ALBERT

Note: Chapter 1. Introduction by Charles T. Prewitt, p. 1 - 4 Chapter 2. Crystal Chemistry of Silicate Pyroxenes by Maryellen Cameron and James J. Papike, p. 5 - 92 Chapter 3. Pyroxene Spectroscopy by George R. Rossman, p. 93 - 116 Chapter 4. Subsolidus Phenomena in Pyroxene by Peter R. Buseck, Gordon L. Nord, Jr., and David R. Veblen, p. 117 - 212 Chapter 5. Pyroxene Phase Equilibria at Low Pressure by J. Stephen Huebner, p. 213 - 288 Chapter 6. Phase Equilibria of Pyroxenes at Pressure 〉1 Atmosphere by Donald H. Lindsley, p. 289 - 308 Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria at High Pressure of Pyroxenes Containing Monovalent and Trivalent Ions by Tibor Gasparik and Donald H. Lindsley, p. 309 - 340 Chapter 8. Thermodynamics of Pyroxenes by J. E. Grover, p. 341 - 418 Chapter 9. The Composition Space of Terrestrial Pyroxenes - Internal and External Limits by Peter Robinson, p. 419 - 494 Chapter 10. Pyroxene Mineralogy of the Moon and Meteorites by James J. Papike, p. 495 - 525

Note: Teilw. zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994

Note: Table of Contents: FOREWORD. - CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Definitions. - 1.2. Practical Scope. - a. The Water Budget. - b. The Energy Budget. - 1.3. Global Climatology. - 1.4. The Transfer of Other Admixtures at the Earth-Atmosphere Interface. - CHAPTER 2. HISTORY OF THE THEORIES OF EVAPORATION - A CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH. - 2.1. Greek Antiquity. - 2.2. The Roman Period and the Middle Ages. - 2.3. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Initial Measurements and Experimentation. - 2.4. Foundations of Present Theories in the Nineteenth Century. - CHAPTER 3. THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE. - 3.1. Moist Air. - a. Some Parameter Definitions. - b. Useful Forms of the First Law of Thermodynamics. - c. Saturation Vapor Pressure. - 3.2. Hydrostatic Stability of Partly Saturated Atmosphere. - a. Small Adiabatic Displacements. - b. Potential Temperature. - 3.3. Atmospheric Transport of Water Vapor. - a. Conservation of Water Vapor. - b. Other Conservation Equations. - c. Solution of the Transport Equations . - 3.4. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - CHAPTER 4. MEAN PROFILES AND SIMILARITY IN A STATIONARY AND HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM ABL. - 4.1. The Dynamic Sublayer. - a. The Logarithmic Profile. - b. The Power Law Approximation. - 4.2. The Surface Sublayer. - a. The Mean Profiles. - b. Some Flux-Profile Functions. - 4.3. Bulk Parameterization of the Whole ABL. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles in the Outer Sublayer. - b. Bulk Transfer Equations for the ABL. - 4.4. The Interfacial Sublayers. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles. - b. Interfacial Bulk Transfer Equations for Scalar Admixtures. - c. Smooth Surfaces: The Viscous Sublayer. - d. Surfaces with Bluff Roughness Elements. - e. Surfaces with Permeable Roughnesses: The Canopy Sublayer. - CHAPTER 5. THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERIZATION. - 5.1. The Momentum Roughness. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Water Surfaces. - 5.2. The Scalar Roughness. - a. Calculation from Interfacial Transfer Coefficients. - b. Values Over Water. - CHAPTER 6. ENERGY FLUXES AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE. - 6.1. Net Radiation. - a. Global Short Wave Radiation. - b. Albedo. - c. Long-Wave or Terrestrial Radiation. - 6.2. Energy Absorption by Photosynthesis. - 6.3. Energy Flux at Lower Boundary of the Layer. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Whole Water Bodies. - c. Water Surfaces. - 6.4. Remaining Terms. - a. Energy Advection. - b. Rate of Change of Energy Stored in the Layer. - CHAPTER 7. ADVECTION EFFECTS NEAR CHANGES IN SURFACE CONDITIONS. - 7.1. The Internal Boundary Layer. - a. Equations for the Mean Field. - b. Methods of Closure for Disturbed Boundary Layers: A Brief Survey. - c. Some General Features of Local Momentum Advection. Fetch Requirement. - 7.2. Evaporation with Local Advection. - a. Analytical Solutions with Power Laws. - b. Numerical Studies. - CHAPTER 8. METHODS BASED ON TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS. - 8.1. Direct or Eddy-Correlation Method. - a. Instruments. - b. Requirements on Instrumentation. - 8.2. The Dissipation Method. - a. The Direct Variance Dissipation Method. - b. The Inertial Dissipation (or Spectral Density) Method. - CHAPTER 9. METHODS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF MEAN PROFILES. - 9.1. Mean Profile Method With Similarity Formulations. - a. Measurements in the Surface Sublayer. - b. Measurements in the Dynamic Sublayer. - c. Upper-Air Measurements: The ABL Profile Method. - 9.2. Bulk Transfer Approach. - a. Over a Uniform Surface. - b. Evaporation From Lakes. - 9.3. Sampling Times. - CHAPTER 10. ENERGY BUDGET AND RELATED METHODS. - 10.1. Standard Application. - a. With Bowen Ratio (EBBR). - b. With Profiles of Mean Wind and of One Scalar (EBWSP). - 10.2. Simplified Methods for Wet Surfaces. - a. Some Comments on Potential Evaporation. - b. The EBWSP Method With Measurements at One Level. - c. Advection-Free Evaporation from Wet Surfaces. - 10.3. Simplified Methods for Actual Evapotranspiration. - a. Adjustment of Penman's Approach With Bulk Stomatal Resistance. - b. Complementary Relationships between Actual and Potential Evaporation. - c. Extensions of Equilibrium Evaporation Concept. - CHAPTER 11. MASS BUDGET METHODS. - 11.1 Terrestrial Water Budget a. Soil Water Depletion and Seepage. - b. River Basins and Other Hydrological Catchments. - c. Lakes and Open-water Reservoirs. - d. Water Budget-Related Instruments; Evaporimeters. - 11.2. Atmospheric Water Budget a. Concept and Formulation b. Application of the Method . - HISTORICAL REFERENCES (PRIOR TO 1900). - REFERENCES. - INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Introduction. - SESSION I - ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS AND CLIMATE SIMULATIONS. - Large-scale climate modelling and small-scale physical processes / J. Smagorinsky. - Simulation of climate by general circulation models with hydrologic cycles / S. Manabe. - Current parameterizations of land-surface processes in atmospheric general circulation models / D. J. Carson. - The sensitivity of numerically simulated climates to land surface conditions / Y. Mintz. - SESSION II - THE MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF MOMENTUM, HEAT AND WATER TRANSFERS ACROSS AND NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE LAND. - Vertical flux of moisture and heat at a bare soil surface / W. H. Brutsaert. - The vertical fluxes of heat and moisture at a vegetated land surface / L. J. Fritschen. - Vertical flux of heat and moisture in snow and ice / M. Kuhn. - SESSION III - MESOSCALE PARAMETERIZATIONS OF THE TRANSFER PROCESSES. - Parameterization of hydrologic processes / J. C. I. Dooge. - Dynamic hydro-thermal balances at macroscale / P. S. Eagleson. - SESSION IV - LAND SURFACE GLOBAL DATA SETS. - Use of regional and global soils data for climate modelling/ M. J. Gardiner. - Land surface processes: Vegetation / A. Perrier. - Data on snow cover and glaciers for the global climatic models / V. M. Kotliakov and A. N. Krenke. - The shortwave albedo and the surface emissivity / K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. I. Korzov, V. V. Mukhenberg and L. N. Dyachenko. - Water balance / A. Baumgartner. - SESSION V - ACQUISITION OF LAND SURFACE DATA. - Possibilities for remote sensing of surface characteristics / K. I. Itten.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Paleogeography. - Ancient vegetation - the fossil record. - The Steppe-Tundra concept and its application in Beringia. - Paleoclimate. - Primary production and the Pleistocene ungulates - the productivity paradox. - Man in ancient Beringia. - Paleoecology of Beringia - a synthesis. - References. - General index. - Index to faunal and floral taxa.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Physical characteristics of the Antarctic. - 1.2 A brief history of Antarctic meteorology. - 1.3 The role of the Antarctic atmosphere in the global climate system. - 2 Observations and instrumentation. - 2.1 Observing in the Antarctic. - 2.2 Instruments for meteorological measurements. - 2.3 Automatic weather stations. - 2.4 Drifting buoys. - 2.5 Surface-based remote sensing. - 2.6 Satellites, space-based observing systems and ground stations. - 2.7 The station network and communications. - 2.8 Data sets and data centres. - 3 Physical climatology. - 3.1 Radiation. - 3.2 Temperature and humidity. - 3.3 Pressure, geopotential and wind. - 3.4 Clouds and precipitation. - 3.5 Sea ice and the Southern Ocean environment. - 4 The large-scale circulation of the Antarctic atmosphere. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The heat budget. - 4.3 Atmospheric circulation and the vorticity budget. - 4.4 The water vapour budget. - 4.5 Representation of the Antarctic atmosphere in general circulation models. - 5 Synoptic-scale weather systems and fronts. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The role of depressions. - 5.3 Depressions in the Antarctic and over the Southern Ocean. - 5.4 Climatology. - 5.5 Preparation of operational analyses and forecasts. - 5.6 Future research needs. - 6 Mesoscale systems and processes. - 6.1 Local wind systems. - 6.2 Internal gravity waves. - 6.3 The atmospheric boundary layer. - 6.4 Blowing snow. - 6.5 Mesocyclones. - 7 Climate variability and change. - 7.1 Variations in the historical climate record. - 7.2 Interactions with the tropical and mid-latitude circulation. - 7.3 Future climate predictions - Antarctica in a 'greenhouse' climate. - Appendix A: A chronological list of stations that have made multi-year meteorological observations in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic islands. - Appendix B: A chronological list of automatic weather stations that have been deployed in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic Islands. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Preliminary information. - 1.1 Definition of the climatic system. - 1.2 Scales of temporal variability and its mechanisms. - 1.3 Predictability and non-uniqueness. - 1.4 Methods of experimental research. - 1.4.1 Ground-based measurements. - 1.4.2 Satellite measurements. - 2 Present state of the climatic system. - 2.1 Initial information. - 2.2 Mass budget. - 2.3 Heat budget. - 2.4 Moisture budget. - 2.5 Energy budget. - 2.6 Angular momentum budget. - 2.7 Carbon budget. - 3 Small-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 3.1 Surface atmospheric layer. - 3.2 Vertical distribution of the mean velocity over an immovable smooth surface: viscous sublayer; logarithmic boundary layer. - 3.3 Vertical distribution of the mean velocity over an immovable rough surface: roughness parameter; hydrodynamic classification of underlying surfaces. - 3.4 Hydrodynamic properties of the sea surface. - 3.5 Wind-wave interaction. - 3.6 Vertical distribution of the temperature and passive admixture over an immovable surface. - 3.7 Coefficients of resistance, heat exchange and evaporation for the sea surface. - 3.8 The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. - 3.9 Transformation of the thermal regime of the surface atmospheric layer in the presence of wind-wave interaction. - 3.10 Methods for estimating surface fluxes of momentum heat and humidity. - 3.11 Methods for estimating C02 flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface. - 3.12 Features of small-scale ocean- atmosphere interaction under storm conditions. - 4 Mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 4.1 The planetary boundary layer. - 4.2 Problem of closure. - 4.2.1 First-order closure. - 4.2.2 Second-order closure. - 4.3 Laws of resistance and heat and humidity exchange. - 4.4 System of planetary boundary layers of the ocean and atmosphere. - 4.4.1 Theoretical models using a priori information on the magnitude and profile of the eddy viscosity coefficient. - 4.4.2 Simplest closed models. - 4.4.3 Semiempirical models not using a priori information on the magnitude and profile of the eddy viscosity coefficient. - 5 Large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 5.1 Classification of climatic system models. - 5.2 Similarity theory for global ocean-atmosphere interaction. - 5.3 Zero-dimensional models. - 5.4 One-dimensional models. - 5.5 0.5-dimensional (box) models. - 5.6 1.5-dimensional models. - 5.7 Two-dimensional (zonal) models. - 5.8 Three-dimensional models. - 5.9 ENSO as a manifestation of the inter-annual variability of the ocean-atmosphere system. - 6 Response of the ocean-atmosphere system to external forcing. - 6.1 Sensitivity of the climatic system: mathematical methods of analysis. - 6.2 Equilibrium response to a change in ocean-land area ratio. - 6.3 Equilibrium response to a change in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. - 6.4 Equilibrium response to a change in land surface albedo. - 6.5 Equilibrium response to a change in soil moisture content. - 6.6 Equilibrium response to a change in vegetative cover. - 6.7 Transient response to a change in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. - References. - Index. , Aus d. Russ. übers.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy. - 1.1 Sedimentology and stratigraphy in Earth sciences. - 1.2 Stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 1.3 See the world in just one grain of sand. - 1.4 Processes and products. - 1.5 Sedimentary environments and facies. - 1.6 Modem and ancient sedimentary environments. - 1.7 Geographical distribution of environments and facies. - 1. 8 Changing environments and facies through time. - 1.9 The stratigraphic record and geological time. - 1.10 Earth history, global tectonics, climate and evolution. - 2 Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud. - 2.1 The components of sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.2 Classification and nomenclature of terrigenous clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.3 Gravel and conglomerate. - 2.4 Sand and sandstone. - 2.5 Clay, silt and mudrock. - 2.6 Description of the textures of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks. - 2.7 Granulometric and clast shape analysis. - 2.8 Maturity of terrigenous clastic material. - 2.9 Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary. - Further reading. - 3 Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments. - 3.1 Limestone. - 3.2 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 3.3 Evaporite minerals. - 3.4 Cherts. - 3.5 Phosphates. - 3.6 Sedimentary ironstone. - 3.7 Carbonaceous (organic) deposits. - 3.8 The description of sedimentary rocks in hand specimen. - 3.9 Examination of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. - Further reading. - 4 Processes of transport and sedimentary structures. - 4.1 Transport media. - 4.2 The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids. - 4.3 Flows, sediment and bedforms. - 4.4 Waves. - 4.5 Sedimentary structures in sand-mud mixtures. - 4.6 Mass flows. - 4.7 Mudcracks. - 4.8 Erosional sedimentary structures. - 4.9 Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments. - Further reading. - 5 Environments and facies. - 5.1 Interpreting past depositional environments. - 5.2 The concept of 'facies'. - 5.3 Distribution of palaeoenvironments in time and space. - 5.4 Palaeocurrents. - 5.5 Provenance. - 5.6 Graphic sedimentary logs. - 5.7 Facies and environments: summary. - Further reading. - 6 Continents: sources of sediment and environments of deposition. - 6.1 From source of sediment to formation of strata. - 6.2 The formation of mountains and hills. - 6.3 Continental climatic regimes. - 6.4 Surface processes. - 6.5 Weathering processes. - 6.6 Erosion and transport. - 6.7 Factors which influence erosion rates. - 6.8 Continental environments of deposition. - 6.9 Continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 7 Glaciers and ice caps. - 7.1 Formation of glaciers. - 7.2 Erosion by glaciers. - 7.3 Glacial deposits. - 7.4 Distribution of glacial deposits. - 7.5 Recognition of glacial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 8 Arid continental depositional environments. - 8.1 Deserts. - 8.2 Wind in deserts. - 8.3 Water in a desert. - 8.4 Alluvial fans. - 8.5 Playa lakes. - 8.6 Life in the desert. - 8.7 Characteristics of the deposits of arid continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 9 Rivers: the fluvial environment. - 9.1 River forms and patterns. - 9.2 Modern rivers. - 9.3 Floodplains. - 9.4 Ancient fluvial deposits. - 9.5 Palaeocurrents in fluvial systems. - 9.6 Fossils in fluvial environments. - 9.7 Soils and palaeosols. - 9.8 Recognition of fluvial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 10 Lacustrine environments: fresh and saline lakes. - 10.1 Modern lakes. - 10.2 Morphology and processes in lakes. - 10.3 Lacustrine sediments and facies. - 10.4 Saline lakes. - 10.5 Life in lakes. - 10.6 Lake environments: summary. - Further reading. - 11 The marine realm: morphology and processes. - 11.1 Marine environments. - 11.2 Tides. - 11.3 Wave and storm processes. - 11.4 Thermo-haline currents. - 11.5 Divisions of the marine realm. - 11.6 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans. - 11.7 Ecology of the seas. - 11.8 Marine environments: summary. - Further reading. - 12 Deltas and estuaries. - 12.1 Deltas. - 12.2 Controls on deltas. - 12.3 Coarse-grained deltas. - 12.4 Delta 'cycles'. - 12.5 Post- and syndepositional effects on deltas. - 12.6 Recognition of deltaic deposits: summary. - 12.7 Estuaries. - 12.8 Recognition of estuarine deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 13 Coastlines: beaches, barriers and lagoons. - 13.1 Coastal environments. - 13.2 Morphological features of coastlines. - 13.3 Clastic coastlines. - 13.4 Carbonate coastlines. - 13.5 Arid coastlines. - 13.6 Recognition of coastal deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 14 Shallow seas. - 14.1 Sediment supply to shallow seas. - 14.2 Shallow marine clastic environments. - 14.3 Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.4 Tide-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.5 Shallow marine carbonate environments. - 14.6 Carbonate ramps. - 14.7 Rimmed carbonate shelves. - 14.8 Epeiric, drowned and isolated carbonate platforms. - 14.9 Barred basins and saline giants. - 14.10 Criteria for the recognition of shelf sediments. - Further reading. - 15 Deep marine environments. - 15.1 Modem and ancient oceans. - 15.2 Deep marine mass flows. - 15.3 Submarine fans. - 15.4 Contourites. - 15.5 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation. - 15.6 Other features of deep ocean sediments. - 15.7 Fossils in deep ocean sediments. - 15.8 Ancient deep ocean deposits. - 15.9 Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 16 Volcanic environments. - 16.1 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.2 Lavas. - 16.3 Volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.4 Environments of deposition. - 16.5 Recognition of volcanigenic deposits: summary. - 16.6 Volcanic rocks in stratigraphy: flows, dykes and sills. - Further reading. - 17 Sediments into rocks: postdepositional processes. - 17.1 Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers. - 17.2 Post-depositional physical and chemical processes. - 17.3 Nodules and concretions. - 17.4 Clastic diagenesis. - 17.5 Carbonate diagenesis. - 17.6 Post-depositional changes to evaporites. - 17.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sedirnents. - 17.8 Formation of coal and hydrocarbons. - 17.9 Diagenetic processes: summary. - Further reading. - 18 Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy. - 18.1 Stratigraphy and geological time. - 18.2 Chronostratigraphy. - 18.3 Physical stratigraphy. - 18.4 Lithostratigraphy. - 18.5 Lithostratigraphic nomenclature. - 18.6 Lithostratigraphy and environments. - 18.7 Lithostratigraphy and geological maps. - 18.8 Lithostratigraphy and correlation. - Further reading. - 19 Biostratigraphy. - 19.1 Strata and fossils. - 19.2 Fossils in stratigraphy. - 19.3 Taxa used in biostratigraphy. - 19.4 Correlating different environments. - 19.5 Biostratigraphic nomenclature. - 19.6 Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. - Further reading. - 20 Dating and correlation techniques. - 20.1 Radiometric dating. - 20.2 Magnetostratigraphy. - 20.3 Other dating methods. - 20.4 Dating in the Quaternary. - 20.5 Correlation. - Further reading. - 21 Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes. - 21.1 Introduction. - 21.2 Depositional sequences and systems tracts. - 21.3 Facies patterns in depositional sequences. - 21.4 Sequences in carbonate depositional environments. - 21.5 Subdivision of depositional sequences and systems tracts: parasequences. - 21.6 Sequence stratigraphy and depositional environments. - 21.7 Practical sequence stratigraphy. - 21.8 Causes of sea level fluctuations. - Further reading. - 22 Subsurface stratigraphy. - 22.1 Seismic reflection profiles. - 22.2 Interpreting seismic reflections. - 22.3 Structural features on seismic profiles. - 22.4 Seismic facies. - 22.5 Relating seismic profiles to geological cross-sections. - 22.6 Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 22.7 Subsurface facies analysis. - 22.8 Use of borehole data. - Further reading. - 23 Sedimentary basins. - 23.1 Tectonics of sedimentary basins. - 23.2 Basins related to crustal extension. - 23.3 Basins related to subduction. - 23.4 Basins related to continen

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - 1 Introduction / H.G. Reading. - 1.1 Development of sedimentology and sedimentary geology. - 1.2 Scope and philosophy of this book. - 1.3 Organization of the book. - 2 Controls on the sedimentary rock record / H.G. Reading & B.K. Levell. - 2.1 Controlling factors. - 2.1.1 Sediment supply, Terrigenous systems, Biochemical and chemical systems. - 2.1.2 Climate. - 2.1.3 Tectonic movements and subsidence. - 2.1.4 Sea-level changes. - 2.1.5 Milankovitch processes and orbital forcing. - 2.1.6 Intrinsic sedimentary processes. - 2.1.7 Physical processes. - 2.1.8 Biological activity. - 2.1.9 Water chemistry. - 2.1.10 Volcanic activity. - 2.1.11 Normal vs. catastrophic sedimentation. - 2.1.12 Rates of sedimentation and preservation potential. - 2.2 Facies and sequences. - 2.2.1 Rock facies definitions. - 2.2.2 Facies relationships, associations and sequences. - 2.3 Facies in the subsurface. - 2.3.1 Seismic facies. - 2.3.2 Seismic-stratigraphic units and seismic sequences. - 2.3.3 Rocks from the subsurface. - 2.3.4 Wireline logs and log facies. - 2.4 Sequence stratigraphy. - 2.5 Models. - 3 Alluvial sediments / J.D. Collinson. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Alluvial processes. - 3.2.1 Erosional processes. - 3.2.2 Transport and depositional processes. - 3.2.3 Postdepositional alteration and pedogenesis. - 3.3 Present-day alluvial settings. - 3.3.1 River channel classification and controls. - 3.3.2 Coarse-grained bedload rivers. - 3.3.3 Sandy bedload rivers. - 3.3.4 Mixed-load rivers. - 3.3.5 Suspended-load rivers. - 3.3.6 Overbank areas, Levees and crevasse splays, Floodplains. - 3.3.7 Soils and their distribution. - 3.3.8 Alluvial fans, Gravity-flow fans, Fluvial fans, Terminal fans. - 3.4 Ancient alluvial sediments. - 3.5 Alluvial facies. - 3.5.1 Conglomeratic facies. - 3.5.2 Sandstone channel facies. - 3.5.3 Fine-grained facies. - 3.5.4 Palaeosols. - 3.5.5 Biological and biochemical sediment. - 3.6 Larger-scale geometry, organization and controls. - 3.6.1 Bounding surfaces. - 3.6.2 Architectural elements. - 3.6.3 Fan conglomerates. - 3.6.4 Channel conglomerates. - 3.6.5 Channel sandbodies. - 3.6.6 Overbank sequences and palaeosols. - 3.6.7 Channel-overbank relationships. - 3.6.8 Coal in alluvial settings. - 3.6.9 Incised palaeovalleys. - 3.6.10 Ephemeral stream and terminal fan deposits. - 4 Lakes / M.R. Talbot and P.A. Allen. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Diversity of present-day lakes. - 4.3 Properties of lake water. - 4.4 Kinetics of lake water. - 4.4.1 Surface waves. - 4.4.2 Currents in lakes. - 4.4.3 Seiches. - 4.5 Chemistry of lake waters. - 4.6 Clastic sedimentation. - 4.6.1 Beaches and other nearshore zones. - 4.6.2 Deltas. - 4.6.3 Offshore zones. - 4.7 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation. - 4.7.1 Lacustrine carbonates, Inorganic precipitation, Biogenic carbonate production. - 4.7.2 Siliceous deposits. - 4.7.3 Iron-rich deposits. - 4.7.4 Saline minerals. - 4.7.5 Organic matter. - 4.8 Rhythmites. - 4.9 Lake-level changes. - 4.10 Ancient lake deposits. - 4.10.1 Criteria for recognition of ancient lake deposits. - 4.10.2 Ancient lacustrine facies. - 4.11 Ancient clastic-dominated basins. - 4.11.1 Lakes with steep margins, The Ridge Basin Group. - 4.11.2 Wave-dominated lakes, The Kap Stewart Formation. - 4.11.3 Shallow, low-relief basins, The Mercia Mudstone Group. - 4.12 Ancient carbonate-dominated basins. - 4.12.1 Low energy water bodies. - 4.12.2 High energy margins, The Glenns Ferry Formation. - 4.12.3 Microbial build-ups, The Chalk Hills Formation. - 4.13 Mixed clastic-carbonate basins. - 4.13.1 The Devonian Orcadian Basin of northeast Britain. - 4.14 Evaporitic lake basins. - 4.14.1 The Green River Formation (Palaeogene) of Utah, Wyoming and Colorado. - 4.14.2 The Ebro basin (Oligocene-Miocene), Spain. - 4.15 Organic-matter-dominated basins. - 4.15.1 The Fort Union Formation. - 4.15.2 The Calaf and Mequinenza basins. - 4.15.3 Oil shales. - 4.16 Cycles in lake deposits. - 4.16.1 The Green River Formation. - 4.16.2 The Rubielos de Mora basin. - 4.16.3 The Newark Supergroup. - 4.17 Economic importance of lake deposits. - 5 Desert aeolian systems / G.A. Kocurek. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The desert aeolian system. - 5.2.1 Setting. - 5.2.2 Overview of processes. - 5.3 Aeolian processes and theory. - 5.3.1 Sediment transport. - 5.3.2 Dunes and airflow. - 5.3.3 Lee-face processes and stratification. - 5.3.4 Accumulation. - 5.3.5 Modelling of sets through space and time. - 5.3.6 Generation of bounding surfaces. - 5.3.7 Generation of aeolian sequences. - 5.3.8 Preservation of aeolian sequences. - 5.4 Present-day aeolian systems. - 5.4.1 Occurrence, accumulation and preservation. - 5.4.2 Variations. - 5.4.3 Classification of dunes. - 5.4.4 Dunes, airflow, stratification and cycles. - 5.4.5 Interdune areas. - 5.4.6 Sand sheets. - 5.4.7 Pleistocene—Holocene sequences. - 5.5 Ancient aeolian systems. - 5.5.1 The record. - 5.5.2 Sequences. - 5.5.3 System reconstruction. - 5.5.4 Dune reconstruction. - 6 Clastic coasts / H.G. Reading & J.D. Collinson. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Shoreline processes. - 6.2.1 Sediment supply. - 6.2.2 Sediment delivery to the basin. - 6.2.3 Zonation of the shoreline profile. - 6.2.4 Wave processes. - 6.2.5 Wave-induced nearshore currents. - 6.2.6 Fairweather vs. storm conditions. - 6.2.7 Tides. - 6.2.8 Wind. - 6.2.9 Gravitational processes. - 6.3 Coastal models and classifications. - 6.4 Rocky coasts. - 6.5 Coarse-grained gravel-rich coasts. - 6.5.1 Feeder systems. - 6.5.2 Reworking at the delta front. - 6.5.3 Resedimentation processes and slope failures. - 6.5.4 Coarse-grained coastal facies associations. - 6.5.5 Controls on coarse-grained coastal systems and sequences. - 6.5.6 Ancient coarse-grained coastal depositional systems, Coarse-grained systems in low-energy basins, Wave-affected coarse-grained systems. - 6.6 River deltas. - 6.6.1 Delta plain. - 6.6.2 Delta front. - 6.6.3 Prodelta. - 6.6.4 Deformational features on delta front and prodelta slope, Shallow-water resedimentation processes, Deep-water resedimentation processes. - 6.6.5 Deltaic facies sequences and their boundaries, Progradational sequences, Transgressive sequences, the abandonment phase. - 6.6.6 Ancient river deltas, Ancient fluvial-dominated and fluvial - wave-interaction deltas, Ancient wave-dominated deltas, Ancient tide-dominated deltas, Ancient delta deformation. - 6.7 Non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts. - 6.7.1 Beach-ridge strandplains. - 6.7.2 Chenier plains. - 6.7.3 Tidal flats. - 6.7.4 Barrier-island/lagoons. - 6.7.5 Estuaries. - 6.7.6 Coastal sequences, Progradational sequences, Transgressive sequences, Incised-valley sequences. - 6.7.7 Ancient non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts, Ancient progradational sequences, Ancient transgressive sequences. - 7 Shallow clastic seas / H.D. Johnson & C.T. Baldwin. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.1.1 Definition. - 7.1.2 Historical background. - 7.2 Clastic shelf models and classification. - 7.2.1 Process-response models and shelf hydraulic regimes. - 7.2.2 Dynamic stratigraphic models. - 7.2.3 Modern vs. ancient shelf seas. - 7.3 Modern tide-dominated shallow seas. - 7.3.1 Tides and tidal currents. - 7.3.2 Tide-dominated sand deposition. - 7.3.3 Tidal current transport paths: processes, bedforms and facies. - 7.3.4 Offshore tidal sandridges. - 7.4 Modern wave- and storm-dominated shallow seas. - 7.4.1 Wave-and storm-generated processes. - 7.4.2 Storm-dominated deposition on transgressive shelves. - 7.4.3 Characteristics of modern shelf storm deposits. - 7.4.4 Hydrodynamic models of modern shelf storm deposits. - 7.5 Modern oceanic current-dominated shelves. - 7.6 Modern mud-dominated shelves. - 7.7 Ancient shallow clastic seas: facies recognition and interpretation. - 7.7.1 Ancient tide-dominated offshore facies, Sedimentary structures and facies in offshore tidal deposits. - 7.7.2 Ancient wave- and storm-dominated offshore facies, Sedimentary structures and facies in wave- and storm-dominated dep

Note: Text in ungarischer Sprache , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhalt: I. Zoologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation "Bellinghausen" / R. BANNASCH und K. ODENING. - II. Deuterium- und 18O-Variationen in Seen der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika) / W. RICHTER und G. STRAUCH. - III. Stable isotope investigations in Antarctica / H. SCHÜTZE, G. STRAUCH, K. WETZEL. - IV. The influence of degradation processes on the isotopic composition of Antarctic precipitation / R. DER. - V. Sommerliche Eisvariationen in der Olaf-Prydz-Bucht / H. GERNANDT. - VI. Zur Geologie des nördlichen Teils des Neptune Range / Pensacola-Gebirges (Antarktika) / W. WEBER und L. V. FEDOROV. - VII. Beobachtungen am Krill (Euphausia superba DANA) im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis in der Sommersaison 1978 und 1979 / S. HOLZLÖHNER. - VIII. Forschungsreise eines Zubringertrawlers in die Antarktis / G. GUBSCH und U. HOFFMANN.

Note: Contents Observed Climatic Variability: Time Dependence / J. M. WALLACE Observed Climatic Variability: Spatial Structure / J. M. WALLACE Predictability of the Atmosphere and Oceans: From Days to Decades / T. N. PALMER Mechanisms for Decadal-to-Centennial Climate Variability / E. S. SARACHIK, M. WINTON and F. L. YIN Long-Term Coordinated Changesin the Convective Activity of the North Atlantic / R. DICKSON, J. LAZIER, J. MEINCKE and P. RHINES Mechanism for Decadal Climate Variability / M. LATIF, A. GROTZNER, M. MUNNICH, E. MAIER-REIMER, S. VENZKE and T. P. BARNETTA The Climate Response to the Changing Greenhouse Gas Concentration in the Atmosphere / L. BENGTSSON Analysis of Thermohaline Feedbacks / J. MAROTZKE An Overview of Century Time-Scale Variability in the Climate System: Observations and Models / T. F. STOCKER Steady States and Variability in Oceanic Zonal Flows / D. OLBERS and C. VOLKER Spectral Methods: What They Can and Cannot Do for Climatic Time Series / M. GHIL and P. Yiou Subject Index List of Participants

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Introduction. - Information concerning the Taxonomic Arrangement and the Origin of the Material Examined. - Notes on Keys and Descriptions. - Glossary. - List of Abbreviations. - Key to the Genera. - Cyperus. - Eriophorum. - Scirpus. - Blysmus. - Eleocharis. - Trichophorum. - Schoenus. - Cladium. - Rhynchospora. - Kobresia. - Carex. - References. - Index of Used Specimens. - Index of Species. - Explanation of Plates. - Plates 1—39. - Fold up Map of Simple Systematical Plane Shapes and Colour Chart.

Note: Contents: Preface. - New introduction. - I. Introductory. - II. From Hobart to South Victoria Land. - III. Life in South Victoria Land. - IV. Cut off from all the world. - V. The winter in Victoria Land. - VI. Sledge Journey in winter. - VII. Among the penguins. - VIII. Return of the Southern Cross. - IX. Farthest south. - X. Towards civilization. - Appendix I. Appendix II.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - Chapter 1 Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic sampling requirements. - 1.2.1 Sampling interval. - 1.2.2 Sampling duration. - 1.2.3 Sampling accuracy. - 1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling. - 1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data. - 1.2.6 Independent realizations. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.3.1 Mercury thermometers. - 1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT). - 1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT). - 1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers. - 1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors 19 1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems. - 1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers. - 1.3.8 Sea surface temperature. - 1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer. - 1.3.10 Potential temperature and density. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity. - 1.4.2 The practical salinity scale. - 1.4.3 Nonconductive methods. - 1.5 Depth or pressure. - 1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure. - 1.5.2 Free-fall velocity. - 1.5.3 Echo sounding. - 1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods. - 1.6 Sea-level measurement. - 1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges. - 1.6.2 Satellite altimetry. - 1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES). - 1.6.4 Wave height and direction. - 1.7 Eulerian currents. - 1.7.1 Early current meter technology. - 1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters. - 1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters. - 1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM). - 1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters. - 1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods. - 1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement. - 1.7.8 Mooring logistics. - 1.7.9 Acoustic releases. - 1.8 Lagrangian current measurements. - 1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles. - 1.8.2 Modern drifters. - 1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data. - 1.8.4 Drifter response. - 1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters. - 1.8.6 Subsurface floats. - 1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical tracers. - 1.11.1 Conventional tracers. - 1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering. - 1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: δ18O. - 1.11.4 Helium-3; helium/heat ratio. - 1.12 Transient chemical tracers. - 1.12.1 Tritium. - 1.12.2 Radiocarbon. - 1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons. - 1.12.4 Radon-222. - 1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride. - 1.12.6 Strontium-90. - Chapter 2 Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data presentation. - 2.4.1 Introduction. - 2.4.2 Vertical profiles. - 2.4.3 Vertical sections. - 2.4.4 Horizontal maps. - 2.4.5 Map projections. - 2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams. - 2.4.7 Time-series presentation. - 2.4.8 Histograms. - 2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation. - Chapter 3 Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions. - 3.4 Moments and expected values. - 3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments. - 3.4.2 Moment generating functions. - 3.5 Common probability density functions. - 3.6 Central limit theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence intervals. - 3.8.1 Confidence interval for μ (σ known) 3.8.2 Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) 3.8.3 Confidence interval for σ^2. - 3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test. - 3.9 Selecting the sample size. - 3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates. - 3.11 Estimation methods. - 3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation. - 3.11.2 Method of moments. - 3.11.3 Maximum likelihood. - 3.12 Linear estimation (regression). - 3.12.1 Method of least squares. - 3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate. - 3.12.3 Multivariate regression. - 3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression. - 3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares. - 3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood. - 3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation. - 3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation. - 3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator. - 3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect. - 3.14 Hypothesis testing. - 3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation. - 3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution. - 3.15 Effective degrees of freedom. - 3.1 5.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale. - 3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. - 3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors. - 3.16.2 Propagation of error. - 3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff. - 3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem. - 3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps. - 3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data. - 3.17.2 Interpolation methods. - 3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples. - 3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix. - 3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions. - 3.18.2 A computational example. - 3.18.3 Multivariate distributions. - 3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods. - 3.19.1 Bootstrap method. - 3.19.2 Jackknife method. - Chapter 4 The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging. - 4.2 Objective analysis. - 4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples. - 4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions. - 4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot). - 4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method. - 4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition. - 4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge. - 4.3.S Interpretation of EOFs. - 4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis. - 4.4 Normal mode analysis. - 4.4.1 Vertical normal modes. - 4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency. - 4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs). - 4.5 Inverse methods. - 4.5.1 General inverse theory. - 4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents. - 4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem. - 4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods. - Chapter 5 Time-series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation functions. - 5.4 Fourier analysis. - 5.4.1 Mathematical formulation. - 5.4.2 Discrete time series. - 5.4.3 A computational example. - 5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies. - 5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform. - 5.5 Harmonic analysis. - 5.5.1 A least-squares method. - 5.5.2 A computational example. - 5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides. - 5.5.4 Choice of constituents. - 5.5.5 A computational example for tides. - 5.5.6 Complex demodulation. - 5.6 Spectral analysis. - 5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes. - 5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series. - 5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods. - 5.6.4 Spectra of vector series. - 5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates. - 5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing). - 5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain. - 5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra. - 5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening. - 5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series. - 5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system. - 5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach. - 5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods). - 5.7.1 Some basic concepts. - 5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation. - 5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation. - 5.8 Cross-spectral analysis. - 5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions. - 5.8.2 Cross-covariance method. - 5.8.3 Fourier transform method. - 5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions. - 5.8.S Coincident and quadrature spectra. - 5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency). - 5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system. - 5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis. - 5.9 Wavelet analysis. - 5.9.1 The wavelet transform. - 5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms. - 5.9.3 Oceanographic examples. - 5.9.4 The S-transformation. - 5.9.5 The multiple filter technique. - 5.10 Digital filters. - 5.10.1 Introduction. - 5.10.2 Basic concepts. - 5.10.3 Ideal filters. -

Note: Contents: Abbreviations. - Partial List of Symbols. - 1 THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS. - 1-1 Introduction. - 1-2 Equation of Motion. - 1-3 Continuity Equation. - 1-4. - Equation of State. - 1-5 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 1-6 The Complete System of Equations. - 1-7 Coordinate Systems. - 1-8 Map Projections. - 1-8-1 Polar Stereographic Projection. - 1-8-2 Mercator Projection. - 1-8-3 Lambert Conformal Projection. - 1-8-4 Additional Remarks. - 1-9 Alternate Vertical Coordinates. - 1-9-1 Pressure Vertical Coordinate. - 1-9-2 Isentropic Vertical Coordinate Θ. - 1-10 Some Energy Relations. - 1-10-1 Kinetic Energy. - 1-10-2 Potential Energy. - 1-11 Available Potential Energy. - 1-12 Vorticity and Divergence Equations. - 1-12-1 Divergence Equations. - 2 WAVE MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE: PART 1. - 2-1 Introduction. - 2-2 Linearized Equations. - 2-3 Pure Sound Waves. - 2-4 Sound Waves and Internal Gravity Waves. - 2-5 Surface Gravity Waves. - 2-6 Inertial Gravity Waves and Rossby Waves. - 2-7 Response to Initial Conditions. - 2-8 Geostrophic Adiustment. - 3 SCALE ANALYSIS. - 3-1 Introduction. - 3-2 Shallow-Water Equations. - 3-3 Baroclinic Equations. - 3-4 Midlatitude Analysis. - 3-5 Tropics. - 3-6 Planetary Scale. - 3-7 Balance System. - 4 ATMOSPHERIC WAVES: PART. - 4-1 Introduction. - 4-2 Rossby Waves. - 4-3 Conditions for Barotropic Instability. - 4-4 Some Unstable Profiles. - 4-5 Linear Shear. - 4-6 Barotropic Effects in the Atmosphere. - 4-7 Baroclinic Instability. - 4-8 Baroclinic Instability with Linear Shear. - 4-9 Two-Level Model. - 4-10 Wave Structure. - 4-11 Vertical Energy Propagation. - 4-12 Barotropic Equatorial Waves. - 4-13 Vertical Structure of Equatorial Waves. - 5 NUMERICAL METHODS. - 5-1 Introduction. - 5-2 Finite Difference Methods. - 5-3 The Advection Equation. - 5-4 Some Basic Concepts. - 5-5 Stability Analysis. - 5-5-1 The Matrix Method. - 5-5-2 Von Neumann Method. - 5-5-3 The Energy Method. - 5-6 Examples of the Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-1 Euler Scheme. - 5-6-2 Uncentered Differencing, Von Neumann Method. - 5-6-3 Trapezoidal Implicit Scheme. - 5-6-4 Euler Backward Scheme. - 5-6-5 Fourth-Order Space Differencing. - 5-6-6 Oscillation Equation. - 5-6-7 Two-Dimensional Advection Equation. - 5-6-8 External Gravity Waves, Leapfrog Scheme. - 5-6-9 Staggered Grid. - 5-7 Forward-Backward Scheme, Pressure Averaging, and Semi-Implicit Methods. - 5-7-1 Forward-Backward Scheme. - 5-7-2 Pressure Averaging. - 5-7-3 Time Averaging. - 5-7-4 Semi-Implicit Method. - 5-7-5 Lax Wendroff Scheme. - 5-8 A Summary of Some Difference Schemes. - 5-9 Parabolic Equations. - 5-10 Elliptic Equations. - 5-10-1 Relaxation Method. - 5-10-2 Direct Methods. - 5-10-3 Gaussian Elimination. - 5-10-4 Buneman Variant. - 5-10-5 Helmholtz Equation on a Sphere. - 5-10-6 Reduction of a Three-Dimensional Elliptic Equation to Two-Dimensional Equations. - 5-11 Nonlinear Instability and Aliasing. - 5-11-1 Discrete Mesh. - 5-11-2 Primitive Equations Considerations. - 6 GALERKIN METHODS. - 6-1 Introduction. - 6-2 Example with Spectral and Finite Element Methods. - 6-3 Time Dependence. - 6-4 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Fourier Basis Functions. - 6-5 Transform Method. - 6-6 Spectral Model of Shallow-Water Equations. - 6-7 Advection Equation with Finite Elements. - 6-8 Barotropic Vorticity Equation with Finite Elements. - 7 NUMERICAL PREDICTION MODELS. - 7-1 Filtered Models. - 7-1-1 Quasi-Geostrophic Equivalent Barotropic Model. - 7-1-1-1 Energetics of the Barotropic Model. - 7-1-2 Quasi-Geostrophic Multilevel Baroclinic Model. - 7-1-3 Linear Balanced Model. - 7-1-4 Nonlinear Balanced Model. - 7-2 Primitive Equation Models. - 7-2-1 Constraints from Continuous Equations. - 7-2-2 Vertical Differencing. - 7-3 Staggered Grid Systems. - 7-4 Example of a Staggered Primitive Equation Model. - 7-4-1 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates. - 7-4-2 Horizontal Differencing. - 7-4-3 Energy Conservation. - 7-5 Potential Enstrophy Conserving Scheme. - 7-5-1 Continuous Integral Constraints. - 7-5-2 Difference Equations. - 7-5-3 Constraints Enforced. - 7-6 Spherical Grids. - 7-7 Fine Mesh Modeling. - 7-7-1 One-Way Influence. - 7-7-2 Boundary Conditions. - 7-7-3 Two-Way Interaction. - 7-7-4 Initialization on a Bounded Region. - 7-8 Baroclinic Spectral Models. - 7-9 Isentropic Coordinate Models. - 7-10 Upper Boundary Conditions. - 7-11 Mountain Effects. - 8 BOUNDARY LAYER REPRESENTATIONS. - 8-1 Introduction. - 8-2 Reynolds Equations. - 8-3 Bulk Formulas. - 8-4 Eddy Viscosity, K-Theory. - 8-5 Combined Prandtl and Ekman Layers. - 8-5-1 Prandtl Layer (Neutral Stratification). - 8-5-2 Ekman Layer. - 8-6 Nonneutral Surface Layer. - 8-6-1 Matching Ekman Spiral. - 8-7 Similarity Solutions for the Entire PBL. - 8-7-1 Deardorff Mixed Layer Model. - 8-7-2 Surface Layer. - 8-7-3 Matching Solutions for the Surface and Mixed Layers. - 8-7-4 Surface Wind Direction. - 8-7-5 Modified Transfer Coefficients. - 8-8 A Prediction Equation for h. - 8-8-1 Further Comments on PBL Parameterization. - 8-9 High-Resolution Model. - 8-9-1 The Coefficient of Eddy Viscosity. - 8-9-2 Surface Temperature. - 8-9-3 Some Prediction Model Details. - 8-10 Mean Turbulent Field Closure Models (Second-Order Closure). - 9 INCLUSION OF MOISTURE. - 9-1 Moisture Conservation Equation. - 9-1-1 Modified Thermodynamic Equation. - 9-1-2 Equivalent Potential Temperature and Static Energy. - 9-2 Convective Adjustment. - 9-2-1 Case A. Dry Convection, q 〈 qs. - 9-2-2 Case B. Moist Adjustment q ≥ qs. - 9-3 Modeling Cloud Processes. - 9-3-1 Nonconvective Condensation. - 9-4 Cumulus Parameterization. - 9-4-1 Introduction. - 9-4-2 Kuo Method. - 9-5 Parameterizations Involving Cloud Models. - 9-6 Arakawa and Schubert Model. - 9-6-1 Large-Scale Budget Equations. - 9-6-2 Cloud Budget Equations. - 10 RADIATION PARAMETERIZATION. - 10-1 Terrestrial Radiation. - 10-2 Absorbing Substances. - 10-3 Simplified Transmission Functions. - 10-4 Discretization, Long-Wave Radiation. - 10-4-1 Clear Sky. - 10-4-2 Cloudy Sky. - 10-5 Solar Radiation. - 10-5-1 Clear Sky. - 10-5-2 Cloudy Sky, One Cloud Layer. - 10-5-3 Two Contiguous Cloud Layers. - 10-5-4 Two Separated Cloud Layers. - 10-6 Miscellany. - 11 OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND INITIALIZATION. - 11-1 Introduction. - 11-2 A Three-Dimensional Analysis. - 11-3 Statistical Methods, Multivariate Analysis. - 11-4 Initialization. - 11-4-1 Introduction. - 11-4-2 Damping Techniques. - 11-4-3 Static Initialization. - 11-4-4 Variational Method. - 11-4-5 Normal Mode Expansions. - 11-4-6 Variational Normal Mode Initialization. - 11-5 Dynamic Balancing. - 11-6 Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation. - 11-7 Newtonian Relaxation or "Nudging". - 11-8 Smoothing and Filtering. - 11-8-1 Two-Dimensional Smoothers. - 11-8-2 Bandpass Filters. - 11-8-3 Boundary Effects. - 12 OCEAN DYNAMICS AND MODELING. - 12-1 Introduction. - 12-2 Wind-Driven Barotropic Models. - 12-3 Nonlinear Effects. - 12-4 Barotropic Numerical Models. - 12-5 Simple Thermohaline Models. - 12-6 Baroclinic Numerical Models. - 12-7 Bottom Topography Effects. - 12-8 Synoptic Scale Eddies. - 12-9 Mixed Layer Models. - 12-10 Problems in Ocean Modeling. - 13 WEATHER AND CLIMATE PREDICTION. - 13-1 Introduction. - 13-2 Current Forecasting Skill. - 13-2-1 Short Range. - 13-2-2 Medium and Longer Ranges. - 13-2-3 Additional Comments on Forecasting. - 13-3 Predictability of the Atmosphere. - 13-4 Statistical-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-4-1 Simple Empirical Corrections. - 13-4-2 Stochastic-Dynamical Prediction. - 13-5 Climate and Climate Prediction. - Appendix Mathematical Relations. - References. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: SECTION A: MODERN OCEAN AND SEA-ICE PROCESSES. - Features of Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Sea Level and Water Circulation in the Laptev Sea / V. K. Pavlov and P. V. Pavlov. - Numerical Modelling of Storm Surges in the Laptev Sea Based on the Finite Element Method / I. Ashik and A. Novakov. - Large-Scale Variations of Sea Level in the Laptev Sea / G. N. Voinov and E. A. Zakharchuk. - Extreme Oscillations of the Sea Level in the Laptev Sea / I. Ashik, Y. Dvorkin and Y. Vanda. - Internal Waves in the Laptev Sea / E. A. Zakharchuk. - The Composition of the Coarse Fraction of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer over the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas / V. P. Shevchenko, A. P. Lisitzin, R. Stein, V. V. Serova, A. B. Isaeva and N. V. Politova. - New Data on Sea-Ice Albedo in the Laptev and Barents Seas / B. V. Ivanov. - Possible Causes of Radioactive Contamination in the Laptev Sea / V. K. Pavlov, V. V. Stanovoy and A. I. Nikitin. - Oceanographic Causes for Transarctic Ice Transport of River Discharge / I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin, V. Gribanov and H. Kassens. - Step-Like Vertical Structure Formation Due to Turbulent Mixing of Initially Continuous Density Gradients / A. Zatsepin, S. Dikarev, S. Poyarkov, N. Sheremet, I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin and H. Kassens. - Dissolved and Paniculate Major and Trace Elements in Newly Formed Ice from the Laptev Sea (Transdrift III, October 1995) / J. A. Hölemann, M. Schirmacher and A. Prange. - Particle Entrainment into Newly Forming Sea Ice - Freeze-Up Studies in October 1995 / F. Lindemann, J. A. Holemann, A. Korablev and A. Zachek. - Frazil Ice Formation during the Spring Flood and its Role in Transport of Sediments to the Ice Cover / P. Golovin, I. Dmitrenko, H. Kassens and J. A. Hölemann. - SECTION B: THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM. - Pelagic-Benthic Coupling in the Laptev Sea Affected by Ice Cover / C. Grahl, A. Boetius and E.-M. Nöthig. - Chlorophyll a Distribution in Water Column and Sea Ice during the Laptev Sea Freeze-Up Study in Autumn 1995 / K. v. Juterzenka and K. Knickmeier. - Composition, Abundance and Population Structure of Spring-Time Zooplankton in the Shelf-Zone of Laptev Sea / E. N. Abramova. - Macrobenthos Distribution in the Laptev Sea in Relation to Hydrology / V. V. Petryashov, B. I. Sirenko, A. A. Golikov, A. V. Novozhilov, E. Rachor, D. Piepenburg and M. K. Schmid. - Carepoctus solidus sp.n., a New Species of Liparid Fish (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae) from the Lower Bathyal of the Polar Basin / N. V. Chernova. - Spring Stopover of Birds on the Laptev Sea Polynya / D. V. Solovieva. - SECTION C: LAND-OCEAN INTERACTIONS AND PATHWAYS. - Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate Material of East Siberian Rivers Draining to the Arctic Ocean / V. Rachold. - Carbon Isotope Composition of Particulate Organic Material in East Siberian Rivers / V. Rachold and H.-W. Hubberten. - Distribution of River Water and Suspended Sediment Loads in the Deltas of Rivers in the Basins of The Laptev and East-Siberian Seas / V. V. Ivanov and A. A. Piskun. - Dissolved Oxygen, Silicon, Phosphorous and Suspended Matter Concentrations During the Spring Breakup of The Lena River / S. V. Pivovarov, J. A. Hölemann, H. Kassens, M. Antonow and I. Dmitrenko. - Distribution Patterns of Heavy Minerals in Siberian Rivers, the Laptev Sea and the eastern Arctic Ocean: An Approach to Identify Sources, Transport and Pathways of Terrigenous Matter / M. Behrends, E. Hoops and B. Peregovich. - The Role of Coastal Retreat for Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea / F. E. Are. - SECTION D: TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT - PAST AND PRESENT. - Seasonal Changes in Hydrology, Energy Balance and Chemistry in the Active Layers of Arctic Tundra Soils in Taymyr Peninsula, Russia / J. Boike and P. P. Overduin. - The Landscape and Geobotanical Characteristics of the Levinson-Lessing Lake Basin, Byrranga Mountains, Central Taimyr / M. A. Anisimov and I. N. Pospelov. - Studies of Methane Production and Emission in Relation to the Microrelief of a Polygonal Tundra in Northern Siberia / V. A. Samarkin, A. Gundelwein and E.-M. Pfeiffer. - Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emmissions at Arctic Tundra Sites in North Siberia / M. Sommerkom, A. Gundelwein, E.-M. Pfeiffer and M. Bolter. - The Features of the Hydrological Regime of the Lake-River Systems of the Byrranga Mountains (by the Example of the Levinson-Lessing Lake) / V. P. Zimichev, D. Yu. Bolschyanov, V. G. Mesheryakov and D. Gintz. - Lead-210 Dating and Heavy Metal Concentration in Recent Sediments of Lama Lake (Norilsk Area, Siberia) / B. Hagedorn, S. Harwart, M. M. R. van der Loeff and M. Melles. - Late Weichselian to Holocene Diatom Succession in a Sediment Core from Lama Lake, Siberia and Presumed Ecological Implications / U. Kienel. - Climate and Vegetation History of the Taymyr Peninsula since Middle Weichselian Time - Palynological Evidence from Lake Sediments / J. Hahne and M. Melles. - Laminated Sediments from Levinson-Lessing Lake, Northern Central Siberia - A 30,000 Year Record of Environmental History? / T. Ebel, M. Melles and F. Niessen. - High-Resolution Seismic Stratigraphy of Lake Sediments on the Taymyr Peninsula, Central Siberia / F. Niessen, T. Ebel, C. Kopsch and G. B. Fedorov. - Archaeological Survey in Central Taymyr / V. V. Pitul'ko. - Marine Pleistocene Deposits of the Taymyr Peninsula and their Age from ESR Dating / D. Bolshiyanov and A. Molodkov. - Paleoclimatic Indicators from Permafrost Sequences in the Eastern Taymyr Lowland / C. Siegert, A. Yu. Derevyagin, G.N. Shilova, W.-D. Hermichen and A. Hiller. - SECTION E: MARINE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT - PAST AND PRESENT. - Stable Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Benthic Carbonate Shells of Ostracoda, Foraminifera, and Bivalvia from Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea, Summer 1993 and 1994 / H. Erlenkeuser and U. von Grafenstein. - Determination of Depositional Beryllium-10 Fluxes in the Area of the Laptev Sea and Beryllium-10 Concentrations in Water Samples of High Northern Latitudes / C. Strobl, V. Schulz, S. Vogler, S. Baumann, H. Kassens, P. W. Kubik, M. Suter and A. Mangini. - Spatial Distribution of Diatom Surface Sediment Assemblages on the Laptev Sea Shelf (Russian Arctic) / H. Cremer. - Diatoms from Surface Sediments of the Saint Anna Trough (Kara Sea) / R. N. Djinoridze, G. I. Ivanov, E. N. Djinoridze, and R. F. Spielhagen. - Distribution of Aquatic Palynomorphs in Surface Sediments from the Laptev Sea, Eastern Arctic Ocean / M. Kunz-Pirrung. - Distribution of Pollen and Spores in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea / O. D. Naidina and H. A. Bauch. - Clay Mineral Distribution in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea: Indicator for Sediment Provinces, Dynamics and Sources / B. T. Rossak, H. Kassens, H. Lange and J. Thiede. - Planktic Foraminifera in Holocene Sediments from the Laptev Sea and the Central Arctic Ocean: Species Distribution and Paleobiogeographical Implication / H. A. Bauch. - Holocene Diatom Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / Y. Polyakova. - Late Quaternary Organic Carbon and Biomarker Records from the Laptev Sea Continental Margin (Arctic Ocean): Implications for Organic Carbon Flux and Composition / R. Stein, K. Fahl, F. Niessen and M. Siebold. - Late Pleistocene Paleoriver Channels on the Laptev Sea Shelf - Implications from Sub-Bottom Profiling / H. P. Kleiber and F. Niessen. - Main Structural Elements of Eastern Russian Arctic Continental Margin Derived from Satellite Gravity and Multichannel Seismic Reflection Data / S. S. Drachev, G. L. Johnson, S. W. Laxon, D. C. McAdoo and H. Kassens. - High Resolution Seismic Studies in the Laptev Sea Shelf: First Results and Future Needs / B. Kim, G. Grikurov and V. Soloviev. - SECTION F: SUMMARY. - Dynamics and History of the Laptev Sea and its Continental Hinterland: A Summary / J. Thiede, L. Timokhov, H. A. Bauch, D. Bolshiyanov, I. Dmitrenko

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: the Lena Delta 1998 expedition / edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail Grigoryev with contributions of the participants , Enthaltener Beitrag: EURASIAN ICE SHEETS: expedition to the lake Lyadhej-To (Polar Urals) in July-August 1998/ by Wolf-Dieter Hermichen and Frank Wischer , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: the Lena Delta 1998 expedition" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 (Samoylov) 2.3.2 Team 2 (Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Bykovsky) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Sagastyr) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes i n Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General lntroduction 3.2 Investigation site ,,Samoylov' 3.3 Soils of Samoylov Island 3.3.1 Soil distribution and classification 3.3.2 Soils of the measurement sites 3.4 Energy and water balance of the active layer 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Field work and methods 3.4.3 First data 3.4.4 Future work 1999 3. 5 Trace gas fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Methane balance 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1 .2 Methods and fieldwork 3.5.1.3 Results of the soil survey and geological investigations 3.5.1 .4 First results of the methane gas fluxes 3.5.2 CO2-fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Methods and fieldwork 3.5.2.3 Results 3.6 Biological investigations 3.6.1 Botanical research 3.6.2 Soil zoological research 3.6.2.1 Introduction 3.6.2.2 Field work 3.6.2.3 First results 3.6.3 Ornithological observations 3.6.3.1 Methods 3.6.3.2 Results 3.6.4 Distribution and Abundance of Birds in the Lena Delta 3.6.4.1 Introduction 3.6.4.2 Methods and materials 3.6.4.3 Results and discussion 3.7 Further investigations 3.8 References 3.9 Appendix Table A3-1 : List of samples TP 1 Table A3-2: Precipitation and water samples Table A3-3: List of species of the different measurement sites (Site 1 - 3) Table A3-4: Bird species. Lena Delta, rnid-July - August 1998 Table A3-5: Abundance of birds in the channels (inv.110 km) of the different sites of the Lena Delta List A3-1: Description of the soils along the transects of Sarnoylov Island List A3-2: Preliminary total list of plant species from the Sarnoylov Island 4 Modern Sedimentation and Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 lntroduction 4.2 Modern Sedimentation in the Lena Delta 4.2.1 Recent mechanisms of particle transport in the Lena Delta 4.2.2 In-situ conditions of the water column in August 1998 4.2.3 Seasonal changes of water level in the delta region 4.3 Sedimentation and environmental history of the Lena Delta 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Samples and methods 4.3.3 Field work and preliminary results Arga Island 4.3.4 Field work and preliminary results at Olenyok channel 4.3.5 Field work and preliminary results at Sardakh channel 4.3.6 Field work and preliminary results at Samoylov Island 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Northern Lena River Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study region 4.4.4 Field work results 4.4.5 Conclusions 4.4.6 Acknowledgments 4.5 References 4.6 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for hydrological. sedimentological and geophysical investigations Table A4-2: List of sarnples for sedimentological and geochemical investigation Table A4-3: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Northern Lena River Delta Table A4-4: List of plant species found in the northern Lena River delta 5 Paleoclimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geologie-geomorphological characteristics of the study area 5.3 Modern geological processes on Bykovsky Peninsula 5.4 Ground ice studies 5.4.1 Study subjects. their characteristics 5.4.2 Methods 5.4.3 Sampling conception 5.4.4 First results 5.5 Cryolithological studies 5.5.1 Methods 5.5.2 First results 5.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.7 Paleontological research On the Bykovsky Peninsula 5.7.1 Methods 5.7.2 Collection of large mammal bones 5.7.3 Collection of screened samples for small fossils 5.8 References 5.9 Appendix Table A5-1: List of water and ice samples collected on Bykovsky Peninsula during field season 1998 Table A5-2: List and description of sediment samples collected on Bykovsky Peninsula Table A5-3: List of bone samples submitted to the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Table A5-4: List of samples collected for absolute age determinations Table A5-5: List of bone samples Table A5-6: List of screened samples for small fossils from the sediments of the Bykovsky Peninsula

Note: In engl., franz. und russ. Sprache. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Chapter 1. Classification of Silicates by Friedrich Liebau, p. 1 - 24 Chapter 2. Silicate Garnets by R. Patrick Meagher, p. 25 - 66 Chapter 3. Zircon by J. Alexander Speer, p. 67 - 112 Chapter 4. The Actinide Orthosilicates by J. Alexander Speer, p. 113 - 136 Chapter 5. Titanite (Sphene) by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 137 - 154 Chapter 6. Chloritoid by Paul H. Ribbe. p. 155 - 170 Chapter 7. Staurolite by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 171 - 188 Chapter 8. Kyanite, Andalusite and Other Aluminum Silicates by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 189 - 214 Chapter 9. Topaz by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 215 - 230 Chapter 10. The Humite Series and Mn-Analogs by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 231 - 274 Chapter 11. Olivines and Silicate Spinels by Gordon E. Brown, Jr., p. 275 - 382 Chapter 12. Miscellaneous Orthosilicates by J. Alexander Speer and Paul H. Ribbe, p. 383 - 428 Chapter 13. Orthosilicates with SiO4 Polymerized to Other Tetrahedral Polyanions by J. Alexander Speer and Paul H. Ribbe, 429 - 450

Note: Table of Contents: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. - Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement. - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. - Radioisotopes. - Isotope Fractionation. - Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D). - CHAPTER 2: TRACING THE HYDROLOGIGICAL CYCLE: Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters. - Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle. - Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line. - A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation. - Effects of Extreme Evaporation. - CHAPTER 3: PRECIPITATION: The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation. - Local Effects on T - d18O. - Ice Cores and Paleotemperature. - CHAPTER 4: GROUNDWATER: Recharge in Temperate Climates. - Recharge in Arid Regions. - Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers. - Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies. - Groundwater Mixing. - CHAPTER 5: TRACING THE CARBON CYCLE: Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters. - Carbonate Geochemistry. - Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System. - Dissolved Organic Carbon. - Methane in Groundwaters. - Isotopic Composition of Carbonates. - CHAPTER 6: GROUNDWATER QUALITY: Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle. - Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds. - The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study. - Source of Chloride Salinity. - Landfill Leachates. - Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon. - Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination. - Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology. - CHAPTER 7: IDENTIYING AND DATING MODERN GROUNDWATERS: The "Age" of Groundwater. - Stable Isotopes. - Tritium in Precipitation. - Dating Groundwaters with Tritium. - Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He. - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Thermonuclear 36Cl. - Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr . - Submodern Groundwater. - CHAPTER 8: AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATERS: Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters. - Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon. - Correction for Carbonate Dissolution. - Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating. - 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). - Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC. - Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater. - The Uranium Decay Series. - CHAPTER 9: WATER-ROCK INTERACTION: Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange. - High Temperature Systems. - Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction. - Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock. - Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions. - High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions. - CHAPTER 10: FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLING: Groundwater. - Water in the Unsaturated Zone. - Precipitation. - Gases. - Geochemistry. - References. - Subject Index. - Each chapter has Problems sections.

Note: Contents Foreword by Y. I. Chernov Introduction Explanations to tables Table 1: Distribution of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 2: The main characteristics of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 3: List of the weedy and adventitious vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Conclusion Acknowledgements References

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Principal Symbols. - Chapter 1. The Middle Atmosphere and Its Evolution. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. - 1.3 Possible perturbations. - References. - Chapter 2. Chemical Concepts in the Atmosphere. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Thermodynamic considerations. - 2.3 Elementary chemical kinetics. - 2.3.1 Collision theory of bimolecular reactions. - 2.3.2 Unimolecular reactions. - 2.3.3 Termolecular reactions. - 2.4 Term symbols and their use. - 2.4.1 General. - 2.4.2 Selection rules for electronic radiative processes. - 2.5 Photolysis processes. - 2.6 Excited species in the middle atmosphere. - References and bibliography. - Chapter 3. Structure and Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Vertical structure and some observed dynamical characteristics. - 3.3 Fundamental description of atmospheric dynamics. - 3.3.1 The primitive equations. - 3.3.2 The quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation. - 3.4 Effects of dynamics on chemical species. - 3.5 General circulation models. - 3.6 Dynamics of the stratosphere in two dimensions: a conceptual view. - 3.6.1 Zonal means and eddies. - 3.6.2 Descriptions of the mean meridional stratospheric circulation. - 3.7 The importance of wave transience and dissipation. - 3.8 One dimensional representations of the atmosphere. - References. - Chapter 4. Radiation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere. - 4.2.1 The sun as a black body. - 4.2.2 The observed solar spectrum. - 4.3 The attenuation of solar radiation in the atmosphere. - 4.3.1 Absorption. - 4.3.2 Scattering by molecules and aerosol particles. - 4.4 Radiative transfer. - 4.4.1 General equations. - 4.4.2 Solution of the equation of radiative transfer for wavelengths less than 4 µm : Multiple scattering. - 4.4.3 Solution of the radiative transfer equation at wavelengths longer than 4 µm : Absorption and emission of infrared radiation. - 4.5 The thermal effects of radiation. - 4.5.1 Heating due to absorption of radiation. - 4.5.2 Cooling by radiative emission. - 4.6 Photochemical effects of radiation. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Absorption cross sections of the principal atmospheric molecules 4.6.3 Numerical calculation of photodissociation coefficients. - References. - Chapter 5. Composition and Chemistry. - 5.1 General. - 5.2 Oxygen compounds. - 5.2.1 Pure oxygen chemistry. - 5.2.2 The odd oxygen family and some observations. - 5.3 Carbon compounds. - 5.3.1 Methane. - 5.3.2 Methane oxidation chemistry. - 5.3.3 Some end products of methane oxidation: carbon monoxide and dioxide. - 5.4 Hydrogen compounds. - 5.4.1 General. - 5.4.2 Odd hydrogen chemistry. - 5.4.3 The odd hydrogen family and some observations. - 5.5 Nitrogen compounds. - 5.5.1 Sources of stratospheric nitrogen oxides. - 5.5.2 Chemistry of odd nitrogen and nitric acid in the stratosphere. - 5.5.3 The odd nitrogen family: lifetimes and observations. - 5.5.4 Chemistry of odd nitrogen in the lower thermosphere and mesosphere. - 5.5.5 The odd nitrogen family in the lower thermosphere and mesophere. - 5.6 Chlorine compounds. - 5.6.1 General. - 5.6.2 Chlorine chemistry. - 5.6.3 The odd chlorine family: lifetimes and observations. - 5.7 Other halogens. - 5.8 Sulfur compounds and formation ofaerosols. - 5.9 Generalized ozone balance. - References. - Chapter 6. The Ions. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Formation of ions in the middle atmosphere. - 6.2.1 Effect of solar radiation. - 6.2.2 The effect of energetic particles. - 6.2.3 Comparison of different ionization processes. - 6.3 Positive ion chemistry. - 6.3.1 Positive ions in the E region. - 6.3.2 Positive ions in the D region. - 6.3.3 Positive ions in the stratosphere. - 6.4 Negative ion chemistry. - 6.4.1 Negative ions in the D region. - 6.4.2 Negative ions in the stratosphere. - 6.5 Effect of ionic processes on neutral constituents. - 6.6 Radio waves in the lower ionosphere. - References. - Chapter 7. Possible Perturbations and Atmospheric Responses. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The importance of coupling in the study of perturbations. - 7.3 The effect of changes in the solar irradiance. - 7.4 Particle precipitation. - 7.5 Volcanic emissions. - 7.6 Anthropogenic emissions. - 7.6.1 Carbon dioxide. - 7.6.2 Methane. - 7.6.3 Nitrous oxide. - 7.6.4 Aircraft in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. - 7.6.5 The chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). - 7.6.6 Simultaneous perturbations. - References. - Appendix A. Numerical values of physical constants and other data. - Appendix B. Conversion factors. - Appendix C. Reaction rate constants. - Appendix D. Estimated mixing ratio profiles. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Publisher's Credits. - Part I Basic Concepts. - Chapter 1 Composition, Structure, and State. - 1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere. - 1.2 Composition of the Ocean. - 1.3 Pressure. - 1.4 Density. - 1.5 Temperature. - 1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas. - 1.7 Equation of State for Air. - 1.8 Equation of State for Seawater. - 1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients. - 1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 2 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. - 2.1 Work. - 2.2 Heat. - 2.3 First Law. - 2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases. - 2.5 Entropy. - 2.6 Second Law. - 2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws. - 2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations. - 2.9 Heat Capacity. - 2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere. - 2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 3 Transfer Processes. - 3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics. - 3.2 Radiant Energy. - 3.3 Radiative Transfer. - 3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes. - 3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport. - 3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 4 Thermodynamics of Water. - 4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water. - 4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom. - 4.3 Phase Equilibria. - 4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables. - 4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions. - 4.6 Simple Eutectics. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 5 Nucleation and Diffusional Growth. - 5.1 Surface Tension. - 5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase. - 5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase. - 5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops. - 5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth. - 5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover. - 5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones. - Notes. - Problems. - Part II Applications. - Chapter 6 Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere. - 6.1 Combined First and Second Laws. - 6.2 Isobaric Cooling. - 6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water. - 6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing. - 6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling. - 6.6 The Ice Phase. - 6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables. - 6.8 Aerological Diagrams. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 7 Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean. - 7.1 Stability Criteria. - 7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 8 Cloud Characteristics and Processes. - 8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics. - 8.2 Precipitation Processes. - 8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere. - 8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds. - 8.5 Cumuliform Clouds. - 8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 9 Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater. -