ALBERT

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2024 , 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and problem statemen 1.2 Research objectives and key hypotheses 1.3 Structure of the thesis 2 Theoretical background 2.1 Visual communication with maps 2.2 Route choice factors 2.3 Cartographic symbolization 2.3.1 Visual variables 2.3.1.1 Levels of organization of visual variables 2.3.1.2 ‘Original visual variables’ as proposed by Bertin 2.3.1.3 Visual variable additions 2.3.1.4 Experimental visual variables 2.3.1.5 Conjunctions of visual variables 2.3.1.6 Dynamic visual variables 2.3.2 Cartographic design tools 2.3.3 Visual metaphor 2.3.4 Cartographic generalization and map abstraction 2.3.4.1 Insights from cognitive mapping research 2.3.4.2 Elementary processes of cartographic generalization 2.3.4.3 Cartographic generalization algorithms 2.4 Nudging 2.5 Maps and emotions 2.5.1 Classifying emotions 2.5.2 Instruments for measuring emotions 2.6 Map-related usability testing 2.6.1 Types of user study designs 2.6.2 Statistical analysis of user survey results 2.6.2.1 Descriptive statistics 2.6.2.2 Basic statistical tests and models 2.6.2.3 Sophisticated statistical models for non-parametric data 2.6.2.4 Statistical significance 2.6.2.5 Main effect and post-hoc tests 2.6.2.6 Effect sizes 2.6.2.7 Inter-rater reliability 2.6.2.8 Software for statistical analysis 3 Related work 3.1 Visual route communication using visual variables 3.2 Cartographic generalization for route map communication 3.3 Map-based visualization of environmental hazards 3.4 The role of emotions in map-based communication 3.5 Research gap addressed in this thesis 4 Framework and data preprocessing 4.1 Research framework 4.2 Scenarios 4.2.1 Traffic 4.2.2 Air quality 4.3 Routing 4.3.1 Data basis for route calculation 4.3.2 Calculation of favorable routes 4.3.3 Routing results 5 Visualization concepts for designing ‘social’ route maps 5.1 Map symbols 5.2 Data-based calculation of graphical differences in symbolization 5.3 Visually modified geometry 5.3.1 Line distortion and simplification 5.3.1.1 Line distortion 5.3.1.2 Line simplification 5.3.1.3 Combined approach 5.3.1.4 Topological issues and further adaptions 5.3.2 Length distortion using PUSH 5.3.3 Application to discrete areas: Geometric deformation of risk zones 5.4 Examples of route map design variants 5.4.1 Design variants for symbolizing route favorability 5.4.2 Application of the methodology to discrete objects 6 Usability evaluation of proposed route map design variants 6.1 User study 1: Subjective usability – Attractiveness, intuitiveness and suitability of design variants 6.1.1 Sub-hypotheses 6.1.2 Study design 6.1.3 Participants 6.1.4 Results – Intuitiveness and suitability 6.1.5 Results – Attractiveness 6.1.6 Discussion and conclusion – User study 1 6.2 User study 2: Objective usability – Effectiveness of line objects for influencing route choice in the traffic scenario 6.2.1 Common design specifications in user study 2 and user study 3 6.2.2 Sub-hypotheses 6.2.3 Route maps 6.2.4 Design variants 6.2.5 Calculation of graphical differences among design variants and modification intensities 6.2.6 Study design 6.2.7 Participants 6.2.8 Results – User study 2 6.2.8.1 Influencing route choice 6.2.8.2 Decision time 6.2.8.3 Route characteristics 6.2.8.4 Map use habits 6.2.9 Discussion – User study 2 6.2.9.1 Effectiveness for influencing route choice behavior 6.2.9.2 The role of time during decision making 6.2.9.3 Relations between route choice and route characteristics 6.2.9.4 Transferability of the findings to real world applications 6.2.10 Conclusion – User study 2 6.2.11 Modification of line objects using dynamic visual variables 6.3 User study 3: Objective usability – The impact of visual communication and emotions on route choice decision making using modification of line and area objects 6.3.1 Sub-hypotheses 6.3.2 Route maps 6.3.3 Design variants 6.3.3.1 Line modifications 6.3.3.2 Area modifications 6.3.3.3 Line + area modifications 6.3.4 Study design 6.3.5 Participants 6.3.6 Results – User study 3 6.3.6.1 H1: Shift towards choosing the societally favorable route 6.3.6.2 H2: Scenario-dependent willingness to adapt route choice behavior 6.3.6.3 H3: Scenario-dependent effectiveness of symbolization dimensions 6.3.6.4 H4: Influence of combining multiple visual variables in one representation 6.3.6.5 H5: Emotional responses to map symbols 6.3.6.6 H6: Effect of emotions on route choice decision making 6.3.6.7 Helpfulness of map visualizations 6.3.6.8 Route choice strategies 6.3.6.9 Text-based sentiment analysis 6.3.6.10 Suitability of visualizations 6.3.6.11 Further factors influencing route choice 6.3.7 Discussion – User study 3 6.3.7.1 Influence of different design variants on route choice 6.3.7.2 The effect of emotions on route choice 6.3.7.3 Limitations of the study design 6.3.7.4 Outlook 6.3.8 Conclusion – User study 3 7 Interactive web-based visualization of route maps 7.1 Application architecture 7.2 User interface and functionalities 7.3 User assessment to usability of the application 7.4 Usability test – Results 7.5 Limitations and future adaptions 8 Implications of the findings 8.1 Agreement with key hypotheses 8.2 Assessment regarding successful design variants for influencing route choice towards a societally favorable route 8.3 Limitations and challenges 8.4 Suggestions for future research 8.5 Summary and contribution of the dissertation Appendix Bibliography Curriculum vitae Acknowledgments

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Content Preface Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. Peatlands 1.1.1. Peatland development and peat bog succession 1.1.2. Characteristic peatlands of the northern hemisphere 1.1.3. Anthropogenic threats of northern peatlands 1.1.4. Peat bog restoration 1.2. Peatland bryophytes 1.2.1. Brown mosses 1.2.2. Sphagnum mosses 1.3. Moss microbiota 1.3.1. Moss-associated bacteria 1.3.2. Moss-associated archaea 1.3.3. Endophytic prokaryotic communities 1.4. Biotic and abiotic influences on moss-associated microorganisms 1.5. Objectives 1.6. Study sites 1.6.1. High Arctic peatlands of Svalbard (SV) 1.6.2. Polygonal Tundra of Samoylov (SA) 1.6.3. Palsa Bogs of Neiden (NEI) 1.6.4. Kettle Bog Peatlands of Mueritz National Park (MUE) 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Sampling scheme overview 2.2. Sampling of pore water 2.3. Sampling of moss plantlets 2.4. Analysis of pore water chemistry 2.5. Cell wall analysis 2.5.1. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 2.5.2. Holocellulose (HC) 2.5.3. Lignin and Lignin-like polymers (LLP) 2.5.4. Bulk moss litter analysis 2.6. Moss surface sterilisation and separation of putative epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities 2.7. DNA extraction and sequencing 2.8. Sequence analyses and bioinformatics 2.9. Statistical analyses 2.10. Potential methane production and oxidation assays 2.10.1. Surface sterilisation prior to activity tests 2.10.2. Methane production 2.10.3. Methane oxidation 3. Results 3.1. Peatland bulk and pore water characteristics 3.2. Diversity and structure of natural peatland microbial communities 3.3. Environmental drivers of moss-associated microbial communities 3.4. Microbial taxa associated with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses 3.4.1. Moss-associated bacteria 3.4.2. Moss-associated archaea 3.4.3. Bacterial and archaeal core communities 3.4.4. Acetobacteraceae as dominant taxon of the bacterial core community 3.5. Sphagnum bacteriomes of disturbed, rewetted and pristine temperate kettle bog 3.6. Potential moss-associated methane production and methane oxidation rates 3.6.1. Moss-associated methane production 3.6.2. Moss-associated methane oxidation 4. Discussion 4.1. Environmental influences on moss-associated bacterial communities 4.2. Moss-associated archaeal communities and their environmental drivers 4.3. Distinct patterns of endophytic bacteria 4.4. The core microbiota and their possible role for peatland succession 4.5. The potential role of Acetobacteraceae for Sphagnum host mosses and bog ecosystems 4.6. Moss-associated microbial communities of the methane cycle and their potential metabolic activity 4.7. Diversity and structure of Sphagnum bacteriomes from pristine, disturbed and rewetted kettle bogs 5. Conclusion 6. Critical remarks and outlook 6.1. Critical remarks 6.2. Outlook Bibliography Supplementary

Note: Long problems -- Why long problems are hard to govern -- Forward action : addressing the early action paradox -- The long view : addressing shadow interests -- Endurance and adaptability : addressing institutional lag -- Studying long problems -- Governing time.

Note: Contents Preface Contributors PART I AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIVERSITY OF BACTERIOPHAGES 1 Structural and Genomic Diversity of Bacteriophages / Bert Ely, Jacob Lenski, and Tannaz Mohammadi 2 The Diversity of Bacteriophages in the Human Gut / Amanda Carroll-Portillo, Derek M. Lin, and Henry C. Lin 3 Breaking the Ice: A Review of Phages in Polar Ecosystems / Mara Elena Heinrichs, Gonçalo J. Piedade, Ovidiu Popa, Pacifica Sommers, Gareth Trubl, Julia Weissenbach, and Janina Rahlff 4 The Diversity of Bacteriophages in Hot Springs / Timothy J. Marks and Isabella R. Rowland PART II ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 5 Isolation of Bacteriophages from Soil Samples in a Poorly Equipped Field Laboratory in Kruger National Park / Ayesha Hassim and Kgaugelo Edward Lekota 6 Purification and Up-Concentration of Bacteriophages and Viruses from Fecal Samples / Frej Larsen, Rasmus Riemer Jakobsen, Xiaotian Mao, Josue Castro-Mejia, Ling Deng, and Dennis S. Nielsen 7 Isolation of Enterococcus Bacteriophages from Municipal Wastewater Samples Using an Enrichment Step / Cory Schwarz and Jacques Mathieu 8 Phage DNA Extraction, Genome Assembly, and Genome Closure / Justin Boeckman, Mei Liu, Jolene Ramsey, and Jason Gill PART III ENUMERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 9 Enumeration of Bacteriophages by Plaque Assay / Diana Elizabeth Waturangi 10 Detection and Quantification of Bacteriophages in Wastewater Samples by Culture and Molecular Methods/ Laura Sala-Comorera, Maite Muniesa, and Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio 11 Flow Virometry: A Fluorescence-Based Approach to Enumerate Bacteriophages in Liquid Samples / Elena A. Dlusskaya and Rafik Dey 12 A Metagenomics Approach to Enumerate Bacteriophages in a Food Niche / Kelsey White, Giovanni Eraclio, Gabriele Andrea Lugli, Marco Ventura, Jennifer Mahony, Fabio Dal Bello, and Douwe van Sinderen PART IV CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 13 Bioinformatic Analysis of Staphylococcus Phages: A Key Step for Safe Cocktail Development / Soledad Telma Carrasco and He´ctor Ricardo Morbidoni 14 Use of Localized Reconstruction to Visualize the Shigella Phage Sf6 Tail Apparatus / Chun-Feng David Hou, Fenglin Li, Stephano Iglesias, and Gino Cingolani 15 Bacteriophage–Host Interactions and Coevolution / Diana M. Álvarez-Espejo, Dácil Rivera, and Andrea I. Moreno-Switt 16 Unraveling Physical Interactions of Clostridioides difficile with Phage and Phage-Derived Proteins Using In Vitro and Whole-Cell Assays / Wichuda Phothichaisri, Tanaporn Phetruen, Surang Chankhamhaengdecha, Tavan Janvilisri, Puey Ounjai, Robert P. Fagan, and Sittinan Chanarat 17 Phage Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus / Melissa-Jane Chu Yuan Kee and John Chen PART V APPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES AND BACTERIOPHAGE-DERIVED COMPONENTS 18 The Next Generation of Drug Delivery: Harnessing the Power of Bacteriophages / Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Mohammad B. M. Aljbaly, Mohammad A. Obeid, Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi, and Murtaza M. Tambuwala 19 Construction of Nonnatural Cysteine-Cross-Linked Phage Libraries / Brittney Chau, Kristi Liivak, and Jianmin Gao 20 Application of Deep Sequencing in Phage Display / Vincent Van Deuren, Sander Plessers, Rob Lavigne, and Johan Robben 21 The Application of Bacteriophage and Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry in Bacterial Identification / Robert H. Edgar, Anie-Pier Samson, and John A. Viator 22 Propagation, Purification, and Characterization of Bacteriophages for Phage Therapy / Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, Gracja Topka, Jagoda Mantej, Łukasz Grabowski, Agnieszka Necel, Grzegorz Węgrzyn, and Alicja Węgrzyn 23 Overcoming Bacteriophage Resistance in Phage Therapy / Elina Laanto 24 Bacteriophage Virus-Like Particles: Platforms for Vaccine Design / Ebenezer Tumban Index

Note: Part 1: Recycling in context Chapter 1: Introduction Abstract 1.1: The Challenges 1.2: The Role of Materials in Society 1.3: From Linear to Circular Economy 1.4: Recycling in the Circular Economy 1.5: The Book References Chapter 2: The fundamental limits of circularity quantified by digital twinning Abstract 2.1: Introduction 2.2: A Product and Material Focus on Recycling Within the CE 2.3: Digital Twinning of the CE System: Understanding the Opportunities and Limits 2.4: Opportunities and Challenges References Chapter 3: Maps of the physical economy to inform sustainability strategies Abstract Acknowledgments 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Dimensions of MFA 3.3: Components for Monitoring the Physical Economy 3.4: Application of the Framework: Maps of the Aluminum Cycle 3.5: Recommendations References Chapter 4: Material efficiency—Squaring the circular economy: Recycling within a hierarchy of material management strategies Abstract 4.1: Is a Circular Economy Possible or Desirable? 4.2: Hierarchies of Material Conservation 4.3: When Is Recycling Not the Answer? 4.4: Discussion References Chapter 5: Material and product-centric recycling: design for recycling rules and digital methods Abstract Acknowledgements 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Recyclability Index and Ecolabeling of Products 5.3: DfR Rules and Guidelines 5.4: Product-Centric Recycling 5.5: Examples of Recycling System Simulation 5.6: Summary 5.7: Future Challenges References Additional Reading Chapter 6: Developments in collection of municipal waste Abstract 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Definitions and Models 6.3: A Global Picture of SWM 6.4: Collection and Recovery Systems 6.5: Future Developments 6.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 7: The path to inclusive recycling: Developing countries and the informal sector Abstract 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Definition and Links With the Formal Sector 7.3: Informal Waste Tire Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities 7.4: Approaches Towards Inclusive Recycling 7.5: Policies and Standardization Developments for Inclusive Recycling 7.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Part 2: Recycling from a product perspective Chapter 8: Physical separation Abstract 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Properties and Property Spaces 8.3: Breakage 8.4: Particle Size Classification 8.5: Gravity Separation 8.6: Flotation 8.7: Magnetic Separation 8.8: Eddy Current Separation 8.9: Electrostatic Separation 8.10: Sorting 8.11: Conclusion References Chapter 9: Sensor-based sorting Abstract 9.1: Mechanical Treatment of Waste 9.2: Principle of Sensor-Based Sorting 9.3: Requirements for Optimal Sorting Results 9.4: Available Sensors 9.5: Application of Different Sensors in Recycling 9.6: Recent Developments 9.7: Outlook References Chapter 10: Mixed bulky waste Abstract 10.1: Introduction 10.2: The Circular Process for Mixed Bulky Waste 10.3: Conditions for Economically Viable Sorting 10.4: Sorting of Mixed Bulky Waste 10.5: Sorting Process 10.6: Recycling Efficiency 10.7: Conclusion and Outlook Reference Chapter 11: Packaging Abstract 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Packaging Waste 11.3: Composition 11.4: Recovery and Recycling 11.5: Collection and Recovery Schemes 11.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 12: End-of-life vehicles Abstract 12.1: Introduction 12.2: Vehicle Composition 12.3: Recycling Chain 12.4: Recycling of Automotive parts 12.5: Recycling of Automotive Fluids 12.6: Automotive Shredder Residue 12.7: Future Developments and Outlook 12.8: Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 13: Electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Abstract 13.1: Introduction 13.2: Waste Characterization 13.3: Recycling Chain and Technologies 13.4: Future Developments 13.5: Conclusions References Chapter 14: Photovoltaic and wind energy equipment Abstract 14.1: Introduction 14.2: Wind Turbines 14.3: Photovoltaic Modules 14.4: Wind Turbine Recycling 14.5: PV Recycling 14.6: Future Developments 14.7: Key Issues and Challenges 14.8: Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 15: Buildings Abstract 15.1: The Why: Buildings and Circularity 15.2: The How and Who: A Framework 15.3: The When: Shearing Layers 15.4: The What: Materials in Buildings 15.5: Improving Data on Materials 15.6: The How, Who, When, and What 15.7: Outlook References Chapter 16: Construction and demolition waste Abstract Acknowledgments 16.1: Introduction 16.2: C&D Waste Use 16.3: Recycling 16.4: Recycling Technologies and Practice 16.5: Future Developments 16.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 17: Industrial by-products Abstract 17.1: Waste, By-product, or Product? 17.2: Major By-products 17.3: Where and How to Use By-products 17.4: Technical and Environmental Requirements 17.5: Sustainability Aspects 17.6: Conclusions, Challenges, and Outlook References Chapter 18: Mine tailings Abstract 18.1: Introduction 18.2: Future Opportunities for Tailings Management 18.3: Main Drivers for Change 18.4: Emerging Technologies 18.5: Conclusions and Outlook References Further Reading Part 3: Recycling from a material perspective Chapter 19: Steel Abstract 19.1: Introduction 19.2: Use Phase and Recycling Examples 19.3: Classification of Steel Scrap 19.4: Requirements for Scrap 19.5: Treatment Process 19.6: Steel Scrap Smelting Process 19.7: Steel 19.8: Alloy or Tramp Elements? 19.9: Purification of Scrap 19.10: Outlook References Further Reading Chapter 20: Aluminum Abstract 20.1: Introduction 20.2: Alloys and Their Recycling 20.3: Melt Loss 20.4: Used Beverage Can (UBC) Recycling 20.5: Wheel Recycling 20.6: Dross Processing 20.7: Purification and Refining 20.8: Future Trends and Challenges References Chapter 21: Copper Abstract 21.1: Sources of Copper Scrap 21.2: Smelting and Refining of Copper Scrap 21.3: Conclusions and Outlook References Further Reading Chapter 22: Lead Abstract 22.1: Introduction 22.2: Material Use 22.3: The Lead-Acid Battery 22.4: Recycling Technologies 22.5: Future Developments 22.6: Key Issues and Challenges References Chapter 23: Zinc Abstract 23.1: Introduction 23.2: Recycling Technologies 23.3: Key Issues and Challenges References Chapter 24: Ferroalloy elements Abstract 24.1: Introduction 24.2: Use and Recycling 24.3: Recycling of Residues 24.4: Conclusion References Chapter 25: Precious and technology metals Abstract 25.1: Introduction 25.2: Applications 25.3: Scrap Types and Quantities 25.4: Recycling Technologies 25.5: Future Challenges 25.6: Conclusions and Outlook Further reading References Chapter 26: Concrete and aggregates Abstract Acknowledgment 26.1: Introduction 26.2: Waste Flows 26.3: Recovery Rates 26.4: Recycled Aggregate Concrete Applications 26.5: Concrete Recycling Technologies 26.6: Future Developments 26.7: Conclusion References Chapter 27: Cementitious binders incorporating residues Abstract 27.1: Introduction 27.2: Clinker Production: Process, and Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials 27.3: From Clinker to Cement: Residues in Blended Cements 27.4: Alternative Cements With Lower Environmental Footprint 27.5: Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 28: Glass Abstract 28.1: Introduction 28.2: Types of Glass 28.3: Manufacturing 28.4: Recovery for Reuse and Recycling 28.5: Reuse 28.6: Closed-Loop Recycling 28.7: Open-Loop Recycling 28.8: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 29: Lumber Abstract 29.1: Introduction 29.2: Wood Material Uses 29.3: Postuse Wood Recovery for Recycling 29.4: Postuse Wood Recycling 29.5: Case Study Scenarios 29.6: Future Developments 29.7: Concluding Remarks References Chapter 30: Paper Abstract 30.1: Introduction 30.2: Collection and Utilization 30.3: Collection and Sorting Systems 30.4: Stock Preparation 30.5: Key Issues and Future Challenges References Further Reading Chapter 31: Plastic recycling Abstract 31.1: Introduction 31.2: Use 31.3: Recycling 31.4: Mechanical Recycling 31.5: Chemical Recycling 31.6: Impact of Recycling 31.7: Conclusions and Outlook References Further Reading Chapter 32: Black rubber products Abstract 32.1: Introduction 32.2: Mechanical Rubber Go

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2023 , Contents List of Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Objectives 1.2 Outline and Structure of Thesis 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Glance at Landslide Hazards 2.2.1 Overview 2.2.2 Landslide Types 2.2.2.1 Type of Movement 2.2.2.2 Material Classification 2.2.2.3 Landslide Depth 2.2.3 Landslide Distribution 2.2.4 Landslide Implications and Measurements 2.2.5 Slow-moving Landslide 2.3 Landslide Remote Sensing 2.3.1 Overview 2.3.2 Airborne Remote Sensing 2.3.3 Spaceborne Remote Sensing 2.4 Spaceborne Optical Imagery 2.4.1 Overview 2.4.2 Pixel Offset Tracking (POT) 2.5 Spaceborne Radar Imagery 2.5.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Basic 2.5.1.1 SAR Geometry 2.5.1.2 SAR Acquisition Mode 2.5.1.3 SAR Distortion 2.5.1.4 SAR Mission 2.5.2 Interferometric SAR (InSAR) 2.5.2.1 Workflow of InSAR Processing 2.5.2.2 Coherence and Decorrelation 2.5.2.3 Topographic and Orbital Errors 2.5.2.4 Atmospheric Artifacts 2.5.2.5 Sensitivity of Line-of-sight (LOS) to Slope Motion 2.5.3 Advanced Multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) 2.5.3.1 Scattering Mechanism 2.5.3.2 Interferogram Stacking 2.5.3.3 Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) 2.5.3.4 Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS) 2.5.4 Corner Reflector InSAR (CR-InSAR) 2.5.4.1 Overview 2.5.4.2 Conventional Designs 2.5.4.3 Our Experimental Designs 2.5.4.4 CR-InSAR Processing 3 Methodological Contribution 3.1 Challenges in Landslide Monitoring Using Spaceborne Remote Sensing 3.2 Proposed Methodology 3.2.1 Analytically-based Modeling for Inverse Velocity 3.2.2 Identification of Small-scale CR-like Objectives 3.2.3 Modeling 4D Slope Instability Dynamics 4 Pre- and Co-failure: Slope Instability Monitoring Using Spaceborne Remote Sensing 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Environmental and Geomorphological Settings 4.4 Data and Methodology 4.4.1 Remote Sensing Optical Images 4.4.2 MT-InSAR Analysis Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data 4.4.3 Auxiliary Data 4.4.4 Inverse-velocity Theory for Anticipating the Time of Failure 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Horizontal Displacement Based on High-resolution Optical Images 4.5.2 MT-InSAR Analysis 4.5.3 Influence of Precipitation on the Kinematics of the Landslide 4.5.4 INV Results for Anticipating the Time of Failure 4.5.5 Comparison of NDVI and Coherence Values 4.6 Discussion 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 Acknowledgements 4.9 Supplementary Materials 4.9.1 Comparison of River Courses 4.9.2 Detailed Parameters of Exploited SAR Data 4.9.3 Comparison of Baseline Graphs 5 Post-failure: Slope Instability Monitoring Using Artificial Corner Reflectors 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Experiments and Methodology 5.3.1 Experimental Design 5.3.2 Selection Strategy for CRs 5.3.3 Radar Cross-section (RCS) 5.3.4 Signal-to-clutter Ratio (SCR) 5.3.5 CR-InSAR Processing 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.5 Conclusion 5.6 Acknowledgments 5.7 Supplementary Materials 5.7.1 Calculation of SCR 5.7.2 Selection Strategy 5.7.3 Radar Intensity Map 5.7.4 Site Photo of Interference Reflector 6 Post-failure: Characterizing 4D Slope Instability Dynamics 6.1 Abstract 6.2 Introduction 6.3 Geographical Setting of the Study Area 6.4 Methodology 6.4.1 Optical Images Processing 6.4.2 Multi-temporal InSAR Processing 6.4.3 Spatiotemporal Independent Component Analysis (ICA) of Displacement 6.4.4 Multi-sensor Integration Modeling 6.5 Results 6.5.1 Horizontal Deformation Based on Planet Images 6.5.2 MT-InSAR Results 6.5.3 Feature Extraction Using ICA 6.5.4 4D Deformation Modeling 6.6 Discussion 6.6.1 Early Post-failure Deformation from Planet 6.6.2 Post-failure Kinematics from MT-InSAR 6.6.3 ICA-based Spatiotemporal Features of Deformation 6.6.4 Resolving 4D Post-failure Kinematics 6.7 Conclusion 6.8 Acknowledgments 7 Summary and Future Perspectives 7.1 Summary 7.2 Future Perspectives List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Kapitel 1 Dringlichst gesucht – Wege aus der Klimakrise Alarmstufe Rot für Mensch und Natur Lösungen für das Treibhausgas-Problem? CONCLUSIO: Die Klimakrise kennt nur eine Lösung: Treibhausgasneutralität Kapitel 2 Die Rolle des Ozeans im Kohlenstoffkreislauf der Erde Wie der Ozean Kohlendioxid aufnimmt CONCLUSIO: Kohlenstoffspeicher Ozean: Riesig, effizient und in Gefahr 67 Kapitel 3 Das ungenutzte Klimaschutzpotenzial der Ökosysteme an Land Wälder, Wiesen und Böden als Kohlenstoffspeicher CONCLUSIO: Lösungen, die viel zu selten umgesetzt werden Kapitel 4 Marine CDR-Verfahren: Forschung unter Zeit- und Erwartungsdruck Ein Ozean der Möglichkeiten oder gefährlicher Hype? Kapitel 5 Mehr Kohlenstoffeinlagerung in Wiesen und Wäldern des Meeres? Blue Carbon: Ein Lösungsansatz mit doppeltem Nutzen CONCLUSIO: Küstenökosysteme: Marine Kohlenstoffsenke mit unverzichtbaren Zusatzleistungen Kapitel 6 Künstlicher Auftrieb: Die Idee von der Begrünung des Ozeans Eine Anschubhilfe für die biologische Kohlenstoffpumpe CONCLUSIO: Künstlicher Auftrieb – Prädikat: „nur bedingt nützlich“ Kapitel 7 Gezielte Eingriffe in die Meereschemie Alkalinitätserhöhung: Verfahren in den Kinderschuhen CONCLUSIO: Alkalinitätserhöhung – theoretisch verstanden, im Feld jedoch kaum getestet Kapitel 8 Kohlendioxid verpressen tief unter dem Meer Gasspeicherung in Sandsteinschichten und Basaltgestein CONCLUSIO: Kohlendioxidspeicherung unter dem Meer: Ein umstrittenes Verfahren im Aufwind Kapitel 9 Leitprinzipien und Regeln für einen Einsatz mariner CDR-Verfahren Wie regelt man eine verstärkte CO2-Aufnahme des Meeres? CONCLUSIO: Regulierung möglicher CDR-Einsätze: Gebraucht werden klare Strategien und Vorschriften Gesamt-Conclusio Abkürzungen Quellenverzeichnis Mitwirkende Index Partner und Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum .

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , CONTENTS 1 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.1 Extreme events and attribution 1.2 Arctic climate change and mid-latitude linkages 1.3 Research questions 2 FOUNDATIONS 2.1 Atmospheric basics 2.1.1 Governing equations 2.1.2 Zonal wind and temperature profiles 2.1.3 Atmospheric waves and instabilities 2.1.4 Large-scale variability patterns and blocking 2.2 Atmospheric circulation regimes 2.2.1 Dynamical concepts 2.2.2 Regime computation 2.2.3 Regime number 2.3 Arctic climate change 2.3.1 Recent trends in Arctic sea ice and temperatures 2.3.2 Surface fluxes and energy balance in Arctic regions 2.3.3 Polar amplification mechanisms 2.3.4 Arctic-mid-latitude linkages 2.4 Weather and climate extremes 2.4.1 Recent trends 2.4.2 Dynamical driver of temperature extremes 3 DATA AND METHODS 3.1 ERA5 reanalysis 3.2 Model experiments 3.2.1 The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM6 3.2.2 Polar Amplification Intercomparison Project data 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Statistical significance 3.3.2 Extreme definition 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Mean circulation in ERA5 and ECHAM6 experiments 4.1.1 Climatological mean states in ERA5 and the reference simulation 4.1.2 Climatological responses in ECHAM6 sensitivity experiments 4.2 Circulation regimes and sea ice-induced frequency changes 4.2.1 Regime structures in ERA5 and ECHAM6 experiments 4.2.2 Regime frequency changes in ERA 4.2.3 Regime frequency changes in ECHAM6 experiments 4.3 Changes in Northern Hemispheric temperature extremes induced by sea ice loss 4.3.1 Extreme occurrence frequency changes 4.3.2 Temperature return level changes 4.4 Links between circulation regimes and extremes over Europe 4.4.1 Winter temperature extremes 4.4.2 Summer heat extremes 4.4.3 Winter wind extremes 4.5 Decomposition of sea ice-induced frequency changes in European winter extremes 4.5.1 Midwinter cold extremes along a SCAN storyline 4.5.2 January warm extremes along a ATl- storyline 4.5.3 February warm extremes along a NAO+ storyline 4.5.4 Comparison with futSST 4.5.5 January wind extremes along a ATL- storyline 4.6 Circulation Analogue-based approach for summer season 4.6.1 ERA5 event definitions 4.6.2 Reference flows and analogues in ERA5 4.6.3 Circulation analogues in ECHAM6 experiments 4.6.4 Decomposition of sea ice-induced changes in European heat extremes 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary 5.2 Final discussion and outlook Appendix A METHODS A.1 Principal Component Analysis A.2 𝑘-Means clustering A.2.1 Algorithm A.2.2 Computation of circulation regimes A.3 Taylor diagram A.4 Regression model for describing ERA5 regime frequency changes A.4.1 General setup A.4.2 Multinomial Logistic Regression A.4.3 Linear predictor A.5 Definition and calculation of return levels A.5.1 Block maxima approach and Generalized Extreme Value distribution A.5.2 Return level estimation A.6 Framework for conditional extreme event attribution Appendix B ADDITIONAL FIGURES B.1 Circulation regimes and sea ice-induced frequency changes B.2 Changes in Northern Hemispheric temperature extremes induced by sea ice loss B.3 Links between circulation regimes and extremes over Europe B.3.1 Conditioned vs. unconditioned ERA5 and wind extreme probabilities B.3.2 Wind and synoptic-scale activity anomalies B.4 Decomposition of sea ice-induced frequency changes in European winter extremes B.5 Circulation Analogue-based approach for summer season B.6 Miscellaneous B.6.1 Recent Arctic sea ice trends B.6.2 futSST forcing field B.6.3 Fluxes over sea ice and ocean surfaces in ECHAM6 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Legend for the cover image Chiarella, D., Archer, S. G., Howell, J. A., Jackson, C. A.-L., Kombrink, H. and Patruno, S. / Cross-border subsurface geology in the Atlantic Margin and the Barents Sea: an introduction Tectonic evolution Libak, A., Torabi, A. and Alaei, B. / Normal fault geometric attribute variations with lithology: examples from the Norwegian Barents Sea Anell, I., Indrevær, K. and Serck, C. S. / Influence of structural highs on Triassic deposition on the western Barents Shelf Kristensen, T. B., Rotevatn, A., Marvik, M., Henstra, G. A., Gawthorpe, R. L. and Ravnås, R. / Quantitative analysis of fault-and-fold growth in a transtensional basin: the Sørvestsnaget Basin, Western Barents Sea Trice, R., Hiorth, C. and Holdsworth, R. / Fractured basement play development on the UK and Norwegian rifted margins Millett, J. M., Manton, B. M., Zastrozhnov, D., Planke, S., Maharjan, D., Bellwald, B., Gernigon, L., Faleide, J. I., Jolley, D. W., Walker, F., Abdelmalak, M. M., Jerram, D. A., Myklebust, R., Kjølhamar, B. E., Halliday, J. and Birch-Hawkins, A. / Basin structure and prospectivity of the NE Atlantic volcanic rifted margin: cross-border examples from the Faroe–Shetland, Møre and Southern Vøring basins Stratigraphic, sedimentological and reservoir characterization Jones, G. E. D., Welbon, A. I. F., Mohammadlou, H., Sakharov, A., Ford, J., Needham, T. and Ottesen, C. / Complex stratigraphic fill of a small, confined syn-rift basin: an Upper Jurassic example from offshore mid-Norway Chiarella, D. and Joel, D. / Stratigraphic and sedimentological characterization of the Late Cretaceous post-rift intra Lange Sandstones of the Gimsan Basin and Grinda Graben (Halten Terrace, Norwegian Sea) Walker, F., Schofield, N., Millett, J., Jolley, D., Hole, M. and Stewart, M. / Paleogene volcanic rocks in the northern Faroe–Shetland Basin and Møre Marginal High: understanding lava field stratigraphy Klausen, T. G., Müller, R., Poyatos-Moré, M., Olaussen, S. and Stueland, E. / Tectonic, provenance and sedimentological controls on reservoir characteristics in the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic Realgrunnen Subgroup, SW Barents Sea Riis, F. and Wolff, A. / Use of pore pressure data from the Norwegian Continental Shelf to characterize fluid-flow processes in geological timescales Hunt, G. A., Williams, R., Charnock, M. A., Moss, A., Meltveit, J. and Florescu, D. / Geological and petrophysical applications of imaging infrared spectroscopy for mineralogical analysis of core and cuttings: examples from the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea Index

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Note: About this title - Ice Ages, Climate Dynamics and Biotic Events: the Late Pennsylvanian World S. G. Lucas, W. A. DiMichele, S. Opluštil, and X. Wang https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535 Introduction Full Access24 March 2023 An introduction to ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world Spencer G. Lucas, William A. DiMichele, Stanislav Opluštil, and Xiangdong Wang https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-334 Timescale Full Access16 February 2023 Timescale for the Kasimovian Stage Xiangdong Wang, Keyi Hu, and Ying Li https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-260 The Cantabrian Stage Open Access23 January 2023 The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage John A. Knight, Christopher J. Cleal, and Carmen Álvarez-Vázquez https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-189 Full Access16 February 2023 The Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned: revised chronostratigraphy of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary W. John Nelson, Spencer G. Lucas, and Scott D. Elrick https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-252 Full Access21 March 2023 Pennsylvanian-age plant macrofossil biostratigraphy in tropical Pangaea: uniformitarianism, catastrophes and the ‘Cantabrian’ problem Hermann W. Pfefferkorn https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-282 Geological context Full Access8 March 2023 Pennsylvanian glacial cycles in western Gondwana: an overview Roberto Iannuzzi, Mercedes M. di Pasquo, Fernando F. Vesely, Claiton M. S. Scherer, Luiz S. Andrade, Thammy Mottin, and Carrel Kifumbi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-342 Full Access8 March 2023 A Carboniferous apex for the late Paleozoic icehouse N. Griffis, R. Mundil, I. Montañez, D. Le Heron, P. Dietrich, and R. Iannuzzi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-256 Full Access10 January 2023 North American Midcontinent Pennsylvanian cyclothems and their implications Philip H. Heckel https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-182 Full Access16 February 2023 A global perspective of soil-forming conditions during the Late Pennsylvanian: potential stochastic forcing by geosphere–biosphere carbon pools Erik L. Gulbranson and Neil J. Tabor https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-279 Open Access9 January 2023 Dust and loess as archives and agents of climate and climate change in the late Paleozoic Earth system Gerilyn S. Soreghan, Nicholas G. Heavens, Lily S. Pfeifer, and Michael J. Soreghan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-208 Full Access11 January 2023 Middle–Late Pennsylvanian tectonosedimentary, climatic and biotic records in basins of Europe, NW Turkey and North Africa: an overview Stanislav Opluštil and Joerg W. Schneider https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-215 Palaeobotany Full Access25 January 2023 Kasimovian floristic change in tropical wetlands and the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian Boundary Event William A. DiMichele, Cortland F. Eble, Hermann W. Pfefferkorn, Scott D. Elrick, W. John Nelson, and Spencer G. Lucas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-228 Full Access27 February 2023 Vegetational change during the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian transition in western Pangaea Sandra Schachat, Andrés Baresch, Thu Bui, Howard J. Falcon-Lang, Dan S. Chaney, W. John Nelson, Scott D. Elrick, Hans Kerp, Spencer G. Lucas, and William A. DiMichele https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-281 Open Access1 March 2023 Physiological selectivity and plant–environment feedbacks during Middle and Late Pennsylvanian plant community transitions Jonathan Paul Wilson, Gabriel Oppler, Elizabeth Reikowski, Jessica Smart, Charles Marquardt, and Brian Keller https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-204 Invertebrate palaeontology Full Access15 December 2022 Evolutionary patterns in Late Pennsylvanian conodonts James E. Barrick, Nicholas J. Hogancamp, and Steven J. Rosscoe https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-139 Full Access20 January 2023 Biostratigraphy and biofacies of the Kasimovian conodonts from the Shanglong section, South China Keyi Hu, Xiangdong Wang, and Yuping Qi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-173 Full Access23 December 2022 Ecological and evolutionary responses of terrestrial arthropods to Middle–Late Pennsylvanian environmental change Michael P. Donovan, Sandra R. Schachat, and Pedro M. Monarrez https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-209 Vertebrate palaeontology Full Access17 January 2023 Middle to Late Pennsylvanian tetrapod evolution: the Kasimovian bottleneck Spencer G. Lucas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-216

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2023 , Sprache der Zusammenfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Normal Points and LLR Analysis Description 2.1 Distribution of Normal Points 2.1.1 Observatories 2.1.2 Reflectors 2.1.3 Synodic Angle and Wavelength of Laser Signals 2.2 Uncertainty of Normal Points 2.3 LLR Analysis Description 3 Data Reduction and Parameter Estimation 3.1 Uncertainty of Estimated Parameters 3.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis 3.1.2 Validation by Resampling 3.2 Geocenter Motion 3.3 Loading 3.3.1 Atmospheric Loading 3.3.2 Non-Tidal Loading 4 Ephemeris Calculation 4.1 2-way Calculation 4.1.1 Calculated Ephemeris 4.1.2 LLR Residuals 4.1.3 Estimated Parameters 4.1.4 Correlations 4.2 Dynamical Model 4.2.1 DE440 Ephemeris based updates 4.2.2 Undistorted Total MOI of the Moon 4.3 Effect of Additional Asteroids 4.4 Comparison of Results: LUNAR vs INPOP and DE 5 Earth Rotation Parameters Estimation 5.1 A-priori Data 5.2 Selection of Nights 5.3 Uncertainty Estimation 5.4 Earth Rotation Phase Estimation 5.4.1 Estimated Values 5.4.2 Correlations 5.5 Terrestrial Pole Coordinates Estimation 5.5.1 Estimated Values 5.5.2 Correlations 6 Relativistic Tests with LLR 6.1 Equivalence of Active and Passive Gravitational Mass 6.1.1 Determination of the Lunar Angular Acceleration 6.1.2 Limit on Equivalence of Active and Passive Mass 7 Conclusions and Outlook 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Outlook A List of Fitted Parameters B List of Biases List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Bibliography

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Satellite Gravity Missions 2.1 Fundamentals of Gravity Field Recovery with Satellites 2.1.1 Motion of a Satellite in Space 2.1.2 Representation of the Earth’s Gravity Field 2.1.3 Orbit Design of Satellite Gravity Missions 2.2 Previous Satellite Gravity Missions 2.2.1 Missions and Measurement Concepts 2.2.2 State-of-the-art Sensors 2.2.3 State-of-the-art Control Systems 2.2.4 State-of-the-art Accelerometer Calibration 2.3 Concepts for Future Satellite Gravity Missions 2.3.1 Challenges of Satellite Gravity Missions and Requirements for Future Satellite Missions 2.3.2 Developments in the Sensor Technology 2.3.3 Concepts for Orbit Design 3 Evaluation of Simulation Environment 3.1 Overview of the Simulation Environment 3.2 Modeling of Non-gravitational Forces 3.3 Modeling of the Sensor Behavior 3.3.1 Classical Electrostatic Accelerometer 3.3.2 Cold Atom Interferometry Accelerometer 3.3.3 Ranging Measurement Instruments 3.4 Modeling of Control System Behavior 3.4.1 Drag-free Control 3.4.2 Attitude Control 3.5 Time-variable Background Modeling Errors 3.6 Gravity Field Recovery 3.6.1 Least-squares Adjustment 3.6.2 Range Accelerations 3.6.3 Gradiometry 3.6.4 Combination of Range Accelerations and Gravity Gradients 3.7 Summary 4 Impact of New Measurement Concepts on Gravity Field Recovery 4.1 Selection of Simulation Scenarios 4.2 Drag Compensation Analysis 4.2.1 Drag Compensation Requirements due to Accelerometer Imperfections for ll-SST Missions 4.2.2 Drag Compensation Requirements for Gradiometry due to Accelerometer Imperfections 4.2.3 Saturation of the Accelerometer 4.2.4 Propellant Consumption 4.3 Cold Atom Interferometry Accelerometer Analysis 4.4 Gravity Field Solutions using Different Accelerometer Types for ll-SST Missions 4.5 Gravity Field Solutions using Different Accelerometer Types for Gradiometry Missions 4.6 Combined Gravity Field Solutions from ll-SST and Cross-track Gradiometry 4.7 Summary 5 Summary and Outlook A Appendix A.1 Reference Frames A.2 Satellite Reference Attitudes for Attitude Control A.3 Simulation results - Gravity Field Solutions for ll-SST Missions A.3.1 Instrument-only scenarios A.3.2 Scenarios including AOD and Ocean-tide Error A.4 Simulation results - Combined Gravity Field Solutions from ll-SST and Crosstrack Gradiometry Bibliography List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms Acknowledgments

Note: Contents 1 Using Lake Sedimentary DNA to Reconstruct Biodiversity Changes / Eric Capo, Cécilia Barouillet, and John P. Smol 2 The Sources and Fates of Lake Sedimentary DNA / Charline Giguet-Covex, Stanislav Jelavić, Anthony Foucher, Marina A. Morlock, Susanna A. Wood, Femke Augustijns, Isabelle Domaizon, Ludovic Gielly, and Eric Capo 3 The Sedimentary Ancient DNA Workflow / Peter D. Heintzman, Kevin Nota, Alexandra Rouillard, Youri Lammers, Tyler J. Murchie, Linda Armbrecht, Sandra Garcés-Pastor, and Benjamin Vernot 4 Bacterial and Archaeal DNA from Lake Sediments / Aurèle Vuillemin, Marco J. L. Coolen, Jens Kallmeyer, Susanne Liebner, and Stefan Bertilsson 5 Cyanobacterial DNA from Lake Sediments / Marie-Eve Monchamp and Frances R. Pick 6 Protist DNA from Lake Sediments / Cécilia Barouillet, Isabelle Domaizon, and Eric Capo 7 Diatom DNA from Lake Sediments / Katharina Dulias, Laura S. Epp, and Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring 8 Aquatic Vegetation DNA from Lake Sediments / Aloïs Revéret, Inger G. Alsos, and Peter D. Heintzman 9 Aquatic Animal DNA from Lake Sediments / Irene Gregory-Eaves, Marie-Eve Monchamp, and Zofia E. Taranu 10 Terrestrial Plant DNA from Lake Sediments / Sandra Garcés-Pastor, Kevin Nota, Dilli P. Rijal, Sisi Liu, Weihan Jia, Maria Leunda, Christoph Schwörer, Sarah E. Crump, Laura Parducci, and Inger G. Alsos 11 Terrestrial Fauna and Hominin DNA from Sedimentary Archives / Tyler J. Murchie, Charline Giguet-Covex, Peter D. Heintzman, Viviane Slon, and Yucheng Wang 12 An Overview of Biodiversity and Network Modeling Approaches: Applications to Sedimentary DNA Records / Zofia E. Taranu, Irene Gregory-Eaves, and Marie-Eve Monchamp 13 Perspectives and Future Developments Within Sedimentary DNA Research / Luke E. Holman, Yi Wang, Rikai Sawafuji, Laura S. Epp, Kristine Bohmann, and Mikkel Winther Pedersen Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations Index

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The Arctic sea-ice cover 1.1.1 Sea ice in the coupled Arctic climate system 1.1.2 Recent changes of the Arctic sea ice 1.2 The atmosphere as driver of sea-ice variability 1.2.1 Large-scale circulation patterns 1.2.2 Role of cyclones 1.3 Thesis structure and research questions 2 Theory and methods 2.1 Synoptic cyclones 2.1.1 Related fundamentals of atmospheric dynamics 2.1.2 Cyclone activity in the Arctic 2.2 Cyclone tracking and cyclone occurrence mask 2.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic sea-ice variability related to cyclones 3 New insights into cyclone impacts on sea ice in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Data and methods 3.3.1 Database and cyclone identification 3.3.2 Quantification of cyclone impacts on SIC 3.4 Cyclone impacts on SIC 3.4.1 Effects of different time scales and regions 3.4.2 Effects of SIC conditions and cyclone depth 3.4.3 Spatial variability of SIC response to cyclones 3.4.4 Relation to near-surface wind and surface energy budget 3.5 Signature of ’New Arctic’ conditions 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Supplementary material 4 Impact of three intense winter cyclones on the sea ice cover in the Barents Sea: A case study with a coupled regional climate model 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Data and methods 4.3.1 HIRHAM–NAOSIM simulation 4.3.2 Supplementary evaluation data 4.3.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic contributions to sea-ice changes 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Cyclone cases 4.4.2 Cyclone impacts on SEB 4.4.3 Cyclone impacts on sea-ice concentration (SIC) 4.4.4 Cyclone impacts on sea-ice thickness (SIT) 4.4.5 Context to other cyclone cases during the MOSAiC winter 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 4.6 Supplementary material 5 Cyclone impacts on sea ice concentration in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean: Annual cycle and recent changes 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Data and methods 5.4 Changes in cyclones and traversed sea ice 5.5 Cyclone impacts on SIC 5.5.1 Annual cycle in the old Arctic 5.5.2 Changes in the new Arctic 5.5.3 Regional changes in autumn 5.6 Conclusions 5.7 Supplementary material 6 Conclusions and Outlook 6.1 What is the statistical impact of cyclone passages on sea-ice concentration (SIC) in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean? 6.2 What are the individual contributions of dynamic and thermodynamic processes to sea-ice changes related to cyclones? 6.3 Do the SIC impacts of cyclones change in a warming Arctic and what are the related mechanisms? 6.4 Ways forward Appendix: Cyclones modulate the control of the North Atlantic Oscillation on transports into the Barents Sea Bibliography

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Table of Contents Summary Deutsche Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 1.1 Arctic ecosystems under global warming 1.2 The plant-associated microbiome 1.3 Drivers of soil development 1.4 Ancient DNA to unravel past ecosystems 1.4.1 Lake sediments as archives of past community changes 1.4.2 Metabarcoding for targeting specific communities 1.4.3 Shotgun sequencing for broader overview 1.5 Thesis objective 1.6 Thesis outline and author contributions 2 Manuscript I 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Primer design and evaluation In silico analyses Evaluation of lake sediment core DNA for analyses of fungal paleoecology 2.4 Results Primer design and evaluation Evaluation of lake sediment core DNA for fungal paleoecology 2.4.1 Taxonomic resolution across the cores 2.4.2 Comprehensiveness: Rarefaction and accumulation curves 2.4.3 Amplicon length and GC content to assess bias through degradation 2.4.4 General taxonomic composition of fungi in Siberian lake sediment cores Diversity of fungal paleocommunities from lake CH12 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Preservation biases and potential contamination 2.5.2 Characteristics of the optimized sedaDNA ITS1 metabarcoding assay 2.5.3 Potential of lake sediment fungal DNA for paleoecology 2.6 Author contributions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Conflict of interest 2.9 References 3 Manuscript II 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Geographic setting and study sites 3.4 Materials and Methods 3.4.1 Sampling 3.4.2 DNA extraction and amplification 3.4.3 Bioinformatic analysis 3.4.4 Assessment of negative controls and contamination 3.4.5 Statistical analysis and visualization 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Fungi: sedaDNA sequencing results and overall patterns of alpha diversity and taxonomic composition 3.5.2 Vegetation: sedaDNA sequencing results and overall patterns of alpha diversity and taxonomic composition 3.5.3 Site-specific plant-fungus covariation 3.5.3.1 Fungus and plant covariation in arctic Siberia from MIS3 to the Holocene 3.5.3.2 Quantitative relationships between fungi and plant richness and composition 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Fungus and plant diversity along a spatiotemporal gradient in Siberia 3.6.2 Changes in ecosystem functioning over a spatiotemporal gradient 3.6.3 Implications of our results for ecosystem functioning and future research avenues 3.7 Conclusions Funding Availability of data and material Author contribution Declaration of competing interest Acknowledgements 3.8 References 4 Manuscript III 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Compositional changes of plants, fungi, and bacteria in ancient metagenomic datasets 4.3.2 Long-term soil development: a trajectory or environmentally driven processes? 4.3.3 Bioweathering supported by lichens and mycorrhiza 4.3.4 Turnover in carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur cycling 4.3.5 Tracing podzolization 4.4 Implications and conclusions 4.5 Material and methods 4.5.1 Geographical setting and study site 4.5.2 X-ray fluorescence scanning of the sediment core 4.5.3 Core sub-sampling 4.5.4 DNA extraction 4.5.5 Single stranded DNA library build 4.5.6 Bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of the sequencing results 4.5.7 Data analysis 4.5.8 Analysis of the ancient patterns 4.5.9 Statistical analysis of the dataset Acknowledgements 4.6 References Declarations 5 Discussion and synthesis 5.1 Long-term rhizosphere establishment in tundra and taiga areas 5.1.1 SedaDNA as a proxy for soil microbiome 5.1.1.1 Fungal DNA metabarcoding 5.1.1.2 Targeting soil communities with shotgun sequencing 5.1.1.3 Comparison between metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing for the soil microbiome 5.1.2 Fungi-vegetation interaction changes over time 5.1.3 Soil development on a temporal gradient 5.2 Conclusion and future perspectives 6 References 7 Appendix 7.1 Appendix to manuscript I 7.2 Appendix to manuscript II 7.3 Appendix to manuscript III 7.4 Manuscript IV 7.4.1 Abstract 7.4.2 Introduction 7.4.3 Geographical setting and study sites 7.4.4 Material & Methods 7.4.4.1 Sub-sampling of the sediment cores 7.4.4.2 DNA extraction 7.4.4.3 Single stranded DNA library built 7.4.4.4 Bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of the sequencing data 7.4.4.5 Data analysis 7.4.4.6 Statistical analysis of the datasets 7.4.5 Results 7.4.5.1 Compositional changes of representative plant taxa alongside dynamics in fungal ecologies and bacterial element cycling in ancient metagenomic datasets 7.4.5.2 Impact of abiotic and biotic drivers on soil establishment across geographical locations 7.4.5.3 Relative positive correlations of functional soil taxa with plants across the locations 7.4.5.4 Assessment of the plant taxon-specific microbiome across the locations 7.4.6 Discussion 7.4.6.1 Site-specific soil development 7.4.6.2 Differences in the bedrock 7.4.6.3 Correlation between the lake biota 7.4.6.3.1 General Trends in positively correlated rhizosphere taxa 7.4.6.3.2 Plant taxa specific microbiome 7.4.7 Implications and future directions 7.4.8 References 7.4.9 Supplement to manuscript IV Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung Damage pattern analysis – Auflagen Doktorarbeit Summary Main References

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Note: About this title - Ichnology in Shallow-marine and Transitional Environments C. Cónsole-Gonella, S. de Valais, I. Díaz-Martínez, P. Citton, M. Verde, and D. McIlroy https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522 Introduction Full Access8 March 2023 The ichnology of shallow-marine and transitional environments Carlos Cónsole-Gonella, Silvina de Valais, Ignacio Díaz-Martínez, Paolo Citton, Mariano Verde, and Duncan McIlroy https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2022-344 Articles Full Access22 December 2021 High-resolution geophysical imaging of reptile burrows (San Salvador rock iguana, the Bahamas): implications for ichnology and conservation ecology Ilya V. Buynevich, Thomas A. Rothfus, H. Allen Curran, Hayden A. Thacker, Rosa Peronace, Karen A. Kopcznski, and Perry L. Gnivecki https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-80 Full Access7 December 2022 The possible actiniarian sea anemone burrow Bergaueria hemispherica from the Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of the Lusitanian Basin (Central Portugal) Carlos Neto de Carvalho and Ricardo Paredes https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2022-7 Full Access22 December 2021 Dactyloidites ottoi (Geinitz, 1849) in Bahamian Pleistocene carbonates: a shallowest-marine indicator H. Allen Curran and Bosiljka Glumac https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-69 Full Access9 February 2022 All post-Cambrian ichnospecies of Psammichnites Torell, 1870 belong to Olivellites Fenton and Fenton, 1937b Pablo J. Pazos and Carolina Gutiérrez https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-102 Full Access13 May 2022 Bored log-grounds by teredinid bivalves in marine deposits from the Monos Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in central Cuba Jorge Villegas-Martín, Claudia Inés Serrano-Brañas, Reinaldo Rojas-Consuegra, Alberto Arano-Ruiz, Mariano Verde, and Carlos Rafael Borges-Sellen https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-125 Full Access30 March 2022 Glossifungites suites and tubular tempestites in Devonian shallow-marine deposits from Paraná Basin Daniel Sedorko, Renata G. Netto, Jorge Villegas-Martín, Sudipta Dasgupta, Francisco M. W. Tognoli, Josiane Plantz, Thiago Carelli, and Leonardo Borghi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-113 Full Access20 September 2022 Ichnoassemblages from the Wilcox Formation in the Burgos Basin, northeastern Mexico María I. Hernández-Ocaña, Felipe Torres de la Cruz, Elizabeth Chacón Baca, Samuel Eguiluz de Antuñano, and Gabriel Chávez-Cabello https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-185 Full Access6 March 2023 Ichnological analysis and depositional setting of late Miocene marginal marine deposits from the Tafna Basin (northwestern Algeria) Mostapha Benzina, Amine Cherif, Mohammed Nadir Naimi, Hakim Hebib, and Mustapha Bensalah https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2022-275 Full Access1 February 2022 Exotic facies episodes of a carbonate platform: implications for middle and late Cambrian ecosystems and impact of bioturbation in the Alborz Basin, Iran Aram Bayet-Goll, Mehdi Daraei, Gerd Geyer, Carlos Neto de Carvalho, and Nasrin Bahrami https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2020-269 Full Access22 November 2022 Departures from the archetypal deltaic ichnofacies James A. MacEachern and Kerrie L. Bann https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2022-56 Full Access28 July 2022 Unusual sauropod slipping tracks preserved on a biostabilized tidal flat from the Lower Cretaceous of northern Patagonia, Argentina Arturo M. Heredia, Pablo J. Pazos, and Diana E. Fernández https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-136 Full Access30 August 2022 Dinosaur tracks in a Cretaceous (lower Albian) braid delta system (Basque–Cantabrian Basin, western Pyrenees): linking trace fossils suites and short-term preservation windows Ignacio Díaz-Martínez, Mikel A. López-Horgue, Luis M. Agirrezabala, Carlos Cónsole-Gonella, and Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-197 Full Access5 January 2022 Defining the Bemaraha megatracksite: an update on dinosaur ichnology in Madagascar Alexander Wagensommer, Rainer Dolch, Tiana Ratolojanahary, Simon Donato, and Simone D'Orazi Porchetti https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-86 Full Access27 April 2022 The megatracksite phenomenon: implications for tetrapod palaeobiology across terrestrial-shallow-marine transitional zones Martin G. Lockley and Christian A. Meyer https://doi.org/10.1144/SP522-2021-164

Note: Title description Full Access22 March 2023 About this title - Straits and Seaways: Controls, Processes and Implications in Modern and Ancient Systems V. M. Rossi, S. G. Longhitano, C. Olariu, and F. L. Chiocci https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523 Introduction Full Access20 January 2023 Straits and seaways: controls, processes and implications in modern and ancient systems Valentina Marzia Rossi, Sergio G. Longhitano, Cornel Olariu, and Francesco L. Chiocci https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2022-271 Articles Open Access8 March 2022 A review of the morphology, physical processes and deposits of modern straits Robert W. Dalrymple https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-76 Open Access11 January 2023 Straits and seaways: end members within the continuous spectrum of the dynamic connection between basins Valentina Marzia Rossi, Sergio G. Longhitano, Cornel Olariu, and Francesco L. Chiocci https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2022-159 Full Access3 February 2022 The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia Dan V. Palcu and Wout Krijgsman https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-73 Full Access20 January 2022 The opening and closure of oceanic seaways during the Cenozoic: pacemaker of global climate change? André Bahr, Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr, and Cyrus Karas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-54 Open Access7 December 2022 A shallow-water dunefield in a microtidal, wind-dominated strait (Stintino, NW Sardinia, Italy) S. Andreucci, A. Santonastaso, M. De Luca, S. Cappucci, A. Cucco, G. Quattrocchi, and V. Pascucci https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-188 Full Access17 October 2022 Bedforms of Bonifacio Strait (Western Mediterranean): hydrodynamics, coastal outline, supply and sediment distribution Giacomo Deiana, Valentino Demurtas, and Paolo Emanuele Orrù https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2022-10 Full Access20 January 2022 Morphology and Late Pleistocene–Holocene sedimentation of the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus): a review M. Namık Çağatay, K. Kadir Eriş, and Zeynep Erdem https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-48 Full Access27 January 2022 Large- and medium-scale morphosedimentary features of the Messina Strait: insights into bottom-current-controlled sedimentation and interaction with downslope processes E. Martorelli, D. Casalbore, F. Falcini, A. Bosman, F. G. Falese, and F. L. Chiocci https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-77 Full Access8 December 2022 Grain-size analysis of the Late Pleistocene sediments in the Corinth Rift: insights into strait-influenced hydrodynamics and provenance of an active rift basin Wenjun Kang, Shunli Li, Robert L. Gawthorpe, Mary Ford, Richard E. Ll. Collier, Xinghe Yu, Liliane Janikian, Casey W. Nixon, Romain Hemelsdaël, Spyros Sergiou, Jack Gillespie,... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2022-166 Full Access26 April 2022 Stratigraphic architecture, sedimentology and structure of the Middle Pleistocene Corinth Canal (Greece) Basile Caterina, Romain Rubi, and Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-143 Full Access18 May 2022 Channel, dune and sand sheet architectures of a strait-adjacent delta, Rifian Corridor, Morocco Daan Beelen, Lesli Joy Wood, Mohamed Najib Zaghloul, Sebastian Cardona, and Michiel Arts https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-49 Open Access11 October 2022 A new interpretation for the Pliensbachian Cook Formation (northern North Sea) as north–south-prograding tidal deltas and shelf ridges in the Early Jurassic Seaway: new model of linkage to the Norwegian Sea Atle Folkestad and Ronald J. Steel https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-75 Full Access17 January 2022 Early Pliocene marine transgression into the lower Colorado River valley, southwestern USA, by re-flooding of a former tidal strait Rebecca J. Dorsey, Juan Carlos Braga, Kevin Gardner, Kristin McDougall, and Brennan O'Connell https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-57 Full Access20 May 2022 Palaeostrait tectonosedimentary facies during late Cenozoic microplate rifting and dispersal in the western Mediterranean William Cavazza and Sergio G. Longhitano https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-95 Full Access8 March 2022 Sedimentary dynamics and topographic controls on the tidal-dominated Zagra Strait, Early Tortonian, Betic Cordillera, Spain Ángel Puga-Bernabéu, Juan Carlos Braga, Julio Aguirre, and José Manuel Martín https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-85 Full Access26 January 2022 Tectonic control on the palaeogeographical evolution of the Miocene Seaway along the Western Alpine foreland basin Amir Kalifi, Philippe Sorrel, Philippe-Hervé Leloup, Albert Galy, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Séverine Russo, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2021-78 Full Access28 November 2022 Facies partitioning of fluvial, wave, and tidal influences across the shoreline-to-shelf architecture in the Western Interior Campanian Seaway, USA Keith P. Minor, Anton Wroblewski, Ronald J. Steel, Cornel Olariu, and Jeff P. Crabaugh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP523-2022-11

Note: Title description Full Access10 June 2023 About this title - The Green Stone Age: Exploration and Exploitation of Minerals for Green Technologies M. Smelror, K. Hanghøj, and H. Schiellerup https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526 Introduction Open Access5 May 2023 Entering the Green Stone Age – introduction Morten Smelror, Karen Hanghøj, and Henrik Schiellerup https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-312 The path to zero: how geology is part of the solution Open Access25 May 2022 Minerals for future technologies: how Germany copes with challenges Ralph Watzel https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-12 Open Access15 July 2022 Public geoscience solutions for diversifying Canada's critical mineral production Michael G. Gadd, Christopher J. M. Lawley, Louise Corriveau, Michel Houlé, Jan M. Peter, Alain Plouffe, Eric Potter, Anne-Aurélie Sappin, Jean-Luc Pilote, Geneviève Marquis, and Daniel Lebel https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2021-190 Open Access30 January 2023 European mineral intelligence – collecting, harmonizing and sharing data on European raw materials Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen, Antje Wittenberg, Eimear Deady, Špela Kumelj, and Jørgen Tulstrup https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-179 Full Access2 March 2023 Afghanistan's mineral fortune: prospects for fuelling a green transition? Thomas N. Hale and Saleem H. Ali https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-46 Open Access2 March 2023 Critical metals and minerals in the Nordic countries of Europe: diversity of mineralization and green energy potential Erik Jonsson, Tuomo Törmänen, Jakob Kløve Keiding, Terje Bjerkgård, Pasi Eilu, Jussi Pokki, Håvard Gautneb, Helge Reginiussen, Diogo Rosa, Martiya Sadeghi,... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-55 Full Access27 January 2023 Critical and energy transition minerals in Argentina: mineral potential and challenges for strengthening public institutions Diego I. Murguía and Ana Elizabeth Bastida https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-172 Open Access17 April 2023 Digging our way to a Just Transition Eoin McGrath, Eoin O'Donnell, and Koen Torremans https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-201 Exploration for critical minerals Open Access4 July 2022 New models to aid the discovery of critical raw material deposits for the Green Stone Age Anna Bidgood and Murray Hitzman https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-79 Open Access27 May 2022 GREENPEG – exploration for pegmatite minerals to feed the energy transition: first steps towards the Green Stone Age Axel Müller, Wolfgang Reimer, Frances Wall, Ben Williamson, Julian Menuge, Marco Brönner, Claudia Haase, Klaus Brauch, Claudia Pohl, Alexandre Lima, Ana Teodoro,... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2021-189 Full Access19 May 2022 The potential for REEs in igneous-related apatite deposits in Europe Sophie Decrée, Nolwenn Coint, Vinciane Debaille, Graham Hagen-Peter, Thierry Leduc, and Henrik Schiellerup https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2021-175 Open Access20 May 2022 A step towards meeting battery raw material demand: the geology and exploration of graphite deposits, examples from northern Norway Håvard Gautneb, Jan Steinar Rønning, and Bjørn Eskil Larsen https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2021-180 Full Access16 May 2022 Exploration and mining perspectives of the critical elements for green technologies in Ukraine Volodymyr A. Mykhailov, Oleksandr V. Hrinchenko, and Boris I. Malyuk https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2021-133 Exploration frontiers: seabed mineral deposits Full Access27 January 2023 MINDeSEA: exploring seabed mineral deposits in European seas, metallogeny and geological potential for strategic and critical raw materials Francisco J. González, Teresa Medialdea, Henrik Schiellerup, Irene Zananiri, Pedro Ferreira, Luis Somoza, Xavier Monteys, Trevor Alcorn, Egidio Marino, Ana B. Lobato,... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-150 Full Access18 July 2022 Marine minerals’ role in future holistic mineral resource management Steinar Løve Ellefmo, Nicole Aberle, Verena Hagspiel, Mats Ingulstad, and Kurt Aasly https://doi.org/10.1144/SP526-2022-30

Note: Title description Full Access10 May 2023 About this title - A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1 D. A. T. Harper, B. Lefebvre, I. G. Percival, and T. Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532 Introduction Full Access10 March 2023 The Ordovician System: Key concepts, events and its distribution across Europe David A. T. Harper, Bertrand Lefebvre, Ian G. Percival, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2023-8 Conceptualizing the Ordovician Period Open Access24 January 2023 A short history of the Ordovician System: from overlapping unit stratotypes to global stratotype sections and points David A. T. Harper, Tõnu Meidla, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-285 Open Access15 December 2022 Ordovician biostratigraphy: index fossils, biozones and correlation Daniel Goldman, Stephen A. Leslie, Yan Liang, and Stig M. Bergström https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-49 Open Access9 January 2023 Ordovician cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology Matthias Sinnesael https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-31 Full Access3 March 2023 Ordovician tephra distribution, tephrochronology and geochronology Patrick I. McLaughlin, Leon Normore, Bryan K. Sell, and Jahandar Ramezani https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-267 Full Access28 February 2023 Ordovician plate tectonic and palaeogeographical maps Christopher R. Scotese https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-311 Full Access10 March 2023 Changing palaeobiogeography during the Ordovician Period Thomas Servais, David A. T. Harper, Björn Kröger, Christopher Scotese, Alycia L. Stigall, and Yong-Yi Zhen https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-168 Full Access20 January 2023 Seawater signatures of Ordovician climate and environment Seth A. Young, Cole T. Edwards, Leho Ainsaar, Anders Lindskog, and Matthew R. Saltzman https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-258 Full Access15 December 2022 The Ordovician ocean circulation: a modern synthesis based on data and models Alexandre Pohl, Elise Nardin, Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke, and Yannick Donnadieu https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-1 Open Access10 November 2022 Terrestrialization in the Ordovician Charles H. Wellman, Borja Cascales-Miñana, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-92 The Ordovician System in Europe Open Access8 February 2023 A synopsis of the Ordovician System in its birthplace – Britain and Ireland Stewart G. Molyneux, David A. T. Harper, Mark R. Cooper, Steven Philip Hollis, Robert J. Raine, Adrian W. A. Rushton, M. Paul Smith, Philip Stone, Mark Williams, ... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-235 Open Access18 January 2023 The Ordovician of Scandinavia: a revised regional stage classification Arne Thorshøj Nielsen, Per Ahlberg, Jan Ove R. Ebbestad, Øyvind Hammer, David Alexander Taylor Harper, Anders Lindskog, Christian Mac Ørum Rasmussen, and Svend Stouge https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-157 Open Access18 November 2022 Ordovician of the Eastern Baltic palaeobasin and the Tornquist Sea margin of Baltica Tõnu Meidla, Leho Ainsaar, Olle Hints, and Sigitas Radzevičius https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-141 Full Access6 December 2022 Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Record of the Ordovician System in Poland: a Review Wiesław Trela https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-109 Full Access14 February 2023 The Ordovician of France and neighbouring areas of Belgium and Germany Bertrand Lefebvre, J. Javier Álvaro, Josep Maria Casas, Jean-François Ghienne, Alain Herbosch, Alfredo Loi, Eric Monceret, Jacques Verniers, Muriel Vidal, Daniel Vizcaïno, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-268 Full Access24 November 2022 The Ordovician of Sardinia (Italy): from the ‘Sardic Phase’ to the end-Ordovician glaciation, palaeogeography and geodynamic context Alfredo Loi, Fabrizio Cocco, Giacomo Oggiano, Antonio Funedda, Muriel Vidal, Annalisa Ferretti, Francesco Leone, Sebastiano Barca, Stefano Naitza, Jean-François Ghienne, and Gian Luigi Pillola https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-121 Full Access8 February 2023 Ordovician of the Bohemian Massif Petr Kraft, Ulf Linnemann, Michal Mergl, Jana Bruthansová, Lukáš Laibl, and Gerd Geyer https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-191 Full Access16 January 2023 A global view on the Ordovician stratigraphy of southeastern Europe Annalisa Ferretti, Hans Peter Schönlaub, Valeri Sachanski, Gabriella Bagnoli, Enrico Serpagli, Gian Battista Vai, Slavcho Yanev, Miloš Radonjić, Constantin Balica, Luca Bianchini, ... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-174

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2023 , Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. From GPS tracks to Traffic Regulations 1.2. Motivation for Learning Intersection Traffic Regulations 1.3. Research Gap 1.4. Motivation for Learning Traffic Regulations from GPS Data 1.5. Research Objectives, Challenges and Contributions 1.6. Outline of the Thesis 1.7. Summary 1.8. Acknowledgements 2. Theoretical Background 2.1. Intersections and Intersection Traffic Regulations 2.1.1. Intersections 2.1.2. Intersection Traffic Regulations 2.2. Spatiotemporal Data and Movement Trajectories 2.2.1. The Global Positioning System 2.2.2. Sampling Frequency 2.2.3. The GPS Exchange Format: GPX 2.2.4. Movement Patterns in Spatiotemporal Data 2.2.5. Spatiotemporal Data Mining 2.2.6. Semantic Enrichment of Trajectories 2.2.7. Detecting Stop and Moves: the CB-SMoT Algorithm 2.3. Machine Learning 2.3.1. Machine Learning and Types of Learning 2.3.2. Supervised-Learning: Classification 2.3.3. Unsupervised-Learning: Clustering 2.3.4. Semi-supervised Learning 2.3.5. Active-Learning 2.3.6. Incremental Learning 2.4. Acknowledgements 3. Related Work 3.1. Existing Traffic Regulation Recognition Approaches 3.2. Static Categorization 3.2.1. Map-based Category 3.2.2. Image-based Category 3.3. Dynamic Categorization 3.3.1. Episode-based Category 3.3.2. Speed-profile Category 3.3.3. Movement-summarization Category 3.4. Hybrid-based Categorization 3.5. Discussion 3.6. Knowledge Gap 3.7. Acknowledgements 4. Traffic Regulation Recognition (TRR) from GPS Data 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Datasets 4.2.1. Dataset Requirements and Limitations 4.2.2. Datasets for Testing the Proposed Methods 4.2.3. Groundtruth Map Construction 4.3. Methodology 4.3.1. Detection of Stop and Deceleration Episodes 4.3.2. The Static Approach 4.3.3. The c-Dynamic Approach 4.3.4. The Dynamic Approach 4.3.5. The Hybrid Approach 4.3.6. Implementation and Classification Settings 4.4. Results 4.5. Discussion 4.6. Summary 4.7. Acknowledgements 5. TRR From GPS Data: One-Arm versus All-Arm Models 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Methodology 5.2.1. One-Arm vs. All-Arm Models 5.2.2. The Effect of Sampling Rate 5.2.3. Reduced Models 5.2.4. The Effect of Turning/No-Turning Trajectories 5.2.5. The Effect of Number of Trajectories 5.2.6. Application of Domain Knowledge Rules 5.2.7. Classification Settings 5.3. Results 5.3.1. One-arm vs. All-arm Models 5.3.2. Testing the Effect of Sampling Rate 5.3.3. Reduced Models 5.3.4. Testing the Effect of Turning Trajectories and Examining an Optimal Number of Trajectories 5.3.5. Testing the Effect of the Number of Trajectories on Classification Performance 5.3.6. Misclassification Analysis 5.3.7. Applying Domain Knowledge Rules 5.4. Discussion 5.5. Summary 5.6. Acknowledgements 6. TRR with Sparsely Labeled and Stream Data 6.1. Introduction 6.2. TRR with Clustering 6.3. TRR with Self-Training, Active Learning and Cluster-then-Label 6.3.1. TRR with Self-Training: Using Labeled and Unlabeled Data 6.3.2. TRR with Active Learning 6.3.3. TRR with the Cluster-then-Label Algorithm 6.3.4. Comparison of All Tested Methods 6.4. Learning Transferability: Training on City A and Predicting on City B 6.5. Incremental (Online) Learning 6.6. Summary 7. Conclusions and Outlook 7.1. Research Questions Addressed in this Thesis 7.2. Outlook List of Acronyms Index A. Appendix List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography Curriculum Vitae Acknowledgements , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: 1 Introduction: the geopolitics of the energy transition 1 Daniel Scholten PART I ENERGY GEOPOLITICS AND THE ENERGY TRANSITION 2 Geopolitics, geoeconomics and energy security in an age of transition towards renewables 20 David Criekemans 3 Energy systems – making energy services available 44 Aad Correljé 4 The political history of fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas in global perspective 67 Per Högselius 5 The facts and figures of the energy transition 84 Dolf Gielen and Francisco Boshell 6 US–China rivalry and its impact on the energy transformation: difficult cooperation fraught with dilemmas 107 Jacopo Maria Pepe, Julian Grinschgl, and Kirsten Westphal PART II TWO STEPS FORWARD, ONE STEP BACK: THE GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION 7 Transition to renewable energy and the reshaping of consumer–producer power relations 125 Kamila Pronińska 8 The geopolitics of energy transportation and carriers: from fossil fuels to electricity and hydrogen 141 Karen Smith Stegen, Julia Kusznir, and Cäcilia Riederer 9 Industrial competition – who is winning the renewable energy race? 158 Thomas Sattich and Stella Huang 10 Barrels, booms, and busts: the future of petrostates in a decarbonizing world 183 Thijs Van de Graaf 11 Critical materials – new dependencies and resource curse? 197 Emmanuel Hache, Gondia Sokhna Seck, Fernanda Guedes, and Charlene Barnet 12 Changing energy systems and markets from the ground up – citizens, cooperatives and cities 217 Colin Nolden 13 Exploring the geopolitical impacts of energy justice: an interdisciplinary research agenda 232 Christine Milchram and Morena Skalamera 14 The politics of sustainability: energy efficiency, carbon pricing, and the circular economy 247 Michaël Aklin and Patrick Bayer PART III NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NEW INTERDEPENDENCIES 15 Solar powers – renewables and sustainable development around the world or geostrategic competition? 264 Thomas Sattich, Stephen Agyare, and Oluf Langhelle 16 Wind energy – experiences with onshore and offshore projects 282 Yaroslava Marusyk 17 A new life for old giants: hydropower and geothermal 300 Victor R. Vasquez 18 The potential of biomass 334 Joana Portugal-Pereira, Francielle Carvalho, Régis Rathmann, Alexandre Szklo, Pedro Rochedo, and Roberto Schaeffer 19 Hydrogen as carbon-free energy carrier and commodity 351 Ad van Wijk 20 A new hope for nuclear? 372 Elina Brutschin PART IV RECALIBRATING ENERGY, INDUSTRY, FOREIGN, AND SECURITY POLICY 21 US defense strategy: forging an industrial orientation towards energy security and foreign policy 388 Amy Myers Jaffe 22 The EU’s external energy governance in the age of the energy transition 404 Marco Giuli and Sebastian Oberthür 23 China and the geopolitics of the energy transition 420 Duncan Freeman 24 The India story: ensuring energy access, security, justice, and sustainability for a fifth of humanity 431 Shuva Raha, Nandini Harihar, and Tulika Gupta 25 Energy transition dynamics in Southeast Asia 449 Muhamad Izham Abd Shukor, Nurjuanis Zara Zainuddin, and Noor Miza Razali 26 A renewable power in waiting? Australia’s changing energy geopolitics 468 Christian Downie 27 The global energy transition and Russian structural power: scenarios and strategic options 483 Filippos Proedrou 28 Geopolitical challenges of renewable energy adoption in MENA 498 Emre Hatipoglu, Aisha Al-Sarihi, and Brian Efird 29 Energy transformation and energy challenges in sub-Saharan African countries: a new paradigm for the 21st century? 513 Gondia Sokhna Seck, Emmanuel Hache, Edi Assoumou, and Rebecca Martin 30 Renewable energies in Latin America: resources, public policies, and geopolitics 535 Gonzalo Escribano, Lara Lázaro, and Eva Pardo Index 551

Note: List of figures Acknowledgements Foreword: From Occupy Climate Change! to Confronting Loss and Damage -- David Naguib Pellow 1. Occupy Climate Change: An introduction -- Marco Armiero, Salvatore Paolo De Rosa, and Ethemcan Turhan 2. Hope in something: An earthly tragedy in five acts -- Vanesa Castán Broto 3. Struggles for democratic decarbonization: Lessons from New York City -- Ashley Dawson 4. Disobey, block, organize: The politics and strategies of grassroots climate activism in Malmö and Sweden -- Salvatore Paolo De Rosa 5. Catalyzing transformational action for climate change adaptation: The Ala Wai management plan in Honolulu, U.S.A. -- Valentine Huet 6. Turning urban fragilities into resources for a just climate governance -- Gilda Berruti and Maria Federica Palestino 7. Narratives on Babylon Hill: Exploring the making of a community and its urban forest through oral and environmental history (1985-2015) -- Lise Sedrez and Natasha Augusto Barbosa 8. Repositioning marginal spaces in climate adaptation: Periphery, power and possibility -- Karen Paiva Henrique 9. Immigrant communities in Europe as situated knowledge-holders for postcolonial and feminist urban adaptation to climate health risks -- Panagiota Kotsila 10. Small towns facing big problems: Sustainable development, social choice and the challenge of local-level organizing for the environment Insights from Flagler Beach, U.S.A. -- Chad Boda 11. Practices of resilience: questioning urban adaptation in the Chilean social upsurge -- Cristina Visconti 12. A user manual for just cities? -- Aurash Khawarzad Contributors Index

Note: Contents Foreword Prologue Earth’s Freezer: Introduction to Permafrost Frozen grounds: Permafrost in the Arctic Permafrost in profile: Landscape features Frozen in time: The history of permafrost An icy balance: Arctic permafrost physiography What lies within: Organic carbon in permafrost When ice grows up: Pingo Canadian Landmark Drilling down: Learning the secrets of permafrost Portrait: Annett Bartsch Un/settled: Life on frozen ground Frozen States I: Russian Federation Portrait: Vyacheslav Shadrin Frozen States II: North America Portrait: Jessi Pascal Frozen States III: Nordic region Portrait: Palle Jeremiassen Awakening Giant: Permafrost and Climate Change Warming up, warming down: Increasing ground temperatures The chill is gone: Thickening of the active layer Disappearing act: Declining permafrost extent Microorganisms, macro effects: Permafrost carbon cycle Faster, deeper, stronger I: Speed of thaw in North America Faster, deeper, stronger II: Speed of thaw in Scandinavia and the Russian Federation Crossing the threshold: Future scenarios of carbon release Portrait: Dmitry Streletskiy Moving Grounds: Permafrost Changes Frost and flora: The role of vegetation in permafrost landscapes Fire on ice: Peat, permafrost, and fire State of matter: Water, snow, and permafrost The rivers run through it: Arctic rivers, deltas and hydrology Along the edge of the world: Arctic coastal classification Wear and tear: Erosion of Arctic permafrost coasts Eating into the landscape: Retrogressive thaw slumps Portrait: Angus Alunik Losing ground: Projected rates of Arctic coastal erosion Beneath the waves: Changes in subsea permafrost Arctic Ripples: Impacts of Permafrost Thaw Feeling the heat: Permafrost thaw impacts on infrastructure Risky business I: North American Arctic and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) Risky business II: The Russian Federation and Scandinavian Arctic Terra infirma I: Coastal infrastructure in Yamalo-Nenets Portrait: Susanna Gartler Terra infirma II: Reinforcing runways in Paulatuk Terra infirma III: Keeping cold food cold in Alaska Terra infirma IV: Urban planning in Ilulissat Nothing in isolation: Health and wellness and permafrost Portrait: Gwen Healey Akearok Toxic grounds: Contaminants and environmental health Coming back to life: Reemerging pathogens Frozen assets I: The formal economy Frozen assets II: Traditional and subsistence activities Cultural homeland: Alaas landscapes in Yakutia Holding Tight: Adaptation to Permafrost Thaw Bumpy road ahead: Transportation infrastructure and permafrost Undermined: Mining infrastructure and permafrost Keeping the light on: Energy infrastructure and permafrost No time to waste: Waste management and permafrost Modern history: Preserving Svalbard’s cultural heritage Portrait: Ingrid Rekkavik Going South: Permafrost in Other Areas A planetary perspective: Permafrost outside the Arctic Frozen giants: Permafrost in the mountains The view from the top: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Hindu Kush Himalaya, and Andes Europe’s frozen heart: Permafrost in the Alps The ends of the Earth I: Permafrost in Antarctica The ends of the Earth II: Antarctic Peninsula The ends of the Earth III: Queen Maud Land, Victoria Land, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys Over the Horizon Authors and contributors Acknowledgments Artist spotlight: Olga Borjon-Privé (Oluko) Artist spotlight: Katie Orlinsky Glossary Acronyms References

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction to the Handbook on Critical Political Economy and Public Policy 1 Christoph Scherrer, Ana Garcia and Joscha Wullweber PART I THEORIES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY WITH PUBLIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS 2 Plurality of political economy approaches to the global division of labor 20 Christoph Scherrer 3 The cultural political economy approach to public policy 36 Bob Jessop and Ngai-Ling Sum 4 Institutionalist, regulationist and dependency approaches to transition countries’ economic policies 49 Joachim Becker 5 COVID-19 and the gender dilemma: blind spots in both macroeconomics and feminist economics 65 Brigitte Young 6 Ordoliberalism’s advice for economic policymaking 80 Pavlos Roufos 7 What is neoliberal about new public management? 95 Sahil Jai Dutta, Samuel Knafo and Ian Lovering PART II METHODS 8 Historical-materialist policy analysis of climate change policies 110 Etienne Schneider, Alina Brad, Ulrich Brand, Mathias Krams and Valerie Lenikus 9 Beyond methodological Fordism: the case for incorporated comparisons 127 Alexander Gallas PART III ENVIRONMENT 10 Land grabbing, financialization and dispossession in the 21st century: new and old forms of land control in Latin America 144 Karina Kato and Sergio Leite 11 Extractive economies and public policies: critical perspectives from Latin America 159 Bruno Milanez and Ana Garcia 12 Ecological perspectives on sustainability in China 176 Lau Kin Chi 13 Looking south: megaprojects, borders and (in)mobilities 186 Ana Esther Ceceña and Sergio Prieto Díaz PART IV FINANCE 14 Challenges for monetary policies in the 21st century: financial crises and shadow banking 204 Joscha Wullweber 15 Governance of the eurozone in the face of transnational crises dynamics 219 Hans-Jürgen Bieling 16 Chinese capitalism and the global economic order: the impact of China’s rise on global economic regulation 232 Jenny Simon 17 Taming dollarization hysteresis: evidence from post-socialist countries 247 Ia Eradze PART V LABOUR 18 Global exploitation chains in agriculture 262 Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros 19 The development of labor policies in China: from passive revolution to eroding hegemony 279 Elaine Sio-ieng Hui 20 The political economy of minimum wage policies 293 Hansjörg Herr 21 Just transitions: a historical relations analysis 310 Dimitris Stevis PART VI TAXATION 22 Critical political economy of taxation 327 Hanna Lierse 23 Global tax governance 341 Matti Ylönen and Lauri Finér 24 Globalization, international tax policy and the OECD 356 Lyne Latulippe PART VII TRADE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 25 Postcolonial critique of economic development 374 Aram Ziai 26 Economic cycles and rural policies in the People’s Republic of China 387 Sit Tsui, Yan Xiaohui, He Zhixiong and Wen Tiejun 27 Trade and investment agreements from a critical international political economy perspective 402 Luciana Ghiotto 28 South Africa’s failed privatization, commercialization and deregulation of network infrastructure 413 Greg Ruiters and Patrick Bond PART VIII WELFARE 29 Care in global value chains 430 Christa Wichterich 30 The cultural political economy of housing policy in the era of the Islamist Justice and Development Party in Turkey 446 Ismail Doga Karatepe 31 The financialization of social policy: an overview 461 Lena Lavinas, Lucas Bressan, Pedro Rubin and Ana Carolina Cordilha 32 The political economy of global health and public policies 476 Jameson Martins and Deisy de Freitas Lima Ventura Index

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction: inequality and the environment 1 Michael A. Long, Michael J. Lynch, and Paul B. Stretesky PART I THEORETICAL TRADITIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 2 Treadmill of production 11 Amalia Leguizamón 3 Substantive inequality and the alienated metabolism of the capital system 28 Brett Clark, John Bellamy Foster, and Daniel Auerbach 4 Ecologically unequal exchange 44 Kelly F. Austin 5 Social inequalities, environmental crises, and the STIRPAT model 59 Patrick Trent Greiner, Julius Alexander McGee, and Richard York 6 Environmental justice 71 David N. Pellow 7 Money, value, and entropy 86 Alf Hornborg PART II RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 8 Greenwashed relations of genocide 103 Martin Crook and Damien Short 9 Environmental inequality and rights of nature among Indigenous Peoples in North America 125 Julie Schweitzer, Olivia M. Fleming, and Tamara L. Mix 10 Nonhuman Animal rights 147 Corey L. Wrenn PART III RACE/ETHNICITY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 11 Race and environmental inequality 162 Md Belal Hossain 12 Environmental inequality in West Africa 181 Jessie K. Luna and Gabin Korbeogo 13 Energy development and sociocultural inequality among First Nation Peoples 200 Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie PART IV GENDER AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 14 Gender and environmental inequality 225 Laura A. McKinney and Devin Wright 15 Gender and nonhuman animals 243 Amy Fitzgerald and Nik Taylor 16 Gender, large-scale resource extraction, and environmental inequality in Latin America 262 Inge A.M. Boudewijn and Katy Jenkins PART V THE ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 17 Organizational political economy, corporate power, and the great acceleration of environmental pollution in the United States 285 Harland Prechel 18 Inequality, emissions, and human well-being 305 Jennifer E. Givens, Orla M. Kelly, and Andrew K. Jorgenson 19 Working time, inequality, and sustainability 322 Jared B. Fitzgerald and Juliet Schor PART VI THE STATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 20 Democracy and environmental inequality 343 Liam Downey and Brigid Mark 21 Environmental criminal enforcement and environmental justice in the United States 362 Joshua Ozymy and Melissa Jarrell Ozymy 22 Non-criminal enforcement and environmental inequality in the United States 380 Tara O’Connor Shelley and Anne E. Egelston 23 Incarceration and environmental inequality 402 Maggie Leόn-Corwin, Jericho R. McElroy, and Michelle L. Estes 24 Grassland conservation and environmental inequality in Inner Mongolia, China 425 KuoRay Mao, Qian Zhang, and Micaela Truslove PART VII CLIMATE AND INEQUALITY 25 Climate change governance, environment, and inequality in Latin America 446 Ruth E. McKie 26 Social theory and climate change in the interregnum 460 Robert J. Antonio 27 Hurricanes, floods, and environmental inequality 486 Jayajit Chakraborty, Timothy W. Collins, Aaron B. Flores, and Sara E. Grineski PART VIII NATURAL RESOURCES AND INEQUALITY 28 Coal and environmental inequality 502 Ryan Wishart and Pierce Greenberg 29 Hydraulic fracturing and environmental inequality 527 Stephanie A. Malin, Adam Mayer, and Shawn Hazboun 30 Uranium mining, environmental inequality, and Native American health 551 Averi R. Fegadel PART IX FOOD INSECURITY, INJUSTICE, AND INEQUALITY 31 Food insecurity, inequality, and the environment 570 Stephen J. Scanlan 32 Food insecurity and inequality among young people in the United States 597 Lara Gonçalves Index

Note: About this title - Quaternary Geoarchaeology of India N. Tiwari, V. Singh, and S. B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515 Introduction Full Access22 December 2022 An introduction to Quaternary geoarchaeology of India Nupur Tiwari, Vivek Singh, and Shashi B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-218 Landscape geoarchaeology Full Access16 July 2021 Acheulian artefacts and tephra from Upland Western Maharashtra (Deccan Volcanic Province), Peninsular India Sushama G. Deo, Andre Baptista, and Sharad N. Rajaguru https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-208 Spatial distribution of Palaeolithic sites in relation to raw material sources in the central Narmada Valley, India Full Access26 May 2021 Vivek Singh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-199 Absence does not mean absence: modern-day land use and the visibility of the archaeological record (the Kibbanahalli Palaeolithic Complex, southern India) Full Access26 May 2021 Akash Srinivas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-76 Doma: a new multi-technological lithic occurrence in the Lower Son Valley (north-central India) and its regional context Full Access18 June 2021 Shashi B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-205 Palaeolithic assemblages associated with Youngest Toba Tuff deposits from the upper Gundlakamma River basin, Andhra Pradesh, India Full Access20 January 2022 Devara Anil, Ajithprasad Pottentavida, and Vrushab Mahesh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-187 Late Pleistocene microlithic industries in the Ayodhya Hills, Purulia, West Bengal: insights from geoarchaeological exploration Full Access1 July 2021 Bishnupriya Basak, Sujit Dasgupta, and Ashis K. Paul https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-181 Understanding geo-archaeology in Trans-Himalaya: a case study based on lithic assemblages from Dzamathang, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India Full Access30 November 2021 Ekta Singh, Raman Patel, and Rakesh Chandra Bhatt https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-108 New evidence of Neolithic industries from the West Garo Hills, northeastern India Full Access28 November 2022 Tosabanta Padhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-203 Applications in geoarchaeology Full Access20 December 2022 New field observations on the Quaternary geology and vertebrate palaeontological occurrences in the Narsinghpur region of Narmada valley (central India) Ravish Lal, Tosabanta Padhan, Bharti Jangra, Parth R. Chauhan, Shivam Sahu, and Rajeev Patnaik https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-243 Prehistoric landscapes, humans and ostriches: highlighting geoarchaeological issues in the Tapi Basin of Maharashtra (west-central India) – a multidisciplinary approach Full Access11 October 2021 Prabhin Sukumaran, Hong-Chun Li, Jih-Pai Lin, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-206 Microlithic occurrences associated with sediments dated to terminal Pleistocene–Late Holocene in the central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India Full Access9 November 2022 Nupur Tiwari, P. Morthekai, K. Krishnan, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-153 Late Holocene climate variability and its impact on cultural dynamics in central India Full Access22 August 2022 Diptimayee Behera, Praveen K. Mishra, Pandurang Sabale, Sharmila Bhattacharya, and Ambili Anoop https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-220 New insights into the geological evolution of palaeorivers and their relationship to the Indus Civilization and Early Historic settlements on the plains of Haryana, NW India Full Access4 November 2021 Apurva Alok, N. C. Pant, Kaushik Das, Y. Tsutsumi, C. A. Petrie, Pankaj Kumar, Sundeep Chopra, H. S. Saini, and Abul Amir Khan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-161 Reviews Chrono-contextual issues at open-air Pleistocene vertebrate fossil sites of central and peninsular India and implications for Indian palaeoanthropology Full Access23 September 2022 Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2021-29 Interrelation between Palaeolithic and faunal remains in the central Narmada Valley, India Full Access27 September 2022 Bharti Jangra and Vivek Singh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-105 Scratching the surface(s): examining the complexity of geological contexts for the Palaeolithic of the Sonar Basin, Madhya Pradesh Full Access9 March 2022 Yezad Pardiwalla https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-234 A review of Palaeolithic sites associated with gravel deposits in India Full Access22 April 2022 Anubhav Preet Kaur https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-196 Human–environment interactions during the mid-late Holocene and the Anthropocene – lessons from NW Indian plains and Bengal Delta Full Access26 October 2021 Yama Dixit and Sravani Biswas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-122 Geoarchaeology in India in the 21st Century: an Outsider's Perspective Full Access3 June 2021 Robin Dennell https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-202 Retraction Late Quaternary sediments dated to between 12.5 and 2.3 ka and associated microlithic occurrences in the central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India Full Access14 July 2021 Nupur Tiwari, P. Morthekai, K. Krishnan, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-216

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung 1 General introduction 1.1 A changing world 1.1.1 Global changes of anthropogenic origin 1.1.2 Amplified crisis in the high latitudes 1.2 The past is the key to the future 1.2.1 The Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages 1.2.2 The Beringia study case 1.3 Investigating past biodiversity 1.3.1 Traditional tools 1.3.2 Newest sedaDNA proxies 1.4 Motivation and aims of the thesis 1.5 Structure of the thesis 1.6 Author’s contributions 2 Manuscript I 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Geographical settings 2.3.2 Fieldwork and subsampling 2.3.3 Core splicing and dating 2.3.4 Sediment-geochemical analyses 2.3.5 Pollen analysis 2.3.6 Molecular genetic preparation 2.3.7 Processing of sedaDNA data 2.3.8 Statistical analysis and visualization 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Age model 2.4.2 Sediment-geochemical core composition 2.4.3 Pollen stratigraphy 2.4.4 sedaDNA composition 2.4.5 Comparison between pollen and sedaDNA 2.4.6 Taxa richness investigation 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Proxy validation 2.5.2 Vegetation compositional changes in response to climate inferred from pollen and sedaDNA records 2.5.3 The steppe-tundra of the Late Pleistocene 2.5.4 The disrupted Pleistocene-Holocene transition 2.5.5 The boreal forest of the Holocene 2.5.6 Changes in vegetation richness through the Pleistocene/Holocene transition inferred from the sedaDNA record 2.6 Conclusion Data availability statement Funding References 3 Manuscript II 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Material and Method 3.3.1 Site description and timeframe 3.3.2 Sampling, DNA extraction and PCR 3.3.3 Filtering and cleaning dataset 3.3.4 Identification of taxa – species signal 3.3.5 Resampling 3.3.6 Assessment of the species pool stability 3.3.7 Quantification of extinct and extirpated taxa 3.3.8 Characterisation of species and candidate species 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Changes in the composition and species pool at the Pleistocene - Holocene transition 3.4.2 Decrease in the regional plant species richness between the Pleistocene and the Holocene 3.4.3 Identification of loss taxa events 3.4.4 Characterisation of lost taxa 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Biotic and abiotic changes in the ecosystem - a cocktail for extinction 3.5.2 Identification and quantification of potential plant taxa loss 3.5.3 Characterisation of potential taxa loss 3.5.4 Limits of the method 3.5.5 Conclusions and perspectives Funding References 4 Manuscript III 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Material & Methods 4.3.1 Fieldwork and subsampling 4.3.2 Chronology 4.3.3 Pollen analysis 4.3.4 Isolation of sedimentary ancient DNA 4.3.5 Metabarcoding approach 4.3.6 Shotgun approach 4.3.7 Bioinformatic processing 4.4 Results 4.4.1 General results of the three approaches: pollen, metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing 4.4.2 Plants (Viridiplantae) 4.4.3 Fungi 4.4.4 Mammals (Mammalia) 4.4.5 Birds (Aves) 4.4.6 Insects (Insecta) 4.4.7 Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea) and Viruses 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Interglacial communities 4.5.2 Glacial communities 4.5.3 Potential and limitations of the sedaDNA shotgun approach applied to ancient permafrost sediments 4.6 Conclusions Data availability statement Funding References 5 Synthesis 5.1 Ecological changes between glacial and interglacial stages 5.1.1 Changes in the compositional structure 5.1.2 Loss of plant diversity 5.1.3 Potential drivers of change 5.2 High potential of sedaDNA for past biodiversity reconstruction 5.3 Conclusions and future perspectives Bibliography Appendices Appendix 1: Supplementary material for Manuscript I Appendix 2: Supplementary material for Manuscript II Appendix 3: Supplementary material for Manuscript III Appendix 4: Manuscript IV Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Challenging the "rules of the game" : the role of bottom-up participatory experiments for deliberative democracy / Dannica Fleuss -- Innovations in participatory governance and the (de)commodification of social wellbeing / Nick Vlahos -- Can local participation disrupt neoliberalism? The politics and ethics of caring for democracy / Markus Holdo -- The democratic multiverse : governance, associations and the prospects for progressive democratic renewal / Hendrik Wagenaar -- Towards participatory transition governance : the role of social movements as "collaborators" for democratic innovation / Paola Pierri -- "Be like water" : participatory arts, prefigurative social movements and democratic renewal / Lucy Cathcart Frödén -- Whose and what right to the city? Insights from Lisbon / Roberto Falanga -- De-polarizing civic participation? Lessons from the incomplete experience of Greenland / Giovanni Allegretti -- Collective candidacies and mandates in Brazil : challenges and pitfalls of a gambiarra / Ricardo F. Mendonça, Lucas de O. Gelape and Carlos Estevão C. Cruz -- Democracy-driven governance and governance-driven democratization in Barcelona and Nantes / Adrian Bua, Sonia Bussu and Jonathan Davies -- Expanding participatory governance through digital platforms? Drivers and obstacles in the implementation of the decidim platform / Joan Balcells, Rosa Borge and Albert Padró-Solanet -- The embeddedness of public-common institutions : the citizen assets programme in Barcelona / Marina Pera, Iolanda Bianchi and Yunailis Salazar -- How can democracy-driven governance turn into techno-populism? Arguing on the case of Ahora Madrid / Fabiola Mota Consejero and Cristina Herranz -- Surfing disappointment : the uneasy inclusion of social movement activists in local participatory institutions. A case-study in Madrid (2015-2019) / Patricia García-Espín -- Institutionalising participation from below : from the shack to municipal elections in Commercy, France / Sixtine Van Outryve -- Concluding remarks : towards the messy middle. The next generation of democracy-driven governance research / Gianpaolo Baiocchi.

Note: Introduction : a broadened understanding of global environmental negotiations / Hannah Hughes and Alice B. M. Vadro -- Starting : practical and ethical considerations / Alice B. M. Vadrot and Hannah Hughes -- Frameworks : developing and working with analytical frameworks / Michele Betsill and Naghmeh Nasiritousi -- Concepts : selecting, applying and innovating concepts / Hannah Hughes and Alice B. M. Vadrot -- Stakes : conducting relational research with Indigenous peoples / Marcela Vecchione-Gonçalves with Hannah Hughes -- Negotiations : navigating global environmental conferences / Tracy Bach and Beth Martin -- Beyond negotiations : studying side events, exhibition booths, and other neglected conference spaces / Jennifer Bansard -- Texts : collecting and analyzing event documents / Jennifer Iris Allan and Pamela Chasek -- Interviews : conducting and using interviews on and at negotiations / Yulia Yamineva -- Ethnography : from method to methodology at plural sites of agreement-making / Kimberly R. Marion Suiseeya and Laura Zanotti -- Collaboration : working together across time and space / Noella J. Gray, Catherine Corson, Lisa M. Campbell, Peter R. Wilshusen, Rebecca L. Gruby, and Shannon Hagerman -- Networks : collecting data for social network analysis / Matthew Paterson -- Experiences : reflecting and comparing research on negotiations / Arne Langlet, Timo Leiter, Ina Tessnow -Von Wysocki, and Harriet Thew -- Adapting : responding to unforeseen research circumstances / Alice B. M. Vadrot -- Conclusions : reflecting on the future (study) of global environmental agreement-making / Alice B. M. Vadrot and Hannah Hughes.

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2023 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Contributions and Scientific Goals of this Thesis 1.3 Thesis Outline 2 Basics 2.1 Machine Learning for Pixel-Wise Classification 2.2 Deep Neural Networks 2.2.1 Neuron and Multilayer Perceptron 2.2.2 Supervised Training of Neural Networks 2.2.2.1 Optimisation Strategies 2.2.3 Improving Model Generalization 2.2.4 Adversarial Training 2.3 Convolutional Neural Networks 2.3.1 Convolutional Layers 2.3.2 Pooling Layer 2.3.3 Batch Normalisation Layer 2.3.4 Activation Functions in CNNs 2.3.5 Parameter Initialisation 2.3.6 CNN Architectures 2.3.6.1 Residual Networks 2.3.6.2 Xception Network 2.4 Fully Convolutional Networks 2.4.1 Upsampling Layer and Transposed Convolutional Layer 2.4.2 Skip Connections 2.5 Appearance Adaptation 2.6 Transfer Learning and Domain Adaptation 2.6.1 Adaptive Batch Normalisation 3 Related Work 3.1 Instance Transfer 3.1.1 Explicit Instance Transfer 3.1.2 Implicit Instance Transfer 3.1.3 Hybrid Instance Transfer 3.1.4 Discussion 3.2 Representation Transfer 3.2.1 Non-adversarial Representation Transfer 3.2.2 Adversarial Representation Transfer 3.2.3 Discussion 3.3 Appearance Adaptation 3.3.1 Target-to-Source Appearance Adaptation 3.3.2 Source-to-Target Appearance Adaptation 3.3.3 Discussion 3.4 Hybrid Approaches 3.4.1 Discussion 3.5 Parameter Selection in Unsupervised Domain Adaptation 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Research Gap 3.6.2 Comparison to Most Similar Works 4 Methodology 4.1 Prerequisites and Assumptions 4.2 Adaptation Overview 4.3 Network Architecture 4.3.1 Classification Network C 4.3.2 Appearance Adaptation Network 4.3.3 Domain Discriminator 4.4 Training 4.4.1 Supervised Source Training 4.4.2 Joint Training for Appearance Adaptation 4.4.2.1 Joint Update of A and C 4.4.2.2 Update of D 4.5 Improving Semantic Consistency 4.5.1 Method 1: Reduction of Variability 4.5.2 Method 2: Auxiliary Generator 4.5.2.1 Architecture of G 4.5.2.2 Modifications of Adversarial Loss Terms 4.6 Entropy-based Parameter Selection 4.7 Adaptive Batch Normalization 4.8 Resolution Adaptation 5 Experimental Setup 5.1 Datasets 5.1.1 Data for Land-cover Classification using Aerial Imagery 5.1.2 Data for Bi-temporal Deforestation Detection using Satellite Imagery 5.2 Evaluation and Quality Metrics 5.3 Goals and Structure of Experiments 5.3.1 Experiment Set E1: Source Training and Na¨ıve Transfer 5.3.2 Experiment Set E2: Proposed Method for UDA 5.3.3 Experiment Set E3: Evaluation of Parameter Selection 5.3.4 Experiment Set E4: Comparison to other Strategies and Methods 5.3.4.1 Experiment Set E4.1: Comparison to other Strategies 5.3.4.2 Experiment set E4.2: Comparison to other Methods 5.3.5 Experiment set E5: Evaluation of UDA for Bi-temporal Deforestation Detection 5.4 Training Details and Hyper-parameters 5.4.1 Source Training 5.4.2 Unsupervised Domain Adaptation 5.4.3 Implementation Details of Baseline Strategies 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Results of Experiment Set E1: Source Training and Na¨ıve Transfer 6.2 Results of Experiment Set E2: Proposed Method for UDA 6.2.1 Evaluation of Appearance Adaptation 6.2.2 Evaluation of Unsupervised Domain Adaptation 6.2.3 Combination of Appearance Adaptation with Adaptive Batch Normalisation 6.2.4 Final Comparison of Variants 6.2.5 Detailed Evaluation of Selected UDA Scenarios 6.3 Results of Experiment Set E3: Evaluation of Parameter Selection 6.4 Results of Experiment Set E4: Comparison to other Strategies and Methods 6.4.1 Experiment set E4.1: Comparison to other Strategies 6.4.2 Experiment Set E4.2: Comparison to other Methods 6.5 Results of Experiment Set E5: Evaluation of UDA for Deforestation Detection 7 Conclusions and Outlook 7.1 Conclusion 7.2 Outlook Bibliography Appendix , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Foreword: Thijs Van de Graaf -- Muse of fire : energy, geopolitics, and decarbonization -- Energy neomercantilism and regenerative alternatives / Majia Nadesan and Jennifer Keahey -- Scientific discourse about energy geopolitics : Changing paradigms or simply adapting to new times? / Cátia Miriam Costa and Ana Teresa Santos -- China's energy geopolitics and the Belt and Road Initiative : The green energy cooperation / Rui Pereira and Carla Fernandes -- The energopower and biopower relations in Russia, China and the EU and their impacts on Russia-China and Russia-EU energy trade before and after the war in Ukraine / Evgeniia (Jen) Sidorova -- The energy transition geopolitical outlook for the European Union : will Russian gas decline? / Javad Keypour -- Governing the energy union : the quest for a secure, low-carbon future for the EU / Susann Handke -- Nord Stream 2 and energy security in Europe : the impact of economic sanctions / Alexandros-Cătălin Bakos -- The COVID-19 pandemic and the energy transition : the geopolitics of energy envisaged by American politics / Fernanda Delgado, João Marques Cardoso, and Victor Gaspar Filho -- Geopolitical implications of the European Union's carbon border adjustment mechanism / Alaz Munzur, Katharina Koch, and Jennifer Winter -- The European Union as a military green player : sustainability and resilience in security and defense actorness / Ana Isabel Xavier -- The energy geopolitics of the European Green Deal : two case studies of international strategic techno-industrial cooperation / Roberto Álvaro-Hermana, Jorge Fernández-Gómez, Macarena Larrea-Basterra, and Jaime Menéndez-Sánchez -- The Chinese energy rush in Pakistan as a regional geopolitical game-changer / Jorge Tavares da Silva -- Transition to low-carbon energy resources in India : issues and challenges / Venkatesh Dutta and Roopinder Oberoi -- The role of Angola and Mozambique in the new global energy trend / Paulo Zagalo -- The implications of energy transitions in Argentina / Gerardo Rabinovich -- Energy issues in EU agreements, between supply security, solidarity, and sustainability, before and after the Russian-Ukrainian conflict : can the EU become a leader in global energy relationships? / Sara Pugliese -- Critical legal insight into the EU's hydrogen strategy / Javad Keypour, Tanel Kerikmäe, and Archil Chochia -- New patterns of resource management for the circular economy : a Chinese-European comparative outlook on the evolution of circular economy law / Gianmatteo Sabatino -- The politics of biodiesel and the structuring of a new market for Brazilian agribusiness / Gabriela Benatti, Antônio Buainain, Marcelo Pereira da Cunha, and Pedro Cavalcante Filho -- Scaling up renewable energy technologies in Bangladesh : prospects and challenges / Dipta Majumder and Ferdous Rahman -- At the forefront of change : the environment and social innovations by Generation Z in Russia / Lisha Fu, Chong Min Fui Nicole, and Fu Faustina Yip -- Conclusion : energy geopolitics : a changing paradigm.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Table of contents ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 1.1.1 ARCTIC GROUND 1.1.2 THE PHENOMENON OF PERMAFROST 1.1.3 ARCTIC NON - PERMAFROST AREAS 1.1.4 HYPOTHESIS 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.3 METHODS 1.3.1 FIELD METHODS AND SAMPLING APPROACH 1.3.2 STUDY AREA SELECTION 1.3.3 LABORATORY METHODS 1.4 THESIS ORGANISATION CHAPTER 2: LARGE HERBIVORES ON PERMAFROST – A PILOT STUDY OF GRAZING IMPACTS ON PERMAFROST SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA 2.1 ABSTRACT 2.2 I NTRODUCTION 2.3 STUDY AREA 2.4 METHODS 2.4.1 FIELD SAMPLING APPROACH 2.4.2 LABORATORY WORK 2.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND EXTERNAL DATA 2.5 RESULTS 2.5.1 VEGETATION ASSESSMENT 2.5.2 SEASONAL THAW DEPTH 2.5.3 CARBON PARAMETERS (TOC, TOC/TN RATIOS , AND Δ13 C RATIOS ) 2.5.4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER CONTENT 2.5.5 STATISTICS AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.6.1 EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON VEGETATION STRUCTURE AND PERMAFROST THAW 2.6.2 CARBON ACCUMULATION UNDER GRAZING IMPACT 2.6.3 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY 2.7 CONCLUSION 2.8 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 2.9 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 2.10 FUNDING 2.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2.12 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS CHAPTER 3: IMPACTS OF REINDEER ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND OF NORTHERN FINLAND: A PILOT STUDY 3.1 ABSTRACT 3.2 I NTRODUCTION 3.3 STUDY AREA 3.4 METHODS 3.4.1 FIELD WORK 3.4.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 3.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS 3.5 RESULTS 3.5.1 CORE DESCRIPTIONS 3.5.2 VEGETATION 3.5.3 CARBON PARAMETERS 3.5.6 COMPARATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 3.6 DISCUSSION 3.6.1 REINDEER IMPACT ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE 3.6.2 REINDEER IMPACT ON VEGETATION 3.6.3 REINDEER IMPACT ON GROUND CHARACTERISTICS 3.6.4 SOC DENSITY AND STOCKS ACROSS THE KUTUHARJU STATION AREA 3.6.5 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY DESIGN 3.6.6 IMPLICATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 3.7 CONCLUSION 3.8 DATA AVAILABILITY 3.9 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION 3.10 COMPETING INTERESTS 3.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3.12 FUNDING TABLE 3-1 TABLE 3-2 TABLE 3-3 CHAPTER 4: LIPID BIOMARKER SCREENING TO TRACE RECENT LARGE HERBIVORE INFLUENCE ON SOIL CARBON IN PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN ARCTIC GROUND 4.1 ABSTRACT 4.2 I NTRODUCTION 4.3 STUDY AREA 4.4 METHODS 4.4.1 SAMPLING APPROACH 4.4.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 4.4.3 LIPID BIOMARKER INDICES 4.4.4 STATISTICS 4.5 RESULTS 4.5.1 TOC 4.5.2 C/N RATIO 4.5.3 STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO 4.5.4 ABSOLUTE N- ALKANE CONCENTRATION 4.5.5 AVERAGE CHAIN LENGTH 4.5.6 CARBON PREFERENCE INDEX 4.5.7 HIGHER - PLANT ALCOHOL INDEX 4.5.8 STATISTICAL RESULTS 4.6 DISCUSSION 4.6.1 EFFECTS OF GRAZING INTENSITY ON BIOMARKER SIGNALS 4.6.2 EFFECTS OF GROUND THERMAL REGIME ON SOIL OM DEGRADATION 4.6.3 I MPACT OF HERBIVORY ON PERMAFROST OM STORAGE 4.7 CONCLUSION 4.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4.9 COMPETING INTERESTS 4.10 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION 4.11 FUNDING 4.12 DATA AVAILABILITY CHAPTER 5: SYNTHESIS 5.1 ECOSYSTEM CHANGES UNDER THE IMPACT OF LARGE HERBIVORES 5.2 GRAZING EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION 5.3 F EASIBILITY OF UTILISING HERBIVORY IN THE ARCTIC 5.4 RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL PLANNING AND USE OF ARCTIC HERBIVORY REFERENCES 93 FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX I ORGANIC CARBON CHARACTERISTICS IN ICE - RICH PERMAFROST IN ALAS AND YEDOMA DEPOSITS , CENTRAL YAKUTIA, SIBERIA APPENDIX II WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HERBIVORE DIVERSITY ON TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS ? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (ABSTRACT) APPENDIX III SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 2: LARGE HERBIVORES ON PERMAFROST – A PILOT STUDY OF GRAZING IMPACTS ON PERMAFROST SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA APPENDIX IV SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 3: IMPACTS OF REINDEER ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND OF NORTHERN FINLAND : A PILOT STUDY APPENDIX V SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 4: A PILOT STUDY OF LIPID BIOMARKERS TO TRACE RECENT LARGE HERBIVORE INFLUENCE ON SOIL CARBON IN PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY ROZEN ARCTIC GROUND APPENDIX VI SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO APPENDIX IV: ORGANIC CARBON CHARACTERISTICS IN ICE - RICH PERMAFROST IN ALAS AND YEDOMA DEPOSITS , CENTRAL YAKUTIA, SIBERIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - DANKSAGUNG

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , Contents 1. Introduction 2. Boundary Layers Types of the Atmosphere 2.1. The Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) 2.2. The Neutral Boundary Layer (NBL) 2.3. The Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) 3. The Closure problem 4. Model description 4.1. Applied model versions 4.2. Governing equations 4.3. Horizontal grid 4.4. Vertical grid 4.5. Lateral boundaries 4.6. Parametrizations 4.6.1. Radiation scheme 4.6.2. Microphysics 4.6.3. Mellor-Yamada scheme 4.6.4. Smagorinsky scheme 4.6.5. Sea ice scheme 4.7. Difference to classical LES Models 5. Experimental Setup 6. MOSAiC Measurements 6.1. ARM Meteorological tower 6.2. Radiosondes 7. Model evaluation for the central Arctic 7.1. Impact of the horizontal resolution 7.1.1. Under cold, light wind conditions 7.1.2. Under stormy conditions 7.2. Impact of the sea-ice scheme 7.3. Impact of the lower boundary conditions 7.4. Impact of the parametrization schemes under cold, light wind conditions 7.4.1. Near-surface variables 7.4.2. Vertical profiles 7.4.3. Surface fluxes 7.4.4. Boundary Layer Height 7.5. Impact of the parametrization schemes under stormy conditions 7.5.1. Near-surface variables 7.5.2. Vertical profiles 7.5.3. Surface fluxes 7.5.4. Boundary Layer height 8. Discussion and Summary Acknowledgements Appendix

Note: Dissertation, Potsdam, Universität Potsdam, 2022 , Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Contents Abbreviations Motivation 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.2 Study region 1.3 Aims and objectives 2 Materials and methods 3.1 Section 4 - Strong shrub expansion in tundra-taiga, tree infilling in taiga and stable tundra in central Chukotka (north-eastern Siberia) between 2000 and 2017 3.2 Section 5 - Recent above-ground biomass changes in central Chukotka (NE Siberia) combining field-sampling and remote sensing 3.3 Section 6 - Future spatially explicit tree above-ground biomass trajectories revealed for a mountainous treeline ecotone using the individual-based model LAVESI 4 Strong shrub expansion in tundra-taiga, tree infilling in taiga and stable tundra in central Chukotka (north-eastern Siberia) between 2000 and 2017 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Field data collection and processing 2.2 Landsat data, pre-processing and spectral indices processing 2.3 Redundancy analysis (RDA) and classification approaches 3 Results 3.1 General characteristics of the vegetation field data 3.2 Relating field data to Landsat spectral indices in the RDA model 3.3 Land-cover classification 3.4 Land-cover change between 2000 and 2017 4 Discussion 4.1 Dataset limitations and optimisation 4.2 Vegetation changes from 2000/2001/2002 to 2016/2017 Conclusions Acknowledgements Data availability statement References Appendix A. Detailed description of Landsat acquisitions Appendix B. MODIS NDVI time series from 2000 to 2018 Appendix C. Landsat Indices values for each analysed vegetation site Appendix D. Fuzzy c-means classification for interpretation of uncertainties for land-cover mapping Appendix E. Validation of land-cover maps Appendix F. K-means classification results Appendix G. Heterogeneity of natural landscapes and mixed pixels of satellite data Appendix H. Distribution of land-cover classes and their changes by study area 5 Recent above-ground biomass changes in central Chukotka (NE Siberia) combining field-sampling and remote sensing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Study region and field surveys 2.2 Above-ground biomass upscaling and change derivation 3 Results 3.1 Vegetation composition and above-ground biomass 3.2 Upscaling above-ground biomass using GAM 3.3 Change of above-ground biomass between 2000 and 2017 in the four focus areas 4 Discussion 4.1 Recent state of above-ground biomass at the field sites 4.2 Recent state of above-ground biomass upscaled for central Chukotka 4.3 Change in above-ground biomass within the investigated 15–16 years in central Chukotka 5 Conclusions Data availability statement Author contributions Competing interests Acknowledgements References Appendix A. Sampling and above-ground biomass (AGB) calculation protocol for field data 6 Future spatially explicit tree above-ground biomass trajectories revealed for a mountainous treeline ecotone using the individual-based model LAVESI Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Study region 2.2 LAVESI model setup, parameterisation, and validation 2.2.4 LAVESI simulation setup for this study 2.2.5 Validation of the model’s performance 3 Results 3.1 Dynamics and spatial distribution changes of tree above-ground-biomass 3.2 Spatial and temporal validation of the contemporary larch AGB 4 Discussion 4.1 Future dynamics of tree AGB at a plot level 4.2 What are the future dynamics of tree AGB at the landscape level? 5 Conclusions Data availability Acknowledgements References Appendix B. Permutation tests for tree presence versus topographical parameters Appendix C. Landsat-based, field, and simulated estimations of larch above-ground biomass (AGB). 7 Synthesis 7.1 What changes in vegetation composition have happened from 2000 to 2017 in central Chukotka? 7.2 How have the above-ground biomass (AGB) distribution and rates changed from 2000 to 2017 in central Chukotka? 7.3 What are the spatial dynamics and rates of tree AGB change in the upcoming centuries in the northern tundra-taiga from 2020 to 3000 CE on the plot level and landscape level? References Acknowledgements

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2021 , Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Goal and Contributions 1.3. Structure of this Thesis 2. Fundamentals 2.1. Classification 2.2. Artificial Neural Network 2.2.1. Perceptron 2.2.2. Multilayer Percptrons 2.2.3. Training 2.2.3.1. Loss Function 2.2.3.2. Gradient Descent Optimization 2.2.3.3. Step Learning Policy 2.3. Convolution Neural Networks 2.3.1. Components 2.3.1.1. Convolution 2.3.1.2. Pooling 2.3.1.3. Batch Normalization 2.3.2. CNN for Image Classification 2.3.3. CNN for Semantic Segmentation 2.3.3.1. Fully Convolution Networks 2.3.3.2. U-Net 2.3.4. Training 2.3.5. Data Augmentation 3. Related Work 3.1. CNN in general 3.1.1. Image Classification 3.1.2. Semantic Segmentation 3.2. Land Cover Classification 3.3. Land Use Classification 3.3.1. Methods not based on CNN 3.3.2. CNN-based Methods 3.4. Discussion 3.4.1. Land Cover Classification 3.4.2. Land Use Classification 4. Methodology 4.1. Overview 4.2. Land Cover Classification 4.2.1. Network Architecture 4.2.2. Network Variants 4.2.2.1. Network without skip-connections 4.2.2.2. Network with elementwise addition skip-connections 4.2.2.3. Network with learnable skip-connections 4.2.3. Training 4.3. Hierarchical Land Use Classification 4.3.1. Polygon Shape Representation 4.3.2. Patch Preparation 4.3.2.1. Tiling 4.3.2.2. Scaling 4.3.2.3. Combination of tiling and scaling 4.3.3. Network Architecture 4.3.3.1. Base Network for Mask Representation: LuNet-lite 4.3.3.2. LuNet-lite with Multi-Task Learning 4.3.3.3. Achieving Consistency with the Class Hierarchy 4.3.3.4. Network Architecture for Implicit Representation 4.3.4. Training 4.3.4.1. LuNet-lite 4.3.4.2. LuNet-lite-MT 4.3.4.3. LuNet-lite-JO and LuNet-lite-BG-JO 4.3.5. Inference at Object Level 5. Datasets and Test Setup 5.1. Datasets 5.1.1. Hameln 5.1.2. Schleswig 5.1.3. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV) 5.1.4. Vaihingen and Potsdam 5.2. Evaluation Metrics 5.3. Experimental Setup 5.3.1. Land Cover Classification 5.3.1.1. Test Setup 5.3.1.2. Overview of all Experiments 5.3.1.3. Prediction Variability of FuseNet-lite 5.3.1.4. Impact of the Hyperparameter Settings 5.3.1.5. Effectiveness of the learnable Skip-Connections 5.3.1.6. Performance of FuseNet-lite 5.3.1.7. Combining Datasets 5.3.2. Land Use Classification 5.3.2.1. Input Configurations 5.3.2.2. Test Setup 5.3.2.3. Overview of all Experiments 5.3.2.4. Prediction Variability of LuNet-lite-JO 5.3.2.5. Impact of the Hyperparameter Settings 5.3.2.6. Impact of Joint Optimization 5.3.2.7. Impact of the Polygon Representation 5.3.2.8. Impact of Land Cover Information 5.3.2.9. Impact of the Patch Generation 5.3.2.10. Evaluation on all Datasets 5.3.2.11. Combining Datasets 6. Experiments 6.1. Evaluation of Land Cover Classification 6.1.1. Prediction Variability of FuseNet-lite 6.1.2. Investigations of the Hyperparameter Settings 6.1.2.1. Base Learning Rate 6.1.2.2. Mini Batch Size 6.1.2.3. The Weight of the Penalty Term in the Focal Loss 6.1.3. Effectiveness of the learnable Skip-Connections 6.1.4. Evaluation on the individual Datasets 6.1.4.1. Hameln, Schleswig and MV 6.1.4.2. Vaihingen and Potsdam 6.1.4.3. Answers to the Questions raised in Section 5.3.1.6 6.1.5. Training on the combined Datasets 6.1.6. Discussion 6.2. Evaluation of Land Use Classification 6.2.1. Prediction Variability of LuNet-lite-JO 6.2.2. Investigations of the Hyperparameter Settings 6.2.2.1. Base Learning Rate 6.2.2.2. Mini Batch Size 6.2.2.3. The Weight of the Penalty Term in the Focal Loss 6.2.3. Impact of Joint Optimization 6.2.4. Impact of the Polygon Representation 6.2.5. Impact of Land Cover Information 6.2.6. Impact of the Patch Generation Approach 6.2.7. Evaluation on all Datasets 6.2.8. Training on combined Datasets 6.2.9. Discussion 7. Conclusion and Outlook 7.1. Conclusion 7.2. Outlook References , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Contents Part I Introduction The Arctic Region and Its Inhabitants / Anastasia Emelyanova A Holistic Approach to One Health in the Arctic / Arleigh Reynolds, Susan Kutz, Tessa Baker Seasonal Animal Migrations and the Arctic: Ecology, Diversity, and Spread of Infectious Agents / Øystein Varpe, Silke Bauer Part II Major Health Threats to Arctic Animals and People Climate Change in Northern Regions / Bob van Oort, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Anouk Brisebois Loss of Untouched Land / Roland Pape Arctic Ecosystems, Wildlife and Man: Threats from Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury / Christian Sonne, Robert James Letcher, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Rune Dietz Oil Spills in the Arctic / Sadie K. Wright, Sarah Allan, Sarah M. Wilkin, Michael Ziccardi Nuclear Radiation / Birgitta Åhman Part III Arctic Zoonoses: Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man Rabies in the Arctic / Karsten Hueffer, Morten Tryland, Svetlana Dresvyanikova Brucellosis in the Arctic and Northern Regions / Xavier Fernandez Aguilar, Ingebjørg H. Nymo, Kimberlee Beckmen, Svetlana Dresvyanikova, Irina Egorova, Susan Kutz Anthrax in the North / Karsten Hueffer, Svetlana Dresvyanikova, Irina Egorova Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis Caused by Echinococcus canadensis and E. multilocularis in the Arctic / Temitope U. Kolapo, Antti Oksanen, Rebecca Davidson, Emily J. Jenkins Toxoplasmosis in Northern Regions / Émilie Bouchard, Pikka Jokelainen, Rajnish Sharma, Heather Fenton, Emily J. Jenkins Trichinella spp. in the North / Rajnish Sharma, Edoardo Pozio, Émilie Bouchard, Emily J. Jenkins Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiosis in the Arctic: Increasing Threats in a Warmer World? / Lucy J. Robertson, John J. Debenham Erysipelas in Arctic and Northern Regions / Fabien Mavrot, O. Alejandro Aleuy, Taya Forde, Susan J. Kutz Tularemia in the Arctic / Cristina M. Hansen, Svetlana Dresvyannikova Orthohantaviruses in the Arctic: Present and Future / Frauke Ecke, Magnus Magnusson, Barbara A. Han, Magnus Evander Zoonotic Marine Helminths: Anisakid Nematodes and Diphyllobothriid Cestodes / Heather Fenton Parapoxvirus Infections in Northern Species and Populations / Morten Tryland Part IV Harvesting the Arctic: Potential Health Threats for Arctic People Hunting with Lead Ammunition: A One Health Perspective / Jon M. Arnemo, Boris Fuchs, Christian Sonne, Sigbjørn Stokke Traditional Conservation Methods and Food Habits in the Arctic / Raphaela Stimmelmayr, Gay Sheffield Part V Working with Arctic Communities Wildlife Health Surveillance in the Arctic / Sylvia L. Checkley, Matilde Tomaselli, Nigel Caulkett Dogs and People: Providing Veterinary Services to Remote Arctic Communities / Tessa Baker, Laurie Meythaler-Mullins, Arleigh Reynolds, Susan Kutz Semi-Domesticated Reindeer, Health, and Animal Welfare / Morten Tryland