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  • 1
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    Evaluating the dominant components of warming in Pliocene climate simulations (2014)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 10, pp. 79-90, ISSN: 1814-9324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-07
    Description: The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project is the first coordinated climate model comparison for a warmer palaeoclimate with atmospheric CO2 significantly higher than pre-industrial concentrations. The simulations of the mid-Pliocene warm period show global warming of between 1.8 and 3.6 °C above pre-industrial surface air temperatures, with significant polar amplification. Here we perform energy balance calculations on all eight of the coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations within PlioMIP Experiment 2 to evaluate the causes of the increased temperatures and differences between the models. In the tropics simulated warming is dominated by greenhouse gas increases, with cloud albedo feedbacks enhancing the warming in most of the models, but by widely varying amounts. The responses to mid-Pliocene climate forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes are substantially different between the climate models, with the only consistent response being a warming due to increased greenhouse gases. In the high latitudes all the energy balance components become important, but the dominant warming influence comes from the clear sky albedo. This demonstrates the importance of specified ice sheet and high latitude vegetation boundary conditions and simulated sea ice and snow albedo feedbacks. The largest components in the overall uncertainty are associated with cloud albedo feedbacks in the tropics and polar clear sky albedo, particularly in sea ice regions. These simulations show that high latitude albedo feedbacks provide the most significant enhancements to Pliocene greenhouse warming.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , notRev
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  • 2
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    Mid-Pliocene East Asian monsoon climate simulated in the PlioMIP (2013)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 9, pp. 2085-2099, ISSN: 1814-9324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-14
    Description: Based on simulations with 15 climate models in the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), the regional climate of East Asia (focusing on China) during the mid-Pliocene is investigated in this study. Compared to the pre-industrial, the multi-model ensemble mean (MMM) of all models shows the East Asian summer winds (EASWs) largely strengthen in monsoon China, and the East Asian winter winds (EAWWs) strengthen in south monsoon China but slightly weaken in north monsoon China in the mid-Pliocene. The MMM of all models also illustrates a warmer and wetter mid-Pliocene climate in China. The simulated weakened mid-Pliocene EAWWs in north monsoon China and intensified EASWs in monsoon China agree well with geological reconstructions. However, there is a large model–model discrepancy in simulating mid-Pliocene EAWW, which should be further addressed in the future work of PlioMIP.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Challenges in quantifying Pliocene terrestrial warming revealed by data–model discord (2013)
    Macmillan Publishers Limited
    In:  EPIC3Nature Climate Change, Macmillan Publishers Limited, 3(11), pp. 969-974, ISSN: 1758-678X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-29
    Description: Comparing simulations of key warm periods in Earth history with contemporaneous geological proxy data is a useful approach for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate warm, high-CO2 climates that are unprecedented in the more recent past. Here we use a global data set of confidence-assessed, proxy-based temperature estimates and biome reconstructions to assess the ability of eight models to simulate warm terrestrial climates of the Pliocene epoch. The Late Pliocene, 3.6–2.6 million years ago, is an accessible geological interval to understand climate processes of a warmer world. We show that model-predicted surface air temperatures reveal a substantial cold bias in the Northern Hemisphere. Particularly strong data–model mismatches in mean annual temperatures (up to 18 °C) exist in northern Russia. Our model sensitivity tests identify insufficient temporal constraints hampering the accurate configuration of model boundary conditions as an important factor impacting on data–model discrepancies. We conclude that to allow a more robust evaluation of the ability of present climate models to predict warm climates, future Pliocene data–model comparison studies should focus on orbitally defined time slices.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Middle Miocene to Pliocene History of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean (2008)
    Elsevier B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This chapter explores the Middle Miocene to Pliocene terrestrial and marine records of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. The structure of the chapter makes a clear distinction between terrestrial and marine records as well as proximal (on or around Antarctica) and more distal records (Southern Ocean). Particular geographical regions are identified that reflect the areas for which the majority of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic information exist. Specifically, the chapter addresses the terrestrial sedimentary and fjordal environments of the Transantarctic Mountains and Lambert Glacier region, the terrestrial fossil record of Antarctic climate, terrestrial environments of West Antarctica, and the marine records of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS), as well as the marine record of the Southern Ocean. Previous and current studies focusing on modelling Middle Miocene to Pliocene climate, environments and ice sheets are discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 401-463
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Middle Miocene ; Pliocene ; Antarctica ; Southern Ocean ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.06. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 5
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    Evidence for the contemporary magmatic system beneath Long Valley Caldera from local earthquake tomography and receiver function analysis (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present a new P wave and S wave velocity model for the upper crust beneath Long Valley Caldera obtained using local earthquake tomography and receiver function analysis. We computed the tomographic model using both a graded inversion scheme and a traditional approach. We complement the tomographic Vp model with a teleseismic receiver function model based on data from broadband seismic stations (MLAC and MKV) located on the SE and SW margins of the resurgent dome inside the caldera. The inversions resolve (1) a shallow, high‐velocity P wave anomaly associated with the structural uplift of a resurgent dome; (2) an elongated, WNW striking low‐velocity anomaly (8%–10 % reduction in Vp) at a depth of 6 km (4 km below mean sea level) beneath the southern section of the resurgent dome; and (3) a broad, low‐velocity volume (∼5% reduction in Vp and as much as 40% reduction in Vs) in the depth interval 8–14 km (6–12 km below mean sea level) beneath the central section of the caldera. The two low‐velocity volumes partially overlap the geodetically inferred inflation sources that drove uplift of the resurgent dome associated with caldera unrest between 1980 and 2000, and they likely reflect the ascent path for magma or magmatic fluids into the upper crust beneath the caldera.
    Description: Published
    Description: B12314
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic Tomography ; Long Valley Caldera ; Receiver Function ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Using results from the PlioMIP ensemble to investigate the Greenland Ice Sheet during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (2015)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 11, pp. 403-424, ISSN: 1814-9324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: During an interval of the Late Pliocene, referred to here as the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; 3.264 to 3.025 million years ago), global mean temperature was similar to that predicted for the end of this century, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were higher than pre-industrial levels. Sea level was also higher than today, implying a significant reduction in the extent of the ice sheets. Thus, the mPWP provides a natural laboratory in which to investigate the long-term response of the Earth's ice sheets and sea level in a warmer-than-present-day world. At present, our understanding of the Greenland ice sheet during the mPWP is generally based upon predictions using single climate and ice sheet models. Therefore, it is essential that the model dependency of these results is assessed. The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) has brought together nine international modelling groups to simulate the warm climate of the Pliocene. Here we use the climatological fields derived from the results of the 15 PlioMIP climate models to force an offline ice sheet model. We show that mPWP ice sheet reconstructions are highly dependent upon the forcing climatology used, with Greenland reconstructions ranging from an ice-free state to a near-modern ice sheet. An analysis of the surface albedo variability between the climate models over Greenland offers insights into the drivers of inter-model differences. As we demonstrate that the climate model dependency of our results is high, we highlight the necessity of data-based constraints of ice extent in developing our understanding of the mPWP Greenland ice sheet.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Challenges in reconstructing terrestrial warming of the Pliocene revealed by data-model discord (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Climate Change, Nature Publishing Group, ISSN: 1758-678X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Comparing simulations of key warm periods in Earth history with contemporaneous geological proxy data is a useful approach for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate warm, high-CO2 climates that are unprecedented in the more recent past. Here we use a global data set of confidence-assessed, proxy-based temperature estimates and biome reconstructions to assess the ability of eight models to simulate warm terrestrial climates of the Pliocene epoch. The Late Pliocene, 3.6–2.6 million years ago, is an accessible geological interval to understand climate processes of a warmer world. We show that model-predicted surface air temperatures reveal a substantial cold bias in the Northern Hemisphere. Particularly strong data–model mismatches in mean annual temperatures (up to 18 °C) exist in northern Russia. Our model sensitivity tests identify insufficient temporal constraints hampering the accurate configuration of model boundary conditions as an important factor impacting on data–model discrepancies. We conclude that to allow a more robust evaluation of the ability of present climate models to predict warm climates, future Pliocene data–model comparison studies should focus on orbitally defined time slices.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
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    Mid-pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation not unlike modern (2013)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 9, pp. 1495-1504, ISSN: 1814-9324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: In the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), eight state-of-the-art coupled climate models have simulated the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP, 3.264 to 3.025 Ma). Here, we compare the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), northward ocean heat transport and ocean stratification simulated with these models. None of the models participating in PlioMIP simulates a strong mid-Pliocene AMOC as suggested by earlier proxy studies. Rather, there is no consistent increase in AMOC maximum among the PlioMIP models. The only consistent change in AMOC is a shoaling of the overturning cell in the Atlantic, and a reduced influence of North Atlantic DeepWater (NADW) at depth in the basin. Furthermore, the simulated mid-Pliocene Atlantic northward heat transport is similar to the pre-industrial. These simulations demonstrate that the reconstructed high-latitude mid-Pliocene warming can not be explained as a direct response to an intensification of AMOC and concomitant increase in northward ocean heat transport by the Atlantic.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
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    Evaluating the dominant components of warming in Pliocene climate simulations (2014)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 10, pp. 79-90, ISSN: 1814-9359
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) is the first coordinated climate model comparison for a warmer palaeoclimate with atmospheric CO2 significantly higher than pre-industrial concentrations. The simulations of the mid-Pliocene warm period show global warming of between 1.8 and 3.6 °C above pre-industrial surface air temperatures, with significant polar amplification. Here we perform energy balance calculations on all eight of the coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations within PlioMIP Experiment 2 to evaluate the causes of the increased temperatures and differences between the models. In the tropics simulated warming is dominated by greenhouse gas increases, with the cloud component of planetary albedo enhancing the warming in most of the models, but by widely varying amounts. The responses to mid-Pliocene climate forcing in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes are substantially different between the climate models, with the only consistent response being a warming due to increased greenhouse gases. In the high latitudes all the energy balance components become important, but the dominant warming influence comes from the clear sky albedo, only partially offset by the increases in the cooling impact of cloud albedo. This demonstrates the importance of specified ice sheet and high latitude vegetation boundary conditions and simulated sea ice and snow albedo feedbacks. The largest components in the overall uncertainty are associated with clouds in the tropics and polar clear sky albedo, particularly in sea ice regions. These simulations show that albedo feedbacks, particularly those of sea ice and ice sheets, provide the most significant enhancements to high latitude warming in the Pliocene.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
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    Biología y distribución de la familia Aplysiidae (Babosas de mar), en la zona intermareal del Ecuador, desde el 2003 al 2005 (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El propósito de este trabajo es contribuir a conocer que especies de vaquitas o babosas de mar tenemos en la costa del Ecuador, cual es su abundancia, distribución, densidad, hábitat e importancia que tienen estas especies, dar a conocer sus características taxonómicas, que permitan ser identificadas por otros investigadores para que puedan desarrollar otros trabajos de investigación.
    Description: Of the study of 25 localities, in all the coast of continental Ecuador, belonging, to the Provinces of Esmeraldas, Manabí, Guayas and El Oro, obtained during three years, 2003, 2004 and 2005. In 12 sites, were observed two species of mollusks that belong to two genus of family APLYSIIDAE in 12 sites Dolabrifera dolabrifera was observed, but only in one site of them "Las conchas", located between La Libertad and Salinas, one specimen of Aplysia californica was observed. During year 2003, the family APLYSIIDAE, was observed in three sites of the Ecuadorian coast, located in the Bay of Santa Elena. During the 2004, in four sites (3 in Manabí Province and one in the Guayas Province). During in the 2005 in 12 places, was observed, six specimens in the Manabí Province and six the Guayas Province. These genuses were not observed in the Esmeraldas Province and El Oro Province. The maximum weight of the organism measure in Dolabrifera dolabrifera with 158 grams and the measured were: length 41 mm, height 25 mm; the atrophied shell with length 20 mm and height 12 mm. The place where the greater relative abundance of Dolabrifera dolabrifera was in Los Frailes of the National Park Machalilla (South margin or left side of the bay) with 160 oreganisms/m² and the smaller abundance registered was in Port Cayo, with 1 organism/m², observed in the 2005. The taxonomic characteristics of each species, is given, the maximum and minimum weight of the organism and the measures of the shells, as well as the distribution and relative abundance along the Ecuador coast.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., ilus., grafs.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Geographical distribution ; Intertidal environment ; Marine molluscs ; Abundance ; Habitat ; Coastal zone ; Geographical distribution ; Intertidal environment ; Organism morphology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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