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  • Articles  (97)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (97)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.  (29)
  • biological control  (20)
  • rice  (20)
  • nitrogen fixation  (15)
  • crystal structure
  • Springer  (97)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (97)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1940-1944
  • 1915-1919
  • 1995  (97)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (84)
  • Geosciences  (14)
  • Philosophy
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  • Articles  (97)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (97)
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  • Springer  (97)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (97)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Tautomerism ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals consisting of two distinct chemical entities, tautomers of each other, in exact 1∶1 ratio, have been obtained and their structure determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals of C9H11N3·C9H11N3 are monoclinic,P21/c,a=15.674(3),b=17.085(3),c=13.758(3)Å, β=90.78(2)°,Z=8. There are two hydroxylamine and two aminonitrone molecules in the asymmetric unit. Hydrogen bonds connect those molecules into chiral layers. Layers of opposite chirality alternate andthe crystal is centrosymmetric as a whole. Within those layers chains of tautomers joined by very strong O−H... O and strong N−H... N bonds can be recognized. Proton transfer along those chains with simultaneous rearrangement of π-bonds within the molecules would result in interconversion of tautomers and would affect chirality of the layer.
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  • 2
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: phase diagram ; buffered chloroaluminate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase diagram of the buffered neutral aluminum chloride + 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride + sodium chloride (AlCl3-EMIC-NaCl) ternary melt system can be represented by a binary phase diagram composed of (EMI)AlCl4 and NaAlCl4. In the binary phase diagram, the salts are liquid at, or near, room temperature for a wide range of compositions. At the 1∶1 composition, the congruently melting compound (EMI)(Na)(AlCl4)2 with m.p.=36.7°C is formed. Crystals of this mixed organic-inorganic salt were grown for single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystalizes in the space group $$P\bar 1$$ with lattice parametersa=10.321(1) Å,b=10.895(3) Å,c=9.284(4) Å, α=98.31(2)°, β=100.83(4)°, γ=101.95(3)°. Data collected at −120°C gave final residuals ofR=0.037 andR w=0.045 using 2713 observed reflections. The packing diagram reveals Na+ ion zig-zag chains running along thea-axis with each Na+ surrounded by four AlCl 4 − units, reminiscent of NaAlCl4. The AlCl 4 − ions form a distorted square planar coordination sphere around Na+ at an average Na−Al distance of 3.76(4) Å. Using a sodium ionic radius of 1.16 Å, a new AlCl 4 − ionic radius of 2.60 Å is calculated. This radius is 0.21 Å shorter than the reported thermodynamic radius.
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  • 3
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Antifungal alkaloids ; 3-methylsampangine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 3-Methylsampangine, C16H10N2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c witha=7.260(3),b=10.697(5),c=15.342(6) Å, and β=102.69(4). All nonhydrogen atoms of this potent antifungal agent are planar to within 0.082 Å. The title compound exhibits potentin vitro antifungal activity againstC. neoformans, C. albicans andA. fumigatus.
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  • 4
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calcium phosphate ; calcium pyrophosphate ; calcium potassium pyrophosphate ; crystal structure ; layer-type structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of Ca10K4(P2O7)6·9H2O has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals are hexagonal, space group P63cm witha=11.761(1),c=9.770(1) Å, andZ=1. The structure was refined toR=0.028 andR w=0.037 for 468 reflections withI≥3σ(I). The structure consists of a compact assembly of Ca and P2O7 ions arranged in layers perpendicular to thec-axis in a hexagonal array with relatively large open channels along thec-axis. The K ions and the water molecules are located in these open channels and are disordered.
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  • 5
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cage-diol ; crystal structure ; photooxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An unusual photooxidation was noted upon photolytic cage closure of a substituted tricyclo[6.2.1.02.7]undecane-exo, exo-diol. The resultant compound, which may be regarded as a mono-reduced pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione, was characterizedvia X-ray crystallography. This species could be reduced to the tricyclo[6.2.1.02,7]undecane-endo, exo-diol under conditions previously shown to be inert for the parent dione.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Benzonaphthodioxosuberane ; crystal structure ; radermachol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound (2) C21H16O4 has been determined by an X-ray analysis, by direct methods from diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least squares. The compound (2) crystallizes in the space group P21/a, with cell parameters:a=36.432(5),b=5.512(3),c=8.269(5) Å, β=108.0(3)°,z=4,D c =1.397 g/cm−3,R=7.8 for 1136 observed reflections. The conformation of the tetracyclic ring system shows a folding of two planar parts of the carbon skeleton about an axis passing thorough C8 and C16 of the seven membered ring C.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Molecular mechanics ; molecular dynamics ; MNDO ; CMPO ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of N,N-diisobutyl-2-(octylphenylphosphinyl)acetamide, or CMPO was recently determined. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/c witha=13.446(6),b=22.280(7),c=17.217(7) Å, β=92.07(4)°, andD calc=1.05 g/cm3 forZ=8 @20°C). Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and MNDO calculations were also performed on CMPO utilizing the SYBYL1 suite of programs. The results from these calculations are compared to the crystal structure and to similar calculations performed on CMPO using ALCHEMY2,3. In general, the results from the calculations agree fairly well with the parameters from the crystal structure.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mercury(II) terpyridine complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [Hg(terpy)2](CF3SO3)2·0.5(CH3)2CO crystallizes in the triclinic $$P\bar 1$$ space group witha=14.631(6),b=15.258(4),c=18.785(7) Å, α=69.66(2), β=70.72(1), γ=88.55(1)°. The crystal structure consists of two independent [Hg(terpy)2]2+ cations, four trifluoromethanesulfonate anions and an acetone molecule in the asymmetric unit. Each mercury atom is coordinated by two tridentate terpyridine ligands forming an irregular six-coordination polyhedron. The Hg−N bond lengths range from 2.27(2) to 2.53(2) Å.
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  • 9
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 463-467 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamides ; resonance effect ; short intramolecular S...O contact ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two closely related compoundsN,N-dimethyl 5-(methylthio)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamide1 andN-(p-methoxy-phenyl)-N-methyl 5-(methylthio)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamide2 have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure determination. Crystal data for1: triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=6.767(1),b=12.594(2),c=6.648(1) Å, α=101.38(1), β=93.37(2), γ=79.62(1)°,V=546.2 Å3,Z=2. Crystal data for2: monoclinic, Cc,a=19.836(4),b=6.057(1),c=15.860(3) Å, β=127.61(3)°,V=1509.5Å3,Z=4. The molecular structures of1 and2 show remarkable differences concerning the conformational behavior. These differences are related to the nature of the substituents at the nitrogen atom. The presence of an aromatic system in2 leads to an almost planar arrangement of the α-oxoketene dithioacetal moiety. This effect is accompanied by a short intramolecular S...O contact of 2.648(2) Å. In the absence of an aromatic system, as is the case for compound1, neither a resonance effect along the α-oxoketene dithioacetal fragment nor a short S...O distance is observed.
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  • 10
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ; hetero bimetallic ; crown ether ; crystal structure ; ferric chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Slow evaporation of a solution of ferric chloride and dibenzo-18-crown-6 in 3∶1 CH3CN∶CH3OH produced single crystals of the title complex. This heterobimetallic crown ether complex, [Na(dibenzo-18-crown-6)][FeCl4], crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2t/n with cell parameters (at 22°C)a=14.608(6),b=10.466(9),c=17.276(9)Å, β=91.47(6)°, andD calc=1.46 g cm−3 for Z=4. The structure consists of discrete ions with the shortest Na ... Cl distance a lengthy contact of 3.56(1)Å. The average Na...O separation is 2.69(3)Å. The [FeCl4]− anion exhibits a distorted tetrahedral geometry with an average Fe−Cl bond length of 2.16(2)Å.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Amines ; crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formedvia nucleophilic attack of a heterocyclic secondary amine on PCU-8,11-dione, with the concomitant intramolecular attack of one keto oxygen on the carbon of the other ketone, are presented. In all three compounds, the bridging oxygen contains substantial p-character, and the bonds to the “attacking” nitrogen are significantly shorter than would be expected.
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  • 12
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 765-768 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Sesterterpene ; scalaran ; crystal structure ; marine compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular geometry of a tetracyclic sesterterpene has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The conformation of the aldehyde group as observed in the crystal structure supports the rationalization for the absence of aldehyde proton coupling in the nmr spectra of the compound. Crystal data: C28H42O5, M.W.=458.6; orthorhombic, P212121;a=10.797(2),b=29.270(9),c=8.033(1)Å,V=2538.7Å3,Dx=1.199 g cm−3;R=0.045 for 2287 observed reflections.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calixarene ; complex ; crystal structure ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound was obtained by treatment ofp-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with (+) camphorsulfonyl chloride in triethylamine and toluene. A (1∶2) complex with toluene has been found. Its structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are triclinic with space group P1,a=16.426(3),b=18.553(3),c=13.661(2) Å, α=94.78(2), β=110.76(2), γ=72.83(2)°,V=3720(2) Å3,d c =1.127 g/cm3 Z=2. Refinement based on 10495 observed reflections led to a finalR value of 0.100. The two independent molecules of calixarene in the asymmetric unit are in the cone conformation and the calixarene cavities are empty. The guest molecule occupies the interhost space. The norborane skelton of (+) camphorsulfonyl group is the same as ones found in literature. Only van der Waals interactions exist between the host and the guest molecules.
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  • 14
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    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 36-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil nitrogen ; Immobilisation ; Mineralisation ; Nitrification ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Plant effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Following application of fertiliser-N to the seedbed of potato crops, concentrations of extracted mineral-N were up to 3 times greater than would be anticipated by calculation. The rates at which both NO 3 − -N and NH 4 + -N apparently appeared and disappeared in the soil solution were, at various times, also much greater than could be attributable to any transformations resulting from microbial activity. This suggests that the involvement of other factors in this phenomenon must be considered. The effect of certain physical parameters such as water movement, resulting from capillary action and evaporation from the soil surface, may be implicated. We suggest that soil microbes are not directly involved in the early fate of fertiliser-N, primarily due to C-limitation in arable soils. N dynamics in fertilised potato systems require further studies targeting the relationships between nutrient concentrations in soil solution and mass flow of soil water.
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  • 15
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: additives ; agronomic efficiency ; P availability ; phosphate rocks ; rice ; (Oryza sativa L.) ; thermally altered rock P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The P availability in soil and agronomic efficiency of the products of non-premium grade, unreactive Purulia phosphate rock (PPR) heated alone or with Na2CO3 or KCl at different temperatures were investigated in two P deficient soils. The heated products of PPR alone did not improve the P availability in soil or P utilisation by rice over the original PPR. The products of PPR-KCl mixtures heated at 300-900°C were not effective at all. Out of several products of PPR with Na2CO3, the product prepared from PPR and Na2CO3 mixture in the weight ratio 2:1 heated at 900°C was comparable to superphosphate (SP) with respect to P availability in soil, straw and grain yield and P uptake by rice. The effectiveness of the products of PPR-Na2CO3 mixtures heated at 700°C though inferior to SP were superior to that of the original PPR in the highly acidic P deficient soil from Choudwar. However, products of another phosphate rock (PR) from Jordan and NA2CO3 mixtures heated at 900°C were less effective in comparison to SP. The amount of inherent silica present in Jordan PR was inadequate to promote the apatite-NA2CO3-SiO2 reaction towards completion thus leading to an inferior product. On the other hand, similar products of non-premium grade Kasipatnam and Mussoorie PRs which are not suitable for direct application were comparable to SP in their effectiveness when these PRs were fused with Na2CO3 in the weight ratio 2:1 at 900°C. X-ray diffraction studies indicated presence of water and citrate soluble phosphate phases viz., Na3PO4, NaCaPO4 and possibly Ca7 (PO4)2 (S104)2 in these products of PR-Na2CO3 mixture heated at 900°C. The water and citrate soluble phases of these products could release adequate P for absorption by crop.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Acetobacter diazotrophicus ; Azospirillum spp. ; cereals ; grasses ; Herbaspirillum spp. ; nitrogen fixation ; sugar cane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Over the last 20 years many new species of N2-fixing bacteria have been discovered in association with grasses, cereals and other non-nodulating crops. Virtually all of these bacteria are microaerophylic, fixing N2 only in the presence of low partial pressures of oxygen. Until a few years ago much attention was focussed on members the genusAzospirillum and it was assumed that N2 fixation was restricted to the rhizosphere or rhizoplane of the host plants. Through the use of N balance and15N techniques it has been shown that in the case of lowland rice, several tropical pasture grasses and especially sugar cane, the contributions of biological N2 fixation (BNF) are of agronomic significance. More detailed study of the N2-fixing bacteria associated with sugar cane (Acetobacter diazotrophicus andHerbaspirillum spp.) has shown that they occur in high numbers not only in roots of this crop but also in the stems, leaves and trash but are rarely found in the soil. Some of these endophytic diazotrophs have now also been found in forage grasses, cereals, sweet potato and cassava, although evidence of significant BNF contributions is still lacking. The identification of these endophytic diazotrophs as the organisms probably responsible for the high contributions of N2 fixation observed in sugar cane suggests that it may be possible to attain significant BNF contributions in some other gramineae and perhaps root crops.
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  • 17
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 261-276 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Azolla ; BNF ; cyanobacteria ; green manure ; heterotrophic bacteria ; legume ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The review summarizes the current status of the utilization of N2-fixing organisms as biofertilizer in rice cultivation. Heterotrophic bacteria, free-living cyanobacteria,Azolla, and legume green manures are considered with regard to their potential for increasing yield, their current use and the prospects for their use with regard to the identified limiting factors. Biological N2 fixation has been the most effective system for sustaining production in low-input traditional rice cultivation. On the other hand, the utilisation of N2-fixing organisms in intensified rice production encounters serious limitations. The utilization of free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria is refrained by their modest potential and the non establishment of inoculated strains.Azolla and legumes used as green manures have a high potential as N source, but their utilization is severely limited by socio-economic factors.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: method of nitrogen application ; modified urea ; N-15 recovery ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice is a very responsive crop to nitrogen, but the efficiency of the N-fertilizer is low. Greenhouse experiment has been conducted to evaluate several methods to improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce N-losses in rice fields. N-15 labelled urea was applied to 10 kg soils in pots, urea was applied alone, addition of two urease inhibitors N-(n-butyle) thiosphosphoric triamide (NBPT) and hydroquinone (HQ), with addition of nitrification inhibitor Dicyandimide (DCD), or with the combination of both inhibitors. The fertilizer was applied either broadcast on soil surface or at depth of 8 cm below the surface. At maturity, plants were separated into grain and straw, dried and weighted. Soil and plant samples were analyzed for total N and N-15 excess. Both fertilizer placement and inhibitor application significantly increased straw and grain yield, as well as N- uptake. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer (% Ndff) was more than doubled, when urea was applied deep and in combination with inhibitors. Total plant recovery of N-15 labelled urea ranged from 17% to 75% according to treatment. Regardless of inhibitors application, plant recovery was increased from 39% to 65% when urea was applied at depth of 8 cm. Approximately, 2/3 of the applied urea (64%) was lost, when urea was applied alone. Those losses were reduced down to 12% with deep placement and inhibitor application. The two management practices show significant effect on minimizing N-losses and increasing plant recovery.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: millet ; sorghum ; rice ; maize ; wheat ; nutrient harvest index ; post-anthesis nutrient uptake ; recovery fraction ; simulation modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In land use plans, fertilizer recommendations are indispensable to avoid soil nutrient depletion or soil water pollution. Nutrient relations of five cereals have been evaluated on the basis of a literature review with the aim of arriving at such fertilizer recommendations at regional level. Nutrients considered were nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for millet, sorghum, maize, rice and wheat. The relevant nutrient relations are fertilizer nutrient application to nutrient uptake, and nutrient uptake to crop yield. In addition, post-anthesis nutrient uptake is considered. Subsequently, obtained results are used in simulation modelling exercises to calculate the time required to attain an equilibrium nutrient balance and to investigate the effect of erosion control and straw recycling. Although fertilizer requirements could be assessed for each of the five cereals, monitoring of nutrient supply from natural sources remains necessary. Moreover, research on fertilizer use should focus on improvement of fertilizer recoveries and multiperiod models for both N and P uptakes by crops to allow quantitative land use planning where the time scale is included.
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  • 20
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    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1995), S. 15-29 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; calcium ; chemical control ; covered crops ; cultural measures ; decision support system ; epidemiology ; fertilization ; forecasting ; fungicide resistance ; grey mould ; heating ; integrated disease management ; light filtration ; nutrition ; plant hormones ; sanitation ; sporulation ; Trichoderma ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microlimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.
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  • 21
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: disease screening ; progeny test ; Fusarium coeruleum ; Fusarium sulphureum ; Gibberella pulicaris ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field-grown tubers of 22 progenies ofSolanum tuberosum L. generated in a crossing programme involving seven parents differing in resistance toFusarium coeruleum Lib. ex Sacc. andF. sulphureum Schlect. (=F. sambucinum Fuckel, teleomorphGibberella pulicaris (Fr.) Sacc.) were wound-inoculated with a cornmeal + sand culture of each pathogen. Parental genotypes were also included. The mean lesion size of each progeny was compared in 2 years of tests, as well as with published data on glasshouse-grown tubers. ForF. coeruleum there was a high correlation between years as well as with the glasshouse data, but no such correlations were apparent withG. pulicaris. Furthermore, parental and GCA values, as well as progeny means and mid-parent scores, also correlated highly forF. coeruleum but not forG. pulicaris. Glasshouse-grown tubers of 11 wildSolanum spp. were also inoculated with both pathogens. Some resistance to one or other, or both, was apparent, particularly inS. chacoense.
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  • 22
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: wart disease ; inoculation ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Synchytrium endobioticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sprouts of cvs Arran Chief, Pentland Kappa and Golden Wonder were inoculated with fresh wart tissue using the Glynne-Lemmerzahl (GL) method and results of tests carried out using five different incubation regimes were compared. When tubers of Arran Chief and Pentland Kappa were incubated uncovered in the light. rotting of sprouts was reduced and there was more extensive development of summer sporangia. Similar results were obtained on a range of cultivars when inoculations were done using summer or winter spores. Winter spores, which germinate freely in distilled water, can readily be extracted from dried rotted wart tissue to provide a reliable and continuous supply of inoculum. At the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, wart susceptibility testing using the GL method has been done with winter spores since 1987.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; cyst nematodes ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Accessions of tuber-bearingSolanum spp. related toS. tuberosum subsp.tuberosum were obtained from the German-Dutch collection (Braunschweig, Germany) and the Inter-regional potato collection (Sturgeon Bay, USA). They were screened for resistance toG. rostochiensis Rol andG. pallida Pa2/3. Among 1567 clones from 52 accessions, 135 clones (23 accessions) were resistant toG. rostochiensis. They mainly representedS. andigena, gourlayi, spegazzinii andvernei. Among 1689 clones (74 accessions), 105 clones (32 accessions) were resistant toG. pallida. They representedS. gourlayi, spegazzinii, sparsipilum andvernei. About 25 clones were resistant to both species.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; reducing sugars ; sucrose ; ascorbic acid ; citric acid ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; diploid interspecific hybrids ; Solanum spp., chipping ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reducing sugar content and chip colour were studied in diploid potatoes bred for superior table and chipping quality. The reducing sugar content in the tubers of 119 diploid clones was estimated before and after cold storage (4–6°C) in the years 1987–1991, and reducing sugar and chip colour were determined in 1990 and 1991 for 36 clones. Thirty two clones had a significantly lower reducing sugar content after cold storage than cv. Mila. The year of evaluation, storage temperature and genotype significantly affected the reducing sugar content.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Virusresistenzzüchtung ; Nematodenresistenzzüchtung ; Selektionsverfahren ; Sämlingsselektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird ein Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Selektion von Kartoffelsämlingen auf extreme Y-Virus- und Nematodenresistenz. Pikierte Kartoffelsämlinge werden dazu künstlich mit Y-Virus infiziert, getopfte Pflanzen massivem Befall durch den Gelben Kartoffelnematoden ausgesetzt und nur visuell befallsfreie Genotypen weitergeführt. Die Sämlingsselektion führte zu einer Verdoppelung kombiniert resistenter Kartoffelgenotypen in der Resistenzprüfung. Einsatzgebiet war die Auslese von Zuchteltern.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; solt rot ; blackleg ; early selection ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Solanum brevidens Phil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eleven clones obtained from a cross between cv. Katahdin and fusion products betweenSolanum tuberosum and the non tuber-bearing speciesS. brevidens, were backcrossed again withS. tuberosum (clone AR80-127-5). Small tubers harvested from 583 seedlings of these second backcross (BC2) populations were screened for tuber tissue resistance toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica under aerobic conditions. After multiplication in the field. BC2 clones again were screened for soft rot resistance under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. In general, the resistance of the BC2 populations was reduced in comparison with the BC1. Variation for resistance was found within the BC2 populations, but there was no correlation between the results of the three tests performed. Four BC2 populations were also screenned for resistance to blackleg in the field. Significant differences were found between populations for mean percentage of diseased plants, but these differences could not be explained by the resistance of the parental clones.
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  • 28
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: fry colour ; dry matter content ; tuber size ; ion and solute accumulation ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of salinity and water dificit on the quality of tubers for processing was investigated. Total tuber yield was not affected by the treatments, while the percentage of non-marketable tubers was significantly reduced by high salinity (ECi=6dS m−1) and by water reduction. Accumulation of dry matter in the tubers was increased by all the treatments, that of proline by salinity only and the content of reducing sugars was increased only by water deficit. The colour of the french fries was similar in tubers from the various treatments.
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  • 29
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: reproduction ; distribution ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants of cvs Element and Mirka were artificially infected withV. dahliae in two greenhouse experiments. Leaf blade, petiole, aerial stem, subterranean stem, stolon and root mass were separately harvested both when the canopy was still green and at maturity. After 4 weeks incubation, the plant tissue was air-dried and the numbers of microsclerotia per mg tissue and per plant were determined. The highest numbers of microsclerotia were observed in the haulm when harvest took place at maturity. Cultivar Element yielded significantly more microsclerotia in the haulm than cv. Mirka, whilst there were no cultivar differences in the microsclerotial production on subterranean parts. The petiole and the aerial stem contributed most to the total microsclerotial production, whereas roots were much more important for formation of microsclerotia than stolons.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed production ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Multiplication factors and progeny yield variation in crops from minitubers of five weight classes (ranging from 0.13–0.25 g to 2.00–3.99 g) and conventional seed tubers were studied in field experiments in three years. Multiplication factors were calculated as the number and weight of progeny tubers produced per planted tuber or per unit planted tuber weight. They were lower for the lighter minitubers when calculated per tuber and higher when calculated per weight. Yield variation was described by coefficients of variation for the number and weight of progeny tubers produced. Variation over individual plants of a crop was higher in stands from the lighter minitubers. Variation over plots within a field was sometimes higher for the lighter minitubers, but variation over years was similar for all minituber classes. Variation over plots in progeny tuber weight was higher for minitubers than for conventional tubers.
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  • 31
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: storage ; energy usage ; store temperature ; store management ; weight loss ; power consumption ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of various storage parameters on the power usage and tuber weight loss for a fully refrigerated potato store were investigated. A computer model validated by detailed monitoring of potato stores was used for the calculations. The store parameters considered were: storage temperature, store relative humidity, local ambient conditions, store capacity or loading factor, half cooling time and the infiltration rate or air tightness of the store. The investigation showed that the power consumption was most affected by the storage temperature and the infiltration rate of the store, and that weight loss was most affected by the half cooling time.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: wart disease ; susceptibility ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A comparison of reactions of potato cultivars toS. endobioticum indicated that the degree of susceptibility observed in laboratory tests correlated well with the reaction of cultivars in field tests. Some cultivars found to be less resistant (Resistance Grade 2) in laboratory tests produced winter spores in the field test, and 10% of those derived from cv. Ausonia germinated in distilled water. Compost from the field plot was estimated to contain 14–18 apparently viable spores/g. and this resulted in 100% infection of the highly susceptible cv. Arran Chief. The implications of these findings for descheduling sites previously scheduled due to wart infestation are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; leaf transpiration ; stomatal resistance ; Mediterranean environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of furrow and drip irrigation giving 0, 33, 66, 100 and 133% of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETM) was studied on leaf transpiration, stomatal resistance, tuber growth, yield and yield response of cv. Spunta. The research was carried out in Sicily in 1988 and 1989 on early potato crops grown during the winter/spring cycle. Increased water supply increased leaf transpiration, plant fresh weight, tuber growth rate, yield and earliness, and decreased stomatal resistance and tuber dry weight. A higher yield response was obtained at the lower water regimes (ETM of 33 and 66%). There were no significant differences between the two methods of irrigation.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: genetic variation ; resistance screening ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Various methods of screening for resistance to root-knot nematodes were compared and evaluated. Seedling populations ofSolanum spp., grown in clay pots and plastic tubes with silver sand and inoculated with juveniles ofMeloidogyne chitwoodi andM. hapla, showed large differences in the number of egg masses on roots 7 weeks after inoculation. The differences were reproducible when re-testing was done with cuttings and plants from tubers. No resistance toMeloidogyne spp. was observed with ten potato cultivars when grown in clay pots, plastic tobes or closed containers. Plants from tubers in growth pouches developed a large two-dimensional root system, and after inoculation with juveniles the infection process could be observed over 8 weeks. A method of infecting potato tuber tissue withMeloidogyne is described, using tuber slices in Petri dishes as a potential screening test for tuber resistance.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Virusresistenzzüchtung ; Sämlingsselektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Studien an 7328 Kartoffelsämlingen und 179 Zuchtstämmen genetisch geeigneter Populationen konzentrierten sich auf die Erarbeitung eines Inokulations- und Selektionsverfahrens. Die Virusinokulation kann mit der Spritzpistole erfolgen, muß aber an getopften Kartoffelsämlingen vorgenommen werden. In Kombination mit der Serodiagnose in den ersten 3 Klongenerationen erzielte ein darauf aufgebautes Selektionsverfahren in der Resistenzprüfung 88.2% Zuchtstämme mit Überempfindlichkeitsresistenz gegen potato virus S gegen nur 55.6% ohne Sämlingsinfektion und Serodiagnose in nur einer Klongeneration.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Virusresistenzzüchtung ; Selektionsverfahren ; Sämlingsselektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Auslese auf extreme Y-Virusresistenz kann auch an Kartoffelsämlingen in Hydrostaukultur die künstliche Infektion Anwendung finden. Die Virusinokulation mittels Spritzpistole muß allerdings an Sämlingen in der Aussaatschale und vor der Anzucht in Hydrostaukultur erfolgen. Intensive Bestandeskontrolle. Pflanzguttestung der ersten Klongenerationen und konsequentes Verwerfen Y-Virusbefallener Zuchtstämme sicherten, daß sämlingsinfiziertes Zuchtmaterial im Neuzuchtgarten keine gefährliche Virusinfektionquelle darstellte und ohne räumliche. Trennung gemeinsam mit dem übrigen Zuchtgartenmaterial angebaut werden konnte.
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  • 37
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: LAI ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; Phytophthora infestans ; precision ; disease severity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method for assessing the leaf area of potato plants was based on the number of leaves coinciding with imaginary vertical lines descending from a horizontal grid of points above the plant or crop canopy. Leaves seen through each vertically aligned pair of holes in a perforated double table, covering the midpoint of the exposed area, were counted and moved aside one by one, until the ground was seen. For both green and diseased surfaces the leaf area, or its horizontal component, was calculated as the product of sum of records and the grid cell size. Tested against a destructive method, the technique worked equally well for healthy and diseased leaf area of potato plants infected byPhytophthora infestans. The theoretic estimate of the standard error for a single measurement was derived as the geometric mean of the leaf area and the grid cell size. The method is also suitable forLAI of crop stands.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; NPK nutrition ; tuber weight losses ; chemical composition changes ; vitamin C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Empirical mathematical models are described for calculating the effects of varying supplies of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on pot and field grown tubers. Through optimization and simulation, potato tuber fresh and dry weight losses and chemical composition changes (ascorbic acid, citric acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose, nitrate) are calculated over a 6-month period of storage at 4°C. The effects of variation in single nutrients as well as of increasing N fertilization on storage are calculated. Calculations giving the maximum vitamin C content at harvest and after storage indicate the nutrient supply required.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; blackleg ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica is a major disease of stored potatoes. Since varietal resistance can contribute to control, the work reported was designed to find new sources of resistance among related tuber-bearing Solanum spp. True seeds were imported from two international collections and families were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot. Forty-eight resistant clones were found in 21 out of 100 accessions. These clones will be used in breeding programmes at the diploid or tetraploid level.
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  • 40
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In four pot experiments, potato plants of cv. Element were artificially infected withV. dahliae. At an early and a late harvest haulms were killed chemically, by burning or by various other treatments, including cutting them into pieces of different lengths and keeping the debris on the soil surface or covering with soil. After 4 weeks the plant material was air-dried and the number of microsclerotia per mg was determined. At the early harvest, in two experiments, the chemical treatment yielded more microsclerotia than the cutting treatments. Covering colonised haulm tissue with non-sterilised soil was effective in inhibiting microsclerotia formation. Shorter haulm pieces led to fewer microsclerotia at the later harvest if the material was kept on the soil surface. The variation in microsclerotial yield and in treatment effects among the different experiments was large.
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  • 41
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Heat stress ; Leaf bud cutting ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In pot culture experiments over 2 consecutive years, 20 potato genotypes of varying heat tolerance were grown under long day conditions and heat stressed by being exposed to high (38 °C/21 °C mean day/night) temperature. The percent increase in mean internode length of heat stressed plants over those grown at normal temperatue (25°C/16°C day/night) was correlated with the percent tuber dry matter yield of the heat stressed plants (r=0.618, P=0.01). In the same 20 genotypes, grown under short day conditions at normal temperature, the fraction of leaf bud cuttings exposed to high night temperature (23°C) that produced tuber initials correlated with the percentage increase in internode elongation in stem cuttings exposed to 25°C compared with those exposed to 15°C (r=0.680. P=0.01). Thus the relative changes in internode elongation are related to thermal tolerance, and it is suggested that this can be used as a selection criterion for heat tolerance.
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  • 42
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 231-239 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: adenylate energy charge ; fermentation ; lipid peroxidation ; posthypoxia ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato tubers kept under hypoxia (1%) showed improved viability in comparison to anoxia, which was associated with the maintenance of intermediate adenylate energy charge values (A.E.C.=0.6) and stable adenylate pools at 50% of the initial levels. Re-admission of oxygen to the tuber resulted in an almost full recovery of adenylate energy charge and total adenylates after up to 3 days of hypoxic pretreatment. Tubers exhibited a mixed fermentation. The high lactate, ethanol and acetaldehyde levels proved to be non toxic. Ethanol was degraded to acetaldehyde during re-aeration. Posthypoxic lipid peroxidation was indicated by malondialdehyde and ethane formation. Both products occurred with a temporary delay and in lower amounts compared to post-anoxia. Ethylene release was also considerably smaller. Severe hypoxia and posthypoxia postponed tissue death compared to anoxia. Survival was correlated with an improved energy supply which stabilized membranes.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; propagules ; tissue culture ; plastic trays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse minituber production system involving low inputs of in vitro potato plantlets and propagation media is described, in vitro plantlets of six potato cultivars were sectioned into nodal cuttings and separately planted into moist peat based growing medium in shallow plastic trays. Cultivar differences were evident with respect to node viability, shoot regrowth and minituber yields. Nodal viability for shoot regrowth varied between 80–100%. Maximum shoot heights were recorded with whole in vitro plantlets (WIP) and the terminal Node-5 cluster. All cuttings produced minitubers. The terminal Node-5 cutting and WIP produced significantly larger minitubers 〉3.0 g as compared to single node cuttings. Greater numbers of minitubers were produced by the cvs Norchip, Red Pontiac and Conestoga as compared to cvs Eramosa. G8610-4PY and Shepody. Total numbers of minitubers were 3 to 5 times higher from each in vitro plantlet that was sectioned into nodal cuttings as compared with intact WIP: the yield ratios depended on cultivar.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PLRV source ; test plant ; PLRV isolate ; vector efficiency ; Myzus persicae ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; Aulacorthum solani ; Aphis gossypii ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Rapid multiplication ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants of cvs Eersteling and Bintje were grown from stem cuttings and induced to form aerial tubers for use as seed. Spraying the plants with gibberellic acid in concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 mg/l to induce stolon formation in the leaf axils led to a decrease in the number of tubers formed per plant. Multiple harvesting of the largest tubers from plants treated with gibberellic acid or not, approximately doubled the number of tubers formed but halved their individual weight compared with only one harvest at plant senescence. After a storage period of about 1 year, with their vigour declining, the aerial tubers were planted in the field. Aerial seed tubers taken from multiple harvests during the previous year produced the same number of tubers as plants grown from above-ground tubers harvested at plant senescence only, but the tuber yields declined with earlier harvesting when small (5–13 mm) aerial tubers were used, compared to larger (14–19 mm) tubers.
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  • 46
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    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: zoospore ; Phytophthora infestans ; resistance components ; area under disease progress curve ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nature and extent of field resistance to late blight, and the effect of plant age and inoculum level on resistance components and host attributes, were studied on the Indian potato cultivars Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Badshah and Kufri Sherpa. Latent period, infection efficiency, colonization rate and sporulation were found to operate in cvs Kufri Jyoti, and Kufri Badshah. Based on component analysis cv. Kufri Jyoti was similar to or sometimes more resistant than Kufri Badshah. No correlation was observed between any of the host attributes and resistance to late blight, except that the erect canopy of Kufri Badshah was associated with its slow blighting rate. At high inoculum, colonization rate and total sporulation were increased but infection efficiency was decreased.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: physical mapping ; rice ; YAC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genomic libraries of rice,Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare, in yeast artificial chromosomes were prepared for construction of a rice physical map. High-molecular-weight genomic DNA was extracted from cultured suspension cells embedded in agarose plugs. After size fractionation of theEco RI- andNot I-digested DNA fragments, they were ligated with pYAC4 and pYAC55, respectively, and used to transformSaccharomyces cerevisiae AB1380. A total of 6932 clones were obtained containing on average ca. 350 kb DNA. The YAC library was estimated to contain six haploid genome equivalents. The YACs were examined for their chimerism by mapping both ends on an RFLP linkage map. Most YACs withEco RI fragments below 400 kb were intact colinear clones. About 40% of clones were chimeric. Genetic mapping of end clones from large size YACs revealed that the physical distance corresponding to 1 cM genetic distance varies from 120 to 1000 kb, depending on the chromosome region. To select and order YAC clones for making contig maps, high-density colony hybridization using ECL was applied. With several probes, at least one and at most ten YAC clones could be selected in this library. The library size and clone insert size indicate that this YAC library is suitable for physical map construction and map-based cloning.
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  • 48
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 519-525 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biocontrol ; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus ; ELISA ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial strains with potential for biological control of bacterial ring rot of potato caused byClavibacter michiganensis subsp.sepedonicus were isolated from the surface of potato tubers. Eighty-eight potential biocontrol candidates, selected on the basis ofin vitro antibiosis toC. m. sepedonicus, produced inhibition zones with radii ranging from 0.5 to 16 mm on test plates. All antagonistic isolates were screened in the greenhouse for biocontrol activity on micropropagated potato plantlets root-inoculated withC. m. sepedonicus. Eight strains consistently prevented infection of plantlets but there was no significant correlation between the width of the inhibition zone in thein vitro assay and ring rot suppression in the plant bioassay. Three strains that showed a high level of biological control potential were identified as a saprophytic enteric bacterium (strain 7G), anArthrobacter sp. (strain 16C), and a soil coryneform bacterium (strain 18A). These were tested in a field plot by co-inoculating cut seed potato tubers withC. m. sepedonicus and antagonists. Strains 7G and 18A significantly increased plant stand whereas 16C decreased disease incidence. The relative number of ostensibly ring rot-free progeny tubers was generally greater when antagonists were present.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis allii ; Botrytis cinerea ; leaf wetness ; onion ; plant debris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Saprophytic antagonists were evaluated for suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis allii andB. cinerea on artificially killed segments of onion leaves that were pre-inoculated with the pathogens. During incubation of the antagonisttreated leaf segments in moist chambers, periods of leaf wetness and leaf dryness were alternated to simulate conditions in the field. Interruption of humid conditions with dry periods had a differential effect on antagonists.Alternaria alternata, Chaetomium globosum, Ulocladium atrum andU. chartarum suppressed sporulation ofB. allii almost completely under continuously wet conditions, and when the leaf wetness periods were interrupted with drying periods of 9h imposed 16, 40, and 64 h after the antagonists were applied. When leaf wetness was interrupted 16 h after antagonist application, the number of conidia ofB. allii produced cm−2 leaf surface after eight days was under the detection limit of 5.2 × 103 conidia on leaves treated with these antagonists compared to 3.7 × 105 conidia on leaves that were not treated. On the other hand,Gliocladium roseum, G. catenulatum andSesquicillium candelabrum, all highly efficient under continuously wet conditions, were of low to moderate efficiency when leaf wetness periods had been interrupted 16 h after application of the antagonists. The antagonists showed the same differentiation and sensitivity to interrupted wetness periods when tested withB. cinerea.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; immunofluorescence colony-staining ; inoculum delivery ; inoculum density ; rockwool bioassay ; strain specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated induction of systemic resistance in radish against fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.raphani) was studied in a newly developed bioassay using a rockwool system. In this bioassay the pathogen and bacterium were confirmed to be confined to spatially separate locations on the plant root, throughout the experiment. Pathogen inoculum obtained by mixing peat with microconidia and subsequent incubation for four days at 22 °C, yielded a better percentage of diseased plants than a microconidial suspension drench, an injection of a microconidial suspension into the hypocotyl, or a talcum inoculum.Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS374 applied in talcum or peat, but not as a suspension drench, induced systemic resistance. A minimal initial bacterial inoculum density of ≥105 CFU WCS374 root−1 was required to significantly reduce the percentage diseased plants. At least one day was necessary between bacterization of strain WCS374 in talcum on the root tips and inoculation of the pathogen in peat on the root base, for an optimal induction of systemic resistance. Strain WCS374 induced systemic resistance in six radish cultivars differing in their susceptibility toF. oxysporum f. sp.raphani. Significant suppression of disease by bacterial treatments was generally observed when disease incidence in the control treatment, depending on pathogen inoculum density, ranged between approximately 40 to 80%. Strains WCS374 and WCS417 ofPseudomonas fluorescens induced systemic resistance against fusarium wilt, whereasP. putida WCS358 did not. This suggests that the induction of systemic resistance byPseudomonas spp. is dependent on strain-specific traits.
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  • 51
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 665-672 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; seeds ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isolates of different endophytic bacteria were recovered from surface-disinfected seeds obtained from commercial companies, plants in the field and tissue culture. The bacteria were isolated from seeds after stringent surfacedisinfection.Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolate no. 14) from bean inhibited growth of all fungi tested and was fluorescent on King B medium.Bacillus cereus fromSinapis (isolate no. 65) inhibited growth ofRhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum andSclerotium rolfsii and also exhibited chitinase activity.Bacillus subtilis from onion tissue culture (isolate no. 72) inhibitedR. solani andP. ultimum growth.B. cereus from cauliflower (isolate no. 78) inhibited growth ofR. solani. B. pumilus from sunflower (isolate no. 85) inhibited growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii. B. cereus (isolate no. 65) was introduced into cotton, and by using radioactive labelling we found that it was present for 16 days in the root-stem junction. It is most likely that these bacteria were still found 72 days after their introduction in the root and stem, at levels of 2.8·105 and 5·104 cfu g−1 fresh weight, respectively, when selective medium was used. There was no difference between control and treated plants in their height or in the fresh weight of roots, stems and leaves. When cotton seedlings were inoculated withB. cereus (isolate no. 65),B. subtilis (isolate no. 72) orB. pumilus (isolate no. 85), disease incidence caused byRhizoctonia solani was reduced in the greenhouse by 51%, 46% and 56%, respectively. In bean seedlings inoculated withB. subtilis (isolate no. 72),B. cereus (isolate no. 78) orB. pumilus (isolate no. 65), disease incidence caused bySclerotium rolfsii was reduced by 72%, 79% and 26%, respectively, as compared to control. In both cotton and bean seedlings, these endophytes reduced the disease index more than 50%. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria can survive inside cotton plants and are efficient agents for biological control against plant pathogens under greenhouse conditions.
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  • 52
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 251-259 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; Botrytis squamosa ; Gliocladium roseum ; onion leaf spot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study, the hypothesis was tested that removal of substrate for sporulation ofBotrytis spp. may lead to a retardation of an epidemic if the majority of the inoculum is produced inside the treated crop. Suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis spp. could be an attractive option for biological control ofBotrytis leaf spot in onions. In a field experiment, necrotic leaf tissue was removed to simulate the effect of a biocontrol agent. By this means, the amount of substrate on whichBotrytis spp. sporulates was reduced. In the experiment, the spore load above the onion plots was significantly reduced and the epidemic of onion leaf spot was retarded. At the end of the growing season, the number of leaf lesions in the green leaf area was lower in plots with substrate removal than in control plots (0.6 and 1.1 cm−2, respectively). The results demonstrated that an epidemic of onion leaf spot largely depends on the rate of inoculum production inside a crop. Thus, suppression of sporulation on necrotic leaf tissue is a valid control strategy that could be applied by using sporulation suppressing antagonists.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia raddiana ; Acacia senegal ; Acacia seyal ; Faidherbia albida ; isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen fixation ; Parkia biglobosa reference tree ; Tamarindus indica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using the 15N isotope dilution method and two reference plants, Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica to estimate nitrogen fixed in four Acacia species: A raddiana, A. senegal, A. seyal and Faidherbia albida (synonym Acacia albida). For the reference plants, the 15N enrichments in leaves, stems and roots were similar. With the fixing plants, leaves and stems had similar 15N enrichments; they were higher than the 15N enrichment of roots. The amounts of nitrogen fixed at 5 months after planting were similar using either reference plant. Estimates of the percentage of N derived from fixation (%Ndfa) for the above ground parts, in contrast to %Ndfa in roots, were similar to those for the whole plant. However, none of the individual plant parts estimated accurately total N fixed in the whole plant, and excluding the roots resulted in at least 30% underestimation of the amounts of N fixed. Between species, differences in N2 fixation were observed, both for %Ndfa and total N fixed. For %Ndfa, the best were A. seyal (average, 63%) and A. raddiana (average, 62%), being at least twice the %Ndfa in A. senegal and F. albida. Because of its very high N content, A. seyal was clearly the best in total N fixed, fixing 1.62 g N plant−1 compared to an average of 0.48 g N plant−1 for the other Acacia species. Our results show the wide variability existing between Acacia species in terms of both %Ndfa and total N fixed: A. seyal was classified as having a high N2 fixing potential (NFP) while the other Acacia species had a low NFP.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonization ; inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; 15N and 33P dilution techniques ; plant-bacteria interaction ; phosphate-solubilizing bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of inoculation with pure and mixed cultures of nitrogen fixers Azospirillum lipoferum 137, Arthrobacter mysorens 7 and the phosphate-solubilizing strain Agrobacterium radiobacter 10 on growth and mineral nutrition of two barley cultivars. A significant positive effect on grain yield both of the studied barley cultivars was obtained after inoculation with mixtures of A. lipoferum 137 + A. radiobacter 10 and A. lipoferum 137 + A. mysorens 7 only. The acetylene reduction activity on roots or in batch culture was significantly higher when A. lipoferum 137 and A. radiobacter 10 were combined. Using 15N isotope dilution technique it was established that these mixed cultures significantly increased the accumulation of nitrogen fertilizer in the plants. The strain A. radiobacter 10 promoted a better accumulation of phosphorus fertilizer by plants and A. mysorens 7 increased the total phosphorus content in plant tissues. The maximum positive effect of joint inoculation on plant development was observed when the combined nitrogen in soil was in short supply. It was concluded that inoculation with bacterial mixtures provided a more balanced nutrition for the plants and the improvement in root uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was the major mechanism of interaction between plants and bacteria. The introduced bacteria were able to colonize actively the rhizoplane of barley. No interspecific competition or antagonism were established between components of the bacterial mixtures in the rhizoplane. The strains A. mysorens 7 and A. radiobacter 10 improved viability of A. lipoferum 137 when the plants were grown in acid soil. Field experiments carried out on 3 barley cultivars confirmed the assertion that inoculation with mixed cultures significantly increases the grain yield and nitrogenous nutrition of plants as compared with single cultures.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen mobilization ; seed protein concentration ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two high (NC106, NC111) and two normal (NC103, NC107) seed protein concentration lines, derived from two different recurrent selection populations of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were subjected to partial defoliation at beginning seed fill (R5) under outdoor pot culture and field conditions. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that capacity to store N in vegetative organs and/or to mobilize that N to reproductive organs is associated with the high seed protein concentration trait. Symbiotic N2 fixation was the sole source of N in the pot experiment and the major source of N (met 〉 50% of the N requirement) in the low N soil used in the field experiment. Seed protein concentration and seed yield at maturity in both experiments and N accumulation and mobilization between R5 and maturity in the pot experiment were measured. The four genotypes did not differ significantly with respect to the amount of N accumulated before beginning seed fill (R5). Removal of up to two leaflets per trifoliolate leaf at R5 significantly decreased the seed protein concentration of NC107/111 but had no effect on this trait in NC103/106. Defoliation treatments significantly decreased seed yield, whole plant N accumulation (N2-fixation) during reproductive growth and vegetative N mobilization of all genotypes. Differences in harvest indices between the high and low protein lines accounted for approximately 35% of the differences in protein concentration. The two normal protein lines mobilized more vegetative N to the seed (average. 5.26 g plant−1) than the two high protein lines (average. 4.28 g plant−1). The two high seed protein lines (NC106, NC111) exhibited significantly different relative dependencies of reproductive N accumulation on vegetative N mobilization, 45% vs. 29%, in the control treatment. Whereas, NC103 with normal and NC106 with high seed protein concentration exhibited similar relative dependencies of reproductive N accumulation on vegetative N mobilization, (47% vs. 45%). Collectively, these results indicate that N stored in shoot organs before R5 and greater absolute and relative contribution of vegetative N mobilization to the reproductive N requirement are not responsible for the high seed protein concentration trait.
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  • 56
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    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen-15 ; Sesbania rostrata ; Sesbania cannabina ; stem nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The flood adapted green manure legumes Sesbania cannabina and S. rostrata differ in their nodulation, the former nodulating on root only but the latter on both root and aerial stem. In the early wet season pre-rice niche in lowlands, these legumes are exposed to varying soil aeration and N status with NO3 - as the main N source in aerobic and NH4 + in flooded soil. To better use these legumes, the influence of soil aeration status and the resulting differences in soil N supply on N assimilation characteristics and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) must be understood. We examined the interactions among soil aeration status, supply and form of mineral N, and BNF (estimated by 15N dilution) by growing S. rostrata and S. cannabina for 40 days in aerobic or flooded potted soil (3 kg) with zero to 3000 mg applied N. Both NH4 + and NO3 - were used in aerobic soil but only NH4 + in flooded soil. In aerobic soil, N accumulation potential of S. rostrata and S. cannabina were similar with NO3 -, NH4 +, or BNF as the major N source. Soil flooding increased N accumulation, but consistently more by S. rostrata than by S. cannabina. The maximum N accumulation of 275 mg plant-1 by S. rostrata was 20% greater than the maximum N accumulation by S. cannabina, in flooded soil, and 80% greater than maximum N accumulation by both legumes in aerobic soil. Regardless of soil aeration status and nodule location, mineral N increasingly substituted for biologically fixed N until total replacement occurred at non-limiting N supply. Reduction in the amount of BNF due to applied mineral N was greater in aerobic soil (with NO3 - as the N source) than in flooded soil (with NH4 + as the N source) for both legumes. Compared to root nodules, stem nodule BNF activity was less sensitive to NH4 + in flooded soils and resulted in more BNF-N in S. rostrata. Higher N requirement, stem-nodulation, and probably an ammoniphyllic character, allow S. rostrata to accumulate more N than S. cannabina in flooded soils.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; ecology ; N2-fixation ; nodulation ; rice ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rice culture on changes in the number of a strain of soybean root-nodule bacteria, (Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB1809), already established in the soil by growing inoculated soybean crops, was investigated in transitional red-brown earth soils at two sites in south-western New South Wales. At the first site, 5.5 years elapsed between the harvest of the last of four successive crops of soybean and the sowing of the next. In this period three crops of rice and one crop of triticale were sown and in the intervals between these crops, and after the crop of triticale, the land was fallowed. Before sowing the first rice crop, the number of Bradyrhizobium japonicum was 1.32×105 g−1 soil. The respective numbers of bradyrhizobia after the first, second and third rice crops were 4.52 ×104, 1.26×104 and 6.40×102 g−1 soil. In the following two years the population remained constant. Thus sufficient bradyrhizobia survived in soil to nodulate and allow N2-fixation by the succeeding soybean crop. At the second site, numbers of bradyrhizobia declined during a rice crop, but the decline was less than when the soil was fallowed (400-fold cf. 2200-fold). Multiplication of bradyrhizobia was rapid in the rhizosphere of soybean seedlings sown without inoculation in the rice bays. At 16 days after sowing, their numbers were not significantly different (p〈0.05) from those in plots where rice had not been sown. Nodulation of soybeans was greatest in plots where rice had not been grown, but yield and grain nitrogen were not significantly different (p〈0.05). Our results indicate that flooding soil has a deleterious effect on the survival of bradyrhizobia but, under the conditions of the experiments, sufficient B. japonicum strain CB 1809 survived to provide good nodulation after three crops of rice covering a total period of 5.5 years between crops of soybean.
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  • 58
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    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarina cunninghamiana ; Frankia ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus on nodule formation and function in the Casuarina-Frankia symbiosis. The effects of P on growth and survival of Frankia in the rhizosphere was assessed by examing Frankia growth and survival in flasks of basal nutrient solution. There was no growth in the nutrient solution during the experimental period. However, the viability of Frankia in the nutrient solution without P supply was half that of the initial level, whereas, with P supply, there was only a minor decline during the first week. In a growth pouch experiment, supplying P increased plant and nodule growth, irrespective of P status of the inoculant Frankia culture. There were no effects of P status on any growth or nodulation parameters measured when the inoculants had been standardized on the basis of viability. In a split root experiment, Frankia inoculation and application of P together or separately did not cause any significant difference. This suggests that growth and nodulation respond only to total P supply. Increasing P from 0.1 to 10 μM significantly increased plant growth but not N concentrations. Both nitrogen-fixation and nitrate supported growth were strongly increased as P increased from 0.1 to 1.0 μM. This study indicates that P deficiency limits the growth of host plants more severely than nitrogen fixation processes and P deficiency on nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Casuarina cunninghamiana operated indirectly via reducing host plant growth.
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  • 59
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    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; compost ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Composts prepared from mixtures of bagasse + filter mud (BF) and bagasse + vinasses + filter mud (BVF) were evaluated for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum in climatic chamber experiments. Twenty five-g samples of BF and BVF composts in plastic pots (130 mL) were infested with 1,000 oospores of P. aphanidermatum produced on oat meal agar. After 1, 15, 30 and 45 days, survival of the fungus was estimated by measuring inoculum density. Disease incidence was appraised on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) “Vert Long Anglais” seedlings raised on the composts. Propagules of P. aphanidermatum surviving in the compost after 24 hr was estimated at 22 and 18 cfu g−1 dry wt. potting mix, for BF and BVF, respectively. This population decreased significantly to 6–7 cfu g−1 of compost for the 15–45-d incubation treatment. Seedling mortality was not observed in uninfested controls. In uninfested treatments, 40 and 67% of seedlings died for the 1-d incubation treatment in BVF and BF, respectively; no mortality was recorded thereafter. Heat treatment of the composts revealed that the suppressive effect was biological in nature. Quantitative reduction of micro-organisms occurred in pasteurized composts (55°C for 2 h), compared to the populations in unheated controls. However the greatest decrease was observed for fungal populations. The main fungal species observed in unheated, suppressive composts were Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp. and a non-sporulating Pythium. The last two species disappeared in pasteurized, conducive composts.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon balance ; carbon sink ; climate change ; grassland ; legume ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of plants to elevated CO2 is dependent on the availability of nutrients, especially nitrogen. It is generally accepted that an increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration increases the C:N ratio of plant residues and exudates. This promotes temporary N-immobilization which might, in turn, reduce the availability of soil nitrogen. In addition, both a CO2 stimulated increase in plant growth (thus requiring more nitrogen) and an increased N demand for the decomposition of soil residues with a large C:N will result under elevated CO2 in a larger N-sink of the whole grassland ecosystem. One way to maintain the balance between the C and N cycles in elevated CO2 would be to increase N-import to the grassland ecosystem through symbiotic N2 fixation. Whether this might happen in the context of temperate ecosystems is discussed, by assessing the following hypothesis: i) symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes will be enhanced under elevated CO2, ii) this enhancement of N2 fixation will result in a larger N-input to the grassland ecosystem, and iii) a larger N-input will allow the sequestration of additional carbon, either above or below-ground, into the ecosystem. Data from long-term experiments with model grassland ecosystems, consisting of monocultures or mixtures of perennial ryegrass and white clover, grown under elevated CO2 under free-air or field-like conditions, supports the first two hypothesis, since: i) both the percentage and the amount of fixed N increases in white clover grown under elevated CO2, ii) the contribution of fixed N to the nitrogen nutrition of the mixed grass also increases in elevated CO2. Concerning the third hypothesis, an increased nitrogen input to the grassland ecosystem from N2 fixation usually promotes shoot growth (above-ground C storage) in elevated CO2. However, the consequences of this larger N input under elevated CO2 on the below-ground carbon fluxes are not fully understood. On one hand, the positive effect of elevated CO2 on the quantity of plant residues might be overwhelming and lead to an increased long-term below-ground C storage; on the other hand, the enhancement of the decomposition process by the N-rich legume material might favour carbon turn-over and, hence, limit the storage of below-ground carbon.
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  • 61
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    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: induced mutations ; Oryza sativa ; phytochrome ; pollen fertility ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Low pollen fertility mutants in the M7 generation were identified in the field from ethyl methane sulfonate-treated material of the rice cultivar M-201. M7 plants exhibited low pollen fertility levels (2%–28%) with mean values 7.5-fold less than M-201. Pollen fertility increased 3 to 44-fold when the M7 field plants were ratooned and grown in a growth chamber with a 12 hr daylength. High fertility of all F1's was observed in crosses with normal and pollen sterile lines. Chi squared analyses of five F2 populations indicated that, depending on the cross, pollen fertility was governed by one to three recessive nuclear genes. Transgressive segregation for both low and high fertility was observed in all but one cross. A 19% to 66% increase in fertility of late tillers over main stems was observed in mutants under field conditions. Interruption of the dark period with 5 minute treatments of red or far-red light resulted in altered fertility levels and suggested involvement of phytochrome in regulation of pollen fertility.
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  • 62
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    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 351-358 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; cold soils ; inoculation ; Medicago ; nitrogen fixation ; rhizobia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory, growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to select among 226 isolates of Rhizobium meliloti for the ability to grow, nodulate alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and support N2-dependent plant growth between 9° and 12°C. There was wide variation in the abilities of R. meliloti isolates to grow and form nodules at 10°C. Culture doubling times (td) varied from 1 to 155h, and the number of nodules formed on alfalfa in growth pouches in 2 weeks varied from 0 to 3.8 nodules per plant. Nodulation occurred at 9°C, but there was no significant N2-dependent plant growth at this temperature. However, several isolates of R. meliloti had the ability to nodulate alfalfa and produce N2-dependent growth at root temperatures between 10° and 12°C root temperature than did 14 other isolates tested. In field experiments, inoculation with strain NRG-34 resulted in greater nodule numbers, nodule weight, proportion of nodules occupied by the inoculant strain and plant weight than did inoculation with a commercial strain (NRG-185). These results permitted selection of a strain with better low-temperature competitive abilities than the currently available commercial strains.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alley cropping ; Chromolaena odorata ; Gliricidia sepium ; groundnut ; maize ; rice ; root length density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree root systems may improve soil fertility through carbon inputs, uptake of leachable nutrients and maintenance of soil biomass, but can at the same time reduce crop yields by competition for water and nutrients. Quantitative information about the positive and negative effects of tree roots and their changes in space and time are necessary for the optimization of agroforestry associations. An alley cropping experiment was layed out as a randomized complete block design on a Plinthic Lixisol/Ferralic Cambisol with Gliricidia sepium hedgerows at 5 m distance, including a sole cropping control. The development of root systems was monitored by sequential soil coring (eight samplings) during one year, with maize and groundnut as crops. Additional information is presented from a single sampling for rice during the foregoing year. Pronounced fluctuations of live root length density indicated an important variability in the nutrient and water uptake capacity of the vegetation. At low total root length density, the hedgerows affected the root development in the agroforestry plots directly by the presence of their root systems. At high root length density, they affected root development mainly by improving crop root growth and influencing the composition of the spontaneous vegetation. The root length density of the hedgerows was too low to compete with the crops for soil resources. The hedgerows tended to increase root length densities in the subsoil when few roots were present, thus possibly reducing the risk of nutrient leaching. However, the length density of the perennial root systems decreased during the cropping season, presumably as an effect of repeated pruning, and attained minimum values almost at the same time as the crops. Trees with denser root systems which are less frequently pruned may be more efficient in achieving closer nutrient cycles, though at the cost of higher root competition with crops.
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  • 64
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    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; iron toxicity ; rice ; stress ethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship among iron toxicity, bronzing symptom, and stress-induced ethylene production (SEP) was investigated in detached rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves during the vegetative-ripening stage and in whole plants during the vegetative stage. When Fe2+ (200 mg L-1) was applied to the detached leaf through a transpiration stream, SEP was higher in the first leaf than in the second and third leaves from the top and maximal around the panicle primordia initiation stage. The genotype difference in SEP was more pronounced in the second and third leaves than in the first leaf. Bronzing intensity increased as SEP increased; iron concentration increase during treatment in the tissue did not correlate with bronzing intensity or with SEP among the 16 genotypes tested. When the roots of an intact plant were exposed to 300 mg L-1 of Fe2+ in culture solution little stress-induced ethylene was produced. By partially or totally derooting the plant, however, stress-induced ethylene was evoked, indicating that roots reduced the Fe2+ uptake so that little stress ethylene is produced in the intact plant. Leaf tissue tolerance for Fe2+ may contribute to genotype differences in iron toxicity tolerance of rice plants when roots are injured during transplanting or exposed to toxic substances in the soil.
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  • 65
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    Plant and soil 174 (1995), S. 103-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agropastoral systems ; farmer acceptability ; forage legume ; fertilization ; nitrogen fixation ; persistence ; tropical pastures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forage legumes have long been lauded for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and contribute to the sustainability of agricultural production systems. However despite the benefits they bring in terms of increased herbage and animal production they are not widely used in temperate or tropical regions. In this review the amounts of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) needed to sustain the soil-plant-animal system are discussed and related to the amounts fixed in tropical pastures. The data suggest that tropical forage legumes have the capacity to meet the requirements to balance the N cycle of grazed pastures. The actual amounts required will depend on the rate of pasture utilization and the efficiency of recycling via litter, excreta and internal remobilization. The efficiency of nitrogen fixation (% of legume N derived from fixation) is usually high in tropical pastures (〉80%) and is unlikely to be affected by inorganic soil N in the absence of N fertilizer. Thus an estimate of the amoutns of N fixed could be obtained from simple estimates of legume biomass provided tissue levels of other nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium are adequate. Key factors for the achievement of sustainable grass/legume pastures include the selection of appropriate germplasm adapted to the particular environment and the judicious use of fertilizers such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur on acid infertile soils typical of the sub-humid and humid tropics. The main constraints to the widespread adoption of forage legumes include a lack of legume persistence, the presence of anti-quality factors such as tannins, variable Bradyrhizobium requirements and lack of acceptability by farmers. Strategies for the alleviation of these constrainst are discussed. Forage legumes can be used to recuperate degraded soils via their ability to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils and these benefits could be of particular use for small-scale resource-poor farmers. The incorporation of forage legumes into agropastoral systems is discussed as an environmentally and economically attractive means to encourage the widespread adoption of legumes in the humid tropics.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: endophytic microbes ; endo-symbiosis ; Rhizobium ; rice ; root hypertrophies ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been a long-standing goal in the field of biological nitrogen fixation to extend nitrogen-fixing symbioses to presently non-nodulated cereal plants, such as rice. A number of researchers have recently described the induction of “nodule-like” structures on the roots of cereals primarily by rhizobia, in either the presence or absence of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes or plant hormones. We briefly review this research and discuss the potential problems associated with the introduction of nitrogen-fixing microbes in novel physiological environments, such as rice roots. The results of experiments carried out in China on the induction of “nodule-like” structures on rice roots by rhizobia are highlighted. In addition, we present preliminary results of a series of experiments designed to repeat and evaluate these results using a variety of microscopic techniques and molecular genetic approaches.
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  • 67
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    Plant and soil 174 (1995), S. 279-286 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chickpea ; genetics of BNF ; impact analysis ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation variants ; Rhizobium inoculation ; technology adoption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although viable Rhizobium inoculation technology for cultivated legumes has long been available, there has been little sustained adoption of this technology in tropical regions. Reasons contributing to this include inadequate demonstration of the technology, presence of adequate native rhizobia, high soil mineral nitrogen levels which suppress nitrogen fixation, inadequate quality control of Rhizobium inoculum and difficulties of inoculating under tropical conditions. In order to ensure a better adoption rate of existing or emerging biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) technologies, it is proposed that future research and development efforts better focus on the research-adoption-impact continuum. The salient features of this approach are described in this paper, using the example of recently developed nodulation variants in chickpea as a potential means of increasing BNF in this crop. It is suggested that previous experience with Rhizobium inoculation technology is amenable to ex-post impact analysis to analyze bottlenecks, and that ex-ante impact analysis should be built into on-going or planned BNF research, to better ensure that technology adoption occurs.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; Aspergillus flavus ; biological control ; geocarposphere ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selected bacterial strains isolated from the region of peanut pod development (geocarposphere) and two additional bacterial strains were screened as potential biological control agents against Aspergillus flavus invasion and subsequent aflatoxin contamination of peanut in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. All 17 geocarposphere strains tested delayed invasion of young roots and reduced colonization by the fungus in a root-radicle assay used as a rapid laboratory prescreen. In a greenhouse study, seven bacterial strains significantly reduced pod colonization by A. flavus compared to the control. In a field trial, conducted similarly to the greenhouse assay, pods sampled at mid-peg from plants seed-treated with suspensions of either 91A-539 or 91A-550 were not colonized by A. flavus, and the incidence of pods invaded from plants treated with either 91A-539 or 91A-599 was consistently lower than nonbacterized plants at each of five sampling dates. At harvest, 8 geocarposphere bacterial strains significantly lowered the percentage of pods colonized (〉 51%) compared to the control. Levels of seed colonization ranged from 1.3% to 45% and did not appear related to aflatoxin concentrations in the kernels.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; eggplant ; rhizosphere ; Talaromyces flavus ; Verticillium dahliae ; Verticillium wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative aspects of the interaction between the antagonist Talaromyces flavus, the pathogen Verticillium dahliae and eggplant roots, were studied. When eggplant roots were inoculated with T. flavus, prior to the infection with the pathogen, the population density of T. flavus on V. dahliae-infected roots was at least 3 times higher than on healthy uninfected roots, and the proliferation of T. flavus on diseased eggplant roots was related to the severity of wilt symptoms, in the two levels of application of T. flavus studied. However, in all classes of disease severity tested (disease index, 0–3), the population density of T. Flavus on eggplant roots treated with 106 ascospores g−1 rooting mixture was significantly (p=0.05) higher than with 105 ascospores g−1. In roots treated with 105 and 106 T. flavus ascospores g−1 rooting mixture, the population density of V. dahliae was reduced by 51% and 69%, respectively. When testing the relationships between the population density of V. dahliae in the roots and disease severity, no significant (p=0.05) difference was found between disease indexes 2 and 3. However, the density of V. dahliae on roots of plants with disease index 1 was significantly (p=0.05) lower than disease indexes 2 and 3. The positive relationship between the inoculum concentration of V. dahliae and the population density of T. flavus developed on eggplant roots was significant (p=0.001), linear, and highly correlated (r=0.945) on a logarithmic scale. In addition, the analysis of these data revealed a significant (p=0.05), high, negative and linear correlation (r=−0.985) between the log concentration of V. dahliae inoculum and the disease reduction achieved by T. flavus.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; humidity effects ; rice ; root-to-shoot communication ; soil salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a phytotron experiment four rice varieties (Pokkali, IR 28, IR 50, IR 31785-58-1-2-3-3) grown in individual pots were subjected to low (40/55% day/night) and high (75/90%) air humidity (RH), while soil salinity was gradually increased by injecting 0, 30, 60 or 120 mM NaCl solutions every two days. Bulk root and stem base water potential (SWP), abscisic acid (ABA) content of the xylem sap and stomatal resistance (rs) of the youngest fully expanded leaf were determined two days after each salt application. The SWP decreased and xylem ABA and rs increased throughout the 8 days of treatment. The effects were amplified by low RH. A chain of physiological events was hypothesized in which high soil electric conductivity (EC) reduces SWP, followed by release of root-borne ABA to the xylem and eventually resulting in stomatal closure. To explain varietal differences in stomatal reaction, supposed cause and effect variables were compared by linear regression. This revealed strong differences in physiological reactions to the RH and salt treatments among the test varieties. Under salt stress roots of IR 31785-58-1-2-3-3 produced much ABA under low RH, but no additional effect of low RH on rs could be found. By contrast, Pokkali produced little ABA, but rs was strongly affected by RH. RH did not affect the relationships EC vs. SWP and SWP vs. ABA in Pokkali, IR 28, and IR 50, but the relationship ABA vs. rs was strongly affected by RH. In IR 31785-58-1-2-3-3 RH strongly affected the relationship SWP vs. ABA, but had no effect on ABA vs. rs and EC vs. rs. The results are discussed regarding possible differences in varietal stomatal sensitivity to ABA and their implications for varietal salt tolerance.
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  • 71
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    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al tolerance ; lime ; nitrogen fixation ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to refine screening procedures and to rank 36 native Acacia species for acid-soil tolerance. The first experiment showed that nitrogen fixation was more sensitive to soil acidity than plant growth per se. This suggests that, in screening experiments where acid soil tolerant rhizobia are not available, inorganic nitrogen should be supplied in determining the species' intrinsic ability to tolerate soil acidity and to avoid confounding sensitivity to acid soil with ineffectiveness of Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium. The second experiment enabled us to rank 36 species into 4 classes of differing tolerance to acid soil. This experiment also indicated that the ranking order of species differed with the soil type, suggesting the need to use more than one soil type in screening experiments in order to obtain a better and more reliable ranking of species for tolerance to acid soil.
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    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 317-322 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: halophytes ; rice ; salinity ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A number of varieties of rice, a halophyte, Sesuvium portulacastrum and a glycophyte, Phaseolus vulgaris were grown in culture solution containing a range of concentrations of NaCl. Growth of the plants and internal sodium concentrations of the roots were measured after 14 days. The electrical potential difference (PD) between the external solution and the vacuole of the outer cells of the root was also measured. This enabled the driving force on sodium at the cell membranes to be calculated using the Nernst equation. It was found that Sesuvium and those varieties of rice that had previously shown salt tolerance generated relatively negative PDs and large driving forces tending to exclude sodium from the root. This suggested that a simple measurement of PD for plants grown in a given concentration of NaCl over a given period of time would provide a fairly rapid screening method for salt tolerance in rice and possibly other species also. T J Flowers Section editor
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cropping system ; green manuring ; mungbean ; nitrogen economy ; residue ; rice ; Sesbania aculeata L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were carried out to determine the effect of Sesbania aculeata L. green manuring and mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) residue incorporation on the response of rice to urea-N and their residual effects on a subsequent spring wheat. Compared with a pre-rice fallow, Sesbania green manuring and mungbean residue increased grain yield of rice by 0.4 and 0.3 t ha−1, respectively and of spring wheat by 0.6 and 0.7 t ha−1, respectively when no urea-N was applied to rice and 40 kg urea-N ha−1 as a basal starter dose was applied to wheat. Sesbania green manure and mungbean residue substituted for 43 and 30 kg urea-N ha−1 in rice and subsequently gave a beneficial effect in spring wheat equal to the residual effect of 89 and 112 kg urea-N ha−1 applied to rice, respectively. Mungbean residue remaining after the picking of pods, was found to be at par with Sesbania green manuring towards N contribution to “rice-wheat” cropping system but had an additional advantage of 0.5 to 1.3 t ha−1 seed yield of protein rich mungbeans.
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  • 74
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    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: indole-3-acetic acid ; nitrogen fixation ; plant hormones ; Rhizobium ; tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect that resistance to 5-methyltryptophan (MT) has on the symbiotic properties of B. japonicum was examined in a survey of fourteen clones. Resistance to MT often involves a mutational alteration in the regulation of tryptophan biosynthesis. Resistant clones (MTR) were isolated from agar plates containing MT. In the selection process care was taken to avoid pigmented clones that are likely to accumulate large amounts of indole compounds or show increased tryptophan catabolism. Wild-type control clones (WTc) were isolated from plates containing no selective agent. In greenhouse studies. Tracy-M soybean plants were inoculated with the two types of clones. After six weeks, plants which were inoculated with the MT resistant clones showed a much greater range of symbiotic effectiveness than did plants that received the control clones. While most MT-resistant clones were poor symbionts or unchanged in their symbiotic performance, one clone was obtained that had significantly improved symbiotic properties. The procedure may offer a way of selecting for clones with improved symbiotic performance. These results also indicate a link between tryptophan biosynthesis and symbiotic effectiveness.
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  • 75
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    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 239-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertility ; Oryza sativa ; pollen viability ; rice ; salinity ; seed set ; stigma ; stigmatic receptivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of salinity on the reproductive physiology of five rice genotypes (IR54, IR26, IR2153-26-3-5-2, IR15324-117-3-2-2 and BR6), was investigated by treatment from panicle initiation with sodium concentrations of 20, 35 or 50 mol m-3 in an ‘artificial seawater’. In an experiment conducted in a glasshouse, plant height and dry weight were little affected by the treatments. There was, however, genotypic variation in the extent of the sodium accumulation, with IR15324-117-3-2-2 containing the highest and IR2153-26-3-5-2 the lowest concentrations: sodium concentrations were higher in older than younger leaves. Salinity delayed flowering, reduced the number of productive tillers, the number of fertile florest per panicle, the weight per grain and the grain yield: effects on grain yield were very much more severe than on vegetative growth. Panicle length was also reduced as was the number of primary branches in a panicle: again there was genotypic variation in the response of these characters to salinity, with the number of branches in IR2153-26-3-5-2 being particularly sensitive. The concentration of sodium increased in the pollen, stigmas, lemmas and paleas with each increment of external salinity. The highest concentrations of sodium in pollen and stigmas was recorded in IR54 and IR15324-117-3-2-2. Pollen viability, whether tested with the tetrazolium salt thiazolyl blue (3-{4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2}-2,5-diphenyl monotetrazolium bromide or MTT), germination on stigmas, growth through the stylar tissue or F1 seed set, was reduced particularly in those genotypes accumulating most sodium. At all three salt levels, a genotype which accumulated more Na in its pollen produced less-viable pollen than those with less Na in their pollen. Since the amount of Na in the pollen was highly correlated with the Na in the flag leaf, assessment of flag leaf Na should prove a useful indicator of the likely pollen viability. Stigmatic receptivity was also reduced, when estimated either from germination of viable pollen on stigmas of salt-grown plants, its growth through the stylar tissue or F1 seed set. The reduction of seed set in crosses suggested that the overall consequences of salinity are dominated by effects on panicle development, stigmas and grain filling rather than on pollen. Analysis of the data suggests that genotypic variation exists in the extent to which salinity affects aspects of the plants reproductive physiology and development: this variation might be used in attempts to enhance the resistance of rice to salinity.
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  • 76
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    Plant and soil 174 (1995), S. 181-194 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; lowland rice ; nitrogen fertilizer ; nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growing concern about the sustainability of tropical agricultural systems stands in striking contrast to a world-wide decline in the use of soil-improving legumes. It is timely to assess the future role that soil-improving legumes may play in agricultural systems. This paper reviews recent progress, potential, and limitations of green manure technology, using lowland rice cropping systems as the example. Only a few legume species are currently used as green manures in lowland rice. Sesbania cannabina is the most widely used pre-rice green manure for rice in the humid tropics of Africa and Asia. Astragalus sinicus is the prototype post-rice green manure species for the cool tropics. Stem-nodulating S. rostrata has been most prominent in recent research. Many green manure legumes show a high N accumulation (80–100 kg N ha-1 in 45–60 days of growth) of which the major portion (about 80%) is derived from biological N2 fixation. The average amounts of N accumulated by green manures can entirely substitute for mineral fertilizer N at current average application rates. With similar N use efficiencies, green manure N is less prone to loss mechanisms than mineral N fertilizers and may therefore contribute to long-term residual effects on soil productivity. Despite a high N2-fixing potential and positive effects on soil physical and chemical parameters, the use of green manure legumes for lowland rice production has declined dramatically world-wide over the last 30 years. Land scarcity due to increasing demographic pressure and a relatively low price of urea N are probably the main determining factors for the long-term reduction in pre-rice green manure use. Post-rice green manures were largely substituted for by high-yielding early-maturing grain legumes. Unreliability of green manure performance, non-availability of seeds, and labor intensive operations are the major agronomic constraints. The recognition and extrapolation of niches where green manures have a comparative advantage may improve an often unfavorable economic comparison of green manure with cash crop or fertilizer N. Socio-economic factors like the cost of land, labor, and mineral N fertilizer are seen to determine the cost-effectiveness and thereby farmers' adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology. Hydrology and soil texture determine the agronomic competitiveness of a green manure with N fertilizers and with alternative cash crops. In general, the niches for pre-rice green manure are characterized by a relatively short time span available for green manure growth and a soil moisture regime that is unfavorable for cash crops (flood-prone rainfed lowlands with coarse-textured soils). Given the numerous agronomic and socio-economic constraints, green manure use is not seen to become a relevant feature of favourable rice-growing environments in the foreseeable future. However, in environments where soil properties and hydrology are marginal for food crop production, but which farmers may be compelled to cultivate in order to meet their subsistence food requirements, green manures may have a realistic and applicable potential.
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  • 77
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    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 189-196 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Michaelis-Menten kinetics ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrate uptake ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between nitrate uptake and nitrogen fixation of faba beans. Therefore inoculated and uninoculated faba beans were grown in nutrient solution with different nitrate concentrations. Nitrate uptake was measured every two days during the growing period. At the end of the experiment the nitrate uptake kinetics were determined with a short time depletion technique and nitrogen fixation was measured with the acetylene reduction method. A limitation of nitrate uptake due to nitrogen fixation was relatively small. Nitrate concentrations of approximately 1 mol m−3 and 5 mol m−3 decreased nitrogen fixation to values of 16% and 1% of the control plants which received no nitrate nitrogen. A reduction of nitrogen fixation was mainly due to a decrease of specific nitrogen fixation per unit nodule weight and to a lesser extent due to a reduction of nodule growth. Only the maximum nitrate influx (Imax) seemed to be influenced by nitrogen fixation. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) and minimum NO inf3 − -concentrations (Cmin) were not significantly influenced by nitrogen fixation.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: acetylene reduction activity ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; genotype x strain interaction ; Glycine max ; soybean ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain G49 has been the only inoculum used in French soils. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars were selected and tested according to their performances with this rhizobial strain. The aim of the present study was to determine the consequences of strain substitution on N2 fixation abilities of various genotypes. Three genotypes and cultivar Weber, in combination with B. japonicum strain G49 or SMGS1, were cultivated in pots and tested for nitrogenase activity under differing nitrogen nutrition conditions. The reliability of ARA (acetylene reduction activity) measurement for assessing symbiotic nitrogen fixation under the experimental conditions used was checked. Genotypic variability for symbiotic fixation activity was observed with each strain under soil culture conditions; important genotype x strain interactions were also involved. These results were corroborated for the protein yield and other yield component performances of the various genotype-strain associations. Thus, in France, the replacement of strain G49 with another one might result in the alteration of the relative agronomic performances of the soybean cultivars, since N2 fixation is considered as a major factor of soybean productivity.
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  • 79
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 9 (1995), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: efficiency ; rice ; Senegal ; water use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The water use of rice schemes was derived from field measurements made during the 1991 and 1992 season at 13 irrigation schemes situated in the delta and valley of the Senegal river. The seasonal water consumption, as well as the water distribution throughout the season and the operation of the pumping stations were evaluated. The water consumption was compared with standards which ranged from 16,650 to 21,100 m3 ha−1 depending on the season and the location of the scheme. Half of the analyzed schemes used more water than required. Analysis of the water distribution throughout the season revealed that in general the supply follows the demand. In small-scale schemes however, the fit between supply and demand is often lacking, resulting in crop stress and yield reduction. Furthermore, the study shows that the capacity of half of the pumping stations are under-used as a result of a long stretched saturation period and/or the irrigation of only a small fraction of the total area of the scheme.
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 9 (1995), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: rice ; salinity ; Senegal ; water requirements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper estimates the water requirements for salt control in rice schemes located on saline soils in the Senegal river delta. When the fields are not cultivated, salts are transported to the top soil by capillary rise from the very saline and shallow ground water table. During the irrigation season, the large quantity of irrigation water adds additional salt to the fields. If the percolation rate of the soil is small, salts will have to be removed from the schemes by flushing the standing water from the fields when the salinity of the water reaches the threshold value of 1.5 ds m−1. The results indicate that if the schemes are located on the river banks (fondé), flushing at the beginning of the season and the percolation losses throughout the season may be sufficient to keep the salts out of the root zone. On the less permeable soils in the depressions (hollaldé), an extra flushing is required to evacuate enough salts from the fields during the irrigation season. In total about 2,300 m3 ha−1 of water may be needed for flushing. If flushing is not practised, the schemes have to be abandoned after a few years of cultivation due to build-up of soil salinity.
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  • 81
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 9 (1995), S. 371-387 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: agricultural production ; Bihar ; India ; irrigation ; performance ; rice ; production function ; canals ; tubewells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Despite considerable discussion of the importance of timeliness as a key dimension of irrigation performance, few studies have assessed how well irrigation systems deliver timely water supplies, nor the magnitude of the effect on agricultural production. This paper lays out indicators of timeliness of irrigation supply which distinguish between deliveries which meet crop needs, and surplus water supplies which cannot be used by crops. These indicators are then applied to empirical data from the Sone Irrigation System of Bihar, India. Using these indicators in an analysis of the contribution of irrigation to rice production shows that incorporating measures of timeliness explains much more of the variability in agricultural production than do simple measures of total water applications over a season. Results of production functions show that if water deliveries cannot be matched with crop requirements, they have a negative, rather than a positive, impact on yields. Water scarcity has the greatest adverse impact in production in the middle of the season, while surpluses are most damaging at the beginning and end of the season. Temporal redistribution from surplus periods to times of water scarcity therefore offers considerable scope to increase productivity without increasing water use.
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    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 83-85 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gene-mapping ; microsatellite ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; waxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A polymorphic microsatellite locus has been located closely linked to the Waxy gene of rice. Primers were designed to allow detection of the microsatellite by utilising the polymerase chain reaction. In screen of 13 commercial rice varieties, four different alleles were found, demonstrating the potential of this marker in commercial rice breeding for starch quality.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; fertility restoration ; chromosomal gene location ; primary trisomics ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Identification and location of fertility restoring genes facilitates their deployment in a hybrid breeding program involving cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system. The study aimed to locate fertility restorer genes of CMSWA system on specific chromosomes of rice using primary trisomics of IR36 (restorer), CMS (IR58025A) and maintainer (IR58025B) lines. Primary trisomic series (Triplo 1 to 12) was crossed as maternal parent with the maintainer line IR58025B. The selected trisomic and disomic F1 plants were testcrossed as male parents with the CMS line IR58025A. Plants in testcross families derived from disomic F1 plants (Group I crosses) were all diploid; however, in the testcross families derived from trisomic F1 plants (Group II crosses), some trisomic plants were observed. Diploid plants in all testcross families were analyzed for pollen fertility using 1% IKI stain. All testeross families from Group I crosses segregated in the ratio of 2 fertile: 1 partially fertile+partially sterile: 1 sterile plants indicating that fertility restoration was controlled by two independent dominant genes: one of the genes was stronger than the other. Testcross families from Group II crosses segregated in 2 fertile: 1 partially fertile+ partially sterile: 1 sterile plants in crosses involving Triplo 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12, but families involving triplo 7 and triplo 10 showed significantly higher X2 values, indicating that the two fertility restorer genes were located on chromosome 7 and 10. Stronger restorer gene (Rf-WA-1) was located on chromosome 7 and weaker restorer gene (Rf-WA-2) was located on chromosome 10. These findings should facilitate tagging of these genes with molecular markers with the ultimate aim to practice marker-aided selection for fertility restoration ability.
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  • 84
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    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 227-231 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rachis branch ; rice ; varietal variation ; vascular bundle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The capacity of vascular bundle system transporting assimilates from source to sink is one of the limiting factors for rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield. Genetic variation in vascular bundle system should be investigated for improvement of transporting efficiency. A total of 531 Asian rice cultivars were studied for vascular bundles in the peduncle and its relation to spike morphology. A few difference was detected for the number of primary rachis branches of the spike among the cultivars from various countries. However, the number of vascular bundles significantly differed among the cultivars; those from Nepal, Bangladesh and India bore more vascular bundles than those from Japan. Therefore, the ratio of vascular bundles to rachis branches (V/R ratio) was nearly 1.0 in cultivars from Japan, while those from Nepal, Bangladesh and India ranged from 1.3 to 2.2. Chinese and Indonesian cultivars incuded two types of high and low V/R ratios. Cultivars with high V/R ratio showed positive reactions to the phenol solution, while those with low V/R ratio were negative reactions, suggesting that the former cultivars are of Indica type and the latter of Japonica type. It was concluded that the relationship between vascular bundles and rachis branches differentiated among the ecotypes of Asian cultivated rice.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 2-Chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride ; gibberellin A3 ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuberization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cuttings of potato shoots treated with the plant growth retardant 2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) form tubers earlier and have less biologically-active gibberellin (GA)-like substances in the roots than control cuttings. The major GA-like substance in roots of potato cuttings was identified as GA3 by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The content of GA3 in roots of control cuttings, estimated by GC-MS-selected ion monitoring (SIM) using [17, 17-2H]GA3 as a quantitative internal standard, was 38.8 ng per g fresh weight (fw), and in roots of CCC-treated cuttings, in which tuberization was promoted, was 0.6 ng per g fw. Gibberellin A1, GA8 and GA20 were also indicated as minor components of roots from both control and CCC-treated cuttings. The comparatively high GA3 content in roots of control cuttings might be the ‘root factor’ responsible for delaying tuberization in potato.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley grain inoculum ; biological control ; Colletotrichum orbiculare ; potting medium ; Phoma sp. ; zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Initial experiment on the reactions of five Japanese cultivars of cucumber toColletotrichum orbiculare infection in the greenhouse revealed that cv Suyo and Gibai were susceptible and moderately susceptible, respectively, while cv Shogoin fushinari and Sagami hanjiro were resistant to infection byC. orbiculare; cv Ochiai fushinari was moderately resistant. The ability of 16 plant growth promoting fungi (some isolates belonged to species ofPhoma and some non-sporulating isolates) isolated from zoysiagrass rhizospheres to induce systemic resistance in the above five cucumber cultivars was tested by growing plants in potting medium infested with barley grain inocula of PGPF in the greenhouse. The second true leaves of 21-day-old plants were challenge inoculated withC. orbiculare and disease assessed. Nine, out of 16 isolates, caused significant reduction of disease caused byC. orbiculare in at least two cultivars.Phoma isolates (GS8-1 and GS8-2) and non-sporulating isolates (GU21-2, GU23-3, and GU24-3) significantly reduced the disease in all the five cultivars. The disease suppression in cucumber was due to the induction of systemic resistance, since the inducer(s) and the pathogen were separated spatially and that the inducer did not colonize aerial portions. The resistance induced by certain isolates in a susceptible cultivar was less than that in a resistant cultivar. Disease suppression caused by isolate GU21-2 was similar to theC. orbiculare induced control in certain cultivars. The average rate of expansion of lesion diameter on leaves due toC. orbiculare was slower due to induction with the selected plant growth promoting fungi compared to the uninduced control plants. Roots of four cultivars were colonized by only three isolates, however, roots of one cultivar (Suyo) was colonized by five isolates suggesting the cultivar-specific root colonization ability.
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  • 87
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; mycoparasite ; sclerotia ; soil-borne plant pathogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Coniothyrium minitans grew on all ten solid-substrates (barley, barley-rye-sunflower, bran-vermiculite, bran-sand, maizemed-perlite, millet, oats, peat-bran, rice and wheat) tested, producing high numbers of germinable pycnidiospores (1.9–9.3×108 g−1 air dry inocula). All solid substrate inocula survived better in the laboratory at 5 and 15 °C than at 30 °C for at least 64 weeks. In pot bioassays carried out in the glasshouse and field, soil incorporations of each inoculum almost completely inhibited carpogenic germination ofS. sclerotiorum. In the field bioassay, no sclerotia were recovered after 38 weeks fromC. minitans-treated pots compared to 56% from control pots. In the glasshouse bioassay, 9–30% of sclerotia were recovered after 20 weeks fromC. minitans-treated pots, but 88–100% of these were infected by the antagonist. The antagonist also spread to infect sclerotia in control pots. In larger scale glasshouse trials, single preplanting soil-incorporations of five inocula (barley-ryesunflower, maizemeal-perlite, peat-bran, rice and wheat) controlled Sclerotinia disease in a sequence of lettuce crops, with only small differences between the types of inocula tested. At harvest,C. minitans reduced sclerotial populations on the soil surface and over 74% of sclerotia recovered fromC. minitans-treated plots were infected by the antagonist.C. minitans survived in soil in all solid-substrate inocula-treated plots for at least 39 weeks at levels of 104–105 colony forming units cm−3 soil and spread to infect over 36% of sclerotia recovered from control plots.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trichogramma ostriniae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trichogramma ostriniae a été identifié comme un auxiliaire potentiel contreOstrinia nubilalis. Comme la biologie de ce parasitoïde élevé surO. nubilalis est encore peu connu, nous avons entrepris des expériences pour quantifier des paramètres biologiques importants pour l'élevage de masse et l'utilisation deT. ostriniae. Lorsqu'elle est élevée uniquement surO. nubilalis, la femelle deT. ostriniae a une durée de vie moyenne de 2,7 jours et produit une moyenne de 24 descendants. L'accès continu au miel provoque une augmentation de la longévité et de la fécondité multipliée par 4 ainsi qu'un accroissement significatif du pourcentage de femelles parasitant les œufs. Les taux de fécondité et de parasitisme diminuent avec l'âge des femelles. De même, le taux d'émergence et le pourcentage de descendance femelle décroissent avec l'âge de la femelle.T. ostriniae parasite avec succès les œufs d'O. nubilalis jusqu'au stade de noircissement de la capsule céphalique. Le parasitisme des œufs et l'éclosion des adultes ont lieu essentiellement durant la première moitié de la photophase. Les œufs de treize espèces de Lépidoptères ont été parasités parT. ostriniae. Les œufs de Noctuidae, Pyralidae et Plutellidae présentent des niveaux de parasitisme plus élevés que ceux des autres Lépidoptères testés.T. ostriniae est semblable à d'autres espèces de Trichogrammes sur plusieurs points et ne possède pas de caractères limitant ses potentialités en vue d'un élevage de masse et de son utilisation en lutte biologique contreO. nubilalis par des lâchers de renforcement.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma ostriniae has been identified as a candidate for biological control ofOstrinia nubilalis. As little was known about the biology of this parasitoid when reared onO. nubilalis, we undertook experiments to quantify biological parameters important to mass-rearing and ase ofT. ostriniae. When reared continuously onO. nubilalis, femaleT. ostriniae on average lived 2.7 days and produced 24 progeny. Continuous access to honey resulted in a four-fold increase in longevity and fecundity and a significant increase in the percentage of females parasitizing eggs. Rates of fecundity and parasitism decreased with age of female. Likewise, emergence rates and percentage of female progeny decreased with age of parental female.T. ostriniae successfully parasitizedO. nubilalis eggs until the blackhead stage. Most parasitism of eggs and eclosion of adults occurred during the first half of photophase. Eggs of 13 Lepidopterans were parasitized byT. ostriniae. Eggs of the Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Plutellidae experienced higher levels of parasitism than others tested.T. ostriniae appears to be similar to other species ofTrichogramma in several respects and does not possess any characteristics that limit its potential for mass rearing and use for augmentative biological control ofO. nubilalis.
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  • 89
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    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphis spiraephaga ; parasitoid ; predator ; ant ; natural enemies ; biological control ; Central Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aire de répartition d'Aphis spiraephaga Müller, puceron originaire d'Asie Centrale, s'est étendue vers l'ouest et a atteint l'Europe centrale probablement avant 1956. Ce puceron est présent maintenant dans tous les pays européens. Les recherches menées en République tchèque, principalement entre 1991 et 1993, ont permis de montrer que ce puceron est attaqué par un complexe d'ennemis naturels comprenant à la fois des parasitoïdes (Aphelinidae, Aphidiidae) et des prédateurs (Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyidae, Itonididae, Syrphidae). Tous les ennemis naturels ont été identifiés à l'espèce. La présence conjointe de fourmis (Lasius sp.) est fréquemment observée.A. spiraephaga est aussi utilisé avec succès comme hôte-relais de deux parasitoïdes récemment introduits comme auxiliaires (Aphidius colemani Viereck,Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson).
    Notes: Abstract Aphis spiraephaga Müller, an aphid of Central Asian origin, dispersed west-wards and reached Central Europe probably before 1956. It now occurs in most European countries. Research undertaken in the Czech Republic mainly in 1991–1993, revealed that the aphid is attacked by a variety of natural enemies, including both parasitoids (Aphelinidae, Aphidiidae) and predators (Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyidae, Itonididae, Syrphidae). All the natural enemies were identified to species. Attendance by ants (Lasius sp.) was common.A. spiraephaga was also successfully utilised as a new alternate host of two newly introduced parasitoid biocontrol agents (Aphidius colemani Viereck,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson).
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; whiteflies ; parasites ; demography ; life tables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude a été menée en laboratoire sur le développement préimaginal, la longévité et la fécondité des adultes d'Encarsia inaron (Walker). La durée de développement préimaginal varie avec la température, entre 55 à 60 jours à 15±1°C et 14 à 17 jours à 30±1°C. Il n'y a pas de développement à 10°C, température qui correspond approximativement au seuil estimé à partir de la droite de régression de la vitesse de développement par rapport à la température dans l'intervalle 15–30°C. Le développement est ralenti et la survie réduite à 32°C. En moyenne, les femelles vivent 18,6 jours et pondent 159 œufs à 25°C. A cette même température, la survie préimaginale est en moyenne de 59,3% et la sex-ratio de 73,5% de femelles. Le taux net de reproduction R0 deE. inaron calculé à partir de ces études est de 69,3%, alors que le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel est de 0,169 individus par individu et par jour. En ce qui concerne l'oviposition, une légère préférence est montrée pour le 3e stade larvaire de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study of preimaginal development, adult longevity and fecundity ofEncarsia inaron (Walker) was conducted. Preimaginal developmental times varied with temperature, from 55–60 d at 15±1°C to 14–17 d at 30±1°C. No development took place at 10°C, which was approximately the developmental minimum estimated from regression analysis of developmental rates vs. temperature in the range 15–30°C. Development was slowed and survival was reduced at 32°C. Females lived an average of 18.6 days and laid a average of 159 eggs/female at 25°C. At 25°C, average preimaginal survival was 59.3%, and the sex ratio was 73.5% female. The net reproductive rate (R0) forE. inaron calculated from these studies was 69.3, while the intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.1686 individuals per individual per day. Oviposition was concentrated slightly in third instar nymphs of the host.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Pseudaphycus ; Encyrtidae ; Hyperaspis ; Coccinellidae ; Leucopis ; Chamaemyiidae ; orchard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des ennemis naturels indigènes sur les populations dePseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) dans les vergers de pommiers et de poiriers a été évalué en utilisant un ensemble de techniques, comprenant des cages d'exclusion, des bandes de toile placées sur les grosses branches et une inspection visuelle des pousses et des fruits. Le complexe d'ennemis naturels indigènes (qui comprend deux parasitoïdes encyrtides (Pseudaphycus websteri Timberlake et les espèces du genreMayridia), une coccinelle (Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant), et une mouche chamaemyide (Leucopis verticalis Malloch) donne un assez bon résultat dans les vergers qui n'ont pas été traités avec des insecticides pendant l'année ou les deux années précédentes. Cependant la plupart de ces espèces étaient absentes des vergers régulièrement traitées avec des pesticides.
    Notes: Abstract The impact of native natural enemies on populations of the grape mealybug,Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) in apple and pear orchards was assessed using a combination of techniques, including exclusion cages, limb-banding, and visual inspection of shoots and fruits. The complex of native natural enemies (which included two encyrtid parasitoids, (Pseudaphycus websteri Timberlake andMayridia species), a coccinellid beetle (Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant), and a chamaemyiid fly (Leucopis verticalis Malloch), provided reasonably good control in orchards that had not been treated with insecticides for one to two years. However, surveys indicated that most of these species were absent from orchards regularly sprayed with pesticides.
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  • 92
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    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 427-440 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; pests ; Easter Island
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Depuis un demi-siècle, l'agriculture de l'Île de Pâques a été affectée par un nombre croissant de ravageurs introduits accidentellement. En raison de l'absence d'ennemis naturels et d'autres facteurs, ils ont atteint une densité élevée, ce qui a motivé l'utilisation intensive de pesticides. À partir de 1984, un projet supporté par le Fonds National de Développement Régional a été été établi en vue d'utiliser la lutte biologique contre ces ravageurs. Jusqu'à ce jour, 51 espèces auxiliaires ont été introduites dans l'Île pour le contrôle de ravageurs agricoles et 9 ennemis naturels de mouches qui sont une gêne pour le bétail et les habitants de l'Île. Les auxiliaires qui se sont établis, ont contribué à une importante réduction de ces ravageurs et à une diminution des traitements insecticides. La densité des mouches a également diminué; ceci peut être attribué à l'activité des bousiers qui entrent en concurrence alimentaire avec les larves de mouches.
    Notes: Abstract For half a century, agriculture on Easter Island has been affected by an increasing number of accidentally introduced insect pests. Due to the absence of natural enemies and other factors, these have reached high density levels which claimed for intensive use of pesticides. A project supported by the National Funds for Regional Development (FNDR) was established in 1984 to develop a biological control program against these pest species. Presently, 60 beneficial species have been introduced to control agricultural pests and flies that affect cattle and humans. Some of the natural enemies have established and are reducing pest populations thereby decreasing the requirement for insecticidal treatments. Fly density has also decreased noticeably. This can be attributed to the activity of natural enemies and dung beetles which compete with larval fly for food.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Encarsia ; Eretmocerus ; Aphelinidae ; insecticide resistance ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La toxicité par contact de huit insecticides contre des adultes de quatre parasitoïdes deBemisia tabaci a été évaluée au laboratoire. Deux espèces locales,Ertmocerus sp. etEncarsia pergandiella Howard, et deux espèces exotiques,Eretmocerus mundus Mercet originaire d'Espagne etEncarsia formosa Gahan originaire de Grèce ont été testées. Des insecticides ont été pulvérisés aux concentrations recommandées sur cotonnier cultivé en serre. Les insecticides utilisés étaient l'amitraze (Ovasyn), l'azinophosmethyl (Guthion), la bifenthrine (Capture), la buprofézine (Applaud), la cyperméthrine (Ammo), le méthyl parathion et le thiodicarbe (Larvin) avec une pulvérisation d'eau pour les témoins. Les adultes de parasitoïdes ont été placés sur des disques découpés dans les feuilles, (1) pulvérisés le même jour et (2) pulvérisés deux jours auparavant. Deux et quatre jours après le traitement des disques, la survie des parasitoïdes adultes a été mesurée. Des différences significatives de toxicité ont été détectées parmi les insecticides. La buprofézine n'a eu aucun effet toxique sur les quatre parasitoïdes. L'amitraze a permis une survie significative après deux jours.E. mundus a montré la plus grande tolérance envers les insecticides, avec 40% ou plus de survie, 48 h après avoir été confiné sur les feuilles pulvérisées avec l'amitraze, le thiodicarb, et la cyperméthrine. La survie a été, en général, très réduite après 96 h. Dans un essai à part, les résidus frais d'endosulfan (Thiodan) ont été très toxiques avec les concentrations utilisées, mais les résidus de deux jours d'âge avec une concentration plus faible ont permis une survie de 76,7% deE. mundus et de 35% pourE. pergandiella.
    Notes: Abstract The contact toxicity of eight insecticides to adults of four parasitoids of the sweetpotato whiteflyBemisia tabaci was evaluated in the laboratory. Two common Texas species,Eretmocerus sp. andEncarsia pergandiella Howard, and two exotic species,Eretmocerus mundus Mercet from Spain andEncarsia formosa Gahan from Greece were tested. Insecticides, applied as sprays to greenhouse-grown cotton plants at recommended rates were amitraz (Ovasyn®), azinphosmethyl (Guthion®), bifenthrin (Capture®), buprofezin (Applaud®), cypermethrin (Ammo®), methyl parathion and thiodicarb (Larvin®), with a water control. Parasitoid adults were confined on discs cut from leaves (1) sprayed the same day and (2) sprayed two days previously. Survival in both treatments was measured two and four days following exposure. Significant differences in toxicity were detected among the insecticides. Buprofezin was not toxic to any of the four parasitoids. When caged on leaves sprayed two days previously, only amitraz of the remaining compounds allowed significant general parasitoid survival after two days.E. mundus exhibited the greatest overall tolerance to insecticides, with 40% or more surviving 48 hr after confinement on leaves sprayed with amitraz, thiodicarb and cypermethrin. Survival was generally much reduced after 96 hr. In a separate test, fresh residues of endosulfan (Thiodan®) were highly toxic at the two rates tested, but two day old residues at the lower rate allowed 76.7% survival ofE. mundus and 35% survival ofE. pergandiella after 48 hrs.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: tri-trophic interactions ; biological control ; Encarsia formosa ; Trialeurodes ricini ; Aleyrodidae ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié l'influence de la plant-hôte sur le niveau du parasitisme, la durée de développement et la mortalité d'Encarsia formosa Gahan, parasitoïde deTrialeurodes ricini Misra. Le taux de parasitisme a varié de façon significative entre les diverses plantes-hôtes, entre un maximum moyen de 13/50 larves deT. ricini sur aubergine et un minimum moyen de 1,6/50 larves sur pomme de terre. Le développement d'Encarsia formosa varie en fonction de la plant-hôte deT. ricini. La durée moyenne de développement est de 17,7 jours sur coton. La mortalité du parasitoïde est élevée sur toutes les plante-hôtes étudiéees mais celle-ci ne présente pas de différences significatives entre plantes-hôtes. L'aubergine se révèle la plante la mieux adaptée à l'élevage en laboratoire d'Encarsia formosa surT. ricini.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the host plant on the level of parasitism, development time and mortality ofEncarsia formosa Gahan parasitizing castor whitefly,Trialeurodes ricini Misra were studied. The level of parasitism varied significantly between host plants; ranging from an average high of 13/50T. ricini larvae parasitized per parasitoid per day on aubergine to an average low of 1.6/50 host larvae on potato. Development time ofE. formosa varied according to whitefly host plant; minimum average development time was 17.7 days on cotton. The mortality ofE. formosa was high on all host plants tested, and the type of host plant had no significant influence on mortality. Aubergine proved to be the most satisfactory laboratory plant for rearingE. formosa onT. ricini.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Trichogramma ; quality control ; flight ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode de laboratoire et de plein champ a été établie pour mesurer la prise d'envol chezTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) dans le but de développer un procédé simple, peu coûteux et rapide qui servirait aux producteurs deTrichogramma pour contrôler la performance de vol du parasitoïde. La prise d'envol de quatre souches deT. brassicae, élevées sur œufs d'Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, a été comparée. Deux souches (F2 et F39/42) n'ont jamais été soumises au stockage à basse température. Elles ont été élevées pendant deux et 39 à 42 générations uniquement sur l'hôte de substitution,E. kuehniella, c'est-à-dire sans passage sur l'hôte naturel,Ostrinia nubilalis Huebner. Une souche, élevée pendant six générations surE. kuehniella a été stockée en conditions de diapause pendant six mois. La quatrième souche était un produit commericial dont les conditions de production et de stockage ne sont pas connues en détail. Des différences nettes de l'activité de vol on été observées entre les quatre souches. La souche F2 et le produit commercial ont montré une activité de vol plus élevée en laboratoire que les deux autres souches. Le même résultat, bien qu'un peu moins accentué, a été obtenu en plein champ. Nous concluons que la méthode de laboratoire est un moyen simple, rapide et peu coûteux pour mesurer l'activité de vol de ce parasitoïde. La méthode de plein champ, étant plus laborieuse, servirait surtout aux vérifications des résultats de laboratoire.
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory and a field test for flight initiation ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) (synonymous toT. maidis Pintureau et Voegele) were developed with the aim to establish a simple, cheap and quick flight quality control method forTrichogramma producers. The flight quality of four strains ofT. brassicae reared onEphestia kuehniella Zeller eggs were compared. The material tested consisted of four strains: two strains reared for two (F2) and 39 to 42 (F39–42) generations onE. kuehniella eggs without storage treatment, a diapause strain reared six generations (F6) onE. kuehniella eggs and a commercial strain also reared onE. kuehniella eggs whose production and storage conditions were unknown. Clear differences in flight activity among strains were observed. Both, the F2 and commercial strain showed significantly better flight activity under laboratory conditions compared to the other strains. Flight field cage experiments were made for comparison between field and laboratory results. Similar differences among strains in field cage experiments were observed when compared to laboratory tests.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Smicronyx guineanus ; Smicronyx umbrinus ; Striga hermonthica ; life history ; biological control ; Burkina Faso
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le cycle biologique deSmicronyx guineanus et deSm. umbrinus, charançons s'attaquant àStriga hermonthica, a été étudié au Burkina Faso. Des expérimentations ont été conduites en 1992 et 1993 à Kaya, dans des champs de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench et de petit mil (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. (syn.P. typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and Hubb.). Des informations sont présentées sur les périodes d'émergence et d'accouplement des adultes, la durée d'incubation des œufs, l'activité des larves et la période de nymphose. Les différents stades biologiques ont été étudiés pendant la campagne agricole. Les charançons sont univoltins; les adultes ont émergé en fin août, se sont accouplés et ont pondu leurs œufs dans les ovaires duStriga. Les larves se nourrissent des tissus de l'ovaire, causent des galles, ce qui empêche la production de graines deStriga. Les principaux dommages à la capsule des graines deStriga sont causés par les larves des charançons qui forment un groupe d'au moins deux espèces exploitant la même ressource. Au dernier stade, les larves tombent ensuite dans le sol où elles s'entourent d'une sorte de cocon à 1–15 cm de profondeur et se transforment plus tard en nymphes. La majorité des nymphes on été trouvées à la partie supérieure du sol entre 5 et 10 cm de profondeur. Les nymphes restent dans le sol de fin octobre à fin juillet. Nous avons observé 75.57% de pupes contre 24.43% d'adultes en dormance.
    Notes: Abstract The life history ofSmicronyx guineanus andSm. umbrinus, weevils attackingStriga hermonthica, was studied in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 at Kaya, in fields of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. (syn.P. typhoides (Burm.) Stapf & Hubb). The weevils are univoltine; the adults emerge in late August, mate and eggs are laid in the ovary ofStriga inflorescence. Larval feeding in the ovary causes galling and prevents seed production. The main damage toStriga seed capsule is caused by the larvae of at least twoSmicronyx species. Last-instar larvae drop to the soil and bury themselves to a depth of 1–15 cm, pupate and enter into dormancy. Most pupae are found in the upper 5–10 cm of the soil. The pupal period lasts from late October to late July. In May, we found 75.6% of pupae against 24.4% of adults in dormancy.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: weevil ; Steinernematidae ; application time ; sugar beet ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'efficacité de deux espèces de nématodes entomopathogènes,Steinernema carpocapsae etS. feltiae a été testée au laboratoire et au champ contre les populations larvaires du cléone mendiantConorhynchus mendicus. Ce curculionide est l'un des ravageurs les plus importants de la betterave sucrière au Gharb (Maroc). Les nématodes entomopathogènes ont été appliqués au moyen d'un pulvérisateur manuel dans un champ artificiellement infesté, pendant le jour et pendant la nuit. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le nombre de cadavres d'insectes récupéré était important dans les parcelles traitées comparé aux parcelles non traitées. Par ailleurs, la réduction des populations larvaires du ravageur était plus importante dans les parcelles traitées avecS. carpocapsae (89.5% et 59.5% respectivement pour l'application de nuit et de jour), que dans les parcelles traitées avecS. feltiae (68.5% et 28% respectivement). L'efficacité des nématodes entomopathogènes s'est améliorée avec l'application de nuit particulièrement dans le cas deS. carpocapsae où le contrôle des larves était maintenu pendant 45 Jours.
    Notes: Abstract Two entomopathogenic nematodes,Steirnernema carpocapsae andS. feltiae were evaluated in the laboratory and under field conditions against larvae ofConorhynchus mendicus, a pest of sugar beet in the Gharb area of Morocco. Nematodes were applied in an artificially infested field using a knapsack sprayer either during the day or in the evening after sunset. The number of insect cadavers recovered from both soil and sugar beet plants was greater in the treated plots compared with the untreated ones. The percent reduction in live larvae was significantly greater in theS. carpocapsae treated plots (89.5% and 59.5% for night an day application respectively) compared with those treated withS. feltiae (68.5% and 28% respectively). The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes was therefore increased by application at night particularly in the case ofS. carpocapsae where control was maintained for 45 days.
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