have shown it is restricted to this subfamily. The Australian native,Gymnanthera nitida R. Br., also belongs to this sub-family and is host to an Australian native moth,Euclasta maceratalis Lederer. Despite the likelihood ofE. whalleyi feeding onG. nitida and competing withE. maceratalis, the moth was approved for release in Australia in October 1987. During 1988 over 22,000 larvae were released; field establishment is not yet proven.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; predation ; functional response ; feeding preference ; biological control ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae ; Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle ; préférence alimentaire ; lutte biologique ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude en laboratoire des réponses fonctionnelles des femelles adultes deMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner vis-à-vis des deux proiesMyzus persicae Sulzer etTetranychus urticae Koch montre dans les 2 cas une réponse de type II deHolling (1959). L'estimation du temps de manipulation (Th) et du taux d'attaque instantané (a) pour l'aphide (Th=.055 jour; a=1.035) et pour l'acarien (Th=.025 jour; a=.947) permet d'établir un modèle mathématique décrivant la prédation sur les 2 proies présentes simultanément et de préciser ainsi, au regard des résultats expérimentaux, l'existence d'une préférence du miride pour le puceronM. persicae.
    Notes: Abstract Functional response studies of females ofMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner for 2 prey speciesMyzus persicae Sulzer andTetranychus urticae Koch showedHolling's type II response (1959). Estimations of handling time (Th) and attack rate (a) obtained for the aphid (Th=.055 day; a=1.035) and for the mite (Th=.025 day; a=.947) enabled the development of a mathematical model which describes the predation rate on the 2 prey simultaneously. This mirid shows a sharp preference for aphids over mites.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Diaeretiella rapae ; cabbage aphid ; biological control ; allelochemic ; synomone ; Diaeretiella rapae ; puceron du chou ; lutte biologique ; allélochimique ; synomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une interaction transmise apparemment par synomones entreDiaeretiella rapae, parasitoïde primaire et le puceron du Chou,Brevicoryne brassicae a été étudiée dans les conditions naturelles. L'application directe d'une émulsion d'allylisothiocyanate à la dose de 0,25 ml par plant de Chou donnait des taux de parasitisme et/ou un nombre d'hyménoptères plus élevés que ceux observés sur plants traités avec 0,25 ml d'eau ou avec 0,25 ml d'extrait de moutard sauvage. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence d'une interaction transmise par synomone entre les espèces impliquées indiquant des chemins potentiels pour accroître les taux de parasitisme naturels par la manipulation de l'environnement chimique des cultures de Colza.
    Notes: Abstract An interaction apparently mediated by synomones (Nordlund et al., 1981) betweenDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a primary parasitoid and the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), was investigated under field conditions. Direct application of an allylisothiocyanate emulsion at a rate of 0.25 ml per broccoli plant consistently gave higher aphid parasitization rates and/or number of wasps per plant than those observed on plants treated with 0.25 ml of water or with 0.25 ml of wild mustard extract. These results suggest the existence of a synomonemediated interaction between the species involved, indicating potential avenues to enhance field parasitization rates through manipulation of the chemical environment of cole cropping systems.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; egg parasitoids ; orchard pests ; false codling moth ; Lutte biologique ; parasitoödes oophages ; ravageurs de vergers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la partie ouest de la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud, des lâchers inondatifs du parasitoïde oophageTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja ont été réalisés contreCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick), dans 5 exploitations de citrus, sur une période de 2 saisons consécutives. Un lâcher de 80 000 parasitoïdes par hectare et par semaine a été réalisé durant 29 et 33 semaines respectivement pour les 2 saisons. A la fin de chaque saison le nombre total de parasitoïdes atteint fut de 2.3 et 3.8 million d'individus par hectare respectivement. Comparée avec les zones non-traitées, sur les mêmes vergers, la population larvaire des zones de lâchers fut réduite de 54% lors de la 1re saison et de 60% lors de la 2c. Le pourcentage de perte de récolte a été réduit de 49.4±12.4 et de 61.1±8.3% respectivement. Ce résultat est à relier à l'augmentation du taux de parasitisme constaté sur la population des œufs. L'efficacité de ce traitement est semblable à celle obtenue avec l'application des inhibiteurs “de synthèse de la chitine”, mais le prix de la production des parasitoïdes n'est que de 30% par rapport à celui du prix de l'insecticide. Le travail manuel trop intensif, demande que des essais soient réalisés pour vérifier si des lâchers inoculatifs, à un taux plus élevé par semaine et sur une période plus courte seraient efficaces.
    Notes: Abstract Inundative releases of the egg parasitoidTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made againstCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on 5 commercial citrus farms in the western Cape Province, South Africa, over 2 successive seasons. A target release volume of 80 000 parasitoids ha−1 week−1 was established for releases over 29 and 33 weeks during the 2 seasons. Total seasonal volumes reached an equivalent of 2.3 and 3.8 million parasitoids ha−1 respectively. Compared with check treatments on each farm, larval population size was reduced in the release areas by 54% in the 1st and by almost 60% in the 2nd season. Percentage crop loss was reduced by 49.4±12.4 and 61.1±8.3% respectively. Treatment effects were clearly related to increases in rate of parasitism measured in both artificially-placed and in nativeC. leucotreta egg populations. Treatment efficacy is similar to that obtained with applications of chitin synthesis inhibitors but parasitoid production costs are 30% of insecticide costs. Manual distribution of parasitoids is labour intensive, however, and further studies should investigate whether inoculative releases at higher rates per week over a shorter period, are effective.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; biological control ; Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La nouvelle espèce de cochenilleSteatococcus sp.nov., se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. à Madagascar. L'étude de sa biologie et de sa spécificité a montré qu'elle peut survivre jusqu'à 6 mois sur quelques genres de la famille desApocynaceae et indéfiniment sur plusieurs genres de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. L'espèce a été, pour cette raison, refusée comme agent de lutte biologique pourC. grandiflora, importante mauvaise herbe dans le Nord de l'Etat du Queensland en Australie.
    Notes: Abstract The soft scale,Steatococcus new species, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. in Madagascar. Studies on its biology and host plant range showed colonies could survive for up to 6 months on some genera in theApocynaceae and indefinitely on many genera in the familyAsclepiadaceae. The species was therefore rejected as a biological control agent forC. grandiflora, a serious weed in northern Queensland, Australia.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; Nigeria ; cassava ; biological control ; density dependence ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; manioc ; Nigéria ; lutte biologique ; dépendance de la densité
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Suite à l'introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) en vue d'une lutte biologique contre la cochenille du manioc (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria en 1981 et 1982, 11 groupes de champs situés dans 2 régions ont été échantillonnés toutes les 2 semaines jusqu'en 1988, afin d'estimer l'impact de cet auxiliaire. Les populations du ravageur sont restées au-dessous de 10 CM par pousse la plupart du temps, malgré la présence d'hyperparasitoïdes indigènes, prouvant ainsi le succès continu de la lutte biologique parE. lopezi dans la région. Les coccinelles indigènes et polyphages n'ont été présentes que pendant les sommets de population de la CM, tandis que le parasitoïde spécifique était commun toute l'année. Pendant certaines périodes la courbe du parasitisme suggère une dépendance de la densité retardée. Comme 89% de toutes les pousses sont exemptes de la cochenille et comme le parasitoïde est très mobile, les taux de parasitisme ont été calculés sur la base des pousses individuelles. Malgré la grande variance des données couvrant 4 878 pousses infestées, une légére augmentation du parasitisme et, par conséquent, une dépendance positive de la densité sont constatées sur toutes les pousses ayant entre 1 et 10 CM du 3e et 4e stade. De telles pousses représentent 64% de toutes les pousses infestées. Aux densités d'hôte plus élevées le degré de parasitisme diminue rapidement. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière des différentes théories sur la régulation des populations par les ennemies naturels.
    Notes: Abstract Following the successful introduction ofEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) for biological control of the cassava mealybug (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. in southwestern Nigeria in 1981 and 1982, 11 groups of cassava fields were sampled every 2 weeks up to 1988 for impact assessment. After 1984, CM populations remained mostly below 10 per tip despite the presence of native hyperparasitoids, demonstrating the long-term success of biological control byE. lopezi in the region. Indigenous polyphagous coccinellids were found only during peak host densities, whereas the specificE. lopezi was common throughout the year. During some periods, percentage parasitism indicated delayed density dependence. Since 89% of all sampled cassava tips had no CM at all and the parasitisme is very mobile, parasitization rates were also calculated for individual infested tips (N=4,878). Parasitism increased slightly with host density on tips having between 1 and 10 CM of the 3rd and 4th instars, indicating positive density dependence. Such tips comprised 64% of all infested tips. At higher host densities, parasitism rates fell rapidly. The results are discussed in view of different theories on population regulation by biological control agents.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: insecta ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; biological control ; Insect ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), parasitoïde larvaire introduit de la galéruque de l'orme,Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), a été trouvé dans 11 des 12 villes de Californie du nord où des échantillonnages surUlmus procera Salisbury etUlmus pumilla L. ont été effectués en 1986 et/ou 1987. Le parasitisme apparent maximum fut supérieur à 40 % dans 4 des localités, mais le parasitisme moyen pour l'ensemble des sites fut de 4.5 %. Un parasitoïde des nymphes, également introduit,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, a été trouvé dans 7 villes seulement, avec un taux de parasitisme apparent moyen et maximum de 1.2 et 22 % respectivement.E. antennata peut être utile pour la gestion des populations de galéruques de l'orme, mais une connaissance approfondie de sa biologie et de meilleures méthodes d'échantillonnage sont nécessaires.
    Notes: Abstract Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), an introduced larval and larval-adult parasitoid of the elm leaf beetle (ELB),Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), was found in 11 of 12 northern California cities whereUlmus procera Salisbury andUlmus pumila L. were sampled in 1986 and/or 1987. Maximum apparent parasitism was over 40% in 4 of the cities, but mean parasitism for all sites combined was 4.5%. An introduced pupal parasitoid,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, was found in only 7 cities, with mean and maximum apparent parasitism of 1.2 and 22%, respectively.E. antennata may be of value in managing ELB populations, but more knowledge of its biology and improved sampling methods are required.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; biological control ; apple orchards ; Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; lutte biologique ; vergers de pommiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les tests de spécificité conduits au laboratoire en Australie en 1977, montraient queMicrothrix inconspicuella pouvait se développer sur le jeunes feuilles de pommiers (Harley et al., 1979). Les études conduites en vergers de pommiers en Afrique du Sud montraient la possibilité d'une faible alimentation, mais moins de 40% des derniers stades larvaires atteignaient le stade adulte quand ils étaient confinés dans des manchons sur des branches de pommiers. Il n'y avait ni alimentation, ni survie dans de grandes cages ou en plein air. Les adultes issus de larves nourries sur pomme étaient plus petits, déformés, s'accouplaient occasionnellement et pondaient des œufs fertiles, mais leur descendance ni se nourrissait, ni se développait sur fruit ou feuille de pommier. En conclusion, les larves deM. inconspicuella ne se développaient pas sur pomme ou sur feuilles de pommier en plein air, les dommages étaient principalement limités aux pommes déjà blessées et l'alimentation sur feuilles était minimale. Dans les conditions normales de la lutte contre les ravageurs, les populations deM. inconspicuella ne pouvaient survivre sur une partie quelconque du pommier ou surE. australis croissant sous les arbres.
    Notes: Abstract Host specificity tests carried out in the laboratory in Australia during 1977, showed thatMicrothrix inconspicuella Ragonot could develop on young apple leaves (Harley et al., 1979). Field studies in unsprayed apple orchards in South Africa showed that some feeding occurred, but fewer than 40% of late instar larvae developed to adults when confined in sleeves on apple tree branches. No feeding or survival occurred in large field cages or in the open. Adults which developed from apple fed larvae were smaller, deformed, occasionally mated and laid fertile eggs but their progeny did not feed or develop on apple fruit or leaves. In conclusion,M. inconspicuella larvae did not develop on apple fruit or leaves in the field, damage was mainly limited to apples already injured and feeding on leaves was minimal. Under normal pest control practicesM. inconspicuella populations did not survive on any part of the apple tree or onE. australis growing under the trees.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; biological control ; geographical distribution ; Syria ; Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; lutte biologique ; distribution géographique ; Syrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a conduit une étude en 1988 pour déterminer la fréquence et la distribution dePhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach dans 21 emplacements du nord-ouest de la Syrie. Des capsules d'orobanche (Orobanche crenata Forska) ont été examinées dans des champs de fève (Vicia faba L.)P. orobanchia était présent dans 95% des emplacements et 55,5% des 630 plantes d'orobanche observées étaient infectées. Sur les 1 890 capsules examinées, 32,5% étaient attaquées. La population deP. orobanchia était plus importante sur la côte, où 79% des plantes étaient endommagées. La production de graines d'orobanche était réduite de 29,4% du fait d'une destruction moyenne de 91,1% des graines dans les capsules infestées.
    Notes: Abstract A survey was carried out in 1988 to determine the occurrence and distribution of the flyPhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach [Diptera: Agromyzidae] on broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forskal) at 21 locations in northwestern Syria. Fruit capsules of broomrape were examined in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The fly was present at 95% of the locations sampled. Of 630 broomrape plants examined over all locations, 55.5% were infested. Of the 1,890 capsules examined, 32.5% were attacked. Fly populations were highest near the coast where 79% of the broomrapes were damaged. The total seed output of broomrape plants was reduced by 29.4% in the surveyed area due to a mean seed destruction of 91.1% per infested broomrape capsule.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 659-660 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Psylla hyalina ; biological control ; Psylla hyalina ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'inventaire des ennemis naturels associés àPsylla hylina infestantAlbizia lebbeck a révélé la présence de 2 parasitoïdes primaires, d'un hyperparasitoïde, de 5 coccinellides, d'un ligaeide et de 3 champignons pathogènes, tous ces ennemis naturels étant signalés pour la 1re fois deP. hyalina.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the natural enemies associated withPsylla hyalina infestingAlbizia lebbeck has revealed 2 primary parasitoids, 1 hyperparasitoid, 5 coccinellids, 1 lygaeid and 3 fungal pathogens, all being new records forP. hyalina.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides quadridentatus ; A. puniceus ; Mimosa pigra ; biology ; host specificity ; biological control ; Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides quadridentatus ; A. puniceus ; Mimosa pigra ; biologie ; spécificité ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte des Bruches se nourrissant de graines,Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Schaeffer) etA. puniceus Johnson, en provenance du Mexique ont été étudiées dans l'unité de quarantaine en Australie. Les caractères distinctifs des génitalia de chacune des espèces sont illustrés. La ponte était observée sur 16 des 73 espèces de plantes testées, mais les larves mouraient sans pénétrer dans les gousses ou les graines, excepté surMimosa invisa K. F. P. Von Martins etM. pigra L. les larves ayant pénétré dans les graines deM. invisa mouraient au 1er stade. Les bruchides étaient spécifiques deM. pigra et furent en conséquence lâchés comme partie d'un programme de lutte biologique contre cette mauvaise herbe dans la partie nord de l'Australie en Avril 1983 et en Thaïlande en juillet 1984.
    Notes: Abstract The biology and host specificity of the seed-feeding bruchids,Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Schaeffer) andA. puniceus Johnson, from Mexico were studied in quarantine facilities in Australia. Distinguishing characters in the genitalia of each species are illustrated. Oviposition was recorded on 16 of 73 species of plants tested but larvae died without entering pods or seeds, except onMimosa invisa K. F. P. von Martius andM. pigra L. Larvae entering seeds ofM. invisa died in the first instar. The bruchids were clearly specific toM. pigra and were subsequently released as part of a program for biological control of this weed in the Northern Territory, Australia in April 1983 and thailand in July 1984.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phthorimaea operculella ; granulosis virus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; life-table parameters ; biological control ; potato ; Phthorimea operculella ; granulovirus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; paramètres biologiques ; lutte biologique ; pomme de terre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de 3 différentes concentrations d'un granulovirus (GV) et d'une application standard deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sur les paramètres biologiques de la teigne de la pomme de terrePhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) ont été testés en laboratoire. Le taux de survie le plus faible (0,4%) a été observé lorsque les larves de la teigne avaient été élevées sur des tubercules traités avecB. thuringiensis (200 mg Thuricide/kg de pomme de terre); dans ce cas, la teigne ne s'est pas reproduite. Comparativement au témoin et au traitement à la plus faible concentration de GV (0,002 équivalent larve par kg de pomme de terre (LE)), le taux de survie sur des tubercules traitées avec 2,0 et 0,2 LE a été réduit de manière significative, à savoir: 0,8% et 11,1% par rapport à 32,5% et 34,7% respectivement. Cependant, la durée de la génération n'a pas été affectée par les applications du GV et la fécondité n'a été réduite que par la concentration la plus élevée. Par conséquent, le taux de reproduction net (rm), comparé à celui du témoin (rm=0.00105), a été réduit de manière significative par la concentration de GV la plus élevée (rm=0.0004), modérément par la concentration intermédiaire (rm=0,0071) et n'a pas été affecté par la concentration la plus faible (rm=0,0100). Finalement, les conséquences pour une lutte biologique dans les lieux de stockage traditionnels ont été discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of 3 different concentrations of a granulosis virus (GV), and a standard application ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner, on the life table parameters of the potato tubermothPhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) in the laboratory. Survival from egg to adult emergence was lowest (0.4%) and no reproduction occurred when larvae were fed on tubers treated withB. thuringiensis (i.e. 200 mg Thiricide/kg potatoes). Survival was 0.8, and 11.1% on tubers treated with 2.0, and 0.2 larval equivalents/kg potatoes (LE) of the GV, respectively, and was significantly (p〈0.05) reduced compared to that for the lowest GV concentration (0.002 LE), and the control, i.e. 34.7, and 32.5% survival, respectively. However, generation time was not affected by the GV and fecundity was reduced only at the highest concentration. As a result, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly reduced at the highest, slightly reduced at the intermediate, and was not different for the lowest GV concentration as compared to the control, i.e. 0.0004, 0.0071, and 0.0100 compared to 0.0105, respectively. The implications for a potential biological control of the potato tubermoth in rustic potato stores are discussed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Anaphes diana ; biological control ; natural enemy introduction ; Sitona hispidulus ; egg density ; Anaphes diana ; lutte biologique ; Sitona hispidulus ; densité des œufs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Anaphes diana (Girault) (=Patasson lameerei Debauche), mymaride parasite des œufs deSitona spp., provenant d'Europe, a été libéré aux Etats-Unis à partir de 1976 et il a été retrouvé dans l'Etat du Delaware. Des techniques sont décrites pour l'extraction des œufs deSitona du sol. Après 9 ans de prélèvements dans un champ de luzerne au Delaware (〉19,300 œufs obtenus), la densité moyenne des œufs viables hivernant deSitona hispidulus (F.) a été 14,6 par 100 cm3 du sol (1 cm de profondeur). Bien que le niveau de parasitisme parA. diana ne dépasse pas 0,29%, le fait que cette espèce ait été retrouvée pendant 3 ans, et jusqu'à 7 ans après le dernier lâcher, indique qu'elle s'est probablement établie dans l'Etat du Delaware.
    Notes: Abstract Anaphes diana (Girault) (=Patasson lameerei Debauche), a mymarid egg parasite ofSitona spp., was introduced from Europe beginning in 1976 and is now tentatively established in the United States. Techniques are described for the separation of eggs ofSitona spp. from soil, using a series of fine-mesh sieves, water, and a saturated salt solution. Data from 9 years of sampling in an alfalfa field at Newark, Del. (〉19,300 host eggs extracted), showed that the mean peak density of viable overwintering eggs ofSitona hispidulus (F.) was 14.6 per 100 cm3 of 1 cm deep surface soil. At the study site,Sitona egg densities consistently increased during the fall as a result of oviposition, peaked during January and February and decreased during the spring as a result of egg hatch. Although the incidence of parasitism byA. diana remained surprisingly low (0.29%), the fact that the species was recovered during 3 years and up to 7 years after the last release, indicates that it has colonized at the Delaware release site.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; water lettuce ; host specificity ; lutte biologique ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; laitue d'eau ; spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Neohydronomus affinis a été introduit en Australie comme agent de lutte biologique potentiel contre la laitue d'eau,Pistia stratiotes. Les études en quarantaine ont démontré que ce coléopètre était spécifique deP. stratiotes et il a été libéré dans les champs en 1982. En conséquence, il a été lâché comme agent de lutte contre cette mauvaise herbe dans plusieurs autres pays. En AustralieN. affinis réduit les infestations deP. stratiotes de 40% ou plus en l'espace de 12 à 18 mois. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction de son efficacité dans d'autres parties du monde. Nous concluons queN. affinis contrôle effectivementP. stratiotes dans les régions tropicales (à la latitude 22°), mais dans les régions plus froides son efficacité fluctue avec les conditions saisonnières.
    Notes: Abstract Neohydronomus affinis was imported into Australia as a potential biological control agent for the floating aquatic weedPistia stratiotes. Quarantine studies demonstrated that this weevil was host specific toP. stratiotes and it was released into the field in 1982. Subsequently it was released as a control agent for this weed in several other countries. In AustraliaN. affinis reduced infestations ofP. stratiotes by 40% or more within 12–18 months. The results are discussed in relation to its effectiveness in other parts of the world. We concluded thatN. affinis effectively controlsP. stratiotes in tropical regions (to lat. 22°), but in cooler regions its effectiveness fluctuates with seasonal conditions.
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