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  • Articles  (3,322)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (1,837)
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  • 1980-1984  (3,322)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1984  (3,322)
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  • Articles  (3,322)
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  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (1,837)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,485)
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  • 1980-1984  (3,322)
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kimberlites: Complex Mantle Melts (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 133-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001025
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-Quaternary Sea-Level Changes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 205-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001225
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Rheological Properties of Magmas (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002005
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Blancan-Hemphillian Land Mammal Ages and Late Cenozoic Mammal Dispersal Events (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 445-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002305
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oceanography from Space (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 61-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.000425
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Sedimentation in Large Lakes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 179-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001143
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Tectonics of Venus (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 411-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    The Greening of Stratigraphy 1933-1983 (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.000245
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The History of Water on Mars (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 83-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.000503
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Rates of Evolution and the Notion of "Living Fossils" (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 245-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001333
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Cooling Histories from Ar/Ar Age Spectra: Implications for Precambrian Plate Tectonics (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 383-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002123
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Structure and Tectonics of the Himalaya: Constraints and Implications of Geophysical Data (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 489-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002421
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Theory of Hydrothermal Systems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 155-177 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001103
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The Origin of Allochthonous Terranes: Perspectives on the Growth and Shaping of Continents (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 107-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.000543
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Physics and Chemistry of Biomineralization (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 293-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001453
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    The Ordovician System, Progress and Problems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 307-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001515
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Tectonic Processes Along the Front of Modern Convergent Margins--Research of the Past Decade (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 359-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002043
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 39-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.000351
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Double-Diffusive Convection Due to Crystallization in Magmas (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 11-37 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.000303
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The crystal structure of LiBr·(CH3OCH2CH2OCH3)2 (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of LiBr·(CH3OCH2CH2OCH3)2 has been determined from counter data and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupC2/c (C 2h 6 , No. 15) witha=13.518(4),b=8.007(3),c=12.252(4) Å,β=98.08(2)°, andD calc=1.35 gcm−3 forZ=4. The finalR value for 489 observed reflections is 0.033. The lithium and bromine atoms lie on a crystallographic two-fold axis. The structure consists of discrete LiBr·(CH3OCH2CH2OCH3)2 units. The Li-Br separation is 2.57(1) Å. The two DME molecules are coordinated to the lithium atom through the four oxygen atoms at an average Li⋯O separation of 2.09(3) Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161420
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis and structure of (η5-C5H5)2Hf(η1-NC4H4)2 (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of (η5-C5H5)2Hf(η1-NC4H4)2 has been determined from X-ray data measured by counter methods. The title compound is isostructural with (η5-C5H5)2Zr(η1-NC4H4)2, and crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c (C 2h 5 , No. 14) with unit cell constantsa=9.605(3),b=8.174(3),c=19.487(4) Å, β=90.85(3)°, andZ=4 forD c=1.91 gcm−3. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave a finalR value of 0.068 for 2154 independent observed reflections. The two cyclopentadienyl rings are η5-coordinated to the hafnium atom at an average Hf-C(η5−) distance of 2.51(1) Å. The Hf-N-centroid (σ-pyrrolyl) angles average 166°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161419
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Crystal and molecular structure of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine hydrochloride (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray structure of 1,N 6-ethenoadenosine hydrochloride, C12H14N5O4Cl, has been determined from three-dimensional diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals are monoclinic:P21 No. 14,a=6.1540(5),b=18.511(1),c=6.7412(4) Å,β=112.602(5)°,andZ=2; finalR=0.045 for 2662 observed reflections. The crystal and molecular structure of ∈ Ado·HC1 is very similar to that of Ado·HC1. On the other hand, the dimensions and conformation of the ∈ Ado·H+ cation are drastically different from those of Et ∈ Ado·H+. The ∈ adenosine·H+ moiety is not planar but has an S shape. The ribose is 2′-endo-3′-exo puckered, with ag + side chain; the glycosidic torsion angle is in theanti region. The structure contains a three-dimensional network of H bonds in which also C-H⋯A interactions seem to play an important role. There is no base stacking in the structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161422
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    N,N′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(pyridoxal-hydrochlorideiminato)copper(II): crystallographic and spectroscopic studies (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 129-142 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract (C22H22CuN4O4Cl2 2·7H2O is triclinic,C i− 1 t-P1. Unit cell dimensions at 293 K area=12.028(3),b=20.378(6),c=11.387(3) Å, α=113.10(2),β=84.13(2), γ=95.99(2)°,V=2547.5 0A3,D c =1.573 Mg. m−3, andZ=2. The structure has been determined from single-crystal data collected with a four-circle diffractometer and refined from 3904 reflections down toR=0.054 andR w =0.058. The asymmetric unit is built from two independent A and B molecules in which the copper atom has a square pyramidal environment in A and an octahedral one inB. Intermolecular Cu-O (hydroxymethyl groups) contacts observed in the solid state are partially present in aqueous solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189555
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Stacking interactions in the acridine dyes: spectrophotometric data and crystal structure of acridine orange hydroiodide and acridine orange hydrochloride monohydrate (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 71-87 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of acridine orange hydroiodide and that of acridine orange hydrochloride monohydrate have been solved by X-ray diffraction analysis. The absorption spectra of both derivatives in the solid state have also been reported and compared with those of the acridinium ion in solution. The stacking interactions of the acridine orange molecule in both derivatives is discussed in the light of the visible absorption spectra in the solid state and in solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161424
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    D-β,β-dimethylcysteic acid, its preparation, structure, and spectroscopic properties (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 59-70 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure ofd-β,β-dimethylcysteic acid, C5H11NO5S, has been determined. The compound is monoclinic, space groupP214 (No. 4), with cell dimensionsa=8.133(1),b=8.094(1),c=6.3138(7) Å,β=96.36(1)° andZ=2. The structure was solved by Patterson and electron density difference methods and refined toR=0.025,R w=0.022 for 1081 reflections. Bond lengths and angles do not differ from those in similar structures. The crystal is held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The vibrational spectra have been recorded and assigned and the1 H and13C NMR spectra were measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161423
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  • 26
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    The crystal and molecular structure of [K·DB-18-C-6][AlMe3NO3]·0.5C6H6 (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of dibenzo-18-crown-6 in the synthesis of trimethylaluminum adducts of KNO3 results in the formation of a 1/1 adduct, [K·DB-18-C-6]-[AIMe3NO3]. The crystal structure of [K·DB-18-C-6][AlMe3NO3]-has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected by counter methods. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c (No. 14) with unit cell parametersa=11.804(3),b=28.828(4),c=9.118(3) Å, β=96.61(3)°, andD calc=1.23 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement gave a final conventionalR value of 0.045 for 983 independent observed reflactions. The potassium atom is centered among the six oxygen atoms of the crown at an average K⋯O contact of 2.74(2) Å. Its environment is completed by an oxygen atom of a nitrate anion (2.88 Å) and a benzo group (〉3.44 Å) of a neighboring crown ether. The trimethylaluminum moeity is coordinated to the nitrate anion by an oxygen atom at an Al-O bond distance of 1.92(1) Å.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161417
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    The crystal structure of 5-methyl-1-(octahydro-1-iodo-1H-1-inden-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound is C11H17N4I, F.W.=330.20, monoclinic, space groupP21/a,a=11.586(2),b=10.617(1),c=10.417(1) Å, β=94.567(2)°,Z=4,F(000)=652, λ(MoKα)=0.7107 Å, μ(MoKα)=2.31 mm−1,V=1277.31 Å3,D C=1.71 gcm−3,D m=1.70 gcm−3. The structurewassolved by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined to anR value 0.031 for 1620 observed reflections. The connectivity and conformation of the addition product ofcis-1,5-cyclononadiene and iodine azide was determined by X-ray analysis. The reaction product contains a chair-conformation cyclohexane ring that iscis fused to a cyclopentane ring. The cyclopentane ring has an envelope conformation and an equatorially oriented iodine substituent. A planar tetrazole ring is axially substituted on the cyclohexane ring. The plane of the tetrazole ring makes a dihedral angle of 69.6° with the average plane of the carbon atoms of the cyclohexane ring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161418
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  • 28
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    Crystal and molecular structure of reductiomycin (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 35-43 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Conflicting results concerning the structure of the antitumor agent reductiomycin have been resolved. When the imino group and the heterocyclic oxygen atom of a previous x-ray study are interchanged, and this structure refined, it is found that: (i) a structure with satisfactory hydrogen bonding results, (ii) there are no unacceptably small nonbonded intermolecular distances, and (iii) agreement with two recent structure formulations based on various kinds of chemical and spectral evidence is achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161421
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  • 29
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    Crystal structure of 3,3-(p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-N,N-dimethylaminophthalide, (crystal-violet lactone) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 121-128 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound is C26H29N302,M r ,=415.54, monoclinic,P21/n,a=12.228(1),b=17.385(2),c=11.786(1) Å,V c =2308.7 Å3,Z=4,D x =1.19 Mg m−3,μ=5.29 cm−1,F(000)=888. FinalR=0.046 for 2301 independent reflections. Three cyrstallographically distinct nitrogens were found, with the molecule possessing the expected propeller shape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189554
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  • 30
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    Crystal structure of the Ni(ClO4)2 complex of the mixed donor macrocycle, 9-ane N2O: Resolution of disorder by force-field calculation (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the nickel perchlorate complex of the macrocyclic ligand 9-ane N2O [Ni(ClO4)2·C12H28N4O2] has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The observed space group,Cm (No. 28), occurs because of disorder across the mirror plane. The disorder was resolved by force-field calculation and superposition of the calculated structures in a molecular trial-and-error procedure. The coordination geometry is octahedral and the centrosymmetric cation contains a pseudo-three-fold axis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161163
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  • 31
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    Application ofDirdif to the solution of the structure of a large gold cluster compound (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 293-297 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161166
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  • 32
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    Conformation of cyclic disulfides: The twinned layered structure of (1R,2S,7R,8S)-1,2,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4,5,10,11-tetrathiacyclododecane (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 303-314 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound C8H16O4S4 (TTCD) has been synthesized and its crystalline water adduct TTCD·H2O studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. TTCD molecules sandwich water molecules, giving rise to two-molecule layers (bilayers) ofP21/b symmetry which gain remarkable rigidity because of their hydrogen bonds. In their turn, bilayers are piled according to four different structures having equivalent inter-bilayer H bonding and the same nonprimitive unit cell of lattice parametersa=4.893(2) (unique axis),b=15.110(6),c=74.30(2) Å, andα=90.00(2)°. The crystal is twinned by merohedry with the four structures in comparable amounts. The relationship of the solid-state conformations to the UV absorption spectrum in solution is also discussed.
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    The crystal structure of [NBu 4 n ][AlI4] (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 333-339 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of [NBu 4 n ]f AlI4] has been determined from counter data, and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupP21/n (an alternate setting ofP21/c-C 2h 5 , No. 14) witha=11.661(3),b=20.828(5),c=11.674(3) Å,β=98.39(2)°, andD calc=1.84 g cm−3 forZ=4. The finalR value for 1587 observed reflections is 0.051. The structure consists of discreet [NBu 4 n ]+and [AlI4]− ions. The [AlI4]− anion is approximately tetrahedral and exhibits an average Al-I bond length of 2.52(1) Å. The closest cation-anion, I⋯C, contact is ¯4 Å. The compound was isolated from the reaction of I2 with [NBu 4 n ][Al2Me6I].
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    UV photoelectron study ofN-phenyl cyclic imides (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 349-357 
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    Notes: Abstract The He(I)- and He(II)-excited photoelectron spectra of theN-phenyl derivatives of succinimide, maleimide, phthalimide, and urazole are presented and discussed. The spectra are assigned by comparison with related molecules and by analysis of the relative band intensities under different radiation sources. The effects ofN-phenyl substitution are discussed in relation toN-methyl-substituted corresponding system.
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    Molecular structure of thiocyanatotris (2,2′-iminodiethanoldithiocarbamato) tellurium(IV) monohydrate (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 193-204 
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    Notes: Abstract The synthesis, properties, and structural characterization of the title compound, C16H30N4O4S7Te(IV)·H2O, are reported. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/n, withZ=4 in a unit cell of dimensionsa=13.291(5),b=21.306(6),c=10.450(1) Å, 0=104.25(2)° and,V c=2868 Å3. The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.025 andR w =0.027 for 2894 reflections. The dithiocarbamate groups are linked in an unequal bidentate manner with Te-S average distance 2.695(1) Å. The thiocyanate group is bonded through the sulfur atom with much larger Te-S length [2.964(2) Å].
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    Crystal and molecular structure of OC(CoC5H5)3(CF3CCCF3) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 227-237 
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    Notes: Abstract The structure of the title compound has been confirmed by an X-ray diffraction analysis, and refined by full-matrix least squares. The crystals are mono-clinic:a=9.171(3),b=25.176(15)c=9.192(3) Å,β=117.08(3)°,Z=4,D x =1.976g cm−3,μ=2.66mm¯1, space groupP21/n (No. 14). The finalR value is 5.7%. Interatomic distances and bond angles are compared with those reported in related molecules.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of 5-benzylidene-3-acetyl-2,4-oxolandione (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 495-503 
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/n (No. 14),a=14.923(2),b=4.165(2),c=18.097(2) Å,β=106.40(1)°,Z=4. The structure was solved by direct methods, and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.048 for 1313 observed reflections. Inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding is observed, the latter resulting in the formation of dimers.
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    The refined structure of ribonuclease-A at 1.45 Å resolution (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 467-494 
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    Notes: Abstract Features of the refined X-ray crystal structure of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A at 1.45 Å resolution are described. The positions of the protein atoms have been determined within the range 0.004–0.05 Å, and of solvent atoms, assumed to be oxygens, within the range 0.08–0.13 Å. The present model contains 127 solvent molecules, taken to be water, and a sulfate anion located in the active site. Mean square atomic displacement parameters,U iso, refined for each atom, give an indication of the mobility of different parts of the structure. Main-chainU iso values tend to be less than side-chain values, having an average value of 0.15 Å2 compared to 0.25 Å2. Both main-chain and side-chain averageU iso values tend to increase with distance from the center of gravity of the molecule. Side-chain averageU iso values also tend to increase with the number of atoms in the side-chain, with different distributions for ring and chain type residues. Side-chain conformations have been analyzed and found on the whole to follow commonly observed distributions. A notable exception to this is the active-site residue His-119 which occupies two distinct sites. Apart from two small clusters of eight and seven atoms respectively, the solvent molecules are distributed in quite small numbers on the protein surface. The solvent clusters occur in the active-site region and, together with the sulfate anion, appear to stabilize residues in this region. Sixty-three solvent atoms have only one identified hydrogen bond contact. Of the rest, 36 form two, 22 form three, and 6 form four hydrogen bonds. There is a marked tendency for the mean square displacement parameter,U iso, for the solvent atoms to be lower for atoms with many hydrogen bond contacts than for those with fewer contacts.
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    Infrared spectroscopic study of water in the hydrates of calcium nitroprusside: Ca[Fe(CN)5NO]·nH2O (n=1,4) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 517-530 
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    Notes: Abstract The infrared absorption bands due to the water molecules in calcium nitroprusside monohydrate and tetrahydrate were studied using partial deuteration and low-temperature techniques. An assignment of these bands based on the possible hydrogen bonds existing in the crystal lattice is proposed. Additional infrared spectroscopic data on the monohydrate and the anhydrous compound are included.
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    An infrared, Raman, and single-crystal x-ray study of cesium hexafluorophosphate (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 531-540 
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    Notes: Abstract CsPF6:M,=277.87, cubic,Fm3m-O h 5, witha 8.228(5) Å,V 557(1) Å3,Z=4,D x =3.31 Mg m−3, λX(MoKα)=0.7107 Å,μ(MoKα)=6.85 mm−1 F(000)=496,R=0.0327 for 114 reflections. The PF6 ion exhibits orientational disorder; infrared and Raman spectra show that its point symmetry is lower thanm3m-O h , in agreement with the equilibrium atomic positions found in the X-ray study. The rule of mutual exclusion is not obeyed in the spectra of CsPF6; this can be explained if the disorder also involves a small shift of the P atom away fromm3m-O h site symmetry. Such an effect could not be modelled in the X-ray study. The deviation from octahedral symmetry of PF6 is small and, from a consideration of the vibrational spectra of the MPF6 series, it is concluded that both the reorientational and other motions such as librational and torsional oscillations contribute toward the breadth of some vibrational modes.
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    The role of X-ray crystallography in drug design: Identification of the two isomers 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5(β andα)-androstano-(2,3-C)-1′, 2′, 5′-oxadiazole (HS804 and HS805) (steroids and related studies, Part 62) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 315-332 
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    Notes: Abstract Crystal structure analysis has distinguished between the two epimers 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5(β andα)-androstano-(2, 3-C)-1′, 2′, 5′-oxadiazole (HS804 and HS805). HS804 is trigonal,P32,a=14.820(4),c=7.177(3) Å,Z=3 and HS805 is orthorhombic,P212121,a=9.507(4),b=18.528,c=10.048(4) Å,Z=4. The crystal structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.0376 for 1419 reflections (HS804) andR=for 1819 reflections (HS805), using diffractometer measured data with CuKα radiation. The two molecules have different ring connections,A/B cis in HS804 andA/B trans in HS805, the planar oxadiazole ring beingcis fused to ringA in both molecules. RingA is strained in both molecules.
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    Studies on rare earth carboxylates. III. X-ray and IR studies on Ln(C6H4OHCOO)3·H2O (Ln = La-Ho or Y) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 341-348 
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    Notes: Abstract The rare earth salicylate monohydrates Ln(C6H4OHCOO)3·H2O (Ln=La-Ho or Y) were prepared and subjected to X-ray powder diffractometric and infrared absorption spectroscopic investigations. The salts from lanthanum to gadolinium are found to be isomorphous and are indexed on a monoclinic unit cell with space groupP21/c-C 2h 5 (No. 14). Certain dissimilarities between the powder patterns of isomorphous terbium and dysprosium compounds and those of the lighter rare earths necessitated independent indexing of these two compounds, which are found to be monoclinic with space groupP21/c-C 2h 5 . Holmium and yttrium salts are isomorphous and are monoclinic with space groupP2/m-C 2h 1 (No. 10). The assignments of some of the observed bands to certain characteristic vibrations of various functional groups in the spectra of these salts have been done.
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    Crystal structure of 4,6-dinitro-1-(5-tetrazolyl)-1H-indazole trihydrate (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 359-368 
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound, C8H4N8O4·3H2O, crystallizes in space groupP¯1 with cell constantsa=7.022(1),b=9.507(2),c=10.906(2) Å,α=84.99(1),β=71.89(1),γ=72.56(1)°,Z=2, andV c =660.2 Å3. The structure was solved by direct methods using diffractometer data and was refined by full-matrix least-squares methods to anR value of 0.060 for 2112 observed reflections. The molecule, consisting of a phenyl ring fused to a pyrazole ring with a tetrazole ring connected to it equatorially, is planar except for the N(7) nitro-group oxygen atoms. The structure is stabilized by a three-dimensional network of O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds through the water molecules.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of dimethylpyrazolo [1,2-a]pyrazolo[1,2-b]benzotriazole-3,4-dicarboxylate, C15H13N3O4 (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 369-382 
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    Notes: Abstract Crystals of dimethyl pyrazolo [1,2-a]pyrazolo[1,2-b]benzotriazole-3,4-di-carboxylate, C15H13N3O4, are triclinic:a=9.268(10),b=19.367(50),c=8.821(9) Å,α=96.76(18),β=115.39(10),γ=80.17(22)°,Z=4, space group P¯1 with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal and molecular structures have been determined from X-ray diffractometer data by direct methods, and refined by least-squares methods toR=0.047 for 2653 observed reflections. In a least-squares fitting procedure the two independent molecules show an almost perfect resemblance, except for the orientations of the 3-carbomethoxy groups. Their chiral structure is described asS. There is an appreciable puckering of the condensed five-membered rings. Bond distances and angles are found to be not comparable with those in the literature, and are discussed. The carbomethoxy groups of the same molecule show a different slant, owing to overcrowding. Close molecular packing is afforded by layers of molecules approximately parallel to the (001) plane.
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    Book review (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 395-395 
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    Crystal and molecular structure of 1,3-dibenzylcyclobutane-2,4-bis(2′-spiro-(5′-p-chloro)-benzylcyclopentanone): Product of a single-crystal→single-crystal reaction (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 447-455 
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound is the product of the photo-induced solid-state reaction of 2-(p-chloro)-benzyl-5-benzylidenecyclopentanone, a reaction which is shown to occur in a single-crystal to single-crystal fashion. The cell parameters of the dimer are very close to those of the monomer, with both structures belonging to the same space group. The finalR was 0.044 for 1551 reflections withF o〉2σ(Fo). The compound has the molecular structure which is expected for the product of a topochemical reaction within the perfect monomer crystal. The packing of the dimer is compared with that of the monomer and found to be very similar.
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    Isolation and crystal structures of triethylenediamine-hydroquinone (1/1) and triethylenediamine-phenol (1/2) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 457-465 
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    Notes: Abstract Two crystalline adducts of triethylenediamine with hydroquinone [N(CH2CH2)3N·C6H4(OH)2,I] and phenol [N(CH2CH2)3N·2C6H5OH,II] have been isolated and characterized by X-ray analysis. ComplexI crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/c, witha=11.944(2),b=9.491(2),c=11.986(2) Å,β=121.70(1)°, andZ=4. Both molecular components occupy sites of symmetry 2, and are linked alternately by N ⋯ H-O hydrogen bonds to form infinite zigzag chains. Crystals ofII are also monoclinic, with space groupP21/c,a=12.987(2),b=6.376(1),c=21.350(3) Å,β=106.94(1)°, andZ=4. The structure is composed of discrete hydrogen-bonded molecular aggregates corresponding to the stoichiometric formula. The triethylenediamine moieties in both adducts closely approximate to the idealizedD 3 h conformation. The structures have been refined toR values of 0.097 (I) and 0.092 (II) using, respectively, 479 and 1580 observed MoKα data.
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    X-ray and Raman studies of single crystals of CsSbF6 (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 505-512 
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    Notes: Abstract Crystals of CsSbF6 belong to the rhombohedral space groupR¯3-C 3i 2 witha=7.904(1)andc=8.261(1) Å,V=446.95 Å3,Z=3,D c=4.11 gcm−3. The antimony atom is surrounded by six fluorine atoms in a nearly perfect octahedral configuration with Sb-F 1.875(9) Å, while 12 fluorine atoms surround the cesium atom with closest contact 3.116 Å. Polarized Raman spectra of single crystals of CsSbF6 have been obtained, and it is shown that these results can be interpreted in terms of a unimolecular rhombohedral structure. The small distortion from an octahedral arrangement for the SbF 6 − group is clearly reflected in the spectra. The Raman results are in better agreement with the space groupR¯3m-D 3d 5 than withR¯3-C 3i 2 , but this conclusion must be regarded with caution since the two features in the vibrational spectra of CsSbF6 which can be used to distinguish between the two structures are weak and ill-defined.
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    Aggregation and solvation of a lithium aryloxide (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 541-547 
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    Notes: Abstract {Li[OC6H3-2,6-(tBu)2]THF}2, synthesized from phenol and LiH, is shown by X-ray crystallography to exist in the solid as a centrosymmetric dimer with two bridging phenoxides. Terminal THF ligands (envelope conformation) complete trigonal planar coordination about Li. The THF ligand plane lies in the Li2(μ-O)2 plane, while the phenyl ligands are perpendicular to this same Li2O2 plane. This explains the unusual1H NMR chemical shifts of the THF ligand. THF binds to Li as a dipole rather than using one of the two ether lone pairs. Crystallographic data (−160°C):a=18.799(3) Å,b=18.758(6),c=15.697(5), andZ=4 in space groupPbca (no. 61). The final quality indices areR(F)=6.2% andR w (F)=5.9% for 1535 unique data.
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    Crystal and molecular structure ofpp-diphenyl-p-tetrakis (perfluoromethyl)ethylene glycol phosphinate (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 169-177 
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    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in space groupP¯1 (No. 2) witha=8.796(6),b=10.754(3),c=12.271(2) Å,α=68.56(2),β=67.68(3),γ=78.87(4)°, andZ=2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.048. In the tetrahedral geometry around phosphorus, the P-O(22) bond of 1.464(2) Å is shorter than expected. The O⋯O hydrogen bond results in dimer formation, and the substituted glycol shows staggered conformation along the C(12)-C(3) vector.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of tetra-n-butylammoniumbis(stilbenedithiolato)-nickelate(III) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 179-191 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, C44H56NS4Ni, are reported. Crystals are triclinic, space groupP¯1 (No. 2) withZ=2 in a unit cell of dimensionsa=8.874(2) Å,b=9.549(5) Å,c=26.025(7) Å,α=97.22(3)°,β=95.06(2)°, andγ=98.75(3)°. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.062 for 2910 unique diffractometer data. The metal atom of the anion has an approximate square-planar configuration and the nitrogen atom of the cation an approximate tetrahedral configuration. The anions as well as the cations are well separated, the closest Ni⋯Ni and N⋯N approaches being the lattice repeat of 8.874(2) Å.
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    trans-Cu(1,3-diaminopropane)2(4-chlorobenzoate)2: An EDA complex? (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 205-210 
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    Notes: Abstract The molecular packing oftrans-Cu (1,3-diaminopropane)2 (4-chlorobenzoate)2 suggests interactions between the 4-chlorobenzoate anions. Gaussian analysis of the photoacoustic spectrum of the compound, recorded to search for a relevant electronic transition, revealed maxima at 517, 598, and 860 nm. The first two were assigned tod-d transitions of copper(II) ion with the help of crystal field calculations, molecular orbital theory, and single-crystal ESR data. The third transition, at 860 nm, was tentatively assigned to a charge-transfer transition between 4-chlorobenzoate anions. An electron population analysis based on CNDO calculations indirectly supported a possible EDA complex formation.
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    Synthesis, properties, and molecular structure of bis(thiobenzoato-S)tellurium(II), C14H10O2S2Te(II) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 239-248 
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    Notes: Abstract The synthesis, properties, and structural characterization of the title compound, C14H10O2S2Te, are reported. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupC2/c (No. 15) witha=24.369(6),b=4.333(2),c=14.569(3) Å, andβ=109.56(2)°,V=1449.57 Å3,M=402, andD x =1.843 g cm−3 forZ=4. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.029 andR w =0.027 for 772 diffractometer data. Crystal structure analysis and IR spectroscopic study indicate that the tellurium is covalently bonded to sulfur. There are weak secondary interactions between tellurium and oxygen which complete an S2O2 coordination around tellurium.
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    Steroids and related studies. Part 60. Crystal and molecular structures of 17β-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3β-and 3α-pyrrolidino-17a-aza-D-homo-5-androstenes: HS-625 form 1, (3β-pyrrolidino) and HS-625 form 2 (mixed-3α and -3β-pyrrolidino epimers) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 89-115 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of two forms of 17β-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-pyrrolidino-17a-aza-D-homo-5-androstene (HS-625) are reported. In HS-625 (aqueous solvate) form 1, moleculeA, and HS-625 (anhydride) form 2, moleculeB, the pyrrolidine group is 3-β substituted, while in HS-625 (anhydride) form 2, moleculeC has its pyrrolidine ring α-substituted. HS-625 form 1 is orthorhombic, space groupP212121, witha=7.089(4),b=11.502(6),c=28.975(16) Å,Z=4; form 2 is triclinic, space groupP1, witha=14.013(8),b=12.572(6),c=6.688(4) Å, α=95.187(20), β=103.491(21); γ=86.210(20)°,Z=2. MoleculesA andB have similar geometry, differences in moleculeC being related to strain caused by the unusual 3-α ring substituent which also produces a pronounced kink in the backbone of the molecule. An unusual feature of the analysis of form 1 is the location of the water hydrogens in the difference electron density well above background. None of the OH hydrogens was located. Both structures are hydrogen bonded, but the pyrrolidine nitrogen N(31) in moleculeC is heavily congested and is unable to act as an acceptor. The hydroxyethyl side chain, important for activity, has a different conformation in the three molecules (t,g, t,-g, andt,t respectively).
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    Crystal structure and single-crystal polarized spectrum of 1,4,7,10-tetraazadecanebis(N-methylimidazole)-nickel(II) perchlorate (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 143-155 
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    Notes: Abstract The Ni(II) complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazadecane (trien) andN-methylimidazole (Meim), [Ni(trien)(Meim)2](ClO4)2, crystallizes in the triclinic system witha=7.934(1),b=9.770(2),c=16.108(2) Å,α=98.54(1),gb=97.16(1), and γ=98.10(1)°, The structure was refined by least-squares techniques to anR factor of 0.049 for 3729 observed reflections. The complexed nickel ion is octahedral. The trien ligand is bonded through its four nitrogens in the usual fashion, so that the terminal nitrogen atoms occupy;trans-positions on the octahedron. The remaining two coordination sites are filled by the Meim ligands. The Ni-N bond distances are normal, and range from 2.103(3) to 2.156(3) Å. The polarized single-crystal spectra are interpreted on the basis of an octahedral ligand field having a tetragonal distortion along the H2N-Ni-NH2 axis.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of diaquobis(1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-diimidazolylsulfide)copper(II) methylsulfate, (C8H10N4S)2Cu(II)(OH2)2(CH3OS03)2 (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 157-167 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title complex has been determined. The space group isP21/n, witha=8.460(3),b=8.503(3),c=20.341 (8) Å,β=98.41(3) andZ=2. The ligand molecules chelate the CuII such that the metal has a tetragonally distorted octahedral geometry; four N atoms occupy the equatorial plane and two H2O molecules occupy the axial positions. The average Cu-N and Cu-O distances are 2.005(6) and 2.47(1) Å, respectively. The novel ligand, 1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-diimidazolylsulfide was formedin situ from a methanolic solution of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate and 1-methylimidazole-2-thiol. The measured spectral parameters (visible, EPR, and photoelectron spectroscopy) correlate well with the molecular structure.
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    Book review (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 393-394 
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    Structure of tetra(n-butyl)ammonium tetraiodo-μ,-μ′-diiododiplatinate(II), [(n-C4H9)4N]2[Pt2I6] (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 383-392 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of [(n-C4H9)4N]2[Pt2I6] has been determined from X-ray data measured by counter methods. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c (C 2h -5 , No. 14) with unit cell constantsa=14.457(4),b=14.036(4),c=23.696(5) Å,β=101.02(3)°, andD c =2.30 g cm−3 forZ=4. Full-matrix least-squares refinement led to a finalR value of 0.049 for 1786 independent observed reflections. The [Pt2I6]2− anion is planar to within 0.07 Å and exhibits an average Pt-I bridging bond length of 2.559(4) Å and average Pt-I terminal distance of 2.571(7) Å. Of the two independent [(n-C4H9)4N]+ cations, one approaches a ¯42m-D 2d conformation, the other an approximate ¯4-S4 conformation.
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    Conformation of dibenzo[b,f]heteroepin drugs and related compounds (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 401-446 
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    Crystal and molecular structure of bis(tetramethyl-ammonium)bis(maleonitriledithiolato)cuprate(II). Structure of C16H24CuN6S4 (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 215-226 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, C16H24CuN6S4, is reported. The crystals are monoclinic: space groupP21/c,Z=4,a=13.230(3),b=11.518(9),c=16.269(6) Å,β=95.07(2)°. The structure was solved by the heavy-atom method, and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.059 for 1907 unique diffractometer data. The anions have approximately 222 (D 2) symmetry, with an angle of 41.14(1)° between the normals to planes of the ligands. The amino atoms of the cations have an approximate tetrahedral configuration. The anions are well separated from each other, the closest Cu-Cu distance being 7.811 (2) Å. The anionic units can be considered as being stacked alongb in columns. The metal atoms are not collinear along the stack axis, but form a kind of kinked chain.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of 3-(2-(1,10-phenanthrolyl))-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-chloroaquotriphenyltin(IV) (1:1) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 249-259 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract 3-(2-(1,10-Phenanthrolyl))-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-chloroaquotriphenyl-tin(IV) (1:1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system:a=19.195,b=9.144,c=21.642 Å,Z=4, space groupPca21 (No. 29). The structure was determined using the procedure for difference structures (Dirdir) with CuKα diffractometer data, and refined by block-diagonal least squares toR=0.031 for 3287 observed reflections. The tin atom is 5-coordinate with the three phenyl groups forming the equatorial plane. A chlorine atom and a water molecule complete the coordination. The triazine moiety does not coordinate directly to the metal atom. The only interaction is due to two N ⋯ H-O hydrogen bonds formed between two nitrogen atoms from the ligand and the water molecule.
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    Molecular structure of an ancient folk medicine: Berberine hydrogen sulfate (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 269-281 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the versatile folk medicine berberine hydrogen sulfate, (C20H18NO4)+HSO 4 − , has been determined by the heavy-atom method and refined by blocked full-matrix least-squares refinement. The crystals are triclinic, space groupF¯1,a=20.370(5),b=7.435(2),c=27.427(6) Å,α=97.700(9),β=116.222(9),γ=85.456.(8)°,Z=8,D x =1.556 g cm−3,D m =1.549(5) g cm−3. The structure refined toR=0.070 for 1659 observed reflections withI(hkl)≧2.5σ[I(hkl)]. The ring system of the berberine molecule is approximately planar, with both −OCH3 groups twisted slightly out of the plane. Heterocyclic ringB has a half-chair conformation with a pseudo-two-fold axis bisecting the bonds C(9)-C(10) and C(7)-C(8), diagonal to the isoquinoline groupAB. The five-membered ringE has an envelope conformation, the apical atom C(1) being out of plane.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of an amber polymorph of 4-methyl-2-nitroacetanilide (MNA) (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 283-291 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of a third polymorph of 4-methyl-2-nitroacetanilide has been determined by X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space groupP21/c,Z=4,a=10.158(2),b=11.635(2),c=8.041(2) Å andβ=94.55(2)°. Using 1027 unique reflections, the structure was solved by the method of vector verification and refined by full-matrix least squares, which gave convergence toR=0.080. The structure consists of nearly planar molecules, all approximately parallel to one another with their longitudinal axes parallel tob. The amide group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the nitro group. Molecules related byc-glide are stacked alongc in a very distinct columnar form. The columns are held together by dipole-dipole interactions between close antiparallel carbonyl groups or between close antiparallel nitro groups.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of [(C6H5)3Sb]3CuCl·CHC13 (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 549-557 
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    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystallographic structure determination of [(C6H5)3Sb]3 Cu(I)Cl·CHC13 reveals that the compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP¯1 witha=18.827(3),b=14.279(3),c=14.399(3) Å,α=84.43,β=87.39(2), andγ=75.18(1)°,V=2734.7(9) Å3,Z=2. Least-squares refinement based on 4689 independent observed data [(F obs)2≥3σ(F obs)2], resulted in a finalR value of 0.064. The cocrystallized solvent molecules were highly disordered. The coordination about Cu(I) of three Sb(C6H5)3 molecules and one Cl ligand is approximately tetrahedral. The Cu-Cl distance, 2.235(5) Å, is extremely short in comparison to previously reported Cu-Cl distances in four-coordinate Cu(I) complexes. In keeping with the short Cu-Cl distance are very long Cu-Sb distances, av. 2.554(5) Å.
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    Crystal structure of (E)-5-hydroxypyrrolizidin-3-one and (Z)-5-thioketalpyrrolizidin-3-one (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 565-572 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of (E)-5-hydroxypyrrolizidin-3-one (2) and (Z)-5-thioketalpyrrolizidin-3-one (3) have been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques and refined by full-matrix least squares. Molecule2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/a(No. 14) witha=7.887(3) Å,b=9.788(5) Å,c=9.316(4) Å,β=100.6(1), andZ=4. Molecule 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c witha=12.947(14) Å,b=10.553(14) Å,c=9.629(14) Å,β=101.4(1), andZ=4. The calculated density for both molecules is 1.33 g cm−1. FinalR-factors were 5.1% for2 and 8.59% for3. The x-ray results showed that a change in configuration occurred in the reaction going from2 to3.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of [(η5-C9H11)TiCl(μ-0)]4 (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 573-579 
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    Notes: Abstract The tetramer, prepared by passing Cl2 gas into a solution of [(η5-C9H11)2-TiCl2] in CCl4, crystallizes in the tetragonal space groupP¯421 c (No. 114). The unit cell parameters area=b=15.704(7),c=7.776(4) Å, andρ cal=1.52g cm−1 forZ=2 (tetramers). Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave a finalR value of 0.032 for 554 observed reflections. The molecule lies on a crystallographic ¯4 site. Both independent Ti-O distances are equal, 1.802(5) and 1.809(5) Å, and the Ti-Cl length is 2.281(3) Å. The five Ti-C(π) distances show the expected variation associated with an indenyl moiety: 2.310(9) to 2.437(9) Å.
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    Molecular structure of an extremely crowded iron(II) dihydride complex: FeH2(PMePh2)4 (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 581-587 
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of FeH2(PMePh2)4 shows this to exist as thecis isomer in the solid state with major distortions of the FeP4 skeleton:cis P-Fe-P angles 98.1(1)–107.2(1)° andtrans P-Fe-P angle 143.3(1)°. All hydrogen atoms were refined, and the mean Fe-H separation is 1.59 Å. Long Fe-P distances, 2.187(3)–2.251(3) Å, emphasize the crowding in this molecule. Crystallographic data:a=11.684(4) Å,b=37.793(17),c=9.765(3),β=90.81(1)°, andZ=4 in space groupP21/n (No. 14).R(F)=6.3% andR w (F)=6.0% for 2585 observed reflections collected at —162°C.
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    Crystal structure of 1,5-dibromonaphthalene and of disordered 1,8-dibromonaphthalene (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 589-597 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of 1,5-dibromonaphthalene, C10H6Br2, has been determined from a single crystal x-ray study. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/c with four molecules per unit cella=14.576(5),b=4.049(1),c=15.046(6) Å, andβ=92.18(3)°. The structure was solved by the execution of the programDirdif in space groupP1. Full-matrix least-squares refinement (inC2/c) using 544 reflections with sinθ/λ〈0.594 and ∥F 0∥〉6σ(∥F 0∥) converged withR=0.039 andR w =0.050. The results of an X-ray study of 1,8-dibromonaphthalene (P21/c, a=8.050(4),b=10.898(5),c=11.083(5) Å,β=107.83(4)°; disordered;R=0.11) are included as an appendix.
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    Dichloro-bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel, Cl2Ni(P(C6H5)3)2, a redetermination (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 623-627 
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    Absorption spectrum of octahedral CoCl4(H2O)2 units in [(CH3)3NH]CoCl3·2H2O single crystal (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 559-564 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical absorption spectrum of the octahedral moiety CoCl4(H2O)2 in single crystal [(CH3)3NH]CoCl3·2H2O has been studied at room and liquidair temperatures. The observed ambient bands at 6800, 16,300, and 19,000 cm−1 have been assigned, respectively, to the transitions4 T 1(F) →4 T 2(F),4 A 2(F), and4 T 1 (P). The crystal field parameters evaluated areD q =B=850 cm−1, andC=4.63B. At liquid-air temperatures the4 T 1(P) band is seen to split into the expected four componentsΓ 7,Γ 8,Γ 8, andΓ 6, due to spin-orbit coupling, and the coupling coefficientξ was computed to be 525 cm−1.
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    An application ofDirdif to troublesome heavy-atom structures (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 599-602 
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    Notes: Abstract When a heavy-atom structure determination presents difficulties, the structure may be solved by expanding the data to triclinic symmetry, putting one heavy atom at the origin, and using the programDirdif (direct methods applied todifference structure factors) to locate the remaining heavy atoms.
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    1,2,4,5-Tetraaza-3-phospha-6-silacyclohexane. Twist conformation of an inorganic heterocycle containing hydrazine, phosphorus, and silicon. Conformational analysis in solution and x-ray structure (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 603-615 
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    Notes: Abstract Bis(1,2-dimethylhydrazido)thiophosphoric acidO-phenyl ester reacts with dichlorodiphenylsilane in the presence of triethylamine and aluminum trichloride as a catalyst in tetrahydrofuran to give 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl-3-phenoxy-6,6-diphenyl-3-thioxo-1,2,4,5-tetraaza-3-phospha-6-silacy-clohexane in about 10% yield. The six-membered ring adopts a twist conformation in solution and in the solid state. In solution a hindered twist-to-twist interconversion can be detected at low temperatures by1H-NMR. Crystals obtained from methylcyclohexane solutions are monoclinic, space groupP21/c (No. 14),a=14.983(2),b=8.267(2),c=20.019(3) Å,β=103.56(2)°, x =1.26 g cm−3 forZ=4,R=0.073 for 1867 contributing reflections.
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    Preparation and structure of bistetraethylammonium(1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolato)(1,1-dicyanoethylene-1,1-diselenato)-nickelate(II), [(CN)2C2Se2NiS2C2(CN)2]2−[N(C2H5)4] 2 + (1984)
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 14 (1984), S. 617-622 
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    Interpretation of in situ stress measurements in anisotropic rocks with the doorstopper method (1984)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 17 (1984), S. 167-182 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary A correct interpretation of in situ stress measurements by means of the doorstopper technique in cross anisotropic rocks requires that 10 stress concentration factors at the bottom of the borehole be known instead of the 3 which are needed for isotropic rocks. In order to analyse the data obtained in a site investigation in a gneiss of the Alpine region, these factors were determined by a three-dimensional high-order finite-element model. The results are presented and compared with those obtained by means of first approximation methods. The feasibility of carrying out measurements in anisotropic rock by means of only 2 boreholes is discussed and it is shown that in practice 3 properly oriented boreholes are needed in this case too.
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    Beckenried viaduct: Foundation problems in a creeping slope (1984)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 17 (1984), S. 197-214 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The 3150 m long Beckenried viaduct traverses an unstable creeping, slope, the surface of the sound rock lying at depths from 10 to 60 m. Altogether 44 of the total 58 piers of the bridge founded on the sound rock had to be protected by shafts against the creeping soil and loosened rock layers. Based on geological explorations and previous monitoring of the slope displacements the clearance between the rectangular concrete piers and the elliptical shafts was specified to be 1.5 m in the dip direction of the slope and up to ±1.0 m in lateral direction. In order to avoid failure of the shafts due to the unusually large slope movements likely to occur during the service life of the viaduct, an entirely new design concept was applied. It involves flexible shafts consisting of four main parts, namely a rigid shaft collar, articulated ring elements, a rigid trapezoidal cylinder and basal displacement rings resting on the pier footing. Fundamentally, this design permits both: sliding of the shaft as a whole along particular slip surfaces in the loosened rock at depth but also differential displacements due to the creep of the soil strata above it. The sliding at the base contributes to 50% and more to the total surface movements. The shafts also serve as a permanent drainage system for the highly water sensitive slope material. The paper describes the criteria upon which the novel design of the individual shafts were made and also particular constructional details. After a construction period of only four years the bridge opened to traffic in December 1980. Observations made on the completed structure indicate a behaviour of the slope and the shafts which is well in accordance with the predictions.
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    Announcements (1984)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 17 (1984), S. 267-269 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Book review (1984)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 17 (1984), S. 265-265 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Geochemistry and petrogenesis of ophiolites from Northern Pindos (Greece) (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 39-46 
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    Notes: Abstract The ophiolitic complex of Northern Pindos (Greece) contains ocean-floor basalts and low-Ti mafic rocks. The former rocks are similar to recent mid-ocean ridge basalts with a light REE depletion and a La/Yb ratio 〈 2. The low-Ti rocks resemble boninites in their high Mg and very low Ti and Zr contents and in their REE patterns which have convex-downwards shape with a slight light REE enrichment. However, their Zr/Ti, Ti/V and Zr/Y ratios are lower than in boninites. Both rock-types could be generated by dynamic partial melting of a rising upper mantle diapir. Slight enrichment in light REE, Sr, Rb and Ba in low-Ti rocks could be the result of either metasomatic or alteration processes. Although a subduction zone origin of the sequence is possible, the geochemical data do not necessarily imply such a setting.
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    Le Volcan Popocatepetl (Mexique): structure, evolution pétrologique et risques (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 1-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0819
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    Notes: Abstract Volcan Popocatepetl, which lies 70 km southeast of Mexico City, is one of the most famous andesite composite volcanoes in the world. With 5,450 m of elevation, it is the second highest peak of Mexico. Located 320 km north of the Middle America Trench, at the centre of the Mexican Volcanic Belt, Volcano Popocatepetl forms the southern active part of a northsouth volcanic complex, the northern part consisting of the eroded Volcano Iztaccihuatl. Since its earliest reported eruption in 1519, Volcano Popocatepetl has had a continuous fumarolic activity in its crater, and in frequent small eruptions (1720, 1802–1804, 1920). In contrast with this light activity, C14 data indicate pre-historical cycles of intense volcanism with paroxysmal pyroclastic eruptions (ash and pumice-flows) alternating with effusive phases and plinian air-fall deposits. The results of a volcanological study and the petrological characteristics of the main volcanic units show that Volcano Popocatepetl is composed of a primitive composite-volcano on which a recent summit cone is superimposed. It has been built during 2 very dissimilar volcanic periods linked by a transitional phase.
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    Change in the heat regime of the Pauzhetka geothermal system in Kamchatka as a result of exploitation (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 71-78 
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    Notes: Abstract The Pauzhetka geothermal system is located in a volcano-tectonic depression near the active volcano Kambalny. Temperatures at depths of 300–800 m are 180°–210°C. The exploitation of productive horizons with a withdrawal of 130–160 kg/s commenced in 1966. A noticeable lowering of the enthalpy in the wells was observed during the exploitation period. Analysis of temperature and pressure variations in the reservoir using heat-mass transfer equations gives an estimation of the heat and water resources supplied from the interior of the system to the area under exploitation. The value of the water resources supplied from the depth is 85 kg/s on the average, the rest of the water being supplied from the peripheral colder parts of the reservoir. These estimates lead to the conclusion that the utilization of hydrothermal systems associated with active volcanoes is accompanied by recoverability of cold water from the surrounding rocks that may influence substantially their heat regime.
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    Evolution and geodynamic significance of the tertiary orogenic volcanism in Northeastern Greece (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 25-37 
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    Notes: Abstract The Tertiary volcanism of Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace (Greece) developed in association with the sedimentary basin which formed, from Eocene to Oligocene, along the southern margin of the Rhodope Massif. The volcanic products, ranging in composition from basaltic andesites to rhyolites, show an overall calc-alkaline orogenic affinity, while chemical characteristics identify different groups of rocks, probably reflecting minor differences among parent magmas. The observed evolution within any group of rocks is compatible with fractional crystallization processes acting on relatively shallow magma bodies. The Sr isotopic composition of rhyolitic member shows an initial87Sr/86Sr ratio comparable with that of basaltic andesites, reinforcing the hypothesis of a crystal/liquid line of descent. Geochemical and petrographic evidence, on the whole, suggests that the investigated orogenic association developed on an active continental margin characterized by a relatively thick crust, acting as a density filter for the basic magmas and facilitating their storage and fractionation within the crust itself. Minor contamination by interaction with host materials may also have occurred. Stratigraphic and K/Ar geochronological data indicate that the volcanic activity started in Upper Eocene and reached its maximum development in Upper Oligocene. From Lower Miocene, the volcanism shifted southward in the Central Aegean area and in part of Western Anatolia, coming to an end by Middle Miocene. The southward migration of the volcanic front has been interpreted as a consequence of the increase in the dipping of the Benioff zone, due to the decrease of penetrative strength after the main phase of continental collision.
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    The Santiago Peak Volcanic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges batholith, Southern California: volcanic rocks associated with coeval gabbros (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 153-171 
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    Notes: Abstract Analyses of the latest Jurassic Santiago Peak volcanic rocks from the western zone of the Peninsular Ranges batholith reveal the existence of two independent groups; one comprising basalts and andesites of the island arc tholeiitic series, and the second made up of the dacites and rhyolites of the subalkaline (calc-alkaline?) series or silicic series. The basalts and andesites have V, Co and Ni contents similar to those estimated for the residual melts in equilibrium with the Peninsular Ranges gabbros. This fact together with the tholeiitic nature of the gabbros and the intimate spatial and temporal relationship between the SPV and the gabbros suggests that the basalts and andesites had a common origin with the gabbros. The mafic volcanism and plutonism seems to have occurred in a youthful island arc and the silicic volcanism in a mature island arc or a continental margin.
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    Foreword (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 173-173 
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    Seismic coda Q and turbidity coefficient at the Phlegraean Fields volcanic area: Preliminary results (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 219-224 
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    Notes: Abstract Digital recordings of microearthquake codas from shallow seismic events in the Phlegraean Fields region (south-central Italy) were used to calculate the attenuation factor Qc. A quite unusual frequency dependence was found for the coda attenuation comparable to Hawaii pattern of Qc. This is interpreted as due to the presence of magma that increases the amount of anelasticity. Amount of scattering at Phlegraean Fields was estimated through the « turbidity » coefficient (Dainty model), that shows a high degree of scattering due to inhomogeneities as compared to Hawaii. Probably this is due to the greater crustal thickness of Phlegraean Fields with respect to Hawaii that produces more scattering.
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    Sur l'éruption du Nyamulagira de décembre 1981 à janvier 1982: cône et coulée du Rugarambiro (Kivu, Zaïre) (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 79-103 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'éruption de décembre 1981 à janvier 1982 qui s'ést déclenchée dans la nuit de Noël sur le flanc SE du Nyamulagira a émis la plus longue coulée historique de ce volcan (26 km). Le matériel épanché représente le plus fort taux de production de cet appareil au cours de ce siècle (280×106m3 de magma rejetés en 19 jours d'activité). Un cône pyroclastique composite a été édifié: le Rugarambiro. La lave émise est une K-hawaiite (kivite) dont la basicité décroit au cours de l'éruption (premières émissions: D.I. = 40; derniers épanchements: D.I. = 35). Cette évolution chimique se reflète sur: --la composition modale de produits; les premières émissions sont pauvres en phénocristaux ferromagnésiens (olivine + Cpx: 3%) et riches en plagioclases (12%) alors que l'inverse s'observe dans les dernières laves épanchées (olivine + Cpx : 16%; plagioclase: 1%); --la nature de minéraux qui cristallisent dans la pâte. En effet, seules les premières émissions contiennent des feldspaths alcalins, de la néphéline et des paillettes de Ti-phlogopite; --la composition des verres qui est plus évoluée dans les premières laves (D.I. 68–84) que dans les dernières (D.I. 42–61). Une stratification de la chambre magmatique du Nyamulagira est ainsi proposée; une chambre dans laquelle s'est vraisemblablement opérée une différenciation magmatique par cristallisation fractionnée. Les équilibres minéralogiques susceptibles d'être formulées en thermobaromètres permettent de situer ce réservoir magmatique aux alentours de 6–7 km de profondeur; une profondeur que nous avions déjà proposée. Les phénocristaux de bytownite, chrysolite basique, diopside et salite excédentaire en calcium charriés par la lave de l'éruption considérée rélèvent d'une paragenèse basaltique qui peut être regardée comme la marqueur d'un apport de magma basique neuf dans ce réservoir à liquide hawaiitique.
    Notes: Abstract The December 1981 — January 1982 eruption which started in the Christmas night on the SE side of Nyamulagira, gave the longest historical flow (26 km) representing the highest production rate of this volcano in this century (280×106m3 of erupted magmas in 19 days). This eruption built Rugarambiro, a composite spatter cinder-cone. The ejected lava is a K-hawaiite (kivite) whose basicity decreased during the eruption (first emission: D.I. = 40; last products: D.I. = 35). This chemical evolution is reflected by: --the modal composition of lavas. The first emissions are poor in ferromagnesian phenocrysts (olivine + clinopyroxene: 3%) and rich in plagioclase (12%); the contrary is observed in the last ejected lavas (livine + Cpx: 16%; plagioclase: 1%); --the nature of the crystallizing minerals in the groundmass. In fact, only the first ejections include alkaline feldspars, nepheline and Tiphlogopite; --the glassy phase composition which is more differentiated in the first lavas (D.I. 68–84) than in the last ones (D.I. 42–61). A stratification of the Nyamulagira magmatic chamber is proposed where magmatic differentiation has probably occurred for fractional crystallization. Mineralogical thermobarometers lead to locate this magmatic reservoir at the depth of 6–7 km that we had already hypothesized. The presence of phenocrysts of bytownite, basic chrysolite, diopside and salite indicates a basaltic paragenesis which marks a hawaiitic magma chamber feeding.
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    Seismic properties in the eastern part of the South Aegean volcanic arc (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 143-152 
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    Notes: Abstract The South Aegean active volcanic arc lies along the 150-km seismic isodepth of a Benioffzone and consists in andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic volcanoes of an orogenic calc-alkaline type. In the eastern part of the arc there are two main volcanic sites in the Nisyros and Kos islands. High shallow and intermediate depth seismic activity occurs in this volcanic area. Seismological data concerning the 1911–1980 period have been used to investigate seismic properties in that area. Two, distinct regions with different seismotectonic features have been defined. The internal region (Nisyros active volcano and its proximity) is characterized by a shallow, thin seismogenetic layer with abnormally highb-value, locally concentrated stresses, low seismicity and highly heterogeneous structure. These features are probably due to a magmatic body intruded in shallow depths within the crust. The possibility of magma formation in the upper surface of the descending slab or within the upper mantle wedge overlying this slab in the Nisyros-Kos area is herein discussed. On the contrary, the remaining (external) region, including the non-active volcanic island of Kos, is characterized by normal for tectonic shocksb-value, thick seismogenetic layer and high seismicity. It seems that in this region there is not a magmatic intrusion at least in shallow depths within the crust.
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    Phlegraean Fields 1982–1984: Brief chronicle of a volcano emergency in a densely populated area (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 175-185 
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    Notes: Abstract The essential features of the ongoing potential pre-eruptive crisis at the Phlegraean Fields begun in August 1982 are summarized and the main problems faced by scientists responsible of volcanic hazards evaluation in such a densely populated area are discussed.
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    Space-time distribution of small earthquakes at Phlegraean Fields, south-central Italy (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 201-207 
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    Notes: Abstract A preliminary statistical analysis of the space-time distribution of small seismic events in the volcanic area of Phlegraean Fields, south-central Italy, was done on the basis of a catalogue of earthquakes recorded by the local seismic stations in the period January 1, December 31, 1983. The non-random character of the sequence has been tested by matching the observed time-dstribution of seismic events with the theoretical Poisson process. A clustered occurrence of seismic events seems to be the main cause of the departure from a Poisson process as the inter-arrival times distribution clearly shows. Furthermore, the non-random behaviour of the events space-time distribution mainly due to quiescient and clustered recursive seismic phases could be studied by using the method proposed byVon Seggern et al. (1981). The analysis and the space-time diagrams confirm the swarm-type character of the entire seismic sequence.
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    Error analysis in hypocentral locations at Phlegraean Fields (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 209-218 
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    Notes: Abstract The location reliability of the earthquakes occurred at Phlegraean Fields has been analyzed, and the theoretical errors, inferred from the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix, have been estimated. Using only first P-phase arrivals to the local network (22 stations) and assuming a reading error of 0.05 sec., the average error on the spatial coordinates is estimated to be of the order of 0.2 km. Shallow events (depth〈1 km) are very poorly constrained in depth at the borders of the network. The use of both P and S arrival times, recorded by a smaller three component network (10 stations), improves the depth determination. Further analysis has been performed on a set of about 350 selected earthquakes, using two different velocity models. Differences in depth considerably greater than the theoretical errors, and showing highly different patterns have been found. Tests with artificial events, randomly distributed in space, indicate that the observed depth distribution is essentially due to the used velocity model.
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    A preliminary study of stress pattern at Phlegraean Fields as inferred from focal mechanisms (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 225-231 
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    Notes: Abstract Thirty-seven selected earthquakes which occurred in Phlegraean Fields from April to December 1983 are investigated from the focal mechanism point of view in order to attempt a preliminary representation of the stress pattern in the area. From 37 earthquakes, 15 reliable solutions were obtained. Ten mechanisms for events located around the Solfatara crater are of tensional type; 2 located in the Gulf of Pozzuoli seem to be compressive. No predominant orientation ofP andT axes seem to occur. Evidently, a more accurate analysis with a greater number of data — in particular for compressive events — is necessary in order to resolve a detailed map of stress pattern.
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    Ground deformation and gravity changes accompanying the 1982 Pozzuoli uplift (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 187-200 
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    Notes: Abstract During the summer of 1982 a continuous uplift began at Phlegraean Fields, an active volcanic area in southern Italy (Fig. 1), that persisted up to September 1984. The uplift, which reached a maximum value of about 160 cm in the central part of the Phlegraean caldera, was characterized by variable velocity and occurred within an area that extended about 7 km outward from the town of Pozzuoli (Fig. 1); the surface deformation performs a bell-shape pattern. The uplift was accompanied by horizontal displacements and gravity changes that closely correlate with the described elevation changes. The horizontal displacements displayed an anomalous pattern within a narrow belt about 1 km from the center of the uplift and approximately coincident with the area of maximum seismic activity. The change in gravity is attributed primarily to a free-air effect to which a small Bouguer effect must be added. Several models have been invoked in order to explain the observed phenomenon. The one which gives the best fit to the observed data is an increasing pressure source of radial simmetry, at a constant depth of about 3 km beneath the town of Pozzuoli, and having a diameter of several hundred meters. Migration of magma at depth is believed to be responsible for the observed activity in the Phlegraean Fields caldera.
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    The October 4th, 1983 — Magnitude 4 earthquake in Phlegraean Fields: Macroseismic survey (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 233-238 
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    Notes: Abstract On Oct. 4th, 1983 the area of Phlegraean Fields, near Naples (Southern Italy) was shaked by an earthquake of magnitude (M L) 4.0 that caused some damage in the town of Pozzuoli and its surroundings. This seismic event was the largest one recorded during the recent (1982–84) inflation episode occurred in the Phlegraean volcanic area, and a detailed macroseismic reconstruction of the event was carried out. Failing macroseismic data on other earthquakes occurred in Phlegraean Fields, the attenuation law of the intensity as a function of the distance as obtained for the Oct. 4th earthquake was compared with those obtained for other volcanic areas in central Italy —i.e., Tolfa, Monte Amiata — in order to check the reliability of the results obtained for Phlegraean Fields. The Blake's model of the earthquake of Oct. 4th, 1983 does not agree with the experimental data because isoseismals contain areas larger than those shown by the model. This result has been interpreted as an effect of energy focusing due to a reflecting layer 6–8 km deep.
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    Magnetotelluric survey in the bradyseismic area of Phlegraean Fields (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 239-246 
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    Notes: Abstract A magnetotelluric survey was carried out in order to contribute to the definition of the deep structure of the Phlegraean Fields area affected by the bradyseismic crisis begun in the summer 1982. In a preliminary campaign carried out in autumn 1983, the MT measurements were made in eight sites, located between 0.3 and 5 km from the Harbour of Pozzuoli and affected by different degrees of uplift. In a second campaign (autumn, 1984) seven of the first eight MT soundings were repeated and four new sites were investigated, one of which located in a stable zone 10 km away from Pozzuoli. MT measurements show the presence of a thick conductive layer (ρ〈1 Ωm) thinned underneath the town of Pozzuoli, where its top reaches the minimum depth (1.2–2 km). The upper horizon of this layer has a greater concavity than that produced by surface deformation. Below the conductive layer, the substratum became progressively more resistive with depth. This resistive basement is well defined in the soundings located far away from Pozzuoli. Here, on the contrary, a zone or body much more conductive than its surroundings is detected. This conductive body could correspond to a high temperature magmatic intrusion, probably already solidified, with a rough cylindrical shape with a base diameter of 1.5±0.5 km. Introducing into the obtained model the depth of the conductive horizon desumed from the deep geothermal wells, the top of the intrusive body would lye at 3–4 km depth. A small uplift of this body related to tectonic readjustments eventually induced by strong earthquakes recently occurred in near zones could explain the surface deformation observed during the present bradyseismic crisis.
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    Helium in Phlegraean Fields soil gases: July 20th–26th — September 19th–25th, 1983 (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 259-265 
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    Notes: Abstract Two helium surveys were carried out at Phlegraean Fields in July and September 1983 aiming at locating loci of discontinuities (fractures) in the area on the basis of variations in helium concentrations following the bradyseismic crisis then in progress.
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    Fracture system in Phlegraean Fields (Naples, southern Italy) (1984)
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    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 247-257 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During the 1983 seismic crisis in the Phlegraean Fields bradyseismic region (southern Italy), a structural analysis of the area was carried out. With a detailed field survey based on a net of 34 measure stations, a total of 536 fractures (mainly joints and a few normal faults) were measured on a 10 × 10 km area in volcanites capable of memorizing post depositional stress activity by fracturing. The analysis of the collected data was performed with the data bank of the University of Rome computer facilities. The azimuthal analysis of total fractures showed a nonrandom distribution with 5 major sets: N13°E, N45°E, N14°W, N55°W and E-W. These preferential orientations have been detected with an automatic fitting of gaussian curves (bell curves) on the azimuthal histograms. The areal distribution showed that all these fracture sets are in general present in the main collapse area. An azimuthal analysis performed by selecting the data collected for rocks older than 4,600 y BP showed a possible youngest age for the N14°W set (domain) (E-W extension). Fractures with an «opening» wider than 1 cm presented the same 5 azimuthal sets and fit fairly well with a concentric distribution around the main collapse area. The presence of an analogous radial pattern is not evident. A tentative interpretation model relates the superficial fracture sets to two possible causes: volcanic activity, including doming and collapsing, and propagation of active tensile deformations in the sedimentary basement due to regional stress trajectories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961555
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  • 96
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    Seismic and ground deformation crises at Rabaul Caldera: Prelude to an eruption? (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 397-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A dramatic short-term increase in seismicity and ground deformation took place at Rabaul Caldera on 19 September 1983, and marked the start of a period of frequent episodes of high seismic energy release and concurrent rapid ground deformation. Together with increased background levels of seismicity and ground deformation, these phenomena are interpreted as indications of higher rates of magma injection at shallow depths within the caldera, which greatly increases the likelihod of an eruption at Rabaul in the near future. A modest volume of magma, about 100 million m3, could be available for eruption from two shallow reservoirs, but a somewhat deeper and much larger magma body — residual from the latest major eruption about 1400 yr BP — may also exist beneath the caldera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961569
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  • 97
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    Monitoring unrest in a large silicic caldera, the long Valley-inyo craters volcanic complex in east-central California (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 371-395 
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    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recent patterns of geologic unrest in long Valley caldera in east-central California emphasize that this large, silicic volcanic system and the adjacent, geologically youthful Inyo-Mono Craters volcanic chain are still active and capable of producing locally hazardous volcanic eruptions. A series of four magnitude -6 earthquakes in May 1980 called attention to this current episode of unrest, and subsequent activity has included numerous earthquake swarms in the south moat of the caldera accompanied by inflation of the resurgent dome by more than 50 cm over the last five years. The seismicity associated with this unrest is currently monitored by a network of 31 telemetered seismic stations with an automatic processing system that yelds hypocentral locations and earthquake magnitudes in near-real time. Deformation of the ground is monitored by a) a series of overlapping trilateration networks that provide coverage ranging from annual measurements of regional deformation to daily measurements of deformation local to the active, southern section of the caldera, b) a regional network of level lines surveyed annually, c) a regional network of precise gravity stations occupied annually, d) local, L-shaped level figures surveyed every few months, and e) a network of fourteen borehole tiltmeter clusters (two instruments in each cluster) and a borehole dilatometer, the telemetered signals from which provide continuous data on deformation rates. Additional telemetered data provide continuous information on fluctuations in the local magnetic field, hydrogen gas emission rates at three sites, and water level and temperatures in three wells. Continuous data on disharge rates and temperatures from hot springs and fumaroles are collected by several on-site recorders within the caldera, and samples for liquid and gas chemistry are collected several times per year from selected hot springs and fumaroles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961568
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  • 98
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    Li, Pb and Tl abundances in the K-alkaline rocks from the Middle Latina Valley volcanoes (southern Latium, Italy) and their petrological significance (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 413-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Li, Pb and Tl contents of 15 primitive lava samples from the Middle Latina Valley volcanoes (southern Latium, Italy) are higher in the high-K than in the K-Series rocks, the enrichment factors roughly following the increase of the ionic size of the elements. The abundances in both series are higher than those of typical alkali basalts from oceanic environments, but similar to those of granitoid rocks. Such anomalous features may be explained as due to either crustal contamination of the parental magmas or derivation of these latter from a lithophile-enriched mantle region due to metasomatism by a lower crust-derived fluid. In both hypotheses, however, a larger involvement of crustal materials is suggested for the HKS rocks. Comparison of Li, Pb and Tl abundances in the primitive rocks of the Middle Latina Valley and Roccamonfina volcanoes shows that, unlike the KS rocks from the two districts show comparable levels and probably originated under similar conditions, the HKS rocks from the Middle Latina Valley are enriched in Li, Pb and Tl relative to their analogues from Roccamonfina. This suggests either a higher involvement of crustal materials in their genesis, or an evolution at shallower depth in the crust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961215
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  • 99
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    On the behaviour of fluorine in volcanic processes (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 483-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Volatile compunds play a very important role in both the evolution of magmas and the eruptive processes. Despite great interest in the knowledge of volatile distribution in magma chambers prior to eruptions, direct evidence of this kind is very difficult to obtain because a major quantity of gaseous species is released to the atmosphere during volcanic phenomena. Good estimates of volatile contents in magmas have been obtained by their distribution in coexisting mineral phases and microprobe analysis of glass inclusions; however, a sufficient set of data is not yet available to provide direct evidence of volatile concentrations in magma chambers before eruptive processes. Owing to their volatility, water, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur and chlorine compounds are largely concentrated in the explosive cloud. On the other hand, molecular species of fluorine, which are more soluble than water in magmatic melts, strongly partition into this latter phase rather than into the fluid. As a consequence, fluorine compounds are normally present in small concentrations in fumarolic gases and are not expected to degas appreciably from quenched volcanic products. With reference to the influence of weathering processes, recent research has shown that unaltered volcanic glasses have lost but a minor quantity of fluorine as a result of secondary reactions. Because of this, analytical data for fluorine in fresh igneous rocks would not differ significantly from the actual values pertaining to the magmatic stage. The distribution of fluorine in samples from Italy (Vesuvius, Vulcano, Lipari, Roccamonfina, Phlegraean Fields) and Greece (Santorini) appears to be correlated with the concentration of potassium, which is in accordance with theoretical assumptions and analytical results in other areas. According to experimental data, the presence of fluorine in magmas of silicate composition considerably enhances the solubility of water. Higher concentrations of water would mean a higher potential explosivity, and the possibility that the observed concentrations of fluorine can serve as a measure of different degrees of stored energy is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961220
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  • 100
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    Geophysical prospecting on the Santorini Islands (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 447-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A program of geophysical research was carried out as a preliminary stage of study of the Santorini volcanic group. This area is of remarkable geothermal and volcanological interest, and the definition of a volcanological structural model is the starting point for an understanding of the local geodynamic processes. Gravity, magnetic and geoelectrical data proved that: (i) the core of the volcanic edifice consists of a sedimentary-metamorphic basement; (ii) the basement is tectonically disturbed and a linear tectonic system produces a graben-type structure in the middle part of the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01961218
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