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  • Artikel  (12.747)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermal adaptation activates HSP70 synthesis, inhibits overproduction of nitric oxide, and protects the body from acute hypotension during heat shock (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 128 (1999), S. 1097-1099 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): nitric oxide ; heat-shock proteins ; hypotension ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The role of HSP70 and nitric oxide in antihypotensive effects of thermal adaptation was studied. Western blot analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance were used to determine the contents of HSP70 and nitric oxide. Protective effect of adaptation was evaluated by the limitation of blood pressure drop after heat shock. The formation of protective effects, accumulation of HSP70, and development of the ability to decrease nitric oxide overproduction had similar dynamic patterns and appeared at the same period. Quercetin, an inhibitor of HSP70 synthesis, prevented the development of protective effects. The data suggest that HSP70 accumulated during adaptation prevents heat shock-induced hypotension by restricting NO over-production and interfering with its cytotoxic effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433409
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chaperone activity of α-crystallin in relation to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump of skeletal muscles in stress and adaptation (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 128 (1999), S. 899-902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): Ca2+ transport ; α-crystallin ; adaptation ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract α-Crystallin, an endogenous low-molecular-weight protein with chaperone activity, exerted protective effects on membrane systems of Ca2+ transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles. Protective action of α-crystallin depended on the body state. This effect was not observed in the control and after adaptation to stress, while after stress, especially against the background of adaptation, α-crystallin increased the rate of Ca2+ transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thermal resistance of Ca2+ pump. The mechanisms of α-crystallin activation during stress are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438079
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of different stress techniques and adaptation on behavioral and somatic indices in rats (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 128 (1999), S. 794-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; adaptation ; behavioral and somatic indices ; rats
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We developed a model of stress (free swimming in a cage) which allows to assess the immediate and long-term effects of emotional stress. This stress induced typical changes in the open field test and ulceration of gastric mucosa. Unlike standard immobilization stress the proposed technique excludes a traumatic factor, it is well reproducible and simple.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433817
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differences in behavioral patterns and resistance to stress-induced gastric ulceration between August and Wistar rats adapted and unadapted to hypoxia (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 128 (1999), S. 1213-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): August and Wistar Rats ; stress ; ulcer formation ; adaptation ; behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The incidence of gastric ulceration induced by acute emotional stress in Wistar rats is 3 times higher than in August rats, and the mean number of gastric ulcers in Wistar rats 6.3-fold surpassed that in August rats. Wistar rats predisposed to stress-induced ulceration displayed suppressed locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field test, while August rats had more stable behavioral patterns and enhanced exploratory activity after stress. Short-term preadaptation to hypobaric hypoxia for 6 days attenuated stress-induced gastric ulceration, whereas long-term adaptation (40 days) aggravated the severity of gastric ulcers in August and Wistar rats. The interstrain differences in stress-induced ulceration persisted after adaptation. The data suggest that these differences are related to genetically determined peculiarities of production and metabolism of NO and glucocorticoids in August and Wistar rats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02434820
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Some characteristics of the proteinase—Inhibitor systems in adaptive response to strenuous exercise (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 477-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): physical exercise ; stress ; kinin system ; elastase ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In rats, adaptation to strenuous exercise was accompanied by phasic changes in the activities of the kallikrein-kinin system, elastase-like proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors, and total antioxidant activity in the serum, myocardium, liver, and cerebral cortex. After 30-min physical exercises, activity of the kallikrein-kinin system decreased in the serum and increased in tissue with parallel activation of elastase-like proteinases in the myocardium and cerebral cortex. After 3-h exercises the activity of the kallikrein-kinin system showed some indications of exhaustion, especially in the myocardium and cerebral cortex. Activities of elastase-like proteinases tended to normal due to activation of α1-proteinase inhibitor and normalization of total antioxidant activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02434944
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of cytoplasmic factors in stabilization of Ca2+-transporting function of myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum in rats during adaptation to stress (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 140-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): Ca transport ; cytoplasm ; stress ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Acute stress reduces and adaptation to stress enhances thermal resistance of Ca2+ pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction. Soluble cytoplasmic factors increase the rate of Ca2+ transport into myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and its thermal resistance in the stressed, stress-adapted, and control rats, the activating effect being most pronounced during acute stress. Structural and functional mechanisms underlying the protective effect of soluble cytoplasmic factors on membrane-bound enzymes are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433096
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Opiatergic mechanisms of cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic effects of adaptation (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; opiatergic system ; isoproterenol-induced damage ; myocardium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Adaptation to hypoxia and short-term immobilization stress, as well as preconditioning with Rhodiolae rosea extract produces pronounced antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects in the model of adrenergic damage to the heart. Preliminary blockade of opioid receptor significantly decreases the protective effect of adaptation. Using selective opiate receptor antagonists (naltrindole, ICI 174,864, and norbinaltorphimine) we show that the antiarrhythmic effect of adaptation is mediated predominantly via activation ofk-receptors, and to a lesser extent μ-and σ-receptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433099
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Salt Tolerance of Solanum tuberosum L. Overexpressing an Heterologous Osmotin-like Protein (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; osmoprotectant ; osmotin ; potato ; proline ; salinity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Bintje) was transformed with a cDNA clone encoding an osmotin-like protein. Transgenic and non-transgenic in vitro plants were subjected to NaCl for 3 weeks. The shoot and root development was slightly affected by salinity indicating that the salt condition used was a mild stress. The endogenous proline content of the osmotin-like transformed clone only raised slightly as compared to the non-transformed genotype, where a marked increase in proline content could be observed as a result to salt stress. These data provide evidence for the involvement of osmotin-like proteins in the mechanisms of salt tolerance in potato plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002131812340
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of five insect herbivores to multiple allelochemicals under fluctuating temperatures (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 81-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis virescens ; Manduca sexta ; Pseudoplusia includens ; rutin ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; temperature ; tomatine ; Trichoplusia ni
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Analysis of the combined effects of allelochemicals on insect herbivores is useful because there may be adverse additive or even synergistic effects. Analysis of the simultaneous effects of temperature and alleochemicals is also necessary because these factors may interact. We examined the effects of three allelochemicals found in tomato (chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine) and thermal regime (21:10 °C and 26:15 °C, representing spring and summer respectively) on five insect herbivores (a Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta, and the polyphagous Heliothis virescens, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda and Trichoplusia ni). There were allelochemical interactions and thermal regime-allelochemical interactions for all species, and so the patterns were complex. In some cases, paired allelochemicals or the combination of three allelochemicals showed adverse additive effects on insect performance. But that was not always the case, and there were only a few examples of synergism. Negative effects of the allelochemicals were sometimes, but not always, damped by the cooler thermal regime. Comparing the growth rates of the five species in this study with those of a previous study (a total of seven species) revealed five patterns. For two of three pairs of closely-related species, the paired species had distinctly different patterns. For example, for H. virescens, tomatine prevented development and chlorogenic acid slowed growth, whereas for Helicoverpa zea, tomatine just slowed growth and the phenolics had little effect. The specialist Manduca sexta had a pattern that was midway between patterns of the generalists; it was not the most tolerant of the allelochemicals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003290510565
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Environmental effects on cytoplasmic incompatibility and bacterial load in Wolbachia-infected Drosophila simulans (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; cytoplasmic incompatibility ; Wolbachia ; temperature ; antibiotics ; density
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of high temperatures, antibiotics, nutrition and larval density on cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by a Wolbachia infection were investigated in Drosophila simulans. Exposure of larvae from an infected stock to moderate doses of tetracycline led to complete incompatibility when treated females were crossed to infected males; the same doses only caused a partial restoration of compatibility when treated males were crossed to uninfected females. In crosses with treated females, there was a strong correlation between dose effects on hatch rates and infection levels in embryos produced by these females. Ageing and rearing males at a high temperature led to increased compatibility. However, exposing infected females to a high temperature did not influence their compatibility with infected males. Male temperature effects depended on conditions experienced at the larval stage but not the pupal stage. Exposure to 25 °C reduced the density of Wolbachia in embryos compared with a 19 °C treatment. Low levels of nutrition led to increased compatibility, but no effect of larval crowding was detected. These findings show the ways environmental factors can influence the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility and suggest that environmental effects may be mediated by bacterial density.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003043814761
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Different responses to temperature in three closely-related sympatric cereal aphids (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): aphids ; Sitobion ; population ; chromosomal race ; mean relative growth rate ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Chromosomal races of the aphid Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), and a closely-related species S. near fragariae (Aphididae: Macrosiphini) show seasonal differences in abundance in eastern Australia. We tested whether this was related to differences in temperature response, using controlled laboratory conditions. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, mean relative growth rate (MRGR), and longevity were compared at different temperatures, and rates of increase were compared outdoors under ambient conditions. Using laboratory data, we simulated population growth, for comparison with outdoor populations. There were significant differences in responses to temperature regimes both in the laboratory and outdoors. Outdoor populations fell well short of predicted sizes. S. miscanthi (2n=18) showed evidence of adaptation to warmer conditions. In contrast, S. nr fragariae showed consistent evidence for adaptation to cooler conditions, and S. miscanthi 2n=17 was approximately intermediate. These data indicate that temperature responses are important in the ecology, evolution and pest status of S. miscanthi clones and S. nr fragariae in Australia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003102927699
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intrinsic rate of population increase of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae on the ornamental crop gerbera: intraspecific variation in host plant and herbivore (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): integrated pest management ; genotypes ; rm ; plant breeding ; adaptation ; Acari
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Eight cultivars of the ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii Bolus (Asteraceae) were compared in host plant suitability for the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). This was done by determining the intrinsic rate of population increase, rm, of spider mites on leaf discs of plants from each of the cultivars. Large differences in rm values were found, ranging from 0.088/day on cultivar Bianca to 0.242/day on cultivar Sirtaki. This variation in rm was mainly caused by differences in developmental time of the spider mites. We assessed the performance of spider mites on young and old leaves of the two gerbera cultivars Bianca and Sirtaki. On Sirtaki the spider mites had a shorter developmental time and higher peak oviposition rate on young leaves than on old leaves. However, on Bianca such an effect was not found. We also determined the performance of two spider mite strains on the resistant gerbera cultivar Bianca. We compared the rm of a strain that had been reared on this cultivar for approximately half a year with the rm of a strain that was reared on bean. The rm of the strain that was reared on cultivar Bianca increased to 0.208/day, which is however still substantially lower than the rm on the susceptible cultivar Sirtaki.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003516213213
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flight behavior of pre- and postdiapause apple blossom weevils in relation to ambient temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diapause ; flight behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003269621622
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diapause survival and post-diapause performance in bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Bombus terrestris ; bumblebees ; diapause ; survival ; preoviposition period ; weight ; temperature ; diapause duration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Diapause survival and post-diapause performance (i.e., if a queen starts to lay eggs) of in total 2210 bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) were measured under different diapause regimes: 5 temperatures (−5, 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C) in combination with 5 durations of exposure (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). The results show that weight at the start of diapause determines to a large extent whether a queen will be able to survive diapause. Queens with a wet weight below 0.6 g prior to diapause did not survive, but for those queens exceeding this threshold a higher pre- diapause weight did not increase their post-diapause performance. There was no effect of temperature on diapause survival; 76% of the variance in survival could be explained by the duration of the treatment. Neither temperature nor duration of exposure had an effect on post-diapause performance. The preoviposition period of the queens that laid eggs was also determined. The preoviposition period was affected by both temperature and duration of exposure: the preoviposition period decreased with decreasing temperature but also with increasing duration of the treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003595306816
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The relative performance of pheromone and light traps in monitoring the seasonal activity of both sexes of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 87-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): seasonal trapping ; light traps ; pheromone traps ; trapping periodicity ; temperature ; reproductive state ; eastern hemlock looper
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The seasonal flight activity of both sexes of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) was studied during two consecutive years in Quebec and Newfoundland, using light (L), pheromone (P) and combined light and pheromone (LP) traps. Moth density significantly affected the performance of the different traps, with P traps being more effective at low than high density. However, P trap catches decreased just prior to the onset of female captures, probably as a result of competition between traps and virgin calling females. Nearly all females caught in L and LP traps were already mated and even the first females caught had laid at least half of their egg complement. In Quebec under warm nights, the pattern of male activity occurred at different times, with peak P catches being later in the scotophase than those of L traps, but overall similar numbers of males were caught in both traps. In contrast, under cool nights, males were caught early in the night in both P and L traps, suggesting a strong competition effect between traps, although more males were caught in P than L traps overall. In Newfoundland, the pattern of male captures in L and P traps was similar at both high and low temperatures, so competition between trap types would always be high. Under these conditions P traps were more effective than L traps. Irrespective of the region, year or temperature, significantly more males were captured in LP, with the effect of L and P being additive. In both regions, females responded similarly to L and LP traps with peak activity occurring early in the night. Captures of females were lower than those of males under cool temperatures, suggesting that the temperature threshold for flight is higher for females. The use of L and P traps simultaneously and/or in combination is discussed in relation to integrated pest management programs and ecological considerations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003450432755
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of genome size inAllium (Alliaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 210 (1998), S. 57-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Alliaceae ; Allium ; Nuclear DNA amount ; adaptation ; evolution ; infrageneric classification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The 4C DNA amounts of 86 species fromAllium subgg.Allium, Rhizirideum, Bromatorrhiza, Melanocrommyum, Caloscordum andAmerallium show a 8.35-fold difference ranging from 35.60 pg (A. ledebourianum, 2n = 16) to 297.13 pg (A. validum 2n = 56). At diploid level the difference is 3.57-fold betweenA. ledebourianum (35.60 pg) andA. ursinum (127.14 pg). This shows that a significant loss and/or gain of DNA has occurred during evolution. On average subgg.Rhizirideum andAllium have less DNA amount than subgg.Melanocrommyum andAmerallium. The distribution of nuclear DNA amounts does not show discontinuous pattern and regular groups. The evolution of genome size has been discussed in relation to polyploidy and genomes, heterochromatin, adaptive changes in morphological characteristics, phenology and ecological factors, and infrageneric classification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984728
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of the tropical red seaweed Gracilaria cornea to temperature, salinity and irradiance (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Schlagwort(e): Gracilaria cornea ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; chlorophyll ; phycoerythrin ; Florida ; salinity ; temperature ; irradiance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The agarophyte Gracilaria cornea, collected over 2.5 y in the Florida Keys, shows adaptations to oceanic salinities and subtropical to tropical water temperatures in its photosynthetic and respiratory responses as measured with a respirometer. No seasonal pattern in responses to irradiance, temperature, and salinity were evident between five collections over a 20-month period, indicating the tropical nature of the populations from Bahia Honda and Pigeon Keys. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (0.09 to 0.41 mg g d wt-1) and phycoerythrin (0.06 to 0.36 mg g d wt- 1) were low and reflect the low nutrient regime of the habitats, especially when compared to laboratory cultured plants. Compensation and saturation irradiances were also low (11–38 and 90–127 μmol photon m-2 s-1), indicating acclimation to lower irradiances in their shallow (1–2 m depth) habitats where turbidity can be high. In comparison with other subtropical and warm temperate species of Gracilaria, G. cornea had lower levels of pigment, but similarly high photosynthetic efficiency, demonstrating shade adaptation; it had only limited tolerance to salinities below 20‰ and temperatures below 15 °C. Thus, G. cornea from the Florida Keys in mariculture would require subtropical to tropical temperatures and stable oceanic salinities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008021613399
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Evolution of Theoretically Useful Traits (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; optimization ; fitness ; functional ; historical ; evolutionary explanation ; Wright ; Millikan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The purely theoretical notion of fitness or optimality that is employed for instance in optimization theory has come under attack from those who think that only a more historically based notion of fitness could have a central role in evolutionary explanation. They argue that the key notion is proven usefulness rather than theoretical usefulness. This paper articulates a notion of theoretical usefulness and defends its role in functional evolutionary explanations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006523004188
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Tragedy of a priori Selectionism: Dennett and Gould on Adaptationism (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 359-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; algorithm ; atavism ; contingency ; deep homology ; Dennett ; development ; disparity ; epicurean selectionism ; evolution ; exaptation ; Gould ; metaphors ; punctuated equilibrium ; selectionism ; spandrels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract In his recent book on Darwinism, Daniel Dennett has offered up a species of a priori selectionism that he calls algorithmic. He used this view to challenge a number of positions advocated by Stephen J. Gould. I examine his algorithmic conception, review his unqualified enthusiasm for the a priori selectionist position, challenge Dennett's main metaphors (cranes vs. skyhooks and a design space), examine ways in which his position has lead him to misunderstand or misrepresent Gould (spandrels, exaptation, punctuated equilibrium, contingency and disparity), and discuss recent results in developmental biology that suggest that an a priori position does not fill the demands of an evolutionary biology. I conclude by insisting that evolutionary biology is many leveled, complicated, and is carried on an ever shifting and expanding empirical base that when disregarded results in caricature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006508719300
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Seasonal dynamics and larval drift of Chironomus riparius (Diptera) in a metal contaminated lowland river (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; Chironomus riparius ; larval migration ; metal pollution ; seasonal dynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Chironomus riparius is one of the insect species which inhabit polluted rivers in large densities, indicating a high adaptive capacity. Previous studies showed that this capacity is expressed by the occurrence of adapted strains in metal polluted rivers. Differences in life history between metal-exposed and non-exposed midges have been demonstrated in laboratory experiments, and therefore a comparative field study of seasonal dynamics was carried out at two metal polluted sites and one reference site. Just downstream from a massive metal discharge, seasonal dynamics were almost identical to the upstream reference site. Circa four generations per year were produced. Further downstream, lower larval densities were recorded, especially during the second half of the sampling period. The influx of upstream C. riparius larvae into polluted sites was estimated by measuring larval drift just upstream from the point source of metal contamination and indicated a massive input to the standing stock downstream. It is concluded that drift of non-tolerant larvae is dominating the seasonal dynamics of midges downstream. Accordingly, genetic uniformity of chironomids inhabiting upstream and downstream sites is expected most of the time. However, research performed during the last decade, demonstrated that genetically adapted strains of C. riparius may develop at certain stages in the seasonal cycle. However, a stable metal-adapted C. riparius population at the first downstream site, is most likely present on rare occasions only.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009951709797
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The phytoplankton succession in the lower part of hypertrophic Nakdong River (Mulgum), South Korea (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 369-370 (1998), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): regulated river ; Microcystis bloom ; discharge ; temperature ; community composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Investigations were carried out to determine the mechanism of phytoplankton succession in the lower part of Nakdong River. Intensive monitoring was conducted from April 1993 to April 1995 at weekly or biweekly intervals. This river is the main source of drinking water for more than 8 million residents living in Pusan and the Southeastern region of Korea, and it is also important for industrial purposes. Due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization, this river has become hypertrophic and it is heavily regulated (mean chl. a, 79±232 µg l-1 n = 76; mean TN, 4.3±2.0 mg l-1 n=30; mean TP, 165 ± 108 µg l-1 n = 45). Bacillariophyceae were dominant year-round in 1993, with spring and late fall peaks. Dominant communities in 1994 were Bacillariophyceae in March and April, Chlorophyceae and Cryptophyceae in May, Cyanobacteria in July and August, Chlorophyceae and Cryptophyceae in October, and Bacillariophyceae in December. As drought persisted through the summer of 1994, elevated water temperature (over 30 °C) possibly triggered Cyanobacteria bloom (mainly Microcystis aeruginosa, maximum cell density, 1.6 × 107 cells ml-1). The most common diatom, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, repeatedly dominated from late fall to next spring (mean and maximum cell density, 7.5 × 104, 1.2 × 105 cells ml-1, respectively). This small centric diatom was favored by the low discharge and the cold water (water temperature, 3–10 °C). After the diatom bloom, this community shifted to peaks of colonial Chlorophyceae and motile Cryptophyceae, owing to the high rate of zooplankton grazing activity and increased water temperature. Overall, the phytoplankton periodicity was primarily governed by the hydrologic regime (discharge). Changes in silica concentration, water temperature and high zooplankton density might have played an important role in phytoplankton dynamics during the non-flooding periods. Compared to other large rivers, strong Microcystis bloom events in summer and Stephanodiscus bloom events in winter were noticeable in the dry year. The patterns of phytoplankton succession observed in this study may have a significance since most of the large rivers in Far Eastern Asian countries are subjected to eutrophication and regulation of discharge.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017067809089
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Towards a theory of evolutionary adaptation (1998)
    Springer
    Genetica 102-103 (1998), S. 525-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; mutation-selection-drift ; nearly neutral mutations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Most theoretical models in population genetics fail to deal in a realistic manner with the process of mutation. They are consequently not informative about the central evolutionary problem of the origin, progression, and limit of adaptation. Here we present an explicit distribution of phenotypes expected in an ensemble of populations under a mutation-selection-drift model that allows mutations with a distribution of adaptive values to occur randomly in time. The model of mutation is a geometrical model in which the effect of a new mutation is determined by a random angle in n dimensional space and in which the adaptive value (fitness) of an organism decreases as the square of the deviation of its phenotype from an optimum. Each new mutation is subjected to random genetic drift and fixed or lost according to its selective value and the effective population number. Time is measured in number of fixation events, so that, at any point in time, each population is regarded as genetically homogeneous. In this mutation-selection-drift model, among an ensemble of populations, the equilibrium average phenotype coincides with the optimum because the distribution of positive and negative deviations from the optimum is symmetrical. However, at equilibrium, the mean of the absolute value of the deviation from the optimum equals √ $$\sqrt {n/8Ns} $$ , where n is the dimensionality of the trait space, N is the effective population size, and s is the selection coefficient against a mutation whose phenotype deviates by one unit from the optimum. Furthermore, at equilibrium, the average fitness across the ensemble of populations equals 1 - (n + 1)/8N. When n is sufficiently large, there is a strong mutation pressure toward the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations. This feature relates our model to the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017071901530
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Heat-induced testicular apoptosis occurs independently of hormonal depletion (1998)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 3 (1998), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Schlagwort(e): Androgen ; apoptosis ; heat stress ; hormone ; temperature ; testis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that testicular germ cell apoptosis can be induced both by heat stress and by withdrawal of androgens and gonadotrophins. To investigate whether heat-induced germ cell apoptosis occurs independently of the altered levels of hormones that occur with heat exposure, mouse testicular apoptosis was studied using an in vitro system with controlled levels of testosterone, FSH and LH. It was observed that cells underwent apoptosis sooner in the absence of hormones at the same temperature. Apoptosis also occurred earlier at abdominal temperature compared to scrotal temperature with the same hormonal levels. No somatic tissues studied underwent apoptosis at 37°C under the same culture conditions. These results suggest that heat stress may independently activate an apoptotic pathway in the testis, and that hormone deprivation may induce apoptosis via a separate mechanism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009665309915
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adjustment of thylakoid plastoquinone content and Photosystem I electron donor pool size in response to growth temperature and growth irradiance in winter rye (Secale cereale L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 56 (1998), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): electron donor pool size ; irradiance ; Photosystem I ; plastoquinone ; temperature ; stoichiometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Musketeer) grown at 5 °C/250 µmol photons m−2 s−1 exhibited a relative reduction state of PS II comparable to that of rye grown at 20 °C but high light (800 µmol photons m−2 s−1) (1-qP = 0.32) whereas winter rye grown at 20 °C/250 µmol photons m−2 s−1 exhibited values of 1-qP (≈ 0.15) comparable to plants grown at 5 °C but low light (50 µmol photons m−2 s−1). The apparent size of the electron donor pool to PS I, estimated either in vivo or in vitro in the presence of methylviologen by ΔA820 was positively correlated with the relative reduction state of PS II under the steady-state growth conditions. Immunoblotting of rye thylakoid polypeptides indicated that the relative contents of Lhcb1, Lhcb2, D1, Cyt f, PC, PsaA/PsaB heterodimer and the β-subunit of ATPase complex exhibited minimal changes on a Chl basis. In contrast, a 2-fold increase in plastoquinone A content was associated with increasing growth irradiance at growth temperatures of either 5 or 20 °C. We suggest that the increases in the apparent size of the electron donor pool to PS I associated with rye grown at either 5 °C/250 µmol photons m−2 s−1or 20 °C/800 µmol photons m−2 s−1 may be explained by an increased thylakoid plastoquinone A content, coupled with possible enhanced PS I cyclic electron transport and/or increased capacity for electron donation from the stroma to the intersystem electron transport chain. The results are discussed with respect to photosynthetic adjustment to changes in PS II ‘excitation pressure’ in winter rye.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006049925042
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of thermal environment on Electromyographical signals obtained from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during forced swimming (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 371-372 (1998), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Salmo salar ; electromyogram ; EMG ; temperature ; biotelemetry ; swimming
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were acclimated to 8 °C and 18 °C for 1 month prior to surgical implantation of telemetry devices that measured electromyographical (EMG) impulses. Transmitters were 5 cm long, 1.6 cm diameter and weighed 18 g in air. The teflon coated, stainless steel bipolar electrodes were secured in place using gold tips (9 carat, 5 × 1 mm), that acted as anchors in the locomotory musculature. The electrodes were placed in the red muscle band, half way down the body length of the fish, approximately 5–10 mm apart. Transmitters emitted a signal when the electrical difference between the 2 electrodes exceeded a factory determined threshold, thus, EMG pulse interval (ms) was related to the rate of muscle contraction. Fish were maintained at their respective of muscle contraction. Fish were acclimation temperatures and EMG signals were monitored over a 4-month period during critical swimming speed tests (Ucrit's). Mortality rates were higher in the 18 ° C acclimated group (50% after 3 months), compared to the 8 °C group (0%), probably due to the lack of feeding in the former group. No tags were expelled during this period. Critical swim speed did not change over time or with temperature. EMG pulse intervals were correlated to swimming speed, and became significantly shorter (indicating greater activity) at higher speeds. The relationship of 6 out of 7, 8 °C-acclimated fish, compared to only 1 out of 3, 18 °C-acclimated salmon, remained constant over the 4 month period. These results suggest that care needs to be taken when extrapolating calibration data from the laboratory to the field over long periods of time, especially if changes in the muscle properties of the fish are likely to occur.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017059913366
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Forecasting of water quality in lakes: a predictive use of a one dimensional model. Application to lake Bourget (Savoie, France) (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 373-374 (1998), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): lake ; predictive modelling ; water quality forecasting ; temperature ; phosphorus ; dissolved oxygen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In order to assess the efficiency of eutrophication control programs, predictive models are necessary. We propose a methodology for implementing such a model, based on the coupling of a biogeochemical model of a lake and the use of long term time series of meteorological data. This methodology is applied to lake Bourget (Savoie, France). It allows to obtain both mean and standard deviation (first and second order moments) of the state variables of the model on a 1 y period. The sensitivity of the model to the various forcing variables, as well as to the initial conditions is analyzed as well as the linear or non-linear behavior of the model. Finally, the propagation of the uncertainties (standard deviations) in time and space, for both water temperature and dissolved oxygen are assessed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017088125487
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: conservation implications for an imperiled species (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 51 (1998), S. 429-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; Catostomidae ; temperature ; salinity ; pH ; hypoxia ; conservation biology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Teleostei: Catostomidae), is an imperiled sucker native to large rivers of the Atlantic slope of the southeastern United States. Juvenile M. robustum were tested for tolerances to temperature, salinity, pH, and hypoxia in order to evaluate basic early life-history requirements. Static (acute) tests resulted in estimates of mean lower temperature tolerances (5.3–19.4 °C) that varied with prior thermal acclimation and indicated no apparent difference in tolerance among fish 30, 60, and 90 days old. Fish acclimated to 20 °C and 30 °C had significantly different mean critical thermal maxima (34.9 °C and 37.2 °C, respectively) and exhibited pronounced increased opercular ventilation rates with elevated temperatures. Fish exposed to acute and chronic increases in salinity showed unusual patterns of mortality above the isosmotic point (9 ppt) that reflected possible differences in body mass and prior acclimation conditions (i.e., water ionic composition); small fish and those held in soft water were the least tolerant of increased salinity. Abrupt exposure to extreme pH values resulted in greater than 50% mortality at pH values below 4.3 and above 9.5 within a 96-hour period. Fish exposed to progressive hypoxia utilized aquatic surface respiration at a mean oxygen concentration of 0.72–0.80 mg O2 l-1 (20 °C and 30 °C acclimated fish, respectively), and lost equilibrium at 0.54–0.57 mg O2 l-1. Juvenile M. robustum are moderately tolerant of a wide range of ambient physicochemical parameters, but further research is needed to determine how both abiotic and biotic factors have contributed to population decline and extirpation of this species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007486632102
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors influencing otolith strontium/calcium ratios in Anguilla japonica elvers (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 52 (1998), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): eel ; salinity ; temperature ; fish
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of temperature and salinity on the concentration ratios of strontium (Sr) to calcium (Ca) within the sagittal otoliths of elvers of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, were studied by spot analysis using a wavelength dispersive X-ray electron microprobe. A total of 340 elvers were used: 100 elvers were reared for 15 days under various salinity conditions (freshwater, one-third seawater, two-thirds seawater and pure seawater at 22 °C; 240 elvers were reared for 58 days under various water temperature conditions (12, 17, 22, 27 °C) in either freshwater or pure seawater. Otolith Sr/Ca ratios were found to be positively correlated with water salinity. On the other hand, the Sr/Ca ratios were not found to be significantly different among the various temperature groups. The above results strongly suggest that the physiological mechanism of incorporation of Sr and Ca within the otolith of an eurythermal fish, Japanese eel, does not change within this range of temperatures (12–27 °C).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007415420540
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of food deprivation on white muscle energy reserves in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): the relationships with body size and temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): Oncorhynchus mykiss ; fasting ; metabolites ; temperature ; scaling ; body size ; nutritional status ; glycogen ; glucose ; ATP ; phosphocreatine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between body size and the depletion of white muscle metabolites (e.g., PCr, ATP, glucose and glycogen) was examined in two sizes (30 or 700 g) of rainbow trout deprived of food for one, four or seven days at either 5 or 15 °C. Following 7 days of food deprivation at 15 °C, the levels of muscle glycogen decreased by approximately 50% in small fish relative to control values (i.e., day 1). In comparison, small fish acclimated to cold temperatures did not exhibit a significant reduction of muscle glycogen over the seven day fasting regime. In contrast to small fish, the levels of white muscle glycogen in large fish remained unchanged after food deprivation, regardless of acclimation temperature. A seven day deprivation of food also resulted in a 50% depletion of white muscle glucose concentrations in small and large fish acclimated to warm temperatures, but there were no significant changes in this variable in fish acclimated to cold temperatures. In contrast to the negative effects of food deprivation on white muscle glycogen and glucose levels, the concentrations of white muscle PCr and ATP were not greatly affected by food deprivation under any of the experimental conditions. Taken together, these results clearly show that food deprivation can have an important influence on the storage of energy metabolites for anaerobic energy production, particularly in small fish at warm temperatures. In the future, it may be very important to consider the physiological effects of short-term food deprivation when interpreting results from studies in which fish have been fasted prior to treatments such as exercise.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007759407275
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of elevated winter temperature and sub-lethal pollutants (low pH, elevated ammonia) on protein turnover in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 377-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): rainbow trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; growth ; protein synthesis ; protein degradation ; RNA ; temperature ; pH ; ammonia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Appetite, growth, and protein turnover (synthesis, growth and degradation) of liver and gills were measured in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed to satiation, and exposed for 90 days to elevated winter temperatures (+2 °C above ambient) and either low pH (5.2) in softwater or 70 μM total ammonia (TAmm) in hardwater. All fish increased in weight during the experiments, but those exposed to +2°C grew significantly more than those at ambient temperature due to a stimulation of appetite. During the relatively constant temperature of the first 75 days, +2 °C caused a significant increase in the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in the liver of hardwater-acclimated fish, as a result of an increase in RNA translational efficiency (KRNA). The elevated temperature also induced an increase in gill protein synthesis in softwater-acclimated fish but in this case the underlying mechanism was an increase in Cs, the capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) rather than in KRNA. The addition of 70 μM TAmm had no effect on protein turnover in either liver or gills of hardwater-acclimated fish. Low pH inhibited protein growth in the liver of softwater-acclimated fish at day 90 under both temperature regimes. This inhibition was effected via a decrease in protein synthesis at control temperature but via an increase in protein degradation when the fish were exposed to both low pH and +2 °C. From these results we conclude that a simulated global warming scenario has potentially beneficial rather than detrimental effects on protein turnover and growth of freshwater fish during winter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007748213387
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family and its role in phenotypic plasticity in Stellaria longipes (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (gene mRNA) ; ecotype ; photoperiod ; plasticity ; Stellaria ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Using degenerate oligonucleotides that correspond to conserved amino acid residues of known 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases, we cloned a genomic fragment that encodes ACC synthase in Stellaria longipes. Southern analysis suggests that ACC synthase is encoded by a small gene family comprising about 4 members. We isolated four unique ACC synthase cDNA clones under different growth conditions from alpine and prairie ecotypes of S. longipes. Northern analyses suggest that ACC synthase genes are differentially and synergistically regulated by photoperiod and temperature. Such differential regulation of ACC synthase genes positively correlate with the levels of ACC and ethylene. Since ethylene has previously been shown to partly control the stem elongation plasticity in S. longipes, we propose that differential regulation of ACC synthase genes may represent one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity in S. longipes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005994118535
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Two maize genes encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase and their differential expression to temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 297-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): gene cloning ; fatty acid desaturase ; temperature ; Zea mays ; chloroplast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have isolated two maize cDNAs and the corresponding genes encoding fatty acid desaturase with Arabidopsis thaliana FAD7 gene as a probe. They shared almost 90% identity at DNA sequence level. Northern analysis revealed that both genes are expressed in leaves, but not in roots at normal temperature- and low temperature-growth condition. The overall level of these transcripts are elevated upon exposure to low temperature. The tissue-specific expression and DNA sequence data indicate that both genes encode plastidic ω-3 fatty acid desaturases. One of them is expressed exclusively at normal temperature but not at 5 °C , whereas the other is expressed inversely. We, therefore, termed them ZmFAD7 and ZmFAD8, respectively. Among other stresses, high-salt treatment induced the accumulation of the ZmFAD7 and ZmFAD8 transcripts in roots but drought had no effect on their expression. Cycloheximide induced the accumulation of the ZmFAD7 transcript in roots. The genomic clones of ZmFAD7 and ZmFAD8 consist of 8 exons and 7 introns as same as in the cases of A. thaliana FAD7 and FAD8 genes and the sizes of the 6 internal exons were identical among them. A phylogenetic analysis of ZmFAD7, ZmFAD8 amino acid sequences and those originated from other plant species is also presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005993408270
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Metabolic enzyme activities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) embryos respond more to chronic changes in oxygen availability than to environmental temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 18 (1998), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): salmon ; development ; oxygen ; temperature ; lactate dehydrogenase ; cytochrome c oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cronic exposure to an increased temperature (e.g., 10 °C as compared to 5 °C) and to a different oxygen tension can dramatically affect muscle cellularity in Atlantic salmon embryos at a developmental stage close to hatching. Maximal activities of enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism have been shown to vary with temperature and growth rates in fish but only limited data are available for embryonic fish. In order to obtain data on Atlantic salmon embryos and to be able to compare temperature and oxygen effects, the maximal activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) were determined in body tissue containing mainly muscle as measures of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, respectively. Temperatures of 5 and 10 °C, different O2 tensions (50% normoxic, normoxic, 150% normoxic), and growth within (chorionated) or without (dechorionated) the egg capsule were chosen as environmental conditions. Temperature affected CCO activities and thus the CCO/LDH ratio in dechorionated but not in chorionated embryos (5 〈 10 °C) and had no effect on LDH activities. However, changes in oxygen availability had an effect on all parameters measured. Tissue protein concentration increased after dechorionation but no temperature effect was found. Both LDH and CCO activities undergo complex responses to oxygen availability depending on incubation temperature. There thus appeared to be an interaction of temperature and oxygen availability with regard to maximum activities of key enzymes of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in the salmon embryos.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007706108365
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plasticity of flower longevity in Corydalis ambigua (1998)
    Springer
    Ecological research 13 (1998), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Schlagwort(e): Corydalis ambigua ; flower longevity ; plasticity ; pollination ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: We investigated the longevity of individual flowers of Corydalis ambigua Cham. et Schlecht. during different periods of pollinator activity and at different temperatures. To measure potential (unpollinated) flower longevity of C. ambigua, this study was conducted at forest islands where pollinator visits were scarce. The longevity of individual flowers of C. ambigua indicated high plasticity. The longevity of unpollinated flowers in natural pollination ranged from 2 to 25 days and continuously decreased with the date of flower opening. The temperature increased as the flowering season progressed. Furthermore, the greenhouse transplanting experiment showed that higher temperatures shorten the life span of flowers. The longevity of pollinated flowers subjected to hand pollination of newly opened flowers was shorter than that of unpollinated flowers in natural pollination regardless of the date of flower opening. These results showed that not only high temperature but also pollination shortens flower longevity. We discuss the role of plasticity in flower longevity for C. ambigua in relation to pollination success and reduction in the maintenance cost of the flowers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1998.00259.x
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  • 135
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of temperatures during pure culture fermentation of Kinema (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 847-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Kinema ; soybean ; Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Kinema was prepared by fermenting whole cooked soybeans with pure culture of Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 (MTCC 2756) strain at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C for 24h. Temperature, mesophilic plate counts, relative viscosity, water-soluble nitrogen, formal nitrogen contents and reducing sugars of fermenting soybeans were investigated during fermentation. At higher temperatures the growth rate of B. subtilis KK2:B10 was faster. A remarkable increase in the relative viscosity of kinema was observed at 40°C during fermentation. Water-soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen to total nitrogen contents increased throughout the 24h of fermentation. Reducing sugars increased during the log phase and then decreased sharply. Kinema matured below 10°C for 1 day after the desired fermentation showed a significant increase in relative viscosity. The quality of kinema was maintained with pure culture fermentation by B. subtilis KK2:B10 at 40°C for 20h and matured at 5°C for 1 day.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008867511369
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Russian human geography in the 'wonderland' of globalization (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Schlagwort(e): globalization ; national tradition ; Russian human geography inertia ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006845428890
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rotifer vertical distribution in a strongly stratified lake: a multivariate analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 287-388 (1998), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Rotifera ; vertical distribution ; temperature ; oxygen ; diversity ; PCA ; karstic lake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The main source of variation of rotifer species distributions in lake Arcas-2, a small karstic lake near Cuenca (Spain), was explored by means of principal components factor (PCA) and canonical correlation (CCA) analyses. PCA was performed using rotifer densities and CCA using rotifer densities plus physical and chemical parameters. Factor 1 of PCA separated summer species from winter–spring species and Factor 2 accounted for the variation in the vertical profile. Three summer species with different food habits (Polyarthra dolichoptera, Hexarthra mira and Asplanchna girodi) were grouped together at the positive end of Factor 1, while Factor 2 separated the two hypolimnetic species (Filinia hofmanni and Anuraeopsis fissa) from the rest. The relative position of rotifer species in the space determined by the CCA was roughly the same. The most significant environmental factors that became paired with rotifer distribution in the CCA were temperature and oxygen, and parameters related to water inflow. Segregation of filter-feeding species in the spatio–temporal subenvironments is clearly shown by the multivariate analysis. The low diversity of rotifer species found in Lake Arcas-2 is attributed to the reduced dimensions of the lake and its morphology. This lake resembles a sinkhole with an abruptly sloping shoreline and poor development of the littoral zone. This morphology favors a strong oxygen stratification. Since midsummer the oxic–anoxic boundary is located in the upper metalimnion, the vertical structure of the oxygenated water column is simplified. This low rotifer diversity contrasts with a high ciliate diversity in the anoxic waters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017054129742
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Population growth in planktonic rotifers. Does temperature shift the competitive advantage for different species? (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 287-388 (1998), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): competition ; threshold food level ; Rotifera ; temperature ; Brachionus ; Synchaeta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The numerical response of populations to different food concentrations in an important parameter to be determined for a mechanistic approach to interspecific competition. Theory predicts that the species with the lowest food level (TFL) should always be the superior competitor if only one food source is offered. However, TFLs are not species specific constants but may change along environmental gradients such as food size or temperature. The hypothesis that temperature differentially affects the TFLs of three planktonic rotifers (Asplanchna priodonta, Brachionus calyciflorus and Synchaeta pectinata) was tested in laboratory experiments. Numerical responses were assessed for all three rotifers at 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28°C with Cryptomonas erosa as food alga. Growth rates of all three rotifers at high food concentrations (1 mg C l-1) increased as temperature increased until the limits of thermal tolerance were reached. This increase was very pronounced for Brachionus, but less for Synchaeta which already had relatively high growth rates at 12°C. Along the temperature gradient, the TFLs of Synchaeta increased from 0.074 to 0.66 mg C l-1, whereas those of Asplanchna and Brachionus stayed relatively constant at 0.3 and 0.2 mg C l-1, respectively. Hence, the zero net growth isocline (ZNGI) of Synchaeta crossed those of Brachionus and Asplanchna at 16 and 20.5°C, respectively. The results suggest that Synchaeta is better adapted to low temperatures than the other two rotifers and should be the superior competitor below 16°C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017043222783
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  • 139
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Small-scale plankton patchiness in the Black Sea euphotic layer (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 375-376 (1998), S. 363-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): plankton ; bioluminescence ; acoustic field ; temperature ; patchiness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Small-scale horizontal heterogeneites or patches of bioluminescence intensity and sound volume back scattering strength (SVBS) were studied in the central part of the Black Sea in October, 1989. Bathyphotometric casts and measurements of SVBS, were taken every 3 minutes in the surface layer (0–20 m) over a period of several hours from a drifting vessel. Casts were accompanied by temperature profiles and zooplankton sampling. Measurements were carried out during the day and night periods. From adaptive spectral analysis it was shown that the horizontal dimensions of the bioluminescent and SVBS heterogeneities were between 75 to 1500 m and 20 to 443 m respectively. In the case of zooplankton biomass the dimensions were 85 to 818 m and 80 to 1800 m for the temperature field. Physical and dynamical factors dominate in the formation of small-scale spatial heterogeneity of the studied fields. Biological factors, such as diel vertical migrations, trophic interactions etc. will also contribute to the formation of patches at night.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017003410651
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  • 140
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Environmental unpredictability rules the autumn migration of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in the Belgian Ardennes (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 371-372 (1998), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): spawning migration ; temperature ; flood ; Salmo trutta ; radio tracking ; River Meuse Basin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This telemetry study aimed to document the mobility of Salmo trutta in the River Ourthe sub-basin (tributary of the River Meuse) during summer and autumn, and to analyse the environmental factors which trigger spawning migration or limit their extension. Nine trout (233–2217 g and 26.6–55.2 cm FL) were radio-tagged with intraperitoneal radio transmitters and positioned daily, from 14 August 1996 to 15 January 1997. Until 1 October, fish showed restricted movements: daily journeys never exceeded 300 m and corresponded to displacements by high floods or to routine home range movements. From 7 October to 15 November, seven of the nine trout travelled upstream over distances from 5.6 to 22.95 km, into tributaries and sub-tributaries. Migration speed was fast during the early days, when trout could travel over more than 5 km per night, then progressively decreased as they were approaching putative spawning redds under lower temperature. Both in the River Ourthe and in the Aisne stream, all migrations started within less than three weeks (early October) and were found to be triggered by the combination of three environmental factors: high variations of water temperature and water level between consecutive days, within a thermal range of 10–12 °C. From the trout point’s of view, these may be signs that the environment becomes unpredictable, as its variability increases within a thermal range which no longer enables them to achieve high growth rates. These results are discussed within the context of foraging strategies, life history strategies and management of trout population.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017068115183
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of temperature and dietary-protein supplementation eitherwith free or coated lysine on the fractional protein-turnover rates in thewhite muscle of carp (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 18 (1998), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): carp ; lysine supplementation ; temperature ; protein synthesis ; turnover rate ; white muscle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of protein quality and of supplementation of corn-glutenprotein with lysine on the growth, feed conversion and protein turnoverrates in white muscle was investigated in carp (Cyprinus carpio) acclimatedto either 18 or 25 °C. Fish fed the lysine-deficient diet showed asignificantly lower food intake, weight gain and feed-conversion efficiencythan animals fed the lysine-sufficient diets, regardless of environmentaltemperature. Coated lysine, compared with free lysine, proved to be asignificantly better way of supplementing dietary protein, as shown byfeed-conversion indices at 18 and 25 °C. White-muscle protein, RNA andDNA contents were not altered by dietary treatment or water temperature.Supplementation with coated lysine, but not with free lysine, significantlyincreased the protein-synthesis rate (KS) at 18 or 25 °Cin comparison to lysine deficiency, although not to control values. Theeffiiency of protein synthesis (KRNA) and retention (PRE)obtained for fish fed the coated-lysine diet, at 18 °C, reached controlvalues. At 25 °C PRE and protein accumulation rate (KG)showed the following significant differences: lysine-deficient diet 〈free-lysine supplemented diet 〈 coated-lysine supplemented diet 〈control diet. Significant correlations were observed for Ks in relation withKD, KRNA or protein-related growth, at bothtemperatures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007723219594
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rotifer vertical distribution in a strongly stratified lake: a multivariate analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 387-388 (1998), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Rotifera ; vertical distribution ; temperature ; oxygen ; diversity ; PCA ; karstic lake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The main source of variation of rotifer species distributions in lake Arcas-2, a small karstic lake near Cuenca (Spain), was explored by means of principal components factor (PCA) and canonical correlation (CCA) analyses. PCA was performed using rotifer densities and CCA using rotifer densities plus physical and chemical parameters. Factor 1 of PCA separated summer species from winter–spring species and Factor 2 accounted for the variation in the vertical profile. Three summer species with different food habits (Polyarthra dolichoptera, Hexarthra mira and Asplanchna girodi) were grouped together at the positive end of Factor 1, while Factor 2 separated the two hypolimnetic species (Filinia hofmanni and Anuraeopsis fissa) from the rest. The relative position of rotifer species in the space determined by the CCA was roughly the same. The most significant environmental factors that became paired with rotifer distribution in the CCA were temperature and oxygen, and parameters related to water inflow. Segregation of filter-feeding species in the spatio–temporal subenvironments is clearly shown by the multivariate analysis. The low diversity of rotifer species found in Lake Arcas-2 is attributed to the reduced dimensions of the lake and its morphology. This lake resembles a sinkhole with an abruptly sloping shoreline and poor development of the littoral zone. This morphology favors a strong oxygen stratification. Since midsummer the oxic–anoxic boundary is located in the upper metalimnion, the vertical structure of the oxygenated water column is simplified. This low rotifer diversity contrasts with a high ciliate diversity in the anoxic waters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017054129742
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Population growth in planktonic rotifers. Does temperature shift the competitive advantage for different species? (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 387-388 (1998), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): competition ; threshold food level ; Rotifera ; temperature ; Brachionus ; Synchaeta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The numerical response of populations to different food concentrations in an important parameter to be determined for a mechanistic approach to interspecific competition. Theory predicts that the species with the lowest food level (TFL) should always be the superior competitor if only one food source is offered. However, TFLs are not species specific constants but may change along environmental gradients such as food size or temperature. The hypothesis that temperature differentially affects the TFLs of three planktonic rotifers (Asplanchna priodonta, Brachionus calyciflorus and Synchaeta pectinata) was tested in laboratory experiments. Numerical responses were assessed for all three rotifers at 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28°C with Cryptomonas erosa as food alga. Growth rates of all three rotifers at high food concentrations (1 mg C l-1) increased as temperature increased until the limits of thermal tolerance were reached. This increase was very pronounced for Brachionus, but less for Synchaeta which already had relatively high growth rates at 12°C. Along the temperature gradient, the TFLs of Synchaeta increased from 0.074 to 0.66 mg C l-1, whereas those of Asplanchna and Brachionus stayed relatively constant at 0.3 and 0.2 mg C l-1, respectively. Hence, the zero net growth isocline (ZNGI) of Synchaeta crossed those of Brachionus and Asplanchna at 16 and 20.5°C, respectively. The results suggest that Synchaeta is better adapted to low temperatures than the other two rotifers and should be the superior competitor below 16°C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017043222783
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modelling spatial dynamics of fish (1998)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 8 (1998), S. 57-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; artificial neural networks ; fish ; fitness ; game theory ; genetic algorithms ; hearing ; ideal free distribution ; learning ; life history theory ; memory ; migration ; olfaction ; optimal foraging theory ; optimization ; sensory organs ; spatial modelling ; stochastic dynamic programming ; vision
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Our ability to model spatial distributions of fish populations is reviewed by describing the available modelling tools. Ultimate models of the individual's motivation for behavioural decisions are derived from evolutionary ecology. Mechanistic models for how fish sense and may respond to their surroundings are presented for vision, olfaction, hearing, the lateral line and other sensory organs. Models for learning and memory are presented, based both upon evolutionary optimization premises and upon neurological information processing and decision making. Functional tools for modelling behaviour and life histories can be categorized as belonging to an optimization or an adaptation approach. Among optimization tools, optimal foraging theory, life history theory, ideal free distribution, game theory and stochastic dynamic programming are presented. Among adaptation tools, genetic algorithms and the combination with artificial neural networks are described. The review advocates the combination of evolutionary and neurological approaches to modelling spatial dynamics of fish.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008864517488
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of some operating variables on citrate recovery from model solutions by electrodialysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 344-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): electrodialysis ; citric acid ; pH ; temperature ; Faraday efficiency ; solute recovery efficiency ; specific energy consumption ; solute flux ; water flux ; feed solute concentration ; electric current density ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The effect of pH and temperature (θ) on the overall performance indicators (i.e., solute recovery, ρ, and Faraday, η, efficiencies; specific energy consumption, ε, solute, JS, and water, JW, fluxes) of batch electrodialytic recovery of citric acid from model solutions was assessed at different values of feed solute concentration (cSf) and electric current density (j). Regardless of the initial feed concentration used, ρ and JS were found to be independent of θ; η and JW exhibited a positive trend with respect to θ, while ε a negative one. At the maximum temperature tested (33°C), as the pH of the feed solution was varied from 3 to 7, ρ increased from 0.90 ± 0.08 to 0.97 ± 0.02, η grew from 0.09 ± 0.02 to 0.50 ± 0.01, JS practically doubled, ε reduced about 8 times, but JW increased from 3 to 4 times. So, the optimal conditions for this technique are to be determined by balancing the savings in the investment and maintenance costs against the energy costs. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:344-350, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Prunus Amygdalus Gas Exchanges (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 517-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): diurnal course ; drought ; internal CO2 partial pressure ; irradiance net photosynthetic rate ; seasonal course ; temperature ; water relations ; water stress ; water use efficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Diurnal courses in net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water potential (ψ), internal CO2 concentration (ci), and water use efficiency (WUE) were studied as season progressed, in relation to environmental factors in field grown Prunus amygdalus. In sun leaves PN reached maximum between 09:00 to 11:00 h and subsequently declined when high temperature and low humidity occurred. An increase was observed late in the afternoon. A decrease in gs and ψ was found as season progressed in both years of measurements. In periods of high evaporative demand, ψ was very low, however, it did not explain the reductions of PN in all the three periods (spring, early and late summer). Midday depression of PN and gs seemed to be related with leaf temperature (Tl) and high irradiance. Increase in ci and F0 and decrease in Fv/Fm found between 12:00 and 14:00 h corresponded to the decrease in PN. Therefore, a transient modification of photosynthetic machinery might be considered. WUE was negatively correlated with vapour pressure difference of leaf to air, that decreased during the day. The September values, higher than in the previous months, were due to the lower seasonal decreases in PN than in gs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006922822385
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation from nervous effects: A mechanism of adaptation of biological systems to disease (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 125 (1998), S. 533-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): range of nerve bonds ; isolation from nervous effects ; heart ; hypoxia ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A concept of functional isolation of the heart from nervous effects as a mechanism of heart adaptation to extreme states has been formulated. In moderate hypoxia, isolation of the cardiovasomotor center from nonhypoxic afferention provides the compliance of myocardial hyperfunction to the intensity of hypoxia and limits heart participation in different forms of activity of the organism. In thermal hypoxia, myocardial isolation from sympathetic and parasympathetic effects ensures its minimal function and economy of energy due to transfer to the autorhythmical mode of function and rules out heart participation in circulatory reactions. Functional isolation of the heart in hypoxia is caused by energy deficiency and depends on the training of an organism and coordination of the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects. High prevalence of isolation of cells, organs, and systems from regulating effects in health and disease is demonstrated and its mechanisms, levels, and impact are disclosed. Both the “extension” of nervous bonds and hyperfunction and the “narrowing” of nervous bonds and hypofunction of biological systems are aimed at adaptation of an organism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02445231
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protective effect of adaptation to stress against the hemorrhagic shock-induced damage: the role of the antioxidant system (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 882-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): hemorrhagic shock ; adaptation ; stress ; antioxidant protection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Modeling of hemorrhagic shock in rats adapted to immobilization stress required the removal of greater volumes of blood than that in control rats. The antioxidant system activation in adapted rats was accompanied by an increase in resistance to blood loss. The antishock effect of preliminary adaptation to stress was shown for the first time.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447364
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Is nitric oxide involved in the adaptation to the stress-induced damage? (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 886-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; nitric oxide ; NO donor ; NO synthetase inhibitor ; stress ; gastric ulcer ; protection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The iron dinitrosyl complex (a NO donor), adaptation to stress, and their combination suppress the stress-induced ulcer formation. Nω-nitro-L-arginine, a NO synthetase inhibitor, reduce the antistress effect of adaptation. Severe stress induces a sharp decrease in the NO production in the liver and brain. After adaptation to stress, the NO production in the liver and brain does not differ significantly from control levels. However, adaptation attenuates a decrease in the NO production in the liver caused by severe stress.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447365
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biotransformation of hepatic xenobiotics in rats with various resistance to hypoxia exposure to after cold (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 1203-1204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): individual resistance to hypoxia ; hepatic monooxygenases ; cold ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Hepatic monooxygenase activity was studied in rats with various resistance to hypoxia during adaptation to cold. Cold-induced change in the concentrations of cytochromes P-450 and b5 and the activity of microsomals metabolism of amidopyrine and aniline were shown to be associated with individual resistance to hypoxia. The content of microsomal cytochromes in highly resistant rats did not change on the fifth day of cold exposure. However, the intensity of metabolic reactions decreased. In low-resistance rats, a cold-induced decrease in the concentration of the cytochromes was not accompanied by significant changes in metabolic rates of amidopyrine and aniline.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447150
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transportation of hazardous wastes (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170112
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170202
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Burst resistant ribbon wound pressure vessels for ammonia plants (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170205
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Safety surveys - looking at key activities in depth (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170106
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pressure relief system documentation: Equipment based relational database is key to OSHA 1910.119 compliance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170109
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A detailed reaction study of phosphorus trichloride and water (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170111
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of the geometry of the hot surfaces on the autoignition of vapor/air mixture: Some experimental and theoretical results (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170113
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Examination of protein adsorption in fluidized bed and packed bed columns at different temperatures using frontal chromatographic methods (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): protein adsorption ; frontal analysis ; temperature ; fluidized bed ; dynamic capacity ; dynamic adsorption rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The influences of various experimental parameters on the dynamic adsorption capacity (DAC) and the dynamic adsorption rate (DAR) of a biomimetic affinity silica-based adsorbent in fluidized and packed bed columns operated under plug flow conditions and at different temperatures have been investigated with different inlet concentrations of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and human serum albumin (HSA). The DACs as well as the DARs of both the fluidized and packed beds were examined at 10% saturation (i.e., at the QB value) and the experimental data compared with the corresponding data obtained from batch equilibrium adsorption procedures. Parameters examined included the fluid superficial velocity and protein concentration and their effect on the binding capacity and column efficiency. Consistent with various results reported from this and other laboratories on the behavior of biospecific affinity adsorbents derived from porous silica and zirconia particles, adsorbents prepared from Fractosil 1000 were found to exhibit appropriate rheological characteristics in fluidized bed systems under the experimental conditions. Moreover, changes in temperature resulted in a more significant effect on the breakthrough profiles of HSA compared to HEWL with the immobilized Cibacron Blue F3G-A with Fractosil 1000 adsorbent. This result suggests that temperature effects can possibly be employed profitably in some processes as part of a strategy to enhance column performance with fluidized bed systems for selective recovery of target proteins. At relatively low superficial velocities of the feed, the DARs with HEWL and HSA were similar for both the fluidized and packed bed column systems, whereas, at high superficial velocities, the DARs for these proteins were larger with the packed bed columns. © 1998 John Wiley &, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:35-46, 1988.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Minimal aerobic sludge retention time in biological phosphorus removal systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 326-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): biological phosphorus removal ; poly-hydroxy-alkanoate ; sludge retention time ; aerobic ; temperature ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The methodology for determination of the minimally required aerobic sludge retention time (SRTminaer) in biological phosphorus removal (BPR) systems is presented in this article. Contrary to normal biological conversions, the BPR process is not limited by a SRTmin resulting from the maximum growth rate of the organisms. This is because the aerobic SRT should be long enough to oxidize the amount of poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHA) stored in the anaerobic phase. This means that the SRTminaer will primarily depend on the PHA conversion kinetics and the maximal achievable PHA content in the cell (storage capacity). The model for the prediction of the minimally required aerobic SRT as a function of kinetic and process parameters was developed and compared with experimental data used to evaluate several operational aspects of BPR in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The model was proved as capable of describing them satisfactorily.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 326-332, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170102
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    KG: New data and analysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170104
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    NFPA 30: An update and a look into the future (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In May 1996, the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Committee of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed for adoption by the Association a new edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. This new edition was the culmination of two and one-half years' work by the Committee and included one of the most significant changes to that document in some twenty years: the incorporation of mandatory fire protection criteria for warehouses and other inside areas that store flammable and combustible liquids in containers and portable tanks.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170107
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Risk based prioritization of maintenance repair work (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper describes the development of a risk ranked Inspection Recommendation procedure that is used by one of Exxon's chemical plants to prioritize repairs that have been identified during equipment inspection.As part of the Company's Safety Management Practices initiative in the late 1980's a procedure was put into place to ensure that an Inspector's repair recommendations were properly addressed by the organization. The initial procedures were successful at “systematizing” the documentation and stewardship-to-completion of the Inspector's recommendation, however, there were complications with the original process: (1)The Inspector made a simple High, Medium or Low assessment of the priority/criticality of the recommendation. Frequently, this resulted in disagreements with Operations about the true priority of the recommendation.(2)If there was agreement on the priority of the recommendation, there was still disagreement on the relative rank within the priority-which high priority was the highest priority?(3)With limited funds to spend on repairs, it was (and is) important to make sure that the money was being spent on the highest risk items that had the greatest risk reduction/cost benefit ratio.To address these concerns, the procedure was modified to incorporate a risk assessment of the recommendation by both the Inspector and Operations. In the new procedure, the Inspector describes the deficiency that he/she finds and assesses the probability of failure within a certain time-frame. Operations must assess the consequences, from an environmental, safety and economics standpoint, were the failure to occur. These assessments are combined in the typical risk equation (risk = probability × consequences) to arrive at a severity index which serves to rank the recommendation relative to the other recommendations. Because Operations participates in the assessment there is very little disagreement about the priority of the recommendation. The severity index puts the recommendations in order so it is quite clear which are the highest priority recommendations. This process has helped to focus the entire organization on those deficiencies that represent the greatest risk with the result that less time and money is spent correcting items that have a low risk/cost benefit ratio, allowing these savings to be used to reduce the higher risks in the plant.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170108
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Short communication: Estimating the minimum ignition energy of hybrid mixtures (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A simple analytical method is presented for estimating the hybrid minimum ignition energy (HMIE) of dust-gas mixtures, based on the assumed generality of Bartknecht's well-known test data for mixtures of propane with a series of dusts in air. Since the HMIE equation requires input data which might be unavailable, the use of conservative default methods is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170208
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Flammability hazards of lower aliphatic aldehydes at elevated pressure and temperature (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 138-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A large and potentially hazardous decrease in aldehyde autoignition temperature (AIT) occurs with increased pressure. The AIT-pressure curve determined in a 5 L stainless steel sphere was similar for propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde in air, falling from about 185°C at atmospheric pressure to 90°C at 140 psia. Reduction of oxygen concentration had little effect on propionaldehyde AIT. At 100°C and 140 psia, autoignitions accompanied by at least a doubling of pressure were observed above 4% oxygen. In the presence of a few grams of free liquid, propionaldehyde vapor ignited in air at initial conditions significantly below the AIT. The mechanism appears to involve rapid Fe-catalyzed exothermic liquid-phase oxidation leading to autoignition of the adjacent heated gas layer. An acetaldehyde vapor-air mixture in the presence of free liquid and rust exploded at room temperature when air pressure was increased to 95 psia; this result is discussed with reference to a cylinder overpressurization that occurred while making up an ostensibly sub-LFL calibration mixture with compressed air. Propionaldehyde's limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) was investigated in the near-autoignition region using the same 5L apparatus; the findings are discussed with reference to an overpressurization incident in an air-liquid partial oxidation reactor. The general results are used to illustrate the application of LOC in partial oxidation processes subject to autoignition and to discuss elements of the current ASTM draft test method for LOC, which does not address test difficulties associated with condensable and/or reactive gas systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170211
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. F3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170302
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Multivariate hazard identification and ranking system (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 157-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Risk analysis in chemical process industries is an elaborate exercise involving several steps from preliminary hazard identification to development of credible accident scenarios, to preparation of strategies for prevention or control of damage.All this requires substantial inputs of time and money. In order to get an approximate yet workable assessment of risk at much lesser costs, indices have been developed which link typical findings of elaborate risk analysis to scales of risk. The scales, in turn, provide workable measures of hazards/risks/safety.In the past, indices have been reported for swift risk assessment - the noteworthy among them include Dow fire and explosion index, Mond fire, explosion and toxicity index, IFAL index, and mortality index. A few rapid ranking techniques have also been proposed.This paper presents a new system of methodologies for Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA). The system consists of two indices: one for fire and explosion hazards and another for the hazard due to likely release of toxic chemical. The magnitudes of these indices indicate the severity of the likely accident; in terms of the size of the impacted area.HIRA has been applied to a typical chemical process industry - a sulfolane plant - and its performance has been compared with that of the Dow's and the Mond's indices. The study reveals that HIRA is more sensitive and accurate than the other indices.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170303
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Experiences with non-destructive testing of static equipment in ammonia plants at DSM (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 200-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170309
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of hydrogen fluoride release at Texas city (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: On October 31, 1987 a crane lifting a heat exchanger convection section failed and severed a 4″ loading line and a 2″ pressure relief line to an HF alkylation reactor settler drum at a petroleum refinery in Texas City, Texas. Vapors were emitted under pressure for about two hours and the vessel was plugged and drained aproximately 44 hours later. A plume from this accidental release passed through residential areas, damaging some vegetation (brown lawns), and spawning a class action law suit. An extensive analysis was conducted to determine the total inventory loss and to model the blowdown process and the concentrations of HF in the plume. Since the discharge rate was decreasing with time, a peak concentration of HF in the emitted vapors occurred just before the water spray mitigation system became fully operative. Consequently, the mitigation efforts were more effective late in the response when concentrations were already low. The predicted plume concentrations are consistent with observed vegetation damage effects, with concentrations below Emergency Response Planning Guideline Level 3 past 3/4 mile from the source. These results support a policy of sheltering in place during such an event.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170311
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Peroxide drum explosion and fire (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A fifty-five gallon steel drum of a liquid organic peroxide pressurized and ruptured in the mix room of a manufacturing plant. The head of the drum blew off and the ejected material ignited. The resulting fire was extinguished by the building sprinkler system and operating personnel. Although there were no injuries, the fire caused significant damage in the mix room. The investigation of this incident, its likely cause, and the corrective actions will be discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170313
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Making RMP hazard assessment meaningful (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 238-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The Brazoria County Petrochemical Council, 13 companies that are working together to enhance relations between industry and the community, united in a joint effort at complying with the EPA's Risk Management Program. One of the significant issues the group had to address was the need to develop meaningful hazard assessment for presentation to the public. The EPA's “Table Look-Up Approach” found in the Offsite Consequence Analysis Guidance document is certainly a good tool; however, the built-in conservatism results in over-estimates of potential hazard areas. Much more meaningful results are shown to be obtained using one of the hazard release models.The value of using a credible scenario with realistic meteorological data is demonstrated through the consistently smaller areas predicted by the PHAST Model for planning purposes. Realistic scenarios/failure modes and realistic model parameters are important so that the risk to the public is not overstated. Proprietary models such as PHAST are invaluable in providing more meaningful consequences for planning purposes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170404
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of valve wheel size, operation position and in-line pressures on required torque for gate valves (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Some of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in-line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in-line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in-line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in-line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170407
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Measures taken to ensure safe operation of an ammonia storage tank (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 288-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An ammonia storage tank was built at the BASF Antwerp site in 1969 on land reclaimed from the sea. After several years of operation uneven foundation settlement, of up 2, occurred. In order to assure stability of this area for the next operation period (at least 10 years) measures were taken to ensure continued safe operation. One key measure was strain gauge monitoring at the location of maximum stress.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170410
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow VCE analysis methodology (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The Baker-Strehlow methodology was developed to provide an objective approach to prediction of blast pressures from vapor cloud explosions. The complete methodology was first published in 1994 [1]. Since then, it has evolved through ongoing research and use in VCE hazard analyses, facility siting studies and accident investigations. This article gives a brief overview of a paper on recent developments in the Baker-Strehlow methodology presented at the 31st Loss Prevention Symposium in Houston on March 9-13, 1997. Because the entire paper is too lengthy to be presented here, the following discussions may be lacking in some details. A copy of the complete paper can be obtained from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Since the Baker-Strehlow method was first published, it has been used extensively in VCE hazard assessments in refineries and chemical plants. As expected, many practical lessons have been learned during the course of the hazard assessments, and the Baker-Strehlow method has evolved as a result. The changes have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. In keeping with the goals of the original study in which the methodology was developed, all changes have been incorporated with the intent of achieving an objective methodology to provide consistent prediction of VCE blast effects.The revisions to the Baker-Strehlow method resulting from experience gained during plant walk-downs and hazard assessments include: Systematic identification of “potential explosion sites” or “PESs,”Selection of the level of confinement for mixed zones of 2D and 3D confinement,Deciding on flame expansion when confinement is elevated above the vapor cloud,Selecting the reactivity for a fuel that is a mixture of fuels with differing reactivities,Predicting blast loads when there are multiple PES's within a vapor cloud considering different ignition source locations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170411
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Safety, health and loss prevention in AIChE (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 83-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Safety, health and loss prevention are major areas of interst for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). There has been an evolution of these concerns over the years in the Institute just as it has in industry. This article chronicles this evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170203
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170101
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Improving the effect of atmospheric stability class for dispersion modeling (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Recent guidelines released by the U.S. EPA define a worst-case scenario as a release under stable atmospheric conditions defined as Pasquil-Gifford stability class F. Unfortunately, very few tests at F stability have been available heretofore to provide a basis for models. Recent test data with propane releases by the German research organization TUV provide a set of 60 experiments conducted specifically to define the effects of atmospheric stability class on dispersion. Of these, 25 tests were at F stability. A comparable number were at each other stability class A through E. In addition 23 tests were at wind speeds under 1.5 m/s in stable atmospheres. This paper reports on adjustments made to our models based on these new data by reducing the originally-postulated sensitivity to stability class. In spite of considerable scatter in the TUV data, particularly between two different types of propane analyzers, the model allows us to extract information by averaging over the tests.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170103
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Vent access restriction for solids handling systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A multi-disciplinary team developed a guideline for determining access restriction zones around vented solids handling equipment. The guideline provides a method for ensuring the discharge from a vented explosion will not cause injury to personnel. The steps in this method include: calculating the extent of external hazards from vented explosions; identifying potential areas where personnel could be exposed to a hazard; identifying ways to eliminate or reduce the hazard area; and establishing and documenting any access restrictions needed. Hazard zone calculations use the latest knowledge from research into fireball size, flame length and external pressure equations in VDI 3673. The guideline provides guidance for using this information. Options for mitigating or reducing external hazards from vented explosions are also described. As part of the project, the team audited several solids handling systems to look for potential oversights in existing restricted access areas. Some of the team's learnings from these audits are reviewed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170105
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Team situation awareness for process control safety and performance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper defines situation awareness (SA) and discusses its importance to operator-machine system safety and functioning in the context of process control activities. Specifically, identified are relationships of human detection of critical process cues converying the status of automated control systems and operator interpretation of the meaning and relevance of such information to the potential for negative incidents in chemical processing. Beyond individual operator SA in interacting with control systems, intra- and inter- work team SA are discussed for supporting individual attainment of process control responsibilities. Factors critical to team SA are discussed. “Road blocks” to team SA are also analytically examined. Lastly, methods for assessing individual and team SA are reviewed and vehicles for relating outcomes of these methods to changes in process control operator and team behavior to improve human-machine system safety and performance are relayed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170110
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170201
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Determination, prevention and mitigation of potential hazards due to the handling of powders during transportation, charging, discharging and storage (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 74-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The knowledge of the ingition behavior of dust-air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.Based on the latest results from large scale experiments on pneumatic filling of silos with polymeric materials and new results of full scale filling tests using Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) manufactured from a variety of materials, guidance can be given to ensure safe operation in different situations such as filling, emptying operations, type of powder handled.The aim of this paper is to assist people dealing with product. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and measures associated with powder handling.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170114
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integrating hazard analysis into the implementation of advanced process control (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 104-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In mid-1997, an Advanced Process Control (APC) scheme was implemented at a resins manufacturing complex with the goal of minimizing flare fuel gas usage while maintaining sufficient energy (BTU/SCF flare gas) to be in environmental regulatory compliance. Prior to APC implementation, the flare system was manually controlled by plant operators with minor attention paid to the minimization of fuel gas usage. Since implementation, APC has saved the plant thousands of dollars in fuel gas costs and reduced unnecessary combusted fuel gas emissions.Hazard analysis techniques were used in the development of the control scheme. An overview of the APC used, the economic evaluation, and the hazard analysis techniques used in the project are presented here.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170206
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Models for domino effect analysis in chemical process industries (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 107-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In the risk assessment parlance, especially with reference to chemical process industries, the term “domino effect” is used to denote “chain of accidents,” or situations when a fire/explosion/missile/toxic load generated by an accident in one unit in an industry causes secondary and higher order accidents in other units. The multi-accident catastrophe which occurred in a refinery at Vishakhapatnam, India, on September 14, 1997, claiming 60 lives and causing damages to property worth over Rs 600 million, is the most recent example of the damage potential of domino effect.But, even as the domino effect has been documented since 1947, very little attention has been paid towards modeling this phenomena. In this paper we have provided a conceptual framework based on sets of appropriate models to forecast domino effects, and assess their likely magnitudes and adverse impacts, while conducting risk assessment in a chemical process industry. The utilizability of the framework has been illustrated with a case study.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170207
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  • 184
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170301
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fire tests of rack storage of water miscible liquids in plastic containers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This article deals with fire protection for water miscible flammable liquids stored in plastic containers packaged in boxes located on pallets. A series of fire tests was conducted with palletized rack storage arrangements using in-rack sprinkler protection at various levels. The intent of the paper is to present data from this test series for these types of commodities. The paper will identify various existing water miscible flammable liquid products stored in this fashion and provide background information for protecting this type of storage as it relates to NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. The test data indicates that further research work is needed in the area of plastic containers for use with the storage of combustible and flammable liquids. Included in the paper are discussions concerning possible protection strategies and suggestions for future research which would benefit those involved in risk management of this type of commodity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170212
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of the flammability diagram for evaluation of fire and explosion hazards of flammable vapors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 176-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The safest method to prevent fires and explosions of flammable mixtures in the first place. This method requires detailed knowledge of the flammability region as a function of the fuel, oxygen, and nitrogen concentrations. A triangular flammability diagram is the most useful tool to display the flammability region, and to determine if a flammable mixture is present during plant operations.This paper describes how to draw and use a flammability diagram. A procedure to estimate the flammability region using the available and sometimes limited data is discussed. The paper also shows how to use the flammability diagram with plant operations involving inerting and purging, and from bringing vessels into and out of service. A compilation of flammability diagrams for 30 materials, based on previously published data is provided.An automated apparatus for acquiring data for a flammability diagram is described. The apparatus consists of a 20-L sphere with an automated gas mixing system, a fuse-wire ignition system, and a high speed pressure measurement and data acquisition system. Data derived from the apparatus includes flammability limits, maximum pressure during combustion, and the maximum pressure rate. The effect of fuse-wire ignitor dynamics on the results is studied. A flammability diagram for methane drawn from data obtained from the apparatus, is presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170305
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A model for the calculation and the verification of closed cup flash points for multicomponent mixtures (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 86-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Regulatory issues related to material safety have made the accurate measurement and/or prediction of flash points essential. The flash point is one of the major physical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of a liquid. Flash points are used by virtually all governmental entities worldwide to define “flammable” and “combustible” materials for shipping and safety regulations.A model is described here for the calculation of closed cup flash points for multicomponent, single liquid phase, mixtures. The model is based upon rigorous vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations supplemented with information about the lower flammable limits (LFL's) and heats of combustion (ΔHc's) for the mixture's constituent components. The closed cup flash points predicted with this model are typically within ± 5°C of the experimentally reported values. Such a model is useful as a means of verifying experimental data and as a tool for screening product formulations prior to experimental flash point determination. The model should considerably enhance the safety evaluation portion of the product development cycle, thus leading to shortened product time-to-market cycles. While flash points calculated with this model are in excellent agreement with experiment, experimental determination is still encouraged for critìcal safety applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170204
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Emergency planning: Critical evaluation of proposed AEGLs for ammonia (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 134-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: National Advisory Committee's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for ammonia are critically evaluated. The technical bases for concern about AEGL-2 and AEGL-3 values derived by the committee are summarized recommendations made.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170210
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Investigation of an explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An explosion and flash fire in a fixed bed reactor occurred at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Two employees were injured in the accident. The accident occurred in an ozone treatment building where ozone was used to treat odors from the offgas of the sludge concentration units. Excess ozone manually was routed to the fixed bed reactor (ozone destruct unit) where the ozone is catalytically transformed into oxygen before being discharged to the atmosphere.An investigation of the accident was conducted to determine the root cause of the explosion and flash fire and identify corrective actions which the WWTP management could undertake to prevent a recurrence. This investigation included site inspections, interview with the injured employees, sampling and analysis of various materials, an explosion dynamics analysis, and a root cause analysis.It was concluded that cooling oil from one of the ozone generation units entered the main ozone gas line due to a crack in one of the reactor's dielectric tubes. The cooling oil was vented into the ozone destruct unit when an employee opened a ball valve on the main ozone gas line. The cooling oil, essentially a saturated hydrocarbon mixture, reacted exothermically when it contacted the manganese dioxide catalyst. The exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion which propelled the access panel outwards and dispersed the catalyst pellets. A flash fire followed the explosion. The flash fire burned two employees and caused thermal damage to a nearby control panel.Although this accident was the first of its kind at this facility, this was not the first time that the ozone generator had experienced a failure of a dielectric tube. Thus, there was a significant probability that a dielectric tube failure could leak cooling oil into the main ozone gas line. This failure event could, in turn, result in another explosion and flash fire. The WWTP staff neither designed nor fabricated the ozone generator-destructor system. Therefore, it did not seem appropriate for the WWTP staff to modify the ozone system. Instead, it was recommended that the ozone destruct unit be taken out of service. The WWTP management acted on this recommendation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170209
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Investigation of a steam explosion in a petroleum product storage tank (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 171-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An explosion occurred in a petroleum product storage tank at a refinery. The liquid petroleum product was a heavy oil used as an asphalt extender. There were no injuries, but the cleanup was costly. The storage tank was one of several which received the product stream from a dehydration unit. The accident occurred shortly after the refinery was brought back on-line following a shutdown for schduled maintenance.This was the first incident of this kind to occur at this facility. Analysis of the process data and eyewitness observations indicated that the dehydration tower, which was supposed to be maintained at a minimum of 100°C during the shutdown, was allowed to drift below 100°C for an unknown period of time. This deviation enabled liquid water to enter the storage tank. Three operational factors contributed to the accident. Corrective actions were recommended to prevent a recurrence of a similar incident.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170304
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dust explosion mitigation using Q-Rohr and exkop (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 184-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Dust explosions have been with us for a long time. The first record of a dust explosion occurred in Turin, Italy, on December 14, 1785 [1]. The detailed record of this event is left to us by Count Morozzo. The event took place in Mr. Giacomelli's bakery. We know from his account that the weather was unseasonably dry, that a boy who worked in the bakery was using a shovel to stir and transfer the flour to a chute from a store room to the bakery and he had a lighted lamp to work by. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. No one was killed, and the building was saved by the sagacious fact of having plenty of windows. Since that first record, of course, there have been many explosions with much loss of life and significant economic consequences.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170306
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The reactive system screening tool (RSST): An easy, inexpensive approach to the DIERS procedure (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The RSST DIERS vent sizing methodology is revised to provide realistic design equations for reactive systems consistent with available large-scale experience. Using easy to obtain RSST data such as rate of temperature rise and rate of pressure rise excellent agreement is illustrated for hybrid, vapor and gassy reactive systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170307
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Making safety second nature (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 196-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: From the 1960s onwards, the chemical and oil industries developed and used a number of new safety techniques which, in time, became second nature to those who applied them. They included the use of QRA for deciding priorities, Hazop and audits for identifying problems, inherently safer design for avoiding hazards, and more thorough investigation of incidents for identifying underlying causes. However, it has not yet become second nature to remember the accidents of the past and the actions needed to prevent them happening again.I joined industry in 1944 and moved to production in 1952. Then, and for at least 15 years afterwards, safety was a non-technical subject that could be left to arts graduates and elderly foremen. There was concern that people should not be hurt - great attention was paid to the lost-time accident rate - but there was no realization, that it was a subject worthy of systematic study by experienced technologists.This view changed at the end of the 1960s. A new generation of plants had been built, operating at higher temperatures and pressures and containing larger inventories of hazardous chemicals; the result was a series of fires and explosions and a worsening fatal accident rate. Figure 1 shows the situation in ICI, at the time the UK, s largest chemical company. Other companies experienced a similar state of affairs.As a result in 1968, I was appointed one of the company's first technical safety advisers, an unusual appointment at the time for someone with my experience, and if the reason for my appointment had not been so obvious I would have wondered what I had done wrong. I and my colleagues tried to apply the same sort of systematic thinking to safety that we applied in our other professional work. We developed some new concepts and techniques and adopted others. A common feature of our ides, realized only in restrospect, was that they consisted of more than mere problem-solving techniques. Once people had got used to these new concepts and used them a few times, they began to look at a whole range of problems in a different way.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170308
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. W3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170402
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Case studies of incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Case histories of 65 incidents in runaway reactions and emergency relief in Taiwan were analyzed and classified into several categories according to their causes, materials involved, equipment types, reaction types, and ignition sources. The cases in reactors and storage tanks were examined in more detail owing to the higher probability or larger potential hazard in these two types of equipments. The most common consequence of the incidents are explosions, fires, and atmospheric release of toxic chemicals. The most severe case was a thermal explosion from an organic peroxide storage area which caused the death of 33 persons. Popping and direct releasing of process chemicals to the atmosphere from relieving devices cause the greatest environmental concerns to the community close to the plants. Runaway reactions in batch type reactors occur frequently due to various operational mistakes. Heat of reaction is the most frequent ignition source of runaway reactions and emergency relief.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170406
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RMP hazard assessment for compliance with EPA's risk management program regulation: OxyChem's experience (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 272-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: EPA's Risk Management Program regulation, promulgated in June 1996 as 40 CFR Part 68 requires subject industries to submit Risk Management Plans by June 1999. This plan requires hazard assessment of the operations of a facility using worst case scenarios and alternative releases. EPA has provided an Off-site Consequence Analysis (OCA) guidance to help facilities in their hazard assessment.OxyChem will be significantly impacted by the RMP rule. This paper outlines OxyChem's general experience and its strategy in planning to comply with this rule. OxyChem's approach in the development of the scenarios required by the rule is described in this paper. Limitations involved in the use of EPA's look-up tables or a single modeling solution for conducting all of the OCA are discussed. A three tiered OCA approach is presented as a possible alternative.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170408
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Suppression of class a fires with HFC-227ea (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3;1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3-heptafluoropropane) is an effective replacement for Halon 1301 in fire suppression systems, providing rapid extinguishment of flames through a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. The vast majority of applications for HFC-227ea involve the protection of Class A hazards, which are characterized by low fuel loadings and low energy output, with fire sizes often in the range of 5-10 kW. Mid- and large-scale testing has demonstrated that HFC-227ea, at its minimum design concentration of 7.0% v/v, is effective at extinguishing fires typical of those expected to occur in electronic data processing (EDP) facilities, telecommunication facilities and anechoic chambers. The levels of HF produced following extinguishment of typical Class a fires with HFC-227ea were well below the estimated mammalian LC50 and the human Dangerous Toxic Load (DTL), and do not appear to present a threat to electronic equipment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170310
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A thematic approach to system safety (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) has refined a process for developing inherently safer system designs based on methods used by Sandia to design detonation safety into nuclear weapons. The process was created when Sandia realized that standard engineering practices did not provide the level of safety assurance necessary for nuclear weapon operations, with their potential for catastrophic accidents. A systematic approach, which relies on mutually supportive design principles integrated through fundamental physical principles, was developed to ensure a predictably safe system response under a variety of operational and accident-based stesses. Robust, safe system designs result from this thematic approach to safety, minimizing the number of safety critical features. This safety assurance process has two profound benefits: the process avoids the need to understand or limit the ultimate intensity of off-normal environments and it avoids the requirement to analyze and test a large array of accident environment scenarios (e.g., directional threats, sequencing of environments, time races, etc) to demonstrate conformance to all safety requirements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170312
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170401
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The assignment of safety systems addressing workplace hazards (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A new method is described to enhance the management of process safety risks such that the number and type of safety systems protecting against any hazard are consistently predicated upon risk. Further, that such an assignment of safety systems can be made consistent throughout an organization. This consistency is gained through standardization of qualitative risk ranking and by setting company guidelines.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170403
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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