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  • Articles  (79)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (79)
  • nitrogen fixation  (31)
  • rice  (17)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.  (16)
  • biological control  (15)
  • crystal structure
  • Springer  (79)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (79)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1915-1919
  • 1993  (79)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (77)
  • Geosciences  (2)
  • Philosophy
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  • Articles  (79)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (79)
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  • Springer  (79)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (79)
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  • 1915-1919
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A glasshouse test for assessing resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; disease screening ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fourteen genotypes of potato were assessed for resistance toAlternaria solani Sor., both in the glasshouse at the Scottish Crop Research Institute in Scotland and in the field in the Negev, Israel. Glasshouse assessments agreed well with field results, identifying the most resistant and susceptible genotypes. The effects on the glasshouse test of plant age, inoculum concentration, and length of time plants were kept damp after inoculation, were examined. The best agreement with field results was shown by plants inoculated at flowering, and the best discrimination between genotypes was achieved by keeping the foliage damp for 24 h after inoculating with a spore suspension containing 2.5×103 spores/ml.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359832
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of potato minitubers in a controlled environment after different storage periods (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; rapid multiplication ; seed production ; non-destructive harvest ; physiological age ; cultivar ; stem number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Minitubers of cultivars Agria and Liseta were harvested from the same plantlets on three dates. After each harvest, tubers were dried (1 day), cured (13 days) and cold stored at 2 °C in darkness and 80 % RH. Their performance was studied 65, 128, 191, 254, 317, 380, 443, 506 and 569 days after harvest. Minitubers (1–2 g) were planted in pots and grown for 8 weeks in a controlled environment. After 191 days of storage their growth was still extremely poor. In both cultivars, tallest plants and largest leaf areas per plant were observed in plants from tubers from the second and third harvests that had been stored for 317 days. Highest stem numbers, yields (total dry matter, tuber fresh weight) and harvest indices were achieved with 443 days storage with cv. Agria and 569 days storage with cv. Liseta. Tubers from the first harvest behaved slightly differently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361794
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etablierung von Kartoffelsorten im Feld nach physiologischer Alterung der Pflanzknollen (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Warmlagerung ; Keimintensität ; Schwund ; Aufgangsverspätung ; Bestandesdichte ; Ertrag
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seed tubers were stored at above optimal temperatures. Mean temperatures varied during test years from 16 to 29.5°C (in 1988–1990 tubers desprouted before planting; in 1991 chitted tubers as in control; Table 1). This procedure of physiological ageing of seed tubers resulted in reduced plant density and lower yield compared to the chitted control in every year of the test period (average of 25 cultivars). The emergence was significantly delayed as compared to the control in all years (Table 2). Assessed for yield, the cultivars Désirée, Sanetta, Astilla and Andra showed a significantly higher degree of tolerance to warm storages (〉80%, when compared to the control) than the cultivars Arkula, Dorisa, Karlena and Koretta (〈25%; Table 3). Between these two extremes there was a large number of intermediate levels of tolerance, a result of fluctuating reactions of various cultivars to changing conditions in the years of the test period (Fig. 1). No correlation could be found between the cultivars' reactions and their maturity group or their sprouting behaviour. There was, however, for each cultivar a significant negative correlation between loss in weight through transpiration and respiration and plant density and yield (r=−0.55 and −0.54; Table 4). Plant density and yield were closely correlated (Table 4). The regressions between loss of plants and reductions in yields show that after seed tuber storage at higher temperatures a reduced yield must be expected even when plant density is not reduced (loss of plant 0%; Fig. 2). With complete stands, the use of physiologically aged seed tubers that were desprouted before planting (1988–1990) resulted in a reduction of yield of 17–20%; when old seeds were chitted as in control a loss in yield of 15% was calculated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die physiologische Alterung der Pflanzknollen durch Lagerung bei überoptimalen Temperaturen (jahresunterschiedlich 16–29,5°C, 1988–90 vor dem Pflanzen abgekeimt, 1991 vorgekeimt wie Kontrolle) führte im Vergleich zur vorgekeimten Kontrolle im Mittel von 25 Sorten in allen Versuchsjahren zu einer Verminderung der Bestandesdichte und des Ertrages. Eine Gruppe von Sorten erwies sich in allen Jahren als relativ tolerant gegen die Alterung, eine andere als signifikant empfindlicher, dazwischen lag ein breites Mittelfeld mit zum Teil erheblichen Schwankungen in den Jahren. Die Reaktion der Sorten zeigte keine Beziehung zu ihrer Reifegruppe und ihrer Keimintensität, dagegen war die sortentypische Ertragsdepression nicht sehr eng, aber signifikant mit dem Schwund während der Lagerung korreliert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358729
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the moisture level of potting compost on the susceptibility of glasshouse-grown tubers to late blight (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Phytophthora infestans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of the moisture level of potting compost at harvest on the susceptibility of tubers of three cultivars to late blight was investigated in the glasshouse in three successive years. Three moisture regimes (dry, moist, wet) were imposed at flowering time, the tubers harvested 3 weeks later and immediately dipped in a zoospore suspension ofPhytophthora infestans. Tubers from dry compost were significantly more susceptible than those from wet or moist compost, which showed similar levels of susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359831
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) of potato plants regenerated fromin vitro selected calli (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: culture filtrate ; resistant variants ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cells of seven potato cultivars were selectedin vitro with culture filtrate (CF) ofPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Regenerated plants were tested for late blight resistance. The aim of the study was to check the efficacy of CF in the selection of potatoes for resistance to late blight and to evaluate the effects of additive factors on general resistance. One selection cycle, applied to a cell culture system, selected cells resistant to toxic metabolites of CF.In vivo screening of clones regenerated from selected cells was done in two steps: on whole plants, assessing foliage late blight, and on detached leaves, assessing single factors of horizontal resistance. In general, the frequency of resistant variants selected with CF did not differ from that of resistant somaclonal variants. Nevertheless, high concentrations of CF in the growth medium seemed to induce an improvement of some partial resistance factors as compared with the source plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361801
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing general combining ability for late blight resistance and tuber characteristics by means of glasshouse seedling tests (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: foliage blight ; tuber blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; breeders' preference score ; specific combining ability ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening tests to detect resistance to late blight in both foliage and tubers were done on glasshouse-grown seedling progenies in parallel with visual assessments by three experienced potato breeders of the yield and quality of glasshouse-grown tubers of the same progenies. There were large differences between the parents of the progenies in their general combining ability (GCA) for both foliage and tuber blight, despite some variation due to specific combining ability for foliage blight. There were also differences between parents in their GCAs for visual preference scores, but these GCAs and those for blight resistance were not correlated. The blight-resistant cv. Stirling had the best combination of high GCAs for all three attributes. The use of these and other seedling progeny tests in a multitrait genotypic recurrent selection scheme is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361802
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-harvest characteristics of potato minitubers with different fresh weights and from different harvests. II. Losses during storage (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 273-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed size ; rapid multiplication ; seed production ; non-destructive harvest ; water loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Storage losses were studied in minitubers of cvs Agria and Liseta, using five fresh weight classes (〈0.50 g, 0.5–0.99 g, 1.00–1.99 g, 2.00–2.99 g, ≥3.00 g), and three successive harvests of the same plantlets. After each harvest, tubers were dired at room temperature (1 day), curred at 18 °C (13 days) and stored at 2 °C (540 days). Two kinds of storage losses were considered: (a) losses of entire tubers because of deterioration, and (b) fresh weight losses of the other tubers. Both kinds of losses were higher in cv. Liseta, in tubers with lower fresh weights and in tubers from the first harvest. Almost all minitubers ≥0.5 g from later harvests and from both cultivars survived storage for 1.5 years. Deterioration occurred mainly from 6 to 12 months of storage. Tubers which deteriorated during cold storage had already shown high weight losses during curing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361793
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission and yield effects of a gibberellin mutant allele in potato (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: gametophytic selection ; reciprocal differences ; GA ; dwarfs ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A selected clone ofSolanum tuberosum Group Andigena PI 347773 (clone Adg 11.1) and the cultivar Superior had previously been shown to be heterozygous at a gibberellin related dwarfing locus, ga1. Experiments were conducted to test for gametophytic selection for alleles at the ga1 locus in reciprocal crosses and for the effect of genotype on tuber yield. The genotypes of individuals from superior-Adg 11.1 reciprocal F1 families were determined by test crossing. Genotypic classes could be distinguished by the percentages of dwarf seedlings in their test cross progeny. No differences were found in the genotypic distributions of the reciprocal families, which indicates gametophytic selection at this locus is not the cause of reciprocal yield differences. Superior-Adg 11.1 individuals classified by ga1 locus genotype were evaluated for tuber yield. Tuber yields were highly correlated with genotype in both reciprocal families. Yields followed the pattern of simplex〉duplex〉triplex, indicating that the recessive mutant ga1 allele exhibited a dose effect stimulating yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361804
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-harvest characteristics of potato minitubers with different fresh weights and from different harvests. I. Dry-matter concentration and dormancy (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed size ; rapid multiplication ; seed production ; non-destructive harvest ; cold treatment ; sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry-matter concentration and dormancy were studied in minitubers of cvs Agria and Liseta, using five fresh weight classes (〈0.50 g, 0.50–0.99 g, 1.00–1.99 g, 2.00–2.99 g and ≥3.00 g) and three successive harvests of the same plantlets. The average dry-matter concentration increased with tuber weight for tubers from the second and third harvests. In minitubers ≥0.5 g, dry-matter concentration was higher in tubers from later harvests. The dormant period (days from harvest to 50% sprouting) was longer in minitubers with lower than higher weights, and longer in tubers from the first harvest than from later harvests. A cold-storage period of 6 weeks, starting 14 days after harvest, reduced the dormant period by an average of 11 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361792
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of amino acids and glucose on the fry colour of potato crisps (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 359-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: glutamine ; arginine ; valine ; histidine ; asparagine ; proline ; tyrosine ; methionine mixture ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Amino acids and sugars were removed from slices of potato of the cultivar Record. The slices were then soaked in solutions of the amino acids and various concentrations of glucose to study their effect on the fry colour of crisps. Glutamine was an important amino acid in the development of fry colour intensity at low glucose concentrations and also contributed to the dark fry colour when combined with glucose concentrations above 0.15%. The basic amino acid arginine had a similar but lesser effect and other amino acids used gave the same effect at glucose concentrations above 0.45%. Asparagine could play an important role in the development of fry colour quality and may decrease the grey colour intensity developed by the mixture of amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361803
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of above-ground seed tubers on stem cuttings from eight potato cultivars (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rapid multiplication ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; stem length ; underground tubers ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The formation of above-ground tubers on stem cuttings of eight potato cultivars was studied over three seasons. To promote tuber formation in the leaf axils, stems grown from single node cuttings were exposed to short day conditions. Tuber formation underground was reduced by covering the soil with a plastic sheet and by using single node cuttings planted with the leaf axils several centimetres above the soil surface. With all cultivars except Alpha, which produced mis-shapen tubers in all experiments, an average of 11 (maximum 40) tubers per cutting were harvested. Significant cultivar × year interactions were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359834
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple assay system incorporating monoclonal antibodies for the detection of potato virus T (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ELISA ; hybridoma ; closterovirus ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) which react specifically with potato virus T (PVT) were produced and tested for cross reactivity with potato viruses (A, S, X, Yo, YN, leaf roll), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and against healthy sap. They were found to be highly specific for PVT. These two McAbs form the basis of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of PVT in infected plant material which is of key significance for potato quarantine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358722
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of potato leafroll virus byMyzus persicae from secondarily-infected potato plants of different genotypes (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ELISA ; enzyme amplification ; feeding behaviour ; field resistance ; honeydew excretion ; Myzus persicae ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The acquisition of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae nymphs from the top leaves of potato plants was studied throughout a growing season in relation to the antigen titre in those leaves and the feeding behaviour of the aphid. Secondarily-infected plants of eight potato genotypes with different levels of field resistance served as virus sources. Early in the growing season, plants were efficient sources for virus acquisition. The amount of viral antigen detected inM. persicae nymphs fed on the top leaves was strongly correlated with the titres of viral antigen in these leaves. Virus acquisition from the top leaves of older potato plants was markedly impaired and could not be correlated with their virus titre. With increasing age of the potato plants and the development of virus symptoms, the virus titre in the leaves declined and the initial weak correlation between the virus titre and field resistance ratings disappeared. Thus, screening secondarily-infected potato plants for field resistance to PLRV based on the concentration of viral antigen in leaves or in aphids fed on them should be avoided later in the growing season. The feeding rate ofM. persicae, measured by the number of honeydew droplets excreted, did not account for the reduced uptake of virus from older plants since it was not influenced by the age of the plant. Throughout the growing season, the feeding rate ofM. persicae nymphs on PLRV-infected plants was higher on genotypes with low levels of field resistance to PLRV than on genotypes with high ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358723
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progeny testing for resistance to potato virus Y: a comparison of susceptible potato cultivars for use in testcrosses with resistant parents (1993)
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVY ; plant breeding ; progeny tests ; genetics ; resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For potato breeding or genetical research purposes, the number of copies of a dominant major gene for resistance to potato virus Y in a parent clone can be determined by test-crossing with a susceptible parent and observing the segregation ratio of resistant to susceptible seedlings in the progeny. In a comparison of different susceptible cultivars for use in test-crosses for this purpose, their progenies differed in the clarity of symptoms and parental phenotype proved an unreliable guide. Cvs Maris Piper, Arran Peak and Dr MacIntosh were found to be suitable tester parents, Pentland Squire less so and cv. Désirée was confirmed as having a major gene conferring incomplete resistance. It was found advisable to test-cross with more than one susceptible parent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361799
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for measuring biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; difference method ; legumes ; 15N isotope method ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To assure proper management and fully realize the benefits of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis it is necessary to be able to quantify the amount of nitrogen fixed. Having measured the effectiveness of atmospheric N2 fixation the macro- or micro-symbionts as well as agronomic factors can be manipulated with the objective to maximize biological nitrogen fixation. A suitable method to quantify nitrogen fixation is therefore necessary in any programme aiming at increasing N2 fixation, like the one being reported in this volume. There are several methods available to quantify nitrogen fixation and most of the commonly used ones are described in the present paper listing their advantages and disadvantages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016330
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    The role of copper in nitrogen fixation in Lupinus luteus L. (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper nutrition ; iron ; leghaemoglobin ; Lupinus luteus L. ; nitrogen fixation ; polyphenol oxidase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of copper nutrition on symbiotic N2 fixation in Lupinus luteus L. was studied. Copper nutrition increased the yield, total nitrogen content and dry weight of nodules. The control plants did not produce pods. Copper deficiency limited iron uptake and its translocation to the nodules. Nodules of copper-deficient plants contained less than half the leghaemoglobin concentration of copper-adequate plants and about one third the polyphenol oxidase activity, tested with catechol as a substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025054
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Non-structural carbohydrate: Analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an indicator of plant growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025029
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  • 18
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    New sources of high-temperature tolerant rhizobia for Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common beans ; gliricidia ; leucaena ; lonchocarpus ; nitrogenase ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) represents an important crop in tropics, but previous screenings of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli did not show strains that could fix N2 in symbiosis with bean at temperatures higher than 35°C (Hungria and Franco, 1993). However, there are other rhizobia and bradyrhizobia species that nodulate some tropical leguminous trees and can fix N2 at high temperatures. In a trial of rhizobial strains isolated from leguminous trees, we found that 14 out of 21 isolates from Gliricidia, Lonchocarpus and Leucaena were also able to nodulate common beans at optimal temperatures (28/23°C, day/night). When we exposed beans inoculated with these strains to high temperature conditions, 40°C/8 h/day, some of them accumulated at flowering time as much or more N as bean plants receiving mineral N. These broad host-range sources of rhizobia capable of fixing nitrogen with bean at high temperature seem to have the potential to improve yields in tropical soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010767
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  • 19
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    Gas-exchange activity, carbohydrate status, and protein turnover in root nodule subpopulations of field pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Century) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; leghemoglobin ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogenase ; ontogeny ; Pisum sativum ; pod-filling ; protein ; proteolytic activity ; respiration ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; root nodules ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root nodule ontogeny was followed in different parts of the root system of field peas (Pisum sativum L. cv. Century) to investigate the contribution to total nitrogen fixation by different nodule subpopulations. Seed-inoculated plants were grown to maturity in controlled-environment growth chambers. In a flow-through system nitrogenase activity (H2-evolution in air) and nodulated-root respiration (net CO2-evolution) were measured weekly or biweekly in different parts (top and mid) of the root system. Root nodule extracts were assayed for total soluble cytosolic protein, total heme, proteolytic capacity (at pH 7.0), soluble carbohydrates and starch. Total nitrogenase activity and nodule respiration were higher in the top zone, which was explained by differences in root and nodule mass. Nodule specific nitrogenase activity was similar in both zones, and gradually declined throughout the experiment. No differences were found between nodule subpopulations in the dry-matter specific concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose or starch. Neither did nodule concentrations of protein or leghemoglobin differ between the zones. Throughout reproductive growth, no decline was found in total or nodule specific nitrogenase activity, in any of the nodule subpopulations. Growth of the root nodules continued throughout the experiment, though growth of shoot and roots had ceased. The data gives no support for carbohydrate limitation in root nodules during pod-filling, since nodule respiration remained high, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates increased significantly, and the amount of starch was not reduced. We conclude that when this symbiosis is grown under controlled conditions, nitrogenase activity in nodules sub-sampled from the crown part of the root system is representative for the whole nodule population.
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    Genotypic differences in nitrogen assimilation in Vicia faba: Effect of nitrate (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase ; glutamate synthase ; nitrogen fixation ; plant genotype ; root nodules ; Vicia faba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five inbred lines and a commercial cultivar of field-bean (Vicia faba) were inoculated with a strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and grown, with or without nitrate, under axenic conditions in a growth chamber. There were significant (p〈0.01) differences between lines in N yield, both in N-free solution (N2 fixed, fully symbiotic) and with added NO3 −. Increase in the N yield of NO3 −-fed plants compared with fully symbiotic plants also varied between genotypes, with line VF109 being the least responsive to NO3 −. This may indicate nitrate tolerance in relation to N2 fixation. The indication was supported by the observations that nodule development and nodule activity (acetylene reduction) were less inhibited in VF109 in the presence of 8 mM NO3 − than in the other lines of Vicia faba. Glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities appeared to be related to genotypic differences in symbiotic efficiency. This finding suggests that assays of nodule glutamine synthetase and NADH-glutamate synthase might be used in Vicia faba breeding programs to indicate capacity for symbiotic N2 fixation, particularly in the presence of NO3 −. ei]Section editor: B G Rolfe
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016281
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    Breding common bean for improved biological nitrogen fixation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), which is an important food crop in the Americas, Africa and Asia, usually is thought to fix only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen. However, field data indicate considerable genetic variability for total N2 fixation and traits associated with fixation. Studies have shown that selection to increase N2 fixation will be successful if: (1) discriminating traits (selection criteria) are measured precisely, (2) variability in germplasm is heritable, (3) selected parents are also agronomically suitable, (4) units of selection facilitate quantification of selection criteria, and (5) a breeding procedure that allows maximum genetic gain for N2 fixation and recombination with essential agronomic traits is chosen. Breeding lines capable of fixing enough atmospheric N2 to support seed yields of 1000–2000 kg ha−1 have been identified and new cultivars with high N2 fixation potential are being released.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016334
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    Yield and biological nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Peru (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were performed to evaluate the nitrogen fixation potential of twenty common bean cultivars and breeding lines during summer and winter seasons of 1986 and 1988, respectively. The 15N isotope dilution method was used to quantify N2 fixation. The cultivars and breeding lines were variable in terms of their N2 fixation. The cv. Caballero was very efficient, with more than 50% N derived from the atmosphere and 60–80 kg N ha−1 fixed in both seasons. Other cultivars were less efficient, since the poorest ones derived less than 30% of their nitrogen from the atmosphere and fixed less than 20 kg N ha−1. After additional testing the best cultivars may be used directly by the farmers for cultivation. The experiments have provided information about which genotypes may be used to breed for enhanced fixation in common bean.
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    Time course of N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; nitrogen assimilation ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the nitrogen fixation rates of four cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different growth stages. The 15N isotope dilution technique was used to quantify biological nitrogen fixation. In the greenhouse, cultivars M4403 and Kallmet accumulated 301 and 189 mg N plant−1, respectively, up to 63 days after planting (DAP) of which 57 and 43% was derived from atmosphere. Under field conditions, cultivars Bayocel and Flor de Mayo RMC accumulated in 77 DAP, 147 and 135 kg N ha−1, respectively, of which approximately one-half was derived from the atmosphere. The rates of N2 fixation determined at different growth stages increased as the plants developed, and reached a maximum during the reproductive stage both under field and greenhouse conditions. Differences in translocation of N were observed between the cultivars tested, particularly under field conditions. Thus, the fixed N harvest index was 93 and 60 for cultivars Flor de Mayo and Bayocel, respectively. In early stages of growth, the total content of ureides in the plants correlated with the N fixation rates. The findings reported in the present paper can be used to build a strategy for enhancing biological N2 fixation in common bean.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016340
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    Frankia in the rhizosphere of nonhost plants: A comparison with root-associated N2-fixing Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhiza ; Betula pendula ; Betula pubescens ; birch ; Enterobacter agglomerans ; Festuca rubra ; Frankia ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; nitrogen fixation ; Poa pratensis ; Pseudomonas sp. ; rhizosphere ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial growth in the rhizosphere and resulting changes in plant growth parameters were studied in small aseptic seedlings of birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) and grasses (Poa pratensis and Festuca rubra). The seedlings were inoculated with three Frankia strains (Ai1a and Ag5b isolated from native Alnus root nodules and Ai17 from a root nodule induced by soil originating from a Betula pendula stand), and three associative N2-fixing bacteria (Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas sp., isolated from grass roots). Microscopic observations showed that all the Frankia strains were able to colonize and grow on the root surface of the plants tested without addition of an exogenous carbon source. No net growth of the associative N2-fixers was observed in the rhizosphere, although inoculum viable counts were maintained over the experimental period. Changes in both the biomass and morphology of plant seedlings in response to bacterial inoculation were recorded, which were more dependent on the plant species than on the bacterial strain.
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    Glutelin accumulation and changes in the levels of its mRNA in the superior and inferior spikelets of rice ear during ripening (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: accumulation ; glutelin ; glutelin mRNA ; inferior spikelet ; Oryza sativa L. ; rice ; ripening ; superior spikelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glutelin accumulation in the apical spikelet of the top primary branch (superior spikelet) and the second spikelet of the lowest secondary branch (inferior spikelet) of the ear of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) was characterized during grain filling. In the superior spikelet, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen started immediately after flowering and rapidly reached the maturation level by 20 days after heading (DAH). At 7 DAH, total RNA content had already reached its maximum level and glutelin mRNA content 70% of its maximum. The increase in glutelin mRNA was followed by a rapid increase in glutelin between 7 and 16 DAH. In the inferior spikelet dry matter, nitrogen and glutelin accumulation were low immediately after flowering and increased only after grain filling of the superior spikelet was almost complete. Total RNA and glutelin mRNA increased much later at slower rates than in the superior spikelet. It is very likely that the retardation of dry matter, total nitrogen and glutelin accumulation in the inferior spikelet is due to retardation of differentiation and development of endosperm tissue, and to glutelin gene expression in endosperm cells. It is suggested that the delayed development resulted from limited partitioning of nutrients to the inferior spikelet at the early stage of ripening.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025021
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    Distribution of fixed-N and nitrate-N in cowpea during pod development (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 353-354 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cowpea ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrate ; partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract If the quality and quantity of yields from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) are to be maximised, a complete understanding of the N nutrition of the plant must be achieved. The N requirement for developing pods of this species may come from mobilization of N in vegetative tissue, biological N fixation and uptake of N from soil. In this study, the fate of a pulse of fixed 15N2 or of 15NO3-given to different cowpea plants during pod development was determined. The plants were grown in vermiculite in plastic pots that were able to be sealed with silicone adhesive and equipped with a rubber septum so that 15N2 gas could be injected into the air space above the vermiculite, and gas losses would be eliminated. Nineteen days after injection of 15N2 the pods, leaves, nodules and roots contained 65%, 15%, 9%, and 4%, respectively of the quantity of 15N2 fixed. When 15NO3-15N was taken up by other plants during this period, these plant parts contained 40%, 26%, 3% and 19%, respectively, of the total plant 15N. The percentage 15N in roots was greater, and that of 15N in nodules was lower, when 15NO3-15N was applied than when 15N2 was utilised by plants. These results indicate that, while a high percentage of fixed-N or NO3-N given to cowpea plants moved to the developing pods, other sinks were competing for this newly-aquired N.
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    Nitrogen and yield potential of irrigated rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 391-394 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; rice ; simulation ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield potential of modern rice varieties and implications for N management were evaluated in a series of field studies that provided data for validation of an eco-physiological simulation model for rice. We tested the hypothesis that N was the major factor limiting yield potential of irrigated rice. The simulation model ORYZA1 was used to evaluate the observed yield differences between varieties grown with different N management and in different environments. The model explained differences in yield of the treatments resonably well on the basis of differences in radiation, temperature, leaf N content and variety coefficients for phenological development. It was demonstrated by the model and experimental data that yield levels of 6 t ha-1 in the wet season and 10 t ha-1 in the dry season can be obtained in the tropics with the current short duration varieties only when the N supply from soil and fertilizer is adequately maintained at key growth stages. Yield probabilities for rice crops were simulated for different environments using long term weather data at two Philippine sites.
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    Phosphorus requirement and sources of nitrogen in three soybean (Glycine max) genotypes, Bragg, nts 382 and Chippewa (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mutant ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen (N) use efficiency ; nodules ; phosphorus ; phosphorus (P) use efficiency ; roots ; supernodulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different levels of soil phosphorus on nodulation, N2 fixation and growth of supernodulating soybean mutant, nts 382, its parent, Bragg, and soybean cultivar, Chippewa, were compared in a greenhouse study. The P rates were, 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg kg−1 soil (P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively). The reduced shoot growth of nts 382 (25% at P0 and 17% at P3) could not be attributed to P deficiency, as nts 382 achieved near maximum yield at a lower P rate (P1) than Bragg (P2). The P response of Chippewa that produced the lowest shoot yield, was similar to that of Bragg. Root growth of nts 382 was more retarded than shoot growth (on average 50% that of Bragg), and yet absorbed a similar amount of total P as Bragg. Also, Chippewa that had the lowest root dry matter accumulated the highest P in the shoots. The data indicate that plant growth was influenced by differences in P use efficiency rather than differences in total P. In contrast to plant growth, nts 382 accumulated 26% more N than Bragg, and Chippewa accumulated a similar amount of N as Bragg. Thus again, Bragg used N most efficiently for growth. Soil N uptake was not governed by root biomass, and Chippewa absorbed more N from soil than both Bragg and nts 382 which absorbed similar amounts of soil N. Nodulation in nts 382 was significantly enhanced, being 528 and 892% greater than Bragg at P0 and P3, respectively, and nts 382 was the only cultivar whose nodulation was consistently enhanced by P addition. The percentage of N derived from fixation (% Ndfa) was not affected by supernodulation, but because of a greater accumulation of total N in nts 382, amount of N fixed (Ndfa) was on average 30% higher in nts 382 than Bragg. Also, while % Ndfa in either nts 382 or Bragg was not influenced by P addition, total N and consequently, Ndfa increased. However, for Chippewa which fixed the lowest N, both % Ndfa and Ndfa were increased by P addition. We conclude that although supernodulation had an adverse effect on shoot and root growth, these reductions could not be attributed to a reduced uptake of the two major plant nutrients, N and P, neither was there evidence that the mutation had caused a greater demand for these nutrients, other than for the greater requirement of P for nodulation. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum spp. of Nepalese origin (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum ; inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azosprilla were collected in wheat fields from subtropical and temperate soils of central Nepal at various elevations. Different wheat cultivars responded positively and significantly in grain yield, grain N-yield, and total N-yield in plant shoots to the inoculation with Nepalese isolate Azospirillum 10SW. Nepalese wheat cv. Seto responded significantly better with Azospirillum 10SW than with the Brasilian isolate A. lipoferum Sp 108 st, a strain which was found highly efficient in earlier experiments with German wheat cultivars, especially cv. Turbo. Yield of Turbo was increased by inoculations of both Azospirillum strains too, but it showed no significant differences depending from the inoculum used. The higher efficacy of combining Azospirillum 10SW and Seto, both collected from the same locality, indicates the possibility of improved associations using traditional cultivars and local bacteria. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    Distribution of 15N from ammonium fertilizer in field grown Acacia (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia ; isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; N15 ; nitrogen partitioning ; tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted in the field to determine the partitioning of 15N from ammonium sulfate fertilizer in two-year old trees of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis. For both species, most of the 15N excess was partitioned into woody tissue, green material and root biomass present at the beginning of the experiment. Approximately one third of the 15N excess was contained in leaves that developed during the 60 days of the experiment. The concentration of 15N excess in the newly developed leaves indicated that more than 90% of the N came from a source other than the fertilizer. Based on the large quantity of N applied in the fertilizer and the inherently infertile soil, it appears that much of the N contained in the newly developed leaves came from N remobilized from other tree parts. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
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    Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
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    Potassium nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under NaCl salinity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 299-303 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; NaCl salinity ; nutrient ratios ; potassium nutrition ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; rice ; yield ; yield attributes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A salt-tolerant (Pokkali) and a salt-sensitive (IR28) variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a phytotron to investigate the effect of K (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg K kg−1 soil) application on their salt tolerance. Potassium application significantly increased potential photosynthetic activity (Rfd value), percentage of filled spikelets, yield and K concentration in straw. At the same time, it also significantly reduced Na and Mg concentrations and consequently improved the K/Na, K/Mg and K/Ca ratios. IR28 responded better to K application than Pokkali. Split application of K failed to exert any beneficial effect over basal application.
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    15N2 measurement of nitrogen fixation by legumes and actinorhizals: theory and practice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N2 actinorhizals ; controlled environment ; legumes ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A gas-tight chamber has been constructed to calibrate the 15N isotope dilution method against direct 15N2 measurements. The theoretical basis for such estimates is given, and the practical problems associated with the experiments are discussed.
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    Effects of fertilization levels in two farming systems on senescence and nutrient contents in potato leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: farming system ; fertilization ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; potassium ; potato ; proteolytic enzymes ; senescence ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fertilization on senescence and nutrient remobilization in potato leaves was investigated in two farming systems on a soil with a poor potassium availability. The ‘Conventional’ farming system followed good local practices including industrial products, while in the ‘Bio-Dynamic’ farming system industrial fertilizers and synthetic pesticides were avoided. Potassium concentrations in the dry matter of mature leaves varied over a wide range. Nitrogen compounds (protein, chlorophyll) were less affected, and phosphorus concentrations in the dry matter were similar. Magnesium and potassium concentrations in the leaves were negatively correlated. In both farming systems senescence was advanced in plants with a low nutrient supply. Alkaline pyrophosphatase and aminopeptidase activities (in general highest in expanding and mature leaves) were lower and endopeptidase activities peaked earlier on plots with low fertilizer levels. A high percentage of potassium was remobilized from senescing leaves on unfertilized plots, but the phosphorus concentration remained high at the end of the season. The results suggest that the differential net remobilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium depended on actual source/sink relations in the plants.
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    Enhancement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by vitamin-secreting fluorescent Pseudomonas (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation ; plant growth promotion ; Pseudomonas sp. ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. strain 267 promotes growth of nodulated clover plants under gnotobiotic conditions. In the growth conditions (60 μM FeCl3), the production of siderophores of the pseudobactin-pyoverdin group was repressed. Plant growth enhancement results from secretion of B vitamins by Pseudomonas sp. strain 267. This was proven by stimulation of clover growth by naturally auxotrophic strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and marker strains E. coli thi- and R. meliloti pan- in the presence of the supernatant of Pseudomonas sp. strain 267. The addition of vitamins to the plant medium increased symbiotic nitrogen fixation by the clover plants.
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    Spatial distribution of root activity and nitrogen fixation in sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping on an Indian Alfisol (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercropping ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; pigeonpea ; root respiration ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A medium-duration pigeonpea cultivar (ICP 1–6) and a hybrid sorghum (CSH 5) were grown on a shallow Alfisol in monocropping and intercropping systems. Using a monolith method, spatial distribution of nodulation, acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and root respiration were measured. The number, mass and ARA of nodules decreased exponentially with distance from the plant base except at the late reproductive stage. Nodulation and ARA tended to be higher in the intercrop than in the monocrop. Respiration rate of roots increased with distance from the plant base and reached a maximum value at about 20–30 cm. The rate was higher in pigeonpea than in sorghum and also higher in intercrop than in monocrop. This study suggests that pigeonpea roots are physiologically more active than sorghum roots, implying that pigeonpea may become a strong competitor for nutrients in the soil when intercropped. The nitrogen-fixing ability of pigeonpea may be enhanced by intercropping because the sorghum rapidly absorbed inorganic N which would otherwise inhibit N2 fixation.
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    Phosphorus sorption characteristics in acid sulfate soils of Thailand: Effect of uncontrolled and controlled soil redox potential (Eh) and pH (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza saliva L. ; phosphorus deficiency ; rice ; sorption isotherm ; sulfic tropaquepts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two laboratory experiments were conducted to study phosphorus sorption characteristics in acid sulfate soils (para- and actual-acid sulfate soils) of Thailand. In one experiment the soils were subjected to oxidized and reduced conditions, in another they were maintained under different controlled pH (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0) and Eh (+600, +400, +300, +200, +100, and 0 mV) conditions. In both experiments the soils were kept in stirred suspensions with a soil to 0.01 M CaCl2 solution ratio of 1:7 for 6 weeks. After the incubation period, the soil suspensions were equilibrated with KH2PO4 ranging from 0 to 500 mg P kg−1 soil. Sorption isotherms were described by the classical Langmuir equation. The results from the first experiment showed that more native insoluble P was released under reduced than oxidized conditions, with more being released from para-acid sulfate soil than from actual acid sulfate soils. Soil reduction also caused an increase in P-sorption. Less P-sorption occurred under both conditions in para-acid sulfate soil than in actual acid sulfate soils. In the second experiment, the P-sorption of both actual and para-acid sulfate soils was significantly affected by soil Eh, pH, and their interactions. The P-sorption increased significantly with increasing pH and decreasing Eh. At pH 4.0, a considerable increase in P-sorption occurred as Eh decreased from +400 to +300 mV, whereas at pH 5.0 and 6.0 an obvious change in P-sorption occurred when Eh decreased from +300 mV to +200 mV. The actual acid sulfate soil sorbed more P than did para-acid sulfate soil. Significant correlation between P-sorption parameters and iron-oxides indicated the primary role of iron-oxides in P-sorption of acid sulfate soils of Thailand. Aluminum-oxides seemed to play a secondary role in P-sorption of these soils. Manganese also showed a significant effect on P-sorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011051
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    Early seedling and seasonal N2-fixing symbiotic activity of two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains of diverse origin (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 289-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; short season ; soil temperature ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas with a short growing season the poor adaptability of soybean [Glycine max Meer. (L.)] to cool soil conditions is considered the primary yield limiting factor. Soybean requires temperatures in the 25 to 30°C range for optimum N2-fixation and yield. Field studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Montreal, Quebec to determine whether adaptability to cool soil conditions, with respect to earlier symbiosis establishment and function, existed among either Bradyrhizobium strains or soybean genotypes. An early maturing isoline of the soybean cultivar Evans and the cultivar Maple Arrow were inoculated with one of four strains isolated from the cold soils of Hakkaido, northern Japan, or the commercially used strains 532C or USDA110, at two planting dates. Plot biomass and nodulation were assessed at seedling (V2), and flowering(R2) growth stages and harvest maturity. Soybean genotypes did not differ for pre-flowering nodulation or N2-fixation in the cool spring conditions of the first year. Seasonal N2-fixation rates were also determined at the final harvest by the N-balance and 15N-isotope dilution methods. Significantly higher symbiotic activity was found for two of the four Hakkaido strains and was reflected in higher final soybean seed yield and total N2-fixation for the growing season, as compared to the two commercial strains. Planting 14 days earlier resulted in greater early vegetative and total seasonal N2 fixation and yield in the second year when soil temperatures were warmer, emphasizing the need for the development of soybean-Bradyrhizobium combinations superior in nodule development and function under cool soil conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011057
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    Interaction between calcium and silicon in water-cultured rice plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 107-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; rice ; silica body ; silicon ; soft X-ray irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between Ca and Si in water-cultured rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was investigated in terms of uptake. The effect of Ca levels in the solution on Si chemical forms and on the formation of silica bodies in the leaf blades was also examined using soft X-ray irradiation for detection of silica bodies. Si addition (1.66 mM Si) decreased both Ca content of the shoot and uptake at each Ca level. This might mainly result from a decreased transpiration rate caused by Si. Si uptake was not affected when the Ca levels were increased. The results of Si forms showed that silica sol constituted more than 90% of the total Si in the leaf blades regardless of Si and Ca levels, and soluble silica and/or polysilicic acid seems to gel physically over 8.0 mM Si within the plants. Significant difference in the numbers of silica bodies on the third leaf blade was not found between different Ca levels at the same Si level. The content of Si in the leaf blade seems to be a determining factor for the formation of silica bodies. ei]H. Marschner
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185390
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    Selection of Bradyrhizobium strains and provenances of Acacia mangium and Faidherbia albida: Relationship with their tolerance to acidity and aluminium (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia mangium ; acidity ; aluminium ; Bradyrhizobium ; Faidherbia albida ; nitrogen fixation ; selection ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was designed to determine the role of the acidity and aluminium stress in the selection of partners in the Acacia symbioses with relevance to the persistence of the microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium in the soil and the growth and nodulation of the host plant respectively. Fifteen strains of Bradyrhizobium from Acacia mangium and Faidherbia albida formed a very homogenous acid tolerant group as indicated by their ability to grow better in a medium at pH 4.5 than in a medium at pH 6.8. By contrast, a growth experiment using an acid liquid media (pH 4.5), containing different concentrations of aluminium successfully identified strains sensitive to aluminium toxicity and those able to grow even in the presence of 100 μM AlCl3. Our results suggest that high amounts of aluminium in the soil rather than acidity (pH 4.5) were a major soil factor for selection of Bradyrhizobium strains capable of establishing a permanently high population under natural conditions. Unlike the behaviour of the microsymbiont, growth and nodulation of Acacia mangium and Faidherbia albida were not affected by aluminium, even at 100 μM, but they might be significantly affected by medium acidity (pH 4.5) depending on plant provenances. It is therefore suggested that ability of the host plant to tolerate acidity stress should be taken into account first when screening effective Acacia-Bradyrhizobium combinations for use in afforestation trials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016605
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    Near isogenic lines of soybeans as tools to identify nodulation specificmutants of Bradyrhizobium elkanii (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 205-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genetics ; ineffective nodulation ; mutants ; nitrogen fixation ; symbiosis ; Rj4 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dominant allele Rj4 in soybean interdicts or restricts the nodulation of plants by certain strains of bacteria, most of which are classified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii, while the recessive allele permits normal nodulation with the same strains. The near isogenic lines BARC-2 (Rj4) and BARC-3 (rj4) are calculated to be 99.95% identical in their nuclear DNA, but differ specifically in the allele present at the Rj4 locus. These lines were used to identify spontaneous mutants of the Rj4-restricted Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain USDA 61 Nalr that had the ability to effectively nodulate plants of the Rj4 genotype. Of the eight rare nodules found on roots of soybean plants of the Rj4 genotype inoculated with the genetically marked strain USDA 61 Nalr, four were identified as containing mutants with the ability to overcome the effects of the Rj4 allele.
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    Ethylene production in rice bronzing leaves induced by ferrous iron (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; iron ; ethylene ; peroxidase ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bronzing, a nutritional disorder of rice plants which is widely distributed in tropical lowlands, was induced by dipping the cut end of rice leaves into FeSO4 solution (pH 3.5). Ethylene production; the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; and the effects of Co2+, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ag+, cycloheximide, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, were investigated in the course of bronzing development. It was found that ethylene production could be stimulated up to about 20 times that of the control by Fe2+, and a peak could be reached at about 24 h after incubation. The Fe2+-treated leaves also had 10-fold higher peroxidase activity than the control, whereas in vitro enzyme activity was inhibited by Fe2+. Cycloheximide retarded in vivo stimulation of peroxidase, indicating that in vivo stimulation resulted from inducing de novo synthesis of the enzyme. No changes in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase were observed. The results, obtained from the incubation of leaves with Co2+, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ag+, cycloheximide, or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, showed that ethylene production was the effect of Fe2+ stress and that it was not involved in the process of bronzing development, which is probably an acclimation process to enable plants to cope with stress. The accelerated peroxidase activity may be associated with bronzing development.
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    Methods for enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain legumes ; N2 ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Biological nitrogen fixation of leguminous crops is becoming increasingly important in attempts to develop sustainable agricultural production. However, these crops are quite variable in their effectiveness in fixing nitrogen. By the use of the 15N isotope dilution method some species have been found to fix large proportions of their nitrogen, while others like common bean have been considered rather inefficient. Methods for increasing N2 fixation are therefore of great importance in any legume work. Attempts to enhance nitrogen fixation of grain legumes has been mainly the domain of microbiologists who have selected rhizobial strains with superior effectiveness or competitive ability. Few projects have focused on the plant symbiont with the objective of improving N2 fixation as done in the FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme which is being reported in this volume. The objective of the present paper is to discuss some possibilities available for scientists interested in enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in grain legumes. Examples will be presented on work performed using agronomic methods, as well as work on the plant and microbial symbionts. There are several methods available to scientists working on enhancement of N2 fixation. No one approach is better than the others; rather work on the legume/Rhizobium symbiosis combining experience from various disciplines in inter-disciplinary research programmes should be pursued.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016329
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    Mutation breeding of grain legumes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain legumes ; mutagenesis ; nitrogen fixation ; plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation among existing cultivars and in germplasm collections is the outcome of selection during evolution and plant breeding. Mutagenesis offers the plant breeder a chance to tackle unconventional objectives, particularly those that were at a selection disadvantage in the past. Effective mutagens are available, but the bottleneck is the effective selection of rare desired variants from large mutagenized populations. Selection methods must be non-destructive. Grain legume mutation breeding has already led to improved cultivars with higher yield, better grain quality, or stronger resistance to pathogenens. Many mutations affecting nitrogen fixation related traits have also been reported. Some could be useful in breeding better cultivars, but the majority are being used to study the factors interacting in the complex process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and to improve the strategy for producing cultivars with better fixation capacity.
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    Nitrogen fixation in breeding lines of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; 15N isotope ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation in nine common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines was estimated using the 15N isotope dilution method at two locations in two seasons. In the first season at one location no N2 fixation was detected while in the second season up to 51 kg N ha−1 were estimated. There were significant differences between lines and correlations between trials were significant for the amounts of N2 fixed, but not for total shoot nitrogen. The plants that fixed the most nitrogen nodulated rapidly after germination. Differences in maximum nodule mass, but not specific nodule activity, were detected also.
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    Minimizing the effect of mineral nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation in common bean by increasing nutrient levels (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bean ; 15N isotope ; nitrogen fixation ; N fertilizer ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizobium tropici ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has good potential for N2 fixation, some additional N provided through fertilizer usually is required for a maximum yield. In this study the suppressive effect of N on nodulation and N2 fixation was evaluated in an unfertile soil under greenhouse conditions with different levels of soil fertility (low=no P, K and S additions; medium = 50, 63 and 10 mg kg−1 soil and high = 200, 256 and 40 mg kg−1 soil, respectively) and combined with 5, 15, 60 and 120 mg N kg−1 soil of 15N-labelled urea. The overall average nodule number and weight increased under high fertility levels. At low N applications, nitrogen had a synergistic effect on N2 fixation, by stimulating nodule formation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth. At high fertility and at the highest N rate (120 mg kg−1 soil), the stimulatory effect of N fertilizer on N2 fixation was still observed, increasing the amounts of N2 fixed from 88 up to 375 mg N plant−1. These results indicate that a suitable balance of soil nutrients is essential to obtain high N2 fixation rates and yield in common beans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016342
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    Soybean response to nodulation by rhizobitoxine-producing bradyrhizobia as influenced by nitrate application (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; rhizobitoxine ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Foliar chlorosis of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) resulting from nodulation by rhizobitoxine-producing (RT+) strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum is commonly less severe in the field than under greenhouse conditions. Differences in nutritional conditions between the field and greenhouse may contribute to this phenomenon. In particular, field-grown plants obtain some N from soil sources, whereas in the greenhouse soybean is often grown in low-N rooting media to emphasize symbiotic responses. Therefore, we examined the effect of NO3 - on the expression of RT-induced symptoms. Soybean plants inoculated with RT+ bradyrhizobia were grown for 42 days in horticultural vermiculite receiving nutrient solution amended with 0.0, 2.5, or 7.5 mM KNO3. Foliar chlorosis decreased with increasing NO3 - application whereas nodule mass per plant was generally increased by NO3 - application. Total amounts of nodular RT remained constant or increased with NO3 - application, but nodular concentrations of RT decreased. Chlorosis severity was negatively correlated with shoot dry weight, chlorophyll concentration, and total shoot N content. It was concluded that application of NO3 - can reduce the negative effects of RT production on the host plant. This suggests that any NO3 - present in field soils may serve to limit chlorosis development in soybeans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012527
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    Phytochrome dependent decrease of gibberellin-sensitivity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; cell elongation ; gibberellin ; microtubules ; Oryza sativa L. ; phytochrome ; sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exogenous gibberellin removes the genetical suppression of mesocotyl elongation in dark-grown seedlings of the rice cultivar ‘Nihon Masari’ (japonica type). This gibberellin effect can be cancelled by light. All light effects can be accounted for by phytochrome. Dose-response and fluence-response studies show that phytochrome induces a reduction of the sensitivity to exogenous gibberellins. A cytological analysis of cell elongation and cortical microtubules led to a model where gibberellin and red light regulate mesocotyl elongation by controlling microtubule orientation in the epidermis of the mesocotyl. This causes corresponding changes of cellular extension growth, which can account for a large part of the observed growth responses. Comparative studies involving antimicrotubular drugs and gibberellin-synthesis inhibitors in the rice cultivar ‘Kasarath’ (indica type) and a hybrid cultivar suggest that some of the differences between the cultivars are due to differences in gibberellin-sensitivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027199
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    Changes in putrescine accumulation induced by agents affecting cytosolic pH in detached rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytosolic pH ; Oryza sativa ; putrescine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of compounds that influenced cytosolic pH on the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves were examined. Permeant weak acids, isobutyric acid and propionic acid, increased the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves. Procaine and trisodium citrate, known to be permeant weak bases, on the other hand, decreased the level of putrescine. It seems possible that the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves is regulated by the cytosolic pH.
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    Latent period to leaf blast in rice and its importance as a component of partial resistance (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In many pathosystems, a prolonged latent period is an important component of partial resistance. Latent period in rice to leaf blast was assessed in cultivars representing a fairly wide range of partial resistance under various conditions that are known to influence the expression of partial resistance considerably. The latent period was slightly more than four days and varied only little between treatments, with a maximum difference of only eight hours between cultivars. The very small differences in latent period were not associated with differences in partial resistance due to cultivar, nitrogen, or leaf age effects. It was concluded that the latent period is of no importance as a component of partial resistance to leaf blast.
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    Genetic analysis of mesocotyl length and its relationship with other agronomic characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mesocotyl ; diallel cross ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mesocotyl length is an important character in promoting seedling emergence of direct-seeded rice. Genetic analysis of rice mesocotyl length was conducted using a six parent diallel cross. Generation mean analysis was carried out on parents (P), F1, F2 and backcrosses (B) of three crosses to complement the genetic information from the diallel analysis. Both analyses demonstrated the presence of significant additive and dominance effects. Duplicate type of non-allelic interaction was detected by the generation mean analysis and two crosses showed significant negative dominance gene effect. Dominance was partial and the narrow sense heritability estimate for mesocotyl length was high, indicating the preponderance of the additive effects. Mesocotyl length was negatively but weakly correlated with the coleoptile length and length of the second internode L2. There was no correlation between mesocotyl length and other mature plant characters such as plant height and internode lengths L1, (L1 being the peduncle with subsequent internodes to the base of the plant). Selection for mesocotyl length can therefore be carried out independent of these plant characters and semidwarf rice varieties with long mesocotyl can be developed.
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    Analysis of dihaploid induction and production ability and seed parent x pollinator interaction in potato (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 61-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dihaploid potato induction ; pseudogamy ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of dihaploids is the first step in a potato breeding program at the diploid level. Dihaploid induction ability, dihaploid production ability and seed parent x pollinator interaction were analyzed for 28 × 3, seed parent x pollinator combinations. This is the first report on significant interaction between seed parents and pollinators. Despite this interaction, IVP 101 had a significantly higher dihaploid induction ability than the widely used pollinators IVP 35 and IVP 48. Previous findings on significant differences in dihaploid production ability between seed parents were clearly confirmed.
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    Genotypic variation in biological nitrogen fixation by common bean (1993)
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    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 59-70 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; N2 ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were performed in Austria, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru as part of an FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme to investigate the nitrogen fixing potential of cultivars and breeding lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Each experiment included approximately 20 bean genotypes which were compared using the 15N isotope dilution method. Great differences in nitrogen fixation were observed between and within experiments, with average values of 35% N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) and highest values of 70% Ndfa being observed. These values which were larger than had been reported previously for common bean, were observed only when environmental factors were favorable. Therefore, common bean lines are available, which can support high biological nitrogen fixation. These can be used either directly as cultivars for production or in breeding programmes to enhance nitrogen fixation in other cultivars.
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    A field evaluation using the 15N isotope dilution method of lines of Phaseolus vulgaris L. bred for increased nitrogen fixation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: breeding ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; 15N isotope ; Phaseolus vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract N2 fixation in lines of Phaseolus vulgaris was measured by 15N-isotope dilution to determine whether a programme of crossing and recurrent selection had resulted in enhanced nitrogen fixation. In field experiments on an isohyperthermic Aquic Hapludoll soil the amount of N2 fixed by the different lines ranged from 18 to 36 kg ha−1 (32 to 47% of plant N) in 56 days. The quantity of N2 fixed and the proportion of plant N derived from fixation was not significantly greater in the lines selected for N2 fixation (RIZ lines) than parental lines. Total shoot N ranged from 53 to 77 kg ha−1 and partitioning of N to pods differed from 28 to 52% among the lines which all had similar growth habit and duration. Nodulation patterns were also distinct. Nodules formed early (10 to 15 plant−1 at 13 days) in many lines, and smallest amounts of fixation were observed in those lines which nodulated slowly and did not form substantial nodule mass until after 40 days. The screening criteria used in the selection of the RIZ lines had been largely indirect with other factors such as disease resistance also being included. Progress for increasing N2 fixation over good-fixing parental lines such as BAT76 was not significant and it is recommended that more attention be paid to early nodulation, to the use of soils with lower available N and to inter-crossing of lines having different good N2 fixation traits in order to further enhance the potential for N2 fixation in beans.
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    Iron, zinc and manganese nutrition of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on a gypsum amended sodic soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 477-480 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gypsum ; iron ; zinc and manganese nutrition ; rice ; sodic soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three levels of Fe and two levels of Zn, and their combinations, on the growth, yield and Fe, Zn, and Mn nutrition of rice on a zinc deficient sodic soil amended with gypsum. Iron and zinc were supplied as sulphates. Application of Zn significantly enhanced the yield of rice and available soil and plant Zn irrespective of Fe application. Maximum response of rice to Zn was obtained when Fe was applied at the highest rate. While Fe application brought about a significant improvement in available soil and plant Fe and Mn, it decreased significantly Zn content of the crop. After crop harvest, recovery of added Fe was 20% and Zn 12%. Results suggest that benefits of Fe application to rice in sodic soils can only be realised if it is applied along with Zn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025087
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    Misconceptions and practical problems in the use of 15N soil enrichment techniques for estimating N2 fixation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 25-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: A-value method ; legumes ; 15N isotope dilution ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 15N methods are potentially accurate for measuring N2 fixation in plants. The only problem with those methods is, how to ensure that the 15N/14N ratio in the plant accurately reflects the integrated 15N/14N ratio (R) in soil which is variable in time and with soil depth. However, the consequences of using an inappropriate reference plant vary with the level of N2 fixation and the conditions under which the study was made. For example, the errors introduced into the values of N2 fixation are higher at low levels of fixation, and decrease with increasing rates of fixation. At very high N2 fixation rates, the errors are often insignificant. Also, the magnitude of error is proportional to the rate of decline of the 15N/14N ratio with time. Since N2 fixation in most plants would be expected to below 60%, the question of how to select a good reference plant is still pertinent. In this paper, we have discussed some of the criteria to adopt in selecting reference plants, e.g. how to ensure that the reference plant is not fixing N2, is absorbing most of its N from the same zone as the fixing plant, and in the same pattern with time, etc. In addition, we have discussed 15N labelling materials and methods that are likely to minimize any errors even when the fixing and reference plants don't match well in certain important criteria. The use of slow release 15N fertilizer or 15N labelled plant materials results in slow changes in the 15N/14N ratio of soil, and is strongly recommended. Where 15N inorganic fertilizers are used, the application of the fertilizer in small splits at various intervals is recommended over a one-time application. The problem with the reference crop, which has sometimes discouraged potential users of the 15N methods, is surmountable, as discussed in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016331
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    Variability in nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropped with maize (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; maize ; intercropping ; nitrogen fixation ; 15N isotope ; 15N natural variation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty one selected bean lines were evaluated in the field for ability to support N2 fixation when intercropped with maize which received 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 as ammonium sulphate. The amount of fixed N2 was estimated using the natural variation of 15N and wheat as the standard non-fixing crop. Nitrogen as low as 15 kg N ha−1 at sowing suppressed nodule weight and activity (acetylene reduction activity) but not nodule number, suggesting that the main effect of mineral N was on nodule development and function. 15N data revealed a high potential of the bean genotypes to fix N2, with the most promising ones averaging between 50–60% of seed N coming from fixation. Bean lines CNF-480, Puebla-152, Mexico-309, Negro Argel, CNF-178, Venezuela-350 and WBR22-3, WBR22-50 and WBR22-55 were ranked as good fixers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016337
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    Response to inoculation and N fertilization for increased yield and biological nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; foliar N ; nitrogen fixation ; N fertilizer ; 15N isotope ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is able to fix 20–60 kg N ha−1 under tropical environments in Brazil, but these amounts are inadequate to meet the N requirement for economically attractive seed yields. When the plant is supplemented with N fertilizer, N2 fixation by Rhizobium can be suppressed even at low rates of N. Using the 15N enriched method, two field experiments were conducted to compare the effect of foliar and soil applications of N-urea on N2 fixation traits and seed yield. All treatments received a similar fertilization including 10 kg N ha−1 at sowing. Increasing rates of N (10, 30 and 50 kg N ha−1) were applied for both methods. Foliar application significantly enhanced nodulation, N2 fixation (acetylene reduction activity) and yield at low N level (10 kg N ha−1). Foliar nitrogen was less suppressive to nodulation, even at higher N levels, than soil N treatments. In the site where established Rhizobium was in low numbers, inoculation contributed substantially to increased N2 fixation traits and yield. Both foliar and soil methods inhibited nodulation at high N rates and did not significantly increase bean yield, when comparing low (10 kg N ha−1) and high (50 kg N ha−1) rates applied after emergence. In both experiments, up to 30 kg N ha−1 of biologically fixed N2 were obtained when low rates of N were applied onto the leaves.
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    Soil redox-pH stability of arsenic species and its influence on arsenic uptake by rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 245-253 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arsenic ; phytoavailability ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic absorption by rice (Oryza sativa, L.) in relation to As chemical form present in soil solution was examined. Rice plants were grown in soil suspensions equilibrated under selected conditions of redox and pH, affecting arsenic solubility and speciation. A decrease in pH led to higher dissolved arsenic concentrations. When the soil redox potential dropped below 0 mV, most of the arsenic was present as As(III). Under more oxidizing conditions both As(III) and As(V) are present. Chemical speciation of As in the watersoluble fraction affected its phytoavailability. Most indigenous arsenic taken up by the plants remained in the root. Plant arsenic availability increased with increasing arsenic concentration in solution (lower soil pH) and with increasing amounts of soluble As(III) (lower soil redox). We also studied the uptake of monomethyl arsenic acid (MMAA), a widely used defoliant and herbicide, as affected by soil redox-pH condition. Amended MMAA was approximately two times more phytoavailable than the indigenous inorganic As forms and increased with decreasing pH and redox.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029094
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    Effects of plant growth regulators on acetylene-reducing associations between Azospirillum brasilense and wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum ; nitrogen fixation ; para-nodulation ; plant growth regulators ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of wheat seedlings with the synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), induced nodule-like structures or tumours (termed para-nodules) where lateral roots would normally emerge. The formation of these structures promoted increased rates of acetylene reduction at reduced oxygen pressure (0.02–0.04 atm) in seedling inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, compared to seedlings inoculated without auxin treatment. Fluorescent microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy and direct bacterial counts all showed that the 2,4-d treatment stimulated internal colonization of the root system with azospirilla, particularly in the basal region of the nodular structures. Both colonization with azospirilla and acetylene-reducing activity were further stimulated by simultaneous treatment with another synthetic auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and, less reliably, with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA). These auxins produced shortening of many initiated lateral roots, although 20 times the concentration of NAA was required to achieve rounded structures similar to those obtained with 2,4-d. Treatment with NAA, IAA or IBA alone also stimulated colonization with azospirilla and acetylene reduction rates at 0.02 atm oxygen, but less effectively than by treatment with 2,4-d. Such exogenous treatments of wheat seedlings with synthetic growth regulators provide an effective laboratory model for studies on the development of a N2-fixing system in cereals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012989
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    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm suitable for direct sowing under flooded soil surface (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: direct sowing ; flooded soil ; germplasm ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; seedling establishment ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening for rice germplasm which can establish seedling from flooded soil was conducted using 256 accessions of conserved germplasm from the International Rice Germplasm Center (IRGC) and 404 accessions from the International Network for Genetic Evaluation for Rice (INGER), IRRI. IRGC germplasm represented broad genetic diversity while INGER germplasm involved desirable agronomic characters. Seeds germinated for 2 d were planted at 25 mm depth in seedling trays. The trays were then submerged to a depth of 30–50 mm. Seedling establishment was evaluated by analyzing leaf development, seedling height, and percentage establishment 15 d after planting. Eight percent and 2% of IRGC and INGER germplasm, respectively, were identified statistically as superior to the control semidwarf IR varieties. Among the superior germplasm were those from Northeast India and Bangladesh which were adapted to deepwater and early summer rainfed lowland cultures. These could be utilized as parents in breeding programs which aim to develop varieties suitable for direct seeding technology (i.e., germinated seeds are sown under the surface of flooded soil).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040619
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    Pollen tube growth in crosses between Porteresia coarctata and Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Porteresia coarctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; intergeneric cross ; fluorescent microscopy ; pollen tube ; callose ; postzygotic barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Comparative study with fluorescence microscopy revealed that the pollen tubes of the self-pollinated rice variety BR-9 reached the ovary within 75 min after pollination. In P. coarctata it took 150 min. In the cross between P. coarctata and BR-9, pollen tubes reached the ovary in 165 min but seed setting was not observed. In the cross between BR-9 and P. coarctata, small and deformed pollen tubes were formed and they failed to grow through the stylodium.
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    Phosphorus regulation of nitrogen fixation in a traditional Mexican agroecosystem (1993)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 21 (1993), S. 141-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; agroecology ; natural abundance15N ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Although nitrogen is considered to be the nutrient that most commonly limits production of natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems, I propose that phosphorus may regulate productivity in many continuously cultivated agroecosystems that do not receive applications of synthetic fertilizers. One way P may limit agroecosystem productivity is by controlling nitrogen fixation of legume crops, thus affecting nitrogen availability in the overall agroecosystem. I tested this hypothesis in two studies by examining the effect of phosphorus nutrition on nitrogen fixation of alfalfa in traditional Mexican agroecosystems. All farms used in the research relied on alfalfa as the primary nitrogen source for maize cultivation and other crops, and had minimal or no reliance on synthetic fertilizers. In one study, I used the natural abundance of15N to estimate nitrogen fixation in five alfalfa plots with soils representing a wide range of P fertility. I found a correlation of r = 0.85 between foliage P concentrations and nitrogen fixation in the alfalfa plots. Mean nitrogen fixation in alfalfa plots ranged between 232–555 kg ha−1 yr−1 as estimated by the15N-natural abundance method. In a second study, I sampled soils from alfalfa plots on traditional farms located in 5 different physiographic regions of Mexico. Half of each soil sample was augmented with phosphorus in a greenhouse experiment. I grew alfalfa on the fertilized and unfertilized soils from each site and then determined nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of the Rhizobium on the plant roots. Nitrogenase activity increased in the alfalfa grown on all soils with added phosphorus, with two of the five differences being statistically significant at P 〈 0.01, 0 and one at P 〈 0.05. Foliage P concentrations and nitrogenase activity were 0 positively correlated (r = 0.81,P 〈 0.01).0
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    Diffusion-controlled transport of methane from soil to atmosphere as mediated by rice plants (1993)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 21 (1993), S. 177-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: anaerobic soil ; binary diffusion coefficients ; methane emission ; plant-mediated gas transport ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Methane emission from rice grown in flooded soil was measured in pot experiments using headspaces with different gas composition. The emission rates varied with the atmospheric composition. Based on the kinetic theory of gases the binary diffusion coefficients for methane in various gases were calculated. The ratios of the measured emissions under a certain atmosphere relative to that in air were similar to the ratios of the binary diffusion coefficients showing that plant-mediated CH4 transport is driven by diffusion. Small deviations from the theoretical ratios of emissions support the hypothesis that mass flow of gas to the submerged parts of the rice plant may depress the upward diffusive CH4 flux. The results in combination with data from the literature suggest that the rate limiting step in plant-mediated methane transport is diffusion of CH4 across the root/shoot junction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001117
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    Siderophore-mediated competition for iron and induced resistance in the suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antibiosis ; biological control ; disease resistance ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi ; root colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by two fluorescentPseudomonas strains were studied. Treatments of carnation roots withPseudomonas sp. WCS417r significantly reduced fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod). Mutants of WCS417r defective in siderophore biosynthesis (sid−) were less effective in disease suppression compared with their wild-type. Treatments of carnation roots withPseudomonas putida WCS358r tended to reduce fusarium wilt, whereas a sid− mutant of WCS358 did not. Inhibition of conidial germination of Fod in vitro by purified siderophores (pseudobactins) of bothPseudomonas strains was based on competition for iron. The ferrated pseudobactins inhibited germination significantly less than the unferrated pseudobactins. Inhibition of mycelial growth of Fod by bothPseudomonas strains on agar plates was also based on competition for iron: with increasing iron content of the medium, inhibition of Fod by thePseudomonas strains decreased. The sid− mutant of WCS358 did not inhibit Fod on agar plates, whereas the sid− mutants of WCS417r still did. This suggests that inhibition of Fod by WCS358r in vitro was only based on siderophore-mediated competition for iron, whereas also a non-siderophore antifungal factor was involved in the inhibition of Fod by strain WCS417r. The ability of thePseudomonas strains to induce resistance against Fod in carnation grown in soil was studied by spatially separating the bacteria (on the roots) and the pathogen (in the stem). Both WCS417r and its sid− mutant reduced disease incidence significantly in the moderately resistant carnation cultivar Pallas, WCS358r did not. It is concluded that the effective and consistent suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by strain WCS417r involves multiple mechanisms: induced resistance, siderophore-mediated competition for iron and possibly antibiosis. The less effective suppression of fusarium wilt by WCS358r only depends on siderophore-mediated competition for iron.
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    Incidence and ecological relationships of pupal parasitism byBrachymeria intermedia in new Jersey populations of the gypsy moth (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; pupal parasitism ; density dependence ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le parasitisme nymphal deLymantria dispar a été étudié dans 15 placettes du New Jersey, de 1978 à 1988. Le principal parasitoïde était un chalcidien,Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), qui n'a été trouvé que dans 6 placettes. Le parasitisme s'observait généralement dans l'année même ou dans celle précédant l'apparition du maximum d'ooplaques deL. dispar. Un seul site montrait un taux de parasitisme dépassant 4%. Le pourcentage de parasitisme était significativement corrélé avec le nombre d'ooplaques par ha de la saison en cours et avec le nombre de nymphes par site de la saison précédente, suggérant une densité-dépendance retardée. Une analyse de régression multiple a révélé un pourcentage de parasitisme significativement corrélé avec le pourcentage d'infection par le virus de la polyhédrose nucléaire, la densité de nymphes hôtes mâles, les températures minimales moyennes en août et en mars. Une analyse canonique discriminante, effectuée pour différencier les sites avec ou sans parasitoïdes, a été significative. Les placettes avecB. intermedia présentent des populations d'hôtes et une défoliation relativement plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract Pupal parasitism of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), was monitored in 15 study plots in New Jersey from 1978 to 1988. The predominant parasitoid was a chalcidid wasp,Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), which was found in only six plots. Parasitism was generally observed in the year of or preceding the peak numbers of gypsy moth egg masses. Parasitism exceeded 4% in only one plot. Percentage parasitism was correlated significantly with numbers of egg masses per hectare in the current season and with numbers of pupae per plot in the previous season, suggesting delayed density dependence. A multiple regression analysis found percentage parasitism to be correlated significantly with percentage infection by nuclear polyhedrosis virus, density of male host pupae, and mean minimum temperature in August and March. A canonical discriminant analysis carried out to distinguish study plots with and without the parasitoid was significant. Plots withB. intermedia had relatively higher host populations and defoliation.
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    The use of sexual versus asexual wasps in biological control (1993)
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 3-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; sexual reproduction ; asexual reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373133
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    Life histories ofPsyllaephagus yaseeni (Hym., Encyrtidae) andTamarixia leucaenae (Hym., Eulophidae), parasitoids of the leucaena psyllidHeteropsylla cubana (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 565-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Psyllaephagus ; Tamarixia ; Heteropsylla ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fécondité en fonction de l'âge de deux parasitoïdes du psylleHeteropsylla cubana, Psyllaephagus yaseeni etTamarixia leucaenae a été étudiée en condition de laboratoire. A 25 °C,P. yaseeni présente une fécondité plus élevée (R0=192,9) queT. leucaenae (R0=71,2);T. leucaenae montre cependant une sex ratio plus faible (environ 99 % de femelles) queP. yaseeni (environ 50 %). Le taux d'accroissement potentiel (rm=0,236) deT. leucaenae était plus élevé que celui deP. yaseeni (rm=0,188). Les vitesses de développement des parasitoïdes ont été examinées à des températures constantes et fluctuantes et les équations de la vitesse de développement en fonction de la température ont été calculées. A 25 °C, la durée moyenne des générations était respectivement de 28,0 et 18,1 jours pourP. yaseeni etT. leucaenae. Aux températures de 21,5, 25 et 30 °C la durée totale de développement (de l'œuf à l'adulte) était de 28,5, 21,9 et 14,7 jours chezP. yaseeni et 19,2, 12,6 et 9,5 jours chezT. leucaenae. Le taux de parasitisme était faible et la mortalité nymphale était élevée à la température la plus basse, 21,5 °C, pour les deux parasitoïdes. Tous deux présentaient une survie faible à 100 % de HR;P. yaseeni survivait particulièrement bien à une température de 21 °C et à 44 ou 76% d'HR. P. yaseeni attribuait environ 58 % de femelles aux larves de premier stade de développement mais seulement 12 % aux larves de second stade. Environ 99 % de toutes les éclosions deT. leucaenae était constituée de femelles. La taille des femelles issues des larves de 5e stade étaient significativement supérieure à la taille de celles qui émergeaient des larves de 3e ou 4e stade.
    Notes: Abstract Age specific fecundity of two parasitoids,P. yaseeni andT. leucaenae, of the leucaena psyllidH. cubana, were studied under laboratory conditions. At 25 °C,P. yaseeni had a greater fecundity (R0=192.9)_thanT. leucaenae (R0=71.2);T. leucaenae however had a lower sex ratio (about 99 % females) thanP. yaseeni (about 50 % females). Innate capacity for increase (rm=0.236) ofT. leucaenae was higher thanP. yaseeni (rm=0.188). Developmental rates of the parasitoids were examined at constant and fluctuating temperatures and equations of the rate of development against temperature were calculated. At 25 °C, mean generation times were 28.0 and 18.1 days forP. yaeseeni andT. leucaenae respectively. At temperatures of 21.5, 25, and 30 °C total development times (egg to adult) were 28.5, 21.9, and 14.7 days inP. yaseeni and 19.2, 12.6, and 9.5 days inT. leucaenae respectively. The level of parasitism was low and pupal mortality was high at the lower temperature of 21.5 °C for both parasitoids. Both parasitoids showed poor survivorship at 100 % RH,P. yaseeni survived particularly well (32 days) at a temperature of 21.5 °C and 44 or 76 % RH. P. yaseeni allocated about 58 % females to first instar psyllid nymphs but only 12 % females to second instars. About 99 % of allT. leucaenae births were females. Significantly largerT. leucaenae females emerged from fifth instar parasitized nymphs than third or fourth instars.
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    Effects of high temperature shocks on the development and biology ofTrichogramma brassicae [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae] (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid ; biological control ; heat shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Suite à une efficacité parasitaire faible des trichogrammes, constatée, dans des conditions climatiques particulières lors des lâchers de ces parasitoïdes contre la pyrale du maïs, des chocs thermiques à 35°C et 44°C pendant une durée de 6 heures sont appliqués au stade nymphal deTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko. Deux âges sont choisis: nymphe blanche et nymphe mélanisée. Différents critères biologiques ont été étudiés pour la génération G0 ayant subi le choc de température et pour les descendants G1. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une sensibilité des deux âges, surtout à 44°C. Cette température provoque une réduction du pouvoir parasitaire de la G0 de 51% pour les individus issus des nymphes blanches traitées et de 55% pour ceux issus des nymphes mélanisées traitées. Au niveau de la génération G1, on constate une chute de la proportion des femelles dans la descendance des adultes issus des deux âges traités: réduction de 38% pour les individus issus des nymphes mélanisées; 88% pour ceux issus des nymphes blanches. Dans ce dernier cas, la génération G1 pratiquement totalement mâle, est obligatoirement sans efficacité parasitaire.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko is used throughout Europe as an effective biological control agent against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). However, in certain climatic regions, the biological control exerted by this parasitoid is less effective. High temperatures inside the released capsules are suspected to have a negative influence on the parasitoids. To simulate these adverse conditions, we applied heat shocks (35°C and 44°C) for 6 hours to pupae ofTrichogramma brassicae at two periods: white pupae and melanized pupae. The results showed the susceptibility of both the white pupae and melanized pupae, especially at 44°C. At this temperature, the adults (G0 generation) derived from pupae treated at any age showed reduced longevity and fecundity. Moreover, those descended from treated melanized pupae showed an emergence rate lower than that of the control. These effects reduced to half and more the parasitic efficiency of the G0 generation. For the progeny (G1 generation), we observed a decrease of the female ratio: 38% for the progeny of adults derived from treated melanized pupae; 88% for the progeny of those derived from treated white pupae. In that condition, the G1 generation, almost totally male, could not have any parasitic activity.
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    The potential of carabid beetles to control slugs in grass/clover swards (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en conditions contrôlées dans des boîtes carrées semées de trèfle ou de ray grass ont montré que les CarabesAbax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) etPterostichus madidus F. limitent les populations de limaces dans les champs de trèfle et de ray grass. La limitation par ces carabes se révèle aussi bonne que celle obtenue avec le molluscicide methiocarb.A. parallelepipedus semble plus efficace queP. madidus dans ce rôle, les dégâts sur le trèfle étant maintenus à un minimum.P. madidus ne limite les limaces qu'une fois le trèfle déjà attaqué.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments conducted in sward boxes under controlled conditions showed that the carabid beetlesAbax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) andPterostichus madidus F. controlled slugs in a grass/clover sward. Control was shown to be as good as that by the molluscicide, methiocarb.A. parallelepipedus proved to be more successful thanP. madidus at controlling the slugs, damage to the clover being kept to a minimum.P. madidus controlled the slugs only after some damage to the clover was sustained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372553
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    Host-size preference of the parasitoidAnisopteromalus calandrae [Hym: Pteromalidae] onSitophilus zeamais (Col.: Curculionidae) larvae with a uniform age distribution (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: host size preference ; parasitoid ; stored product ; maize ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La première génération d'Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) récoltée dans du maïs stocké commercialement en Caroline du Sud fut exposée, dans du maïs écossé, à un mélange de jeunesSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, de toutes tailles représentant une distribution d'âge uniforme. On a observé 87% de parasitisme sur les larves comportant un tunnel de 0,9 à 1,8 mm et 6% sur les prépupes et pupes pour cette distribution d'âge. Le taux de préférence était le plus élevé pour les grosses larves-hôte (1,6 mm de diamètre), moyen pour les autres larves de 0,9 à 1,8 mm, et le plus bas pour les pupes et les petites larves. On a discuté de la sélectivité des hôtes en utilisant les paramètres de Chesson (1983): préférence, αi, probabilité de parasitisme, Pi, et index d'électivité ɛi.
    Notes: Abstract First generationAnisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) collected from commercial stored maize in South Carolina were exposed to a mixture of all sizes of immatureSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, representative of a uniform age distribution, in shelled maize. Eighty-seven percent of parasitism is expected on larvae with tunnel diameters of 0.9 to 1.8 mm and 6% on prepupae and pupae, given this host-size distribution. Preference was greatest for large host larvae (1.6 mm diameter), intermediate for other larvae in the range 0.9 to 1.8 mm, and least for pupae and small larvae. Host-stage preference is discussed with respect to Chesson's (1983) parameters for preference, αi, probability of parasitism, Pi, and electivity index, ɛi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372557
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    Survey of the parasitoids of the tuliptree aphid,Illinoia liriodendri (Hom: Aphididae), in northern California (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphidius polygonaphis ; Illinoia liriodendri ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; tuliptree aphid ; biological control ; hyperparasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un recensement du cortège parasitaire deIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) effectué en Californie du nord de 1988 à 1990 a révélé la présence de 12 espèces de parasitoïdes primaires et de 14 espèces d'hyperparasitoïdes. Le plus abondant des parasitoïdes primaires,Aphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), importé dans les années 1970, est à présent établi dans toute la région. Sont signalés pour la première fois associés àI. liriodendri les parasitoïdes primaires suivants:A. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch),Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), etMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) [tous Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae] etAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae]. Les hyperparasitoïdes les plus abondants sontPachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) etAsaphes californicus Girault [tous deux Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]Pachyneuron californicum Girault etCoruna clavata Walker [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae] sont signalés pour la première fois comme hyperparasitoïdes sur Aphidiinae et Aphelinidae spp. pour le premier, et surAphelinus sp. pour le second.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the parasitoids ofIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) in northern California conducted from 1988–1990 revealed the presence of 12 primary and 14 hyper-parasitoid species. The most common primary parasitoid wasAphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), which was imported from the eastern United States in the 1970's and is now established throughout the area. New host records were noted forA. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch), Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), andMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) (all Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), andAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The most common hyperparasitoid species werePachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) andAsaphes californicus Girault (both Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). New hyperparasitoid host records were noted forPachyneuron californicum Girault on Aphidiine and Aphelinidae spp. andCoruna clavata Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) onAphelinus sp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373136
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    First observations in glasshouse sweet peppers in Belgium and laboratory rearing of the parasitic waspEulophus pennicornis (Hym.: Eulophidae) (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 61-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Mamestra brassicae ; Chrysodeixis chalcites ; parasitoid ; sweet pepper ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eulophus pennicornis, a hymenopteran parasitoid of several Lepidoptera, was found onMamestra brassicae in a commercial sweet pepper crop in 1990 in Belgium. The rearing of the parasitoid and some additional data on biology are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373139
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    Biological control of the mediterranean black scale,Saissetia oleae (Hom.: Coccidae) in Israel (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid ; biological control ; release of beneficial arthropods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Entre 1975 et 1982, l'Institut de Lutte biologique “Israël Cohen” a mis en place un programme de lutte biologique contre la cochenille noire de l'olivierSaissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hom.: Coccidae). Au cours de cette période, 17 espèces d'ennemis naturels furent introduites en Israël, et les populations du ravageur retombèrent à un niveau acceptable. Le principal parasitoïde responsable de cette réduction a étéMetaphycus bartletii A. & M. (Hym.: Encyrtidae). Cet article expose le programme et apporte en outre quelques données sur la biologie des parasitoïdes introduits.
    Notes: Abstract During the years 1975–1982, the “Israel Cohen” Inst. for Biological Control conducted a biological control project, against the black scale,Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Seventeen species of natural enemies were introduced into Israel during that period, and their action reduced the populations of the pest to an acceptable level. The major parasitoid responsible for that transition wasMetaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). This article describes the project and introduces some notes on the biology of the introduced parasitoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373143
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    IndigenousTrichogramma (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing eggs ofRhopobota naevana (Lep.: Tortricidae) on cranberries in British Columbia (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two indigenous species ofTrichogramma were reared from natural populations of the blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) infesting cranberries in British Columbia, Canada. One was identified asTrichogramma sp. nr.sibericum Sorokina and the other wasTrichogramma minutum Riley. Percentage of parasitized hosts increased during the season in an abandoned field, but decreased in a commercial field where pesticides were used. The potential ofTrichogramma as a biological control agent against the fireworm is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374447
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    Successful colonization ofEretmocerus debachi (Hym.: Aphelinidae) in the eastern mediterranean citrus region of Turkey (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Parabemisia myricae ; Eretmocerus debachi ; Citrus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aleurodeParabemisia myricae (Kuwana) est l'un des plus sérieux ravageurs des vergers de citrus dans la région métiterranéenne de l'est de la Turquie. En 1986, un parasitoïde spécifique deP. myricae, l'aphelinideEretmocerus debachi Rose et Rosen, était introduit de Californie en Turquie et lâché dans les vergers de Citrus le long de la côte méditerranéenne orientale. Au cours des années suivantes, les populations deP. myricae étaient rapidement tombées d'environ 17 aleurodes au stade immature par feuille à moins de 0,1 par feuille dans tous les vergers de citrus où les parasitoïdes ont été lâchés. De plus,E. debachi a montré une bonne capacité de dispersion et s'est bien adapté aux conditions climatiques de la région orientale. Depuis l'installation réussie deE. debachi, l'aleurode n'est plus un ravageur dangereux et il est difficile de trouver des individus non parasités dans la région méditerranéenne de l'est de la Turquie.
    Notes: Abstract The whitefly,Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) is one of the most serious citrus pests in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In 1986, a host-specific parasitoid ofP. myricae, the aphelinidEretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen, was imported from California to Turkey and released into citrus orchards along the Eastern Mediterranean coast. In the following yearsP. myricae-populations were rapidly reduced from about 17 whitefly-immature stages per leaf to less than 0.1 stages per leaf in all citrus orchards where the parasitoids were released. Furthermore,E. debachi was shown to be a good disperser and it is well adapted to the climatic conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Since the successful colonization ofE. debachi, the whitefly is no longer a serious pest and it is difficult to find unparasitized individuals in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.
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    Sex ratios in natural populations ofAphelinus mali (Hym.: Aphelinidae) in relation to host size and host density (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 391-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: sex ratio ; parasitoid ; biological control ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans un verger de pommier à Armidale, sur les plateaux du nord de la Nouvelle Galles du Sud la sex ratio des populations d'Aphelinus mali, un endoparasitoïde d'Eriosoma lanigerum varie de 0,51 (pourcentage de mâles) pour de faibles densités de l'hôte à des proportions favorables aux femelles pour des densités d'hôtes élevées (pourcentage de mâles compris entre 0,35 et 0,39). Cette variation dans la sex ratio est apparemment due à des différences dans l'attribution d'une descendance mâle ou femelle en fonction de la taille de l'hôte. dans la nature,A. mali parasite le puceron du pommier à tous les stades de son développement (les 4 stades larvaires et l'adulte). D'après le modèle du régime optimal de Hughes (1979), l'acceptation de l'hôte sous toutes ses formes semble être la meilleure stratégie. Cependant, il permet à l'hôte de continuer son développement (dans le cas d'un stade larvaire) ou de se reproduire (au stade adulte) jusqu'à la momification. Aucune mortalité n'est observée en laboratoire lorsque l'hôte est parasité au 1° ou au 2° stade larvaire. Des momies de petite taille récoltées sur le terrain présentent une sex ratio favorable aux mâles alors que des momies de grande taille produisent surtout des femelles. En laboratoire, la descendance issue des hôtes de faible taille (du 1° au 3° stade) présente une sex ratio qui n'est pas significativement différente de 0,5 alors que la descendance issue des hôtes de grande taille (3° et 4° stade) montre une sex ratio favorable aux femelles. Pendant l'hiver (juin–août) et le début du printemps (septembre–octobre), c'est-à-dire à la période où la population hôte dans le verger est constituée principalement de larves, le parasitoïde tend à produire autant de mâles que de femelles. En revanche, aux pics de densité de population, en été et en automne (décembre à mai) lorsque des hôtes de grande taille sont disponibles, la sex ratio est favorable aux femelles. La taille de l'hôte,E. lanigerum et celle deA. mali, sont donc des éléments importants pour la dynamique des relations hôtes-parasitoïdes.
    Notes: Abstract In an apple orchard at Armidale, the Northern Tablelands of NSW, population sex ratios ofAphelinus mali (Haldeman), an endoparasitoid of the woolly apple aphid,Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) varied from 0.51 (proportion of males) at low host densities to female-biased at high host densities (proportion of males ranged from 0.35–0.39). This shift in sex ratio seems to be caused by the differences in allocation of sons and daughters to hosts of different sizes. In the fieldA. mali parasitizes all life stages (four nymphal instars and adult) of the woolly aphid upon encountering. According to Hughes'(1979) optimal diet model, such general host acceptance seems to be the best strategy. However, it allows the host nymphs or adults to continue to develop or reproduce until about to mummify (pupate). No mortality was observed when first or second-instar hosts were parasitized in the laboratory. Field collected small mummified hosts yielded male-biased sex ratios whereas large mummified hosts produced mainly females. In the laboratory, progeny from smaller hosts (first to third-instars) produced sex ratios which were not significantly different from 0.5 whereas progeny from larger hosts (third and fourth-instars) produced female-biased sex ratio. During winter (June–August) and early spring (September–October) when the host populations in the orchard were predominantly nymphs, the parasitoid tended to allocate equal resources to male and female offspring. In contrast, at peak population densities in summer and autumn (December–May) when larger hosts were available, the sex ratios were female-biased. The host size ofE. lanigerum andA. mali is, therefore, an important component in the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions.
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    Host range ofPachycerus cordiger (=P. Scabrosus) (Col.: Curculionidae) (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 537-539 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Life cycle ; host specificity ; Pachycerus cordiger ; Heliotropium europaeum ; Boraginaceae ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The univoltine weevilPachycerus cordiger Germar (=P. scabrosus Brullé) completes its life cycle on species of Boraginaceae, it is found from western Europe to the Middle East. In southern France, adultP. cordiger were collected feeding on the leaves ofHeliotropium europaeum L.,Echium vulgare L. andCynoglossum creticum Miller, whereas larvae were found feeding externally on the roots of the three plant species from within an earthen cell. BecauseP. cordiger is considered too much of a generalist to be released in Australia, work on the weevil as a potential biological control agent ofH. europaeum has been stopped.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373088
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    Biological studies ofDiadegma semiclausum (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a parasite of diamondback moth (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 579-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Diadegma semiclausum ; biological control ; biology ; temperature effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études en laboratoires ont été menées sur certains aspects de la biologie deDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, parasitoïde larvaire d'un ravageur des crucifères,Plutella xylostella (L.). Entre 15 et 35°C, plus la température est élevée, plus courte est la durée du développement des stades larvaires et adulte. L'éclosion et l'émergence des adultes est élevée entre 15 et 30°C mais elle est significativement réduite à 35°C. Plus la température est haute, plus la proportion de mâles est grande. Le seuil théorique de développement est de 5,74°C pour les œufs; 3,80°C pour les larves, 5,91°C pour les nymphes et 6,60°C pour les adultes. La ponte deD. semiclausum dans les larves des trois premiers stades deP. xylostella produit plus de parasitoïdes mâles que de femelles mais la ponte dans le 4e stade produit significativement plus de femelles que de mâles. Les parasites adultes ont tendance à émerger de la nymphe entre 6 h et 9 h bien que quelques individus sortent à d'autres moments de la photophase. La longévité des adultes et la production d'œufs augmentent quand on fournit aux adultes de la nourriture (miel) par rapport à l'absence de nourriture ou la fourniture d'eau seule. Des parasites adultes survivent et pondent pendant 28 jours lorsqu'on les nourrit mais seulement pendant 3 jours lorsqu'ils sont privés de nourriture.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted on certain aspects of biology ofDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, a larval parasite of a crucifer pest,Plutella xylostella (L.). Within the range of 15°C to 35°C, the higher temperature, the shorter was the duration of larval and adult stages. Egg hatching and adult emergence were high at 15°C to 30°C but were significantly reduced at 35°C. The higher the temperature, the higher was the proportion of males produced. Temperature threshold was 5.74°C for eggs, 3.80°C for larvae, 5.91°C for pupae and 6.60°C for adults.D. semiclausum oviposition in the first threeP. xylostella larval instars produced more parasite males than females but oviposition in the fourth instar produced significantly more females than males. Parasite adults tended to emerge from their pupae from 06∶00 to 09∶00 hours although some emerged at other hours during the photophase. Adult longevity and production of eggs increased when adults were provided with a food source (honey) compared with no food or provision of water alone. Parasite adults survived and laid eggs for 28 days when provided with food but for only three days when deprived of food.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373092
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