ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

Note: Contents Part I Arctic Climate and Greenland 1 Arctic Climate Change, Variability, and Extremes / John E. Walsh 2 Precipitation Characteristics and Changes / Hengchun Ye, Daqing Yang, Ali Behrangi, Svetlana L. Stuefer, Xicai Pan, Eva Mekis, Yonas Dibike, and John E. Walsh 3 Snow Cover - Observations, Processes, Changes, and Impacts on Northern Hydrology / Ross Brown, Philip Marsh, Stephen Déry, and Daqing Yang 4 Evaporation Processes and Changes Over the Northern Regions / Yinsheng Zhang, Ning Ma, Hotaek Park, John E. Walsh, and Ke Zhang 5 Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic Mountain Glaciers / Sebastian H. Mernild, Glen E. Liston, and Daqing Yang Part II Hydrology and Biogeochemistry 6 Regional and Basin Streamflow Regimes and Changes: Climate Impact and Human Effect / Michael Rawlins, Daqing Yang, and Shaoqing Ge 7 Hydrologic Extremes in Arctic Rivers and Regions: Historical Variability and Future Perspectives / Rajesh R. Shrestha, Katrina E. Bennett, Daniel L. Peters, and Daqing Yang 8 Overview of Environmental Flows in Permafrost Regions / Daniel L, Peters, Donald J. Baird, Joseph Culp, Jennifer Lento, Wendy A. Monk, and Rajesh R. Shrestha 9 Yukon River Discharge Response to Seasonal Snow Cover Change / Daqing Yang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Richard Armstrong, Mary J. Brodzik, and David Robinson 10 Arctic River Water Temperatures and Thermal Regimes / Daqing Yang, Hoteak Park, Amber Peterson, and Baozhong Liu 11 Changing Biogeochemical Cycles of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Trace Elements in Arctic Rivers / Jonathan O'Donnell, Thomas Douglas, Amanda Barker, and Laodong Guo 12 Arctic Wetlands and Lakes-Dynamics and Linkages / Kathy L. Young, Laura Brown, and Yonas Dibike 13 River Ice Processes and Changes Across the Northern Regions / Daqing Yang, Hotaek Park, Terry Prowse, Alexander Shiklomanov, and Ellie McLeod Part III Permafrost and Frozen Ground 14 Permafrost Features and Talik Geometry in Hydrologic System / Kenji Yoshikawa and Douglas L. Kane 15 Ground Temperature and Active Layer Regimes and Changes / Lin Zhao, Cangwei Xie, Daqing Yang, and Tingjun Zhang 16 Permafrost Hydrology: Linkages and Feedbacks / Tetsuya Hiyama, Daqing Yang, and Douglas L. Kane 17 Permafrost Hydrogeology / Barret L. Kurylyk and Michelle A. Walvoord Part IV Ecosystem Change and Impact 18 Greenhouse Gases and Energy Fluxes at Permafrost Zone / Masahito Ueyama, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Eugénie Euskirchen, Lutz Merbold, Takeshi Ohta, Takashi Machimura, Donatella Zona, Walter C. Oechel, and Edward A. G. Schuur 19 Spring Phenology of the Boreal Ecosystems / Nicolas Delbart 20 Diagnosing Environmental Controls on Vegetation Greening and Browning Trends Over Alaska and Northwest Canada Using Complementary Satellite Observations / Youngwook Kim, John S. Kimball, Nicholas Parazoo, and Peter Kirchner 21 Boreal Forest and Forest Fires / Yongwon Kim, Hideki Kobayashi, Shin Nagai, Masahito Ueyama, Bang-Yong Lee, and Rikie Suzuki 22 Northern Ecohydrology of Interior Alaska Subarctic / Jessica M. Young-Robertson, W. Robert Bolton, and Ryan Toohey 23 Yukon River Discharge-NDVI Relationship / Weixin Xu and Daqing Yang Part V Cross-System Linkage and Integration 24 River Freshwater Flux to the Arctic Ocean / Alexander Shiklomanov, Stephen Déry, Mikhail Tretiakov, Daqing Yang, Dmitry Magritsky, Alex Georgiadi, and Wenqing Tang 25 River Heat Flux into the Arctic Ocean / Daqing Yang, Shaoqing Ge, Hotaek Park, and Richard L. Lammers 26 Cold Region Hydrologic Models and Applications / Hotaek Park, Yonas Dibike, Fengge Su, and John Xiaogang Shi 27 Regional Climate Modeling in the Northern Regions / Zhenhua Li, Yanping Li, Daqing Yang, and Rajesh R. Shrestha 28 High-Resolution Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Modeling and Projection Over Western Canada, Including Mackenzie Watershed / Yanping Li and Zhenhua Li 29 Responses of Boreal Forest Ecosystems and Permafrost to Climate Change and Disturbances: A Modeling Perspective / Shuhua Yi and Fengming Yuan 30 Future Trajectory of Arctic System Evolution / Kazuyuki Saito, John E. Walsh, Arvid Bring, Ross Brown, Alexander Shiklomanov, and Daqing Yang Correction to: Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems / Daqing Yang, and Douglas L. Kane

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Kapitel 1 Unsere Ozeane – Quelle des Lebens Kapitel Von der Bedeutung und der Endlichkeit der Meere Conclusio: Abschied von der Unendlichkeitsillusion Kapitel 2 Der Ozean im Klimawandel Die fatalen Folgen der Wärme Ein Angriff auf die Artenvielfalt Conclusio: Gradmesser Ozean Kapitel 3 Nahrung aus dem Meer Problemzone Fischerei Wachstumssektor Aquakultur Conclusio: Ein Nahrungslieferant am Limit Kapitel 4 Transporte über das Meer Die Schifffahrt am Scheideweg Conclusio: Eine Schlüsselbranche unter Druck Kapitel 5 Energie und Rohstoffe aus dem Meer Tiefseebergbau: Die Pläne nehmen Gestalt an Energiequelle Meer: Potenzial und Erwartungen Conclusio: Unsere Ozeane: voller Energie Kapitel 6 Die Verschmutzung der Meere Ein Problem gigantischen Ausmaßes Conclusio: Meere voller Müll und Schadstoffe Kapitel 7 Der Wettstreit um die genetische Vielfalt der Meere Wirkstoffe aus dem Meer Conclusio: Der Beginn einer goldenen Ära Kapitel 8 Anspruch und Wirklichkeit des Meeresmanagements Die Rechtsordnung der Ozeane Neue Ansätze des Meeresmanagement Der Ozean: Krisenschauplatz und Teil der Lösung Conclusio: Nachhaltiges Meeresmanagement – eine Herkulesaufgabe Gesamt-Conclusio Glossar Abkürzungen Quellenverzeichnis Mitwirkende Index Partner und Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Zusammenfassung List of figure List of tables List of abbreviation Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Research background 1.1.1 Response of mountain plant diversity to climate change 1.1.2 Response of Arctic vegetation composition and diversity to climate change 1.1.3 Understanding the critical mechanisms of community assembly are essential for sustaining ecosystem services 1.1.4 Pollen analysis as a traditional tool for representing palaeovegetation 1.1.5. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) is a useful tool for Quaternary ecology tracking 1.2 Study area 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.4 Structure of the thesis 1.4.1 Overview of the chapter 1.4.2 Author's contributions 1.4.3 Methods Chapter 2 2 Manuscript 1: Sedimentary ancient DNA reveals warming-induced alpine habitat loss threat to Tibetan Plateau plant diversity 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Results and discussion 2.4 Methods 2.5 Acknowledgements · Chapter 3 3 Manuscript 2: Holocene vegetation and plant diversity changes in the north-eastern Siberian treeline region from pollen and sedimentary ancient DNA 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Lake sediment cores and subsampling 3.3.3 Dating 3.3.4 Pollen analysis 3.3.5 DNA extraction and amplification 3.3.6 Sequencing filtering and taxonomic assignment 3.3.7 Statistical analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Chronology 3.4.2 SedaDNA and pollen assemblages 3.4.3 Gradient analysis and correlation analysis 3.5 Discussion 3 .5.1 Contributions of pollen and sedaDNA to vegetation reconstruction and taxon richness 3.5.2 Variation in Holocene vegetation composition in the Omoloy area, north-eastern Siberia 3.5.3 SedaDNA-based plant diversity changes within lake catchments of the Omoloy region 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 4 Manuscript 3: Vegetation reconstruction from Siberia and Tibetan Plateau using modern analogue technique - comparing sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) and pollen data 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materials and methods 4.3.1 Sites ofthe modern analogues 4.3.2 Sedimentary (ancient) DNA collection 4.3.3 Metabarcoding data processing and filtering 4.3.4 Pollen data collection 4.3.5 Numerical analysis 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Modern training-set, ROC curve analyses and AT results 4.4.2 Modern analogues for Lake Naleng and Omoloy lake II 4.4.3 Vegetation type reconstruction based on MAT 4.4.4 Projecting fossil samples in ordination space of modern assemblages 4.4.5 Comparing past and present intertaxa relationships 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Assessment of analogue quality using modem training-sets 4·5·2 Comparison of sed(a)DNA-based and pollen-based vegetation reconstruction for the Lake Naleng, Tibetan Plateau 4.5.3 Comparison of sedDNA based and pollen-based vegetation reconstruction for the Lake Omoloy, northern Siberia 4.6 Conclusions 4.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 5 5 Manuscript 4: Terrestrial-aquatic ecosystem links on the Tibetan Plateau inferred from sedaDNA shotgun sequencin 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussions 5.5 Methods 5.6 Acknowledgments Chapter 6 6 Synthesis 6.1 The ability of metabarcoding and metagenomic shotgun sequencing to reveal ecological community pattern 6.2 Driver of plant diversity change in high altitude and high latitudes 6.3 High-altitude and high-latitude vegetation type change 6.4 Past terrestrial and aquatic ecological change at ecosystem-scale 6.5 Conclusions and outlook Appendix 1 Appendix-1 Materials for Manuscript #1 1.1 Appendix discussion: Contamination in NTC6 2. Appendix-2 Materials for Manuscript #2 3. Appendix-3 Materials for Manuscript #3 4. Appendix-4 Materials for Manuscript #4 References Eidesstattliche Erklarung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Contents List of abbreviations Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung 1 Scientific background 1.1 Motivation 1.2 The arctic-boreal ecotone in time and space 1.2.1 Terrestrial plants composition and biodiversity 1.2.2. Lake macrophytes and diatoms 1.3 Sedimentary DNA metabarcoding as an ecologicalproxy 1.4 Study area 1.5 Objectives of the thesis 1.6 Methods 1.7 Thesis organizations 1.7.1 Manuscripts and chapters 1.7.2 Non-finalized research 1.7.2 Author contributions 2 Manuscript I: Genetic and morphological diatom composition in surface sediments from glacial and thermokarst lakes in the Siberian Arctic 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and methods 2.3.1 Sampling and collection of environmental data 2.3.2 Diatom genetic assessment 2.3.3 Raw sequence processing and taxonomic assignment 2.3.4 Morphological diatom identification 2.3.5 Statistical analyses 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Genetic-based diatom composition, diversityand diatom-environment relationship 2.4.2 Morphological-based diatom composition, diversity and diatom-environment relationship 2.4.3 Comparison of spatial diatom patterns obtained from the genetic and morphological approaches 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Genetic and morphological diatom composition and diversity 2.5.2 Diatom composition is affected by lake type and lake water parameters 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgments 3 Manuscript II: Plant sedimentary ancient DNA from Far East Russia covering the last 28 ka reveals different assembly rules in cold and warm climates 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Sampling and dating 3.3.3 Genetic laboratory works 3.3.4 Processing the sequence data 3.3.5 Statistical analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Overview of the sequencing data and taxonomic composition 3.4.2 Taxonomic alpha and beta diversity 3.4.3 Phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity 3.4.4 Relationship between taxonomic composition and phylogenetic diversity 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Vegetation history revealed by sedaDNA 3.5.2 Patterns oftaxonomic alpha diversity and their relationship to community composition 3.5.3 Relationship between richness and phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity 4 Manuscript III: Sedimentary DNA identifies modem and past macrophyte diversity and its environmental drivers in high latitude and altitude lakes in Siberia and China 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materialsand Methods 4.3.1 Field sampling of surface and core samples 4.3.2 Environmental data 4.3.3 Molecular genetic laboratory work 4.3.4 Bioinformatic analyses 4.3.5 Statistical analyses 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Macrophyte diversity in surface sediments inferred from sedDNA 4.4.2 Relationship of modem macrophyte richness and environmental variables 4.4.3 The relationship between modem macrophyte community and environmental variables 4.4.4 Past macrophyte richness and composition inferred from sedaDNA 4.4.5 Past macrophyte compositional changes and its environmental drivers 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Retrieval of aquatic plant diversity using the tmL P6 loop plant DNA metabarcode 4.5.2 Modem macrophyte diversity and its relation to environmental factors 4.5.3 Temporal macrophyte diversity as an indicator for past environmental change 4.6 Conclusion 5 Synopsis 5.1 Potential and limitations of sedimentary DNA in the applied study 5.1.1 Sedimentary DNA is a powerful proxy 5.1.2 Limitations in sedimentary DNA 5.2 Spatial patterns of vegetation, macrophytes and diatoms 5.2.1 Composition and diversity of vegetation 5.2.2 Composition and diversity of macrophytes 5.2.3 Composition and diversity of diatoms 5.3 Temporal patterns of vegetation, macrophytes and diatoms 5.3.1 Composition and diversity of vegetation 5.3.2 Composition and diversity of macrophytes 5.3.3 Composition and diversity of diatoms 5.4 Outlooks and conclusions Appendices Appendix 1 for Manuscript I Appendix 2 for Manuscript II Appendix 3 for Manuscript III References

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background and motivation 1.1.1 Permafrost and climate change 1.1.2 Permafrost thaw and disturbances 1.1.3 Abrupt permafrost disturbances 1.1.4 Remote sensing 1.1.5 Remote sensing of permafrost disturbances 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 Study area 1.4 General data and methods 1.4.1 Landsat and Sentinel-2 1.4.2 Google Earth Engine 1.5 Thesis structure 1.6 Overview of publications and authors’ contribution 1.6.1 Chapter 2 - Comparing Spectral Characteristics of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Same-Day Data for Arctic-Boreal Regions 1.6.2 Chapter 3 - Mosaicking Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data to Enhance LandTrendr Time Series Analysis in Northern High Latitude Permafrost Regions 1.6.3 Chapter 4 - Remote Sensing Annual Dynamics of Rapid Permafrost Thaw Disturbances with LandTrendr 2 Comparing Spectral Characteristics of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Same-Day Data for Arctic-Boreal Regions 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Study Sites 2.3.2 Data 2.3.3 Data Processing 2.3.3.1 Filtering Image Collections 2.3.3.2 Creating L8, S2, and Site Masks 2.3.3.3 Preparing Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Images in SNAP 2.3.3.4 Applying Site Masks 2.3.4 Spectral Band Comparison and Adjustment 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Spectral Band Comparison 2.4.2 Spectral Band Adjustment 2.4.3 ES and HLS Spectral Band Adjustment 2.5 Discussion 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Appendix Chapter 2 3 Mosaicking Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data to Enhance LandTrendr Time Series Analysis in Northern High Latitude Permafrost Regions 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Study Sites 3.3.2 Data 3.3.3 Data Processing and Mosaicking Workflow 3.3.4 Data Availability Assessment 3.3.5 Mosaic Coverage and Quality Assessment 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Data Availability Assessment 3.4.2 Mosaic Coverage and Quality Assessment 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusions 4 Remote Sensing Annual Dynamics of Rapid Permafrost Thaw Disturbances with LandTrendr 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study Area and Methods 4.3.1 Study area 4.3.2 General workflow and ground truth data 4.3.3 Data and LandTrendr 4.3.4 Index selection 4.3.5 Temporal Segmentation 4.3.6 Spectral Filtering 4.3.7 Spatial masking and filtering 4.3.8 Machine-learning object filter 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Focus sites 4.4.2 North Siberia 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Mapping of RTS 4.5.2 Spatio-temporal variability of RTS dynamics 4.5.3 LT-LS2 capabilities and limitations 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Appendix 5 Synthesis and Discussion 5.1 Google Earth Engine 5.2 Landsat and Sentinel-2 5.3 Image mosaics and disturbance detection algorithm 5.4 Mapping RTS and their annual temporal dynamics 5.5 Limitations and technical considerations 5.6 Key findings 5.7 Outlook References Acknowledgements

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Mitarbeiter*innen des Beirats Danksagung Kästen Tabellen Abbildungen Akronyme Zusammenfassung 1 Einleitung 2 Land als Schlüssel zur Nachhaltigkeit – ein systemischer Blick 2.1 Landressourcen unter Druck: Nutzungskonkurrenzen, Übernutzung, Degradation 2.1.1 Ausmaß und Trends der Degradation terrestrischer Ökosysteme 2.1.2 Treiber von Landdegradation und Folgen 2.1.3 Land Degradation Neutrality als Ziel internationaler Nachhaltigkeitspolitik 2.2 Das Trilemma der Landnutzung 2.2.1 Die Klimakrise 2.2.2 Die Krise des Ernährungssystems 2.2.3 Die Biodiversitätskrise 2.3 Zukunftsvision für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Land 2.3.1 Ein nachhaltiger Umgang mit Land: systemisch, synergistisch, solidarisch 2.3.2 Die Transformation zu einem nachhaltigen Umgang mit Land gestalten 3 Mehrgewinnstrategien für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Land 3.1 Renaturierung: Landbasierte CO2-Entfernung synergistisch gestalten 3.1.1 CO2-Senken: Ausgangssituation 3.1.1.1 CO2-Entfernung aus der Atmosphäre: Konzept und Definition 3.1.1.2 Landbasierte Ansätze zur CO2-Entfernung: Technologien, Potenziale und Begleitwirkungen 3.1.1.3 Die Rolle von Methoden der CO2-Entfernung in Klimaschutzszenarien 3.1.2 Grundsätze zur nachhaltigen CO2-Entfernung: Unsicherheiten beleuchten, Risiken begrenzen, Mehrgewinne beflügeln 3.1.3 Mehrgewinnstrategie „Renaturierung degradierter terrestrischer Ökosysteme" 3.1.3.1 Renaturierung als Strategie zur Revitalisierung von Ökosystemfunktionen 3.1.3.2 Wiederaufforstung 3.1.3.3 Renaturierung von Graslandökosystemen 3.1.3.4 Renaturierung von Mooren 3.1.3.5 Renaturierung im Fokus internationaler Nachhaltigkeitspolitik 3.1.3.6 Umsetzung von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen 3.1.3.7 Folgerungen zu Renaturierung 3.1.4 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.1.4.1 Handlungsempfehlungen für Maßnahmen zur Entfernung von CO2 3.1.4.2 Handlungsempfehlungen zur Renaturierung degradierter Ökosysteme 3.1.5 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.1.5.1 Forschungsempfehlungen: CO2-Entfernung 3.1.5.2 Forschungsempfehlungen: Renaturierung 3.2 Schutzgebietssysteme ausweiten und aufwerten 3.2.1 Ökosystemschutz: Probleme und Mehrgewinne 3.2.2 Internationale Ziele für den Ökosystemschutz 3.2.3 Die Ausweitung und Aufwertung von Schutzgebietssystemen als Mehrgewinnstrategie 3.2.3.1 Schutzgebietssysteme als Instrumente des Ökosystem- und Biodiversitätsschutzes 3.2.3.2 Mehrgewinne in Schutzgebietssystemen 3.2.3.3 Zielerreichung und künftige Ziele 3.2.3.4 Schutzgebietssysteme unter Druck: Treiber, Handlungsbedarfe, Barrieren und Akteure 3.2.3.5 Fokus indigene Völker und lokale Gemeinschaften: Hüter*innen der Ökosysteme 3.2.3.6 Fokus Landschaft: vernetzte Schutzgebietssysteme in einem integrierten Landschaftsansatz 3.2.3.7 Fokus Finanzierung von Schutzgebietssystemen 3.2.4 Folgerungen 3.2.5 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.2.6 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.3 Landwirtschaftssysteme diversifizieren 3.3.1 Heutige Landwirtschaftssysteme stoßen an die Grenzen 3.3.1.1 Industrielle Landwirtschaft: Beispiel EU 3.3.1.2 Ertragsarme Subsistenzlandwirtschaft und persistierende Ernährungsunsicherheit: Beispiel Subsahara-Afrika 3.3.1.3 Wirkung des internationalen Agrarhandels auf Resilienz gegenüber Krisen und nachhaltige Entwicklung: Die Beispiele EU und Subsahara-Afrika 3.3.2 Mehrgewinnstrategien zur Diversifizierung von Landwirtschaftssystemen 3.3.2.1 Zielbild und Grundsätze 3.3.2.2 Ökologisierung der industriellen Landwirtschaft in der EU 3.3.2.3 Landwirtschaftliche Produktivität in Subsahara-Afrika nachhaltig steigern, Klimaanpassung und Ernährungssicherung erreichen 3.3.2.4 Ausrichtung des Agrarhandels auf Resilienz und Nachhaltigkeit 3.3.2.5 Ökologisierung versus Intensivierung und die Messung der Treibhausgase: Eine Einordnung 3.3.2.6 Komponenten der Mehrgewinnstrategien 3.3.3 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.3.3.1 Handlungsempfehlungen für die Ökologisierung der industriellen Landwirtschaft der EU und die GAP nach 2020 3.3.3.2 Handlungsempfehlungen für Subsahara-Afrika und für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 3.3.3.3 Handlungsempfehlungen zum Handel 3.3.4 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.3.4.1 Forschungsempfehlungen zur EU 3.3.4.2 Forschungsempfehlungen zur Landnutzung in Subsahara-Afrika 3.3.4.3 Forschungsempfehlungen zum Handel. 3.4 Die Transformation der tierproduktlastigen Ernährungsstile in den Industrieländern vorantreiben 3.4.1 Problemstellung: Das globale Ernährungssystem 3.4.1.1 Definition und Entwicklung des Ernährungssystems 3.4.1.2 Auswirkungen des Ernährungssystems 3.4.1.3 Ernährungsstile 3.4.1.4 Treiber für die Missstände im Ernährungssystem 3.4.2 Transformation des Ernährungssystems durch Transformation von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.2.1 Potenziale auf Seiten der Nachfrage 3.4.2.2 Zielbild: Mehrgewinn durch die Transformation tierproduktlastiger Ernährungsstile in den Industrieländern 3.4.3 Eine Frage des Bewusstseins? Von den vielfältigen Bedingungen der Entwicklung und Veränderung von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.3.1 Ernährungsstile und Konzerninteressen global betrachtet 3.4.3.2 Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.3.3 Nahrungsaufnahme als soziale Situation 3.4.3.4 Brüche in der Ernährungsbiografie und Wertewandel im Ernährungsstil 3.4.3.5 Kontext und Ressourcen als mögliche Ansatzpunkte für Veränderung von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.3.6 Fazit: normative nachhaltige Orientierung in der Gemeinschaftsverpflegung als besonderer Transformationsauslöser 3.4.4 Ansatzpunkte zur Stärkung der Transformation von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.4.1 Steuerung mit Spielräumen zur Achtung von Eigenart 3.4.4.2 Transformation durch wahre Preise und nachhaltiges Angebot 3.4.4.3 Vielfältige Nuclei der Transformation 3.4.4.4 Transformationspotenzial durch Stärkung von Wissensressourcen (Siegel und Leitlinien) 3.4.4.5 Transformationsansätze in der Gemeinschaftsverpflegung: Hebung mehrfachen Transformationspotenzials 3.4.5 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.4.5.1 Nachhaltige Ernährung durch mit der Planetary Health Diet konforme Leitlinien konsequent zur Norm erheben 3.4.5.2 Den Trend zu tierproduktarmer Ernährung unterstützen und Ernährungsbiografien nachhaltig prägen 3.4.5.3 Konsument*innen darin unterstützen, nachhaltige Ernährungsstile zu praktizieren 3.4.5.4 „Gesunden Handel“ national und international fördern 3.4.6 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.4.6.1 Transformative Forschung zur Stärkung nachhaltiger Ernährungsstile 3.4.6.2 Bestehende Forschungsprogramme im Ernährungsbereich um nachhaltige Aspekte erweitern 3.5 Bioökonomie verantwortungsvoll gestalten und dabei Holzbau fördern 3.5.1 Probleme und Potenziale der verstärkten Nutzung biologischer Ressourcen 3.5.2 Zielbild und wichtige Handlungsfelder für eine nachhaltige Bioökonomie 3.5.2.1 Zielbild einer nachhaltigen Bioökonomie 3.5.2.2 Wichtige Handlungsfelder für eine nachhaltige Bioökonomie 3.5.3 Mehrgewinnstrategie Holzbau 3.5.3.1 Potenziale des Holzbaus als Ergänzung und Alternative zu konventionellen Bauweisen 3.5.3.2 Bestehende Instrumente zur Förderung des Holzbaus 3.5.4 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.5.4.1 Handlungsempfehlungen für Holzbau 3.5.4.2 Handlungsempfehlungen für Bioökonomie insgesamt 3.5.5 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.5.5.1 Forschungsempfehlungen zum Holzbau 3.5.5.2 Forschungsempfehlungen für Bioökonomie insgesamt 3.6 Zusammenspiel und Umsetzung von Mehrgewinnstrategien 3.6.1 Zusammenspiel zwischen Mehrgewinnstrategien: Beispiele 3.6.2 Umsetzung von Mehrgewinnstrategien im Kontext des integrierten Landschaftsansatzes 4 Transformative Governance für einen solidarischen Umgang mit Land 4.1 Pionier*innen des Wandels: Akteure zur Verantwortungsübernahme ermächtigen 4.1.1 Möglichkeiten und Grenzen eines nachhaltigen solidarischen Konsums 4.1.2 Pionier*innen des Wandels in wirkmächtigen Rollen 4.1.3 Empfehlungen zur Förderung von solidarischem Konsum und von Nischenakteuren in der Landwende 4.2 Gestaltender Staat: Rahmenbedingungen für den solidarischen Umgang mit Land schaffen 4.2.1 Nachhaltiges Verhalten belohnen, Umweltschäden bepreisen: Anreiz- und Preisinstrumente 4.2.2 Nachhaltigkeit einfordern: freiwillige und

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation: Aerosol and cloud relevance to Arctic amplification 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Atmospheric aerosol 1.2.2 Aerosol in the Arctic 1.2.3 Cirrus clouds 1.3 Research questions 2 METHODS 2.1 lidar remote sensing techniqu 2.1.1 Elastic and Raman lidar equations 2.1.2 lidar signal corrections 2.1.3 Derivation of particle optical properties and related uncertainties 2.2 Lidar systems 2.2.1 Ground-based system KARL 2.2.2 Air-borne system AMALi 2.2.3 Space-borne system CALIOP 2.3 Ancillary instrumentation 2.3.1 Radiosondes 2.3.2 Sun-photometers 2.3.3 Radiation sensors 2.4 Modeling tools 2.4.1 Air mass backward trajectories 2.4.2 Aerosol microphysics retrieval algorithm 2.4.3 Radiative transfer model SCIATRAN 2.4.4 Multiple-scattering correction model 2.4.5 Simplified cloud radiative effect model 3 ARCTIC AEROSOL PROPERTIES AND RADIATIVE EFFECT (CASE STUDIES) 3.1 Aerosol in the upper troposphere (Spring) 3.1.1 Overview of aerosol observations and air mass origin 3.1.2 Modification of aerosol optical and microphysical properties 3.1.3 Aerosol radiative effect (ARE) 3.2 Sensitivities of the spring-time Arctic ARE 3.2.1 Sensitivity on aerosol related parameters 3.2.2 Sensitivity on ambient conditions 3.3 Aerosol in the lower troposphere (Winter) 3.3.1 Overview of remote sensing and in-situ measurements 3.3.2 Aerosol properties from the remote sensing perspective: KARL and CALIOP 3.3.3 Aerosol microphysical properties from in-situ and remote sensing perspectives 3.4 Discussion and Conclusions 4 DEVELOPMENT OF A CIRRUS CLOUD RETRIEVAL SCHEME 4.1 Fine-scale cirrus cloud detection 4.1.1 Selection of cirrus clouds 4.1.2 Wavelet Covariance Transform method 4.1.3 Revised detection method: Dynamic Wavelet Covariance Transform 4.2 Comparison of dynamic and static cirrus detection 4.3 Cirrus cloud optical retrievals 4.3.1 Existing cirrus optical retrievals: double-ended Klett and Raman 4.3.2 Temporal averaging within stationary periods 4.3.3 Revised optical retrieval: constrained Klett method 4.4 Comparison to established optical retrievals 4.5 How uncertainties in cirrus detection affect the optical retrievals? 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Limitations of cirrus retrieval schemes 4.6.2 Strengths of the revised retrieval scheme 4.7 Conclusions 5 LONG-TERM ANALYSIS OF ARCTIC CIRRUS CLOUD PROPERTIES 5.1 Overview of cirrus occurrence and meteorological conditions over Ny-Ålesund 5.2 Quality assurance of optical properties 5.2.1 Specular reflection effect 5.2.2 Investigation of extreme cirrus lidar ratio values 5.2.3 Multiple-scattering correction 5.3 Overview of cirrus optical properties over Ny-Ålesund 5.4 Inter-relations of cirrus properties 5.5 Dependence on meteorological conditions 5.5.1 Cirrus clouds in the tropopause 5.6 CRE estimation at TOA: sensitivity analysis 5.7 Conclusions 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK A CIRRUS DETECTION SENSITIVITIES a.1 Wavelet Covariance Transform - dilation sensitivity a.2 Wavelet Covariance Transform - wavelength dependency B CIRRUS OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION SENSITIVITIES b.1 Reference value accuracy and limitations b.2 Inherent uncertainties of constrained Klett C MULTIPLE-SCATTERING CORRECTION FOR CIRRUS CLOUDS D SEASONAL CIRRUS PROPERTIES: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Contents List of Figures List of Tables I Preamble 1 Introduction 1.1.1 The Journey from Weather to Climate 1.1.2 The Climate Background 1.1.3 Pollen as Quantitative Indicators of Past Changes 1.2 Overview and Aims of Manuscripts 1.2.1 List of Manuscripts 1.2.2 Short Summaries of the Manuscripts 1.3 Author Contributions to the Manuscripts II Manuscripts 2 Comparing estimation of techniques for temporal Scaling 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data and Methods 2.2.1 Scaling estimation methods 2.2.2 Evaluation of the estimators 2.2.3 Data 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Effect of Regular and Irregular Sampling 2.3.2 Effect of Time series length 2.3.3 Application to database 2.4 Discussion 2.5 Conclusions 3 Land temperature variability driven by oceans at millennial timescales 4 Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data and Method 4.2.1 Model simulations 4.2.2 The Last Glacial Maximum experiment 4.2.3 The mid Holocene experiment (midHolocene) 4.2.4 The warming experiments 1pctCO2 and abrupt4xCO2 4.2.5 Preprocessing of model simulations 4.2.6 Comparisons across the ensemble 4.2.7 Diagnosing variability changes 4.2.8 Changes in precipitation extremes 4.2.9 Timescale-dependence of the variability changes 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Hydrological sensitivity across the ensemble 4.3.2 Changes in local interannual variability 4.3.3 Changes in modes of variability 4.3.4 Circulation patterns underlying extratropical precipitation extremes 4.3.5 Changes in. the spectrum of variability 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Changes in climate variability with global mean temperature 4.4.2 Temperature vs. precipitation scaling 4.4.3 Comparison to climate reconstructions and observations 4.4.4 Limitations 4.5 Conclusions 5 Holocene vegetation variability in the Northern Hemisphere 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Data and Methods 5.2.1 Pollen Database 5.2.2 Principal Component Analysis 5.2.3 Timescale-dependent Estimates of Variability 5.2.4 Biome Classification 5.3 Results 5.3.1 General Vegetation Variability Analysis 5.3.2 Comparison of Forested and Open Land Vegetations 5.3.3 Comparison of Broadleaf and Needleleaf Fore ts 5.3.4 Comparison of Temperate and Boreal Coniferous Forests 5.3.5 Comparison of Evergreen and Deciduous Boreal Forests 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Conclusion III Postamble 6 General discussion and conclusion 6.1 Overview 6.2 Timescale-Dependent Estimates of Variability 6.3 Climate and Vegetation Variabilities in the Holocene 6.4 Implications for the 21th Century 6.5 Outlook IV Appendix A Supplementary figures from "Comparing estimation techniques for temporal scaling in paleo-climate timeseries" A.1 Block Average Results A.2 First-Order Correction for the Effect of Interpolation A.3 Change in Bias and Standard Deviation B Methods and supplementary information from "Land temperature variability driven by oceans at millennial timescales" B.1 Methods B.1.1 Reconstructions B.1.2 Significance Testing B.1.3 Testing for Anthropogenic Impacts B.1.4 Instrumental Data B.1.5 Model Data B.1.6 Spectral Estimates B.1.7 Variance Ratios B.1.8 Sub-Decadal Variability Binning B.1.9 Correlation B.1.10 Moran's I B.2 Supplementary Information B.2.1 Tree Ring Data Analysis B.2.2 Energy-Balance Equations B.3 Extended Data Figures C Supplementary figures from "Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future" D Supplementary figures from "Characterization of holocene vegetation variability in the Northern Hemisphere" Bibliography

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1 INTRODUCTION. - Study Context and Charge to the Committee. - Study Approach and Methodology. - Report Organization. - 2 RATIONALE FOR CONTINUED ARCTIC RESEARCH. - 3 EMERGING QUESTIONS. - Evolving Arctic. - Will Arctic communities have greater or lesser influence on their futures?. - Will the land be wetter or drier, and what are the associated implications for surface water, energy balances, and ecosystems?. - How much of the variability of the Arctic system is linked to ocean circulation?. - What are the impacts of extreme events in the new ice-reduced system?. - How will primary productivity change with decreasing sea ice and snow cover?. - How will species distributions and associated ecosystem structure change with the evolving cryosphere?. - Hidden Arctic. - What surprises are hidden within and beneath the ice?. - What is being irretrievably lost as the Arctic changes?. - Why does winter matter?. - What can "break or brake" glaciers and ice sheets?. - How unusual is the current Arctic warmth?. - What is the role of the Arctic in abrupt change?. - What has been the Cenozoic evolution of the Arctic Ocean Basin?. - Connected Arctic. - How will rapid Arctic warming change the jet stream and affect weather patterns in lower latitudes?. - What is the potential for a trajectory of irreversible loss of Arctic land ice, and how will its impact vary regionally?. - How will climate change affect exchanges between the Arctic Ocean andsubpolar basins?. - How will Arctic change affect the long-range transport and persistence of biota?. - How will changing societal connections between the Arctic and the rest of the world affect Arctic communities?. - Managed Arctic. - How will decreasing populations in rural villages and increasing urbanization affect Arctic peoples and societies?. - Will local, regional, and international relations in the Arctic move toward cooperation or conflict?. - How can 21st-century development in the Arctic occur without compromising the environment or indigenous cultures while still benefiting global and Arctic inhabitants?. - How can we prepare forecasts and scenarios to meet emerging management needs?. - What benefits and risks are presented by geoengineering and other large-scale technological interventions to prevent or reduce climate change and associated impacts in the Arctic?. - Undetermined Arctic. - Priority Setting. - 4 MEETING THE CHALLENGES. - Enhancing Cooperation. - Interagency. - International. - Interdisciplinary. - Intersectoral. - Cooperation through Social Media. - Sustaining Long-Term Observations. - Rationale for Long-Term Observations. - Coordinating Long-Term Observation Efforts. - Managing and Sharing Information. - Preserving the Legacy of Research through Data Preservation and Dissemination. - Creating a Culture of Data Preservation and Sharing. - Infrastructure to Ensure Data Flows from Observation to Users, Stakeholders, and Archives. - Data Visualization and Analysis. - Maintaining and Building Operational Capacity. - Mobile Platforms. - Fixed Platforms and Systems. - Remote Sensing. - Sensors. - Power and Communication. - Models in Prediction, Projection, and Re-Analyses. - Partnerships with Industry. - Growing Human Capacity. - Community Engagement. - Investing in Research. - Comprehensive Systems and Synthesis Research. - Non-Steady-State Research. - Social Sciences and Human Capacity. - Stakeholder-Initiated Research. - International Funding Cooperation. - Long-Term Observations. - 5 BUILDING KNOWLEDGE AND SOLVING PROBLEMS. - REFERENCES. - APPENDIXES. - A Acronyms and Abbreviations. - B Speaker and Interviewee Acknowledgments. - C Summary of Questionnaire Responses. - D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.

Note: Contents: Series foreword. - Preface. - Select bibliography. - The authors. - 1 Observed flow in the Earth's midlalitudes. - 1.1 Vertical structure. - 1.2 Horizontal structure. - 1.3 Transient activity. - 1.4 Scales of motion. - 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones. - Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere. - 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference. - 2.1 Definition of fluid. - 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis. - 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow. - 2.4 Governing physical principles. - 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives. - 2.6 Mass conservation equation. - 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics. - 2.8 Newton's Second Law of Motion. - 2.9 Bernoulli's Theorem. - 2.10 Heating and water vapour. - 3 Rotating frames of reference. - 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference. - 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration. - 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame. - 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force. - 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force. - 3.6 The Taylor-Proudman theorem. - 4 The spherical Earth. - 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates. - 4.2 Scalar equations. - 4.3 The momentum equations. - 4.4 Energy and angular momentum.- 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation. - 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth. - 5 Scale analysis and its applications. - 5.1 Principles of scaling methods. - 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere. - 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations. - 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance. - 5.5 Vertical motion. - 5.6 The vertical momentum equation. - 5.7 The mass continuity equation. - 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation. - 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small. - 6 Alternative vertical coordinates. - 6.1 A general vertical coordinate. - 6.2 Isobaric coordinates. - 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates. - 6.4 Isentropic coordinates. - 7 Variations of density and the basic equations. - 7.1 Boussinesq approximation. - 7.2 Anelastic approximation. - 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves. - 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number. - 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets. - 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions. - Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8 Rotation in the atmosphere. - 8.1 The concept of vorticity. - 8.2 The vorticity equation. - 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations. - 8.4 The solenoidal term. - 8.5 The expansion/contraction term. - 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms. - 8.7 Friction and vorticity. - 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates. - 8.9 Circulation. - 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation. - 9.2 Poisson's equation and vortex interactions. - 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill. - 9.4 Ekman pumping. - 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane. - 9.6 Rossby group velocity. - 9.7 Rossby ray tracing. - 9.8 Inflexion point instability. - 10 Potential vorticity. - 10.1 Potential vorticity. - 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel's theorem. - 10.3 The principle of invertibility. - 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity. - 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow. - 11.1 The Reynolds number . - 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number. - 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid. - 11.5 Reynolds stresses. - Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow. - 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows. - 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows. - 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation. - 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity. - 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities. - 13 The omega equation. - 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form. - 13.2 Sutcliffe Form. - 13.3 Q-vector form. - 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance. - 13.5 Balance and initialization. - 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability. - 14.1 Qualitative discussion. - 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow. - 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions. - 14.4 The Eady model. - 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models. - 14.6 More realistic basic states. - 14.7 Initial value problem. - 15 Frontogenesis. - 15.1 Frontal scales. - 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation. - 15.3 Description of frontal collapse. - 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model. - 15.5 The confluence model. - 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis. - 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves. - 16.1 The nonlinear domain. - 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves. - 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jetson the sphere. - 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes. - 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves. - 17 The potential vorticity perspective. - 17.1 Setting the scene. - 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity. - 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves. - 17.4 Alternative perspectives. - 17.5 Midlatitude blocking. - 17.6 Frictional and heating effects. - 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing. - 18.1 Rossby wave propagation. - 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere. - 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium. - 18.4 The Eliassen-Palm flux and group velocity. - 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves. - 18.6 Variations of amplitude. - 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps. - 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale. - Appendices. - Appendix A: Notation. - Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus. - B.1 Vectors and their algebra. - B.2 Products of vectors. - B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator. - B.4 The divergence and curl operators. - B.5 Gauss' and Stokes' theorems. - B.6 Some useful vector identities. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1. Relations among Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Cloud Microphysics. - 1.2. The Correspondence Principle. - 1.3. Structure of the Book. - 2. Clouds and Their Properties. - 2.1. Cloud Classification. - 2.2. Cloud Regimes and Global Cloud Distribution. - 2.2.1. Large-Scale Condensation in Fronts and Cyclones. - 2.2.2. Sc-St Clouds and Types of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer. - 2.2.3. Convective Cloudiness in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. - 2.2.4. Orographic Cloudiness. - 2.3. Cloud Microphysical Properties. - 2.4. Size Spectra and Moments. - 2.4.1. Inverse Power Laws. - 2.4.2. Lognormal Distributions. - 2.4.3. Algebraic Distributions. - 2.4.4. Gamma Distributions. - 2.5. Cloud Optical Properties. - Appendix A.2. Evaluation of the Integrals with Lognormal Distribution. - 3. Thermodynamic Relations. - 3.1. Thermodynamic Potentials. - 3.2. Statistical Energy Distributions. - 3.2.1. The Gibbs Distribution. - 3.2.2. The Maxwell Distribution. - 3.2.3. The Boltzmann Distribution. - 3.2.4. Bose–Einstein Statistics. - 3.2.5. Fermi–Dirac Statistics. - 3.3. Phase Rules. - 3.3.1. Bulk Phases. - 3.3.2. Systems with Curved Interfaces. - 3.4. Free Energy and Equations of State. - 3.4.1. An Ideal Gas. - 3.4.2. Free Energy and the van der Waals Equation of State for a Non-Ideal Gas. - 3.5. Thermodynamics of Solutions. - 3.6. General Phase Equilibrium Equation for Solutions. - 3.6.1. General Equilibrium Equation. - 3.6.2. The Gibbs–Duhem Relation. - 3.7. The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation. - 3.7.1. Equilibrium between Liquid and Ice Bulk Phases. - 3.7.2. Equilibrium of a Pure Water Drop with Saturated Vapor. - 3.7.3. Equilibrium of an Ice Crystal with Saturated Vapor. - 3.7.4. Humidity Variables. - 3.8. Phase Equilibrium for a Curved Interface - The Kelvin Equation. - 3.9. Solution Effects and the Köhler Equation. - 3.10. Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures and Solutions. - 3.10.1. Partial Gas Pressures in a Mixture of Gases. - 3.10.2. Equilibrium of Two Bulk Phases around a Phase Transition Point. - 3.10.3. Raoult’s Law for Solutions. - 3.10.4. Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation. - 3.10.5. Relation of Water Activity and Freezing Point Depression. - 3.11. A diabatic Processes. - 3.11.1. Dry Adiabatic Processes. - 3.11.2. Wet Adiabatic Processes. - Appendix A.3. Calculation of Integrals with the Maxwell Distribution. - 4. Properties of Water and Aqueous Solutions. - 4.1. Properties of Water at Low Temperatures and High Pressures. - 4.1.1. Forms of Water at Low Temperatures. - 4.1.2. Forms of Water at High Pressures. - 4.2. Theories of Water. - 4.3. Temperature Ranges in Clouds and Equivalence of Pressure and Solution Effects. - 4.4. Parameterizations of Water and Ice Thermodynamic Properties. - 4.4.1. Saturated Vapor Pressures. - 4.4.2. Heat Capacity of Water and Ice. - 4.4.3. Latent Heats of Phase Transitions. - 4.4.4. Surface Tension between Water and Air or Vapor. - 4.4.5. Surface Tension between Ice and Water or Solutions. - 4.4.6. Surface Tension between Ice and Air or Vapor. - 4.4.7 Density of Water. - 4.4.8. Density of Ice. - 4.5. Heat Capacity and Einstein-Debye Thermodynamic Equations of State for Ice. - 4.6. Equations of State for Ice in Terms of Gibbs Free Energy. - 4.7. Generalized Equations of State for Fluid Water. - 4.7.1. Equations of the van der Waals Type and in Terms of Helmholtz Free Energy. - 4.7.2. Equations of State Based on the Concept of the Second Critical Point. - Appendix A.4. Relations among Various Pressure Units. - 5. Diffusion and Coagulation Growth of Drops and Crystals. - 5.1. Diffusional Growth of Individual Drops. - 5.1.1. Diffusional Growth Regime. - 5.1.2. The Kinetic Regime and Kinetic Corrections to the Growth Rate. - 5.1.3. Psychrometric Correction Due to Latent Heat Release. - 5.1.4. Radius Growth Rate. - 5.1.5. Ventilation Corrections. - 5.2. Diffusional Growth of Crystals. - 5.2.1. Mass Growth Rates. - 5.2.2. Axial Growth Rates. - 5.2.3. Ventilation Corrections. - 5.3. Equations for Water and Ice Supersaturations. - 5.3.1. General Form of Equations for Fractional Water Supersaturation. - 5.3.2. Supersaturation Relaxation Times and Their Limits. - 5.3.3. E quation for Water Supersaturation in Terms of Relaxation Times. - 5.3.4. Equivalence of Various Forms of Supersaturation Equations. - 5.3.5. Equation for Fractional Ice Supersaturation. - 5.3.6. Equilibrium Supersaturations over Water and Ice. - Liquid Clouds. - Ice Clouds. - Mixed Phase Clouds. - 5.3.7. A diabatic Lapse Rates with Non zero Supersaturations. - 5.4. The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen Process and Cloud Crystallization. - 5.5. Kinetic Equations of Condensation and Deposition in the Adiabatic Process. - 5.5.1. Derivation of the Kinetic Equations. - 5.5.2. Some Properties of Regular Condensation. - 5.5.3. Analytical Solution of the Kinetic Equations of Regular Condensation. - 5.5.4. Equation for the Integral Supersaturation. - 5.6. Kinetic Equations of Coagulation. - 5.6.1. Various Forms of the Coagulation Equation. - 5.6.2. Collection Kernels for Various Coagulation Processes. - Brownian Coagulation. - Gravitational Coagulation. - 5.7. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Equations for Multidimensional Models. - 5.8. Fast Algorithms for Microphysics Modules in Multidimensional Models. - 6. Wet Aerosol Processes. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.1.1. Empirical Parameterizations of Hygroscopic Growth. - 6.1.2. Empirical Parameterizations of Droplet Activation. - 6.2. Equilibrium Radii. - 6.2.1. Equilibrium Radii at Subsaturation. - 6.2.2. Equilibrium Radii of Interstitial Aerosol in a Cloud. - 6.3. Critical Radius and Supersaturation. - 6.4. Aerosol Size Spectra. - 6.4.1. Lognormal and Inverse Power Law Size Spectra. - 6.4.2. Approximation of the Lognormal Size Spectra by the Inverse Power Law. - 6.4.3. Examples of the Lognormal Size Spectra, Inverse Power Law, and Power Indices. - 6.4.4. Algebraic Approximation of the Lognormal Distribution. - 6.5. Transformation of the Size Spectra of Wet Aerosol at Varying Humidity. - 6.5.1. Arbitrary Initial Spectrum of Dry Aerosol. - 6.5.2. Lognormal Initial Spectrum of Dry Aerosol. - 6.5.3. Inverse Power Law Spectrum. - 6.5.4. Algebraic Size Spectra. - 6.6. CCN Differential Supersaturation Activity Spectrum. - 6.6.1. A rbitrary Dry Aerosol Size Spectrum. - 6.6.2. Lognormal Activity Spectrum. - 6.6.3. Algebraic Activity Spectrum. - 6.7. Droplet Concentration and the Modified Power Law for Drops Activation. - 6.7.1. Lognormal and Algebraic CCN Spectra. - 6.7.2. Modified Power Law for the Drop Concentration. - 6.7.3. Supersaturation Dependence of Power Law Parameters. - Appendix A.6. Solutions of Cubic Equations for Equilibrium and Critical Radii. - 7. Activation of Cloud Condensation Nuclei into Cloud Drops. - 7.1. Introduction. - 7.2. Integral Supersaturation in Liquid Clouds with Drop Activation. - 7.3. Analytical Solutions to the Supersaturation Equation. - 7.4. Analytical Solutions for the Activation Time, Maximum Supersaturation, and Drop Concentration. - 7.5. Calculations of CCN Activation Kinetics. - 7.6. Four Analytical Limits of Solution. - 7.7. Limit #1: Small Vertical Velocity, Diffusional Growth Regime. - 7.7.1. Lower Bound. - 7.7.2. Upper Bound. - 7.7.3. Comparison with Twomey’s Power Law. - 7.8. Limit #2: Small Vertical Velocity, Kinetic Growth Regime. - 7.8.1. Lower Bound. - 7.8.2. Upper Bound. - 7.9. Limit #3: Large Vertical Velocity, Diffusional Growth Regime. - 7.9.1. Lower Bound. - 7.9.2. Upper Bound. - 7.10. Limit #4: Large Vertical Velocity, Kinetic Growth Regime. - 7.10.1. Lower Bound. - 7.10.2. Upper Bound. - 7.11. Interpolation Equations and Comparison with Exact Solutions. - Appendix A.7. Evaluation of the Integrals J2 and J3 for Four Limiting Cases. - 8. Homogeneous Nucleation. - 8.1. Metastable States and Nucleation of a New Phase. - 8.2. Nucleation Rates for Condensation and Deposition. - 8.2.1. Application of Boltzmann Statistics. - 8.2.2. The Fokker–Planck

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1. Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic Sampling Requirements. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.5 Depth or Pressure. - 1.6 Sea-Level Measurement. - 1.7 Eulerian Currents. - 1.8 Lagrangian Current Measurements. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical Tracers. - 1.12 Transient Chemical Tracers. - 2. Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data Presentation. - 3. Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample Distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.4 Moments and Expected Values. - 3.5 Common PDFs. - 3.6 Central Limit Theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence Intervals. - 3.9 Selecting the Sample Size. - 3.10 Confidence Intervals for Altimeter-Bias Estimates. - 3.11 Estimation Methods. - 3.12 Linear Estimation (Regression). - 3.13 Relationship between Regression and Correlation. - 3.14 Hypothesis Testing. - 3.15 Effective Degrees of Freedom. - 3.16 Editing and Despiking Techniques: The Nature of Errors. - 3.17 Interpolation: Filling the Data Gaps. - 3.18 Covariance and the Covariance Matrix. - 3.19 The Bootstrap and Jackknife Methods. - 4. The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional Block and Bulk Averaging. - 4.2 Objective Analysis. - 4.3 Kriging. - 4.4 Empirical Orrhogonal Functions. - 4.5 Extended Empirical Orrhogonal Functions. - 4.6 Cyclostationary EOFs. - 4.7 Factor Analysis. - 4.8 Normal Mode Analysis. - 4.9 Self Organizing Maps. - 4.10 Kalman Filters. - 4.11 Mixed Layer Depth Estimation. - 4.12 Inverse Methods. - 5. Time Series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic Concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic Processes and Stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation Functions. - 5.4 Spectral Analysis. - 5.5 Spectral Analysis (Parametric Methods). - 5.6 Cross-Spectral Analysis. - 5.7 Wavelet Analysis. - 5.8 Fourier Analysis. - 5.9 Harmonic Analysis. - 5.10 Regime Shift Detection. - 5.11 Vector Regression. - 5.12 Fractals. - 6. Digital Filters. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Basic Concepts. - 6.3 Ideal Filters. - 6.4 Design of Oceanographic Filters. - 6.5 Running-Mean Filters. - 6.6 Godin-Type Filters. - 6.7 Lanczos-window Cosine Filters. - 6.8 Butterworth Filters. - 6.9 Kaiser-Bessel Filters. - 6.10 Frequency-Domain (Transform) Filtering. - References. - Appendix A: Units in Physical Oceanography. - Appendix B: Glossary of Statistical Terminology. - Appendix C: Means, Variances and Moment,Generating Functions for Some Common Continuous Variables. - Appendix D: Statistical Tables. - Appendix E: Correlation Coefficients at the 5% and 1% Levels of Significance for Various Degrees of Freedom v. - Appendix F: Approximations and Nondimensional Numbers in Physical Oceanography. - Appendix G: Convolution. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Atmosphärische Gleichungssysteme. - 2.1. Zur Notation. - 2.2. Geometrie im β-Kanal. - 2.3. Gleichungen in Flussform. - 2.4. Euler-Gleichungen. - 2.4.1. Energiegleichung. - 2.4.2. Bewegungsgleichungen. - 2.4.3. Flussform des gesamten Gleichungssystems. - 2.4.4. Schallgeschwindigkeit. - 2.4.5. Druck und Energie. - 2.4.6. Energie als Erhaltungsvariable. - 2.5. Euler-Gleichungen mit Referenzfeld. - 2.6. Linearisierte Euler-Gleichungen. - 2.7. Flachwassergleichungen. - 2.8. Flachwasseräquivalente Dynamik mit Euler-Gleichungen. - 3. Unstetiges Galerkin-Verfahren. - 3.1. Räumliche Diskretisierung. - 3.1.1. Integralform und numerischer Fluss. - 3.1.2. Koeffizientendarstellung der Gleichungen. - 3.1.3. Koordinatentransformation mit Orographie. - 3.1.4. Quadratur. - 3.1.5. Basisfunktionen im Rechteckgitter. - 3.1.6. Diskretisierung von analytischen Anfangsbedingungen. - 3.2. Zeitliche Diskretisierung. - 3.2.1. Expliziter Zeitschritt. - 3.2.2. Semi-impliziter Zeitschritt. - 3.2.3. Skalierung von Einheiten. - 3.2.4. Zeitschrittbestimmung. - 3.3. Randbedingungen. - 3.3.1. Periodische Randbedingungen. - 3.3.2. Reflektive Randbedingungen. - 3.3.3. Spezifische Randbedingungen für Euler-Gleichungen. - 3.3.4. Absorptionsschicht. - 3.4. Diffusion. - 4. Atmosphärische Gleichgewichtszustände. - 4.1. Anforderungen an stationäre Zustände. - 4.1.1. Verschwindende Advektion von Masse und potentieller Temperatur. - 4.1.2. Stationäre Impulsgleichung. - 4.2. Wind ohne Corioliskraft. - 4.3. Geostrophischer Wind. - 4.4. Vorgegebener Grundstrom mit einstellbarer Baroklinität. - 4.4.1. Lösungsalgorithmus. - 4.4.2. Zulässige Windfelder und ihre Definition außerhalb des Modellgebietes. - 4.4.3. Spezialfall konstanten thermischen Windes. - 4.5. Barotroper Grundstrom als analytischer Spezialfall. - 4.6. Charakterisierung der Baroklinität. - 4.7. Geostrophischer Zustand für Flachwassergleichungen. - 5. Numerische Stabilität von Gleichgewichtszuständen und Erhaltungseigenschaften. - 5.1. Polynomiale Balancierung des DG-Verfahrens. - 5.1.1. Ausgangssituation („low0bal0“). - 5.1.2. Isotrope Reduktion des Polynomgrades der Quellterme („low1bal0“). - 5.1.3. Isotrope Polynomgradreduktion von Quelltermen sowie Projektion der Flussfunktion („low1bal1“). - 5.1.4. Volle Balancierung mit selektiver Polynomgradreduktion und Projektion der Flussfunktion („low2bal1“). - 5.2. Konvergenz. - 5.3. Langzeitstabilität und Erhaltungseigenschaften. - 6. Atmosphärische Testfälle. - 6.1. Aufsteigende warme Blase. - 6.2. Schwerewellen. - 6.3. Bergüberströmung. - 6.4. Barotrope Instabilität. - 7. Atmosphärische Instabilitäten in mittleren Breiten. - 7.1. Barotrope Instabilität mit Euler-Gleichungen in 2D und 3D. - 7.1.1. Wavelet-Spektrum. - 7.2. Barokline Instabilität in Abhängigkeit von statischer Stabilität und thermischem Wind. - 7.2.1. Einfluss der statischen Stabilität. - 7.2.2. Einfluss der vertikalen Diskretisierung. - 7.3. Entstehung zyklonaler Wirbel aus baroklin instabilem Grundstrom. - 7.3.1. Konfiguration. - 7.3.2. Entwicklung von Impulsdifferenz. - 7.3.3. Vorticity im Horizontalschnitt. - 7.3.4. Globale Charakterisierung . - 7.4. Langzeitentwicklung aus baroklinen Zuständen. - 7.4.1. Konfiguration. - 7.4.2. Entwicklung von Impulsdifferenz und Energie. - 7.4.3. Vorticity im Horizontalschnitt. - 7.4.4 Globale Charakterisierung. - 7.4.5. Wavelet-Spektrum. - 7.4.6. Zonales Mittel. - 8. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick. - A. Mathematische Aspekte. - A.1. Profilfunktionen. - A.2. Differenzen und Normen. - A.3. Wavelet-Analyse. - A.4. Darstellung aus der Diskretisierung. - A.5. Erhaltungseigenschaften mit Quadratur. - B. Details zu Euler-Gleichungen. - B.1. Vertikale Linearisierung der Euler-Gleichungen für Präkonditionierer des semi-impliziten Zeitschrittes. - B.1.1. Vertikales lineares Gleichungssystem. - B.1.2. Diskretisierung und Matrizen. - B.1.3. Implizites Gleichungssystem. - B.2. Zustände im hydrostatischen Gleichgewicht. - B.2.1. Isotherm. - B.2.2. Polytrop. - B.2.3. Isentrop. - B.2.4. Mehrfach polytrop. - B.2.5. Uniform geschichtet. - B.3. Barokliner Zustand imp-System. - C. Zusätzliche Simulationsdaten. - C.1. Stabilitätskarten zu baroklinen Langzeitsimulationen. - C.2. Wirbelentstehung nahe Oberrand. - C.3. Zusätzliche Horizontalschnitte des baroklinen Langzeitlaufes. - D. Implementierung: Programmpaket Polyflux. - E. Korrekturen zur Veröffentlichung. - Mathematische Definitionen. - Abkürzungen und Begriffe. - Literatur.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2014 , Table of contents I - Abstract II - Zusammenfassung Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1 Motivation 1.1.2 Organisation of thesis 1.1 Scientific background 1.2.1 Arctic and wetland bryophytes 1.2.2 Bryophyte remains as palaeo-environmental indicators 1.2.3 Regional setting 1.3 Objectives ofthe thesis 1.4 Overview of the manuscripts 1.5 Contribution of the authors Chapter 2 - Manuscript #1 Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geographic setting 2.3 Materials and methods 2.3.1 Fieldwork 2.3.2 Radiocarbon dating 2.3.3 Geochemical, stable carbon isotope, and granulometric analyses 2.3.4 Analyses of moss remains and vascular plant macrofossils 2.3.5 Pollen analysis 2.3.6 Diatom analysis 2.3.7 Statistical analysis 2.4 Results 2.4.1 High-resolution spatial characteristics oft the investigated polygon and vegetation pattern 2.4.2 Geochronology and age-depth relationships 2.4.3 General properties of the sedimentary fill 2.4.4 Bioindicators 2.4.5 Characterization oftwo different types of polygon pond sediment 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1 Small-scale spatial structure of polygons 2.5.2 Age-depth relationships 2.5.3 Proxy value of the analysed parameters 2.5.4 The general polygon development 2.5.5 Polygon development as a function of external controls and internal adjustment mechanisms 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 - Manuscript #11 Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material und methods 3.2.1 Regional setting 3.2.3 Field methods and environmental data collection 3.2.4 Data analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Major characteristics of the investigated polygons 3.3.2 Vegetation cover and its relationships with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.3 Vegetation alpha-diversity and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.4 Vegetation composition and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the rim-pond transect (local-scale) 3.4.2 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the regional-scale forest-tundra transect 3.4.3 Indicator potential ofvascular plant and bryophyte remains from polygonal peats for the reconstruction of local hydrological and regional vegetation changes 3.4.4. Implications of the performed vegetation transect studies for future Arctic warming 3.5 Acknowledgements 2.4.4 Bioindicators 2.4.5 Characterization of two different types of polygon pond sediment 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1 Small-scale spatial structure of polygons 2.5.2 Age-depth relationships 2.5.3 Proxy value of the analysed parameters 2.5.4 The general polygon development 2.5.5 Polygon development as a function of external controls and internal adjustment mechanisms 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 - Manuscript #II Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material und methods 3.2.1 Regional setting 3.2.3 Field methods and environmental data collection 3.2.4 Data analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Major characteristics of the investigated polygons 3.3.2 Vegetation cover and its relationships with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.3 Vegetation alpha-diversity and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.4 Vegetation composition and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the rim-pond transect (local-scale) 3.4.2 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the regional-scale forest-tundra transect 3.4.3 Indicator potential of vascular plant and bryophyte remains from polygonal peats for the reconstruction of local hydrological and regional vegetation changes 3.4.4. Implications of the performed vegetation transect studies for future Arctic warming 3.5 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 - Manuscript #3 Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material and methods 4.2.1 Sites 4.2.2 Sampling 4.2.3 Investigated moss species 4.2.4 Measurements 4.2.5 Statistical Tests 4.3 Results 4.4 Discussion Chapter 5 - Discussion 5.1 Bryophytes of polygonal landscapes in Siberia 5.1.1 Modern bryophytes in the Siberian Arctic 5.1.2 Biochemical and isotopic characteristics of mosses 5.1.3 Reliability and potential of fossil bryophyte remains as palaeoproxies 5.2 Dynamics of low-centred polygons during the late Holocene 5.3 Outlook Appendix I - Preliminary Report Motivation Material and methods Results and first interpretation Appendix II Additional tables and figures of manuscript #1 Appendix III Additional figures of manuscript #2 Appendix IV - Quantitative approach of Standard Moss Stem (SMS3) Bibliography Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Content: Preface. - Polar ecosystems in a changing climate. - Ice edge blooms - Migrating oases in polar seas. - Antarctic: Krill has evolved adaptation strategies to its extreme environment. - Living at -20 degrees: why sea Ice algae don't freeze up. - ocean acidification and Iron deficiency affect Antarctic phytoplankton communities. - The oceans are acidifying: spIder crabs and Ice fIsh are feeling the repercussions of climate change. - melting glaciers - Changing coastal ecosystems in the West Antarctic. - In the service of science: elephant seals explore the Southern Ocean. - Ocean Acoustics - palaoa broadcasts live from the Southern Ocean. - When ice shelves disintegrate - diversity of life on the Antarctic seabed. - RV 'Polarstern' in Antarctica - observations in the ice. - deep-sea observatory in the Arctic: Climate change affects life on the ocean floor. - plankton rain in the vicinity of the Arctic HAUSGARTEN: What do sinking particles tell us?. - pelagic research in the Arctic faces new challenges. - fram observatory - live conference with the Arctic deep sea in preparation. - dom - the oceans' molecular memory. - siberian forests moving north - impact on the climate and biodiversity. - promoting young talent: High school pupils learn together with AWI scientists. - dream job- polar scientist - How a student achieved her goal over an icy path. - marIne biosciences in the scientific-societal context of the 21st. century. - Contact persons at the AWI. - Imprint. - geographic locatIons of the research reports of this brochure

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface I Introductory Chapters 1 The Ecological Value of Biyophytes as Indicators of Climate Change / NANCY G. SLACK 2 Bryophyte Physiological Processes in a Changing Climate: an Overview / ZOLTÁN TUBA II Ecophysiology 3 Climatic Responses and Limits of Biyophytes: Comparisons and Contrasts with Vascular Plants / MICHAEL C. F. PROCTOR 4 Effects of Elevated Air C02 Concentration on Bryophytes: a Review / ZOLTÁN TUBA, EDIT ÖTVÖS, AND ILDIKÓ JÓCSÁK 5 Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Light and UV Acclimation in Mosses / NIINA M. LAPPALAINEN, ANNA HYYRYLÄINEN, AND SATU HUTTUNEN III Aquatic Bryophytes 6 Ecological and Physiological Effects of Changing Climate on Aquatic Bryophytes / JANICE M. GLIME 7 Aquatic Bryophytes under Ultraviolet Radiation / JAVIER MARTÍNEZ-ABAIGAR AND ENCARNACIÓN NÚÑEZ-OLIVERA IV Desert and Tropical Ecosystems 8 Responses of a Biological Crust Moss to Increased Monsoon Precipitation and Nitrogen Deposition in the Mojave Desert / LLOYD R. STARK, D. NICHOLAS MCLETCHIE, STANLEY D. SMITH, AND MELVIN J. OLIVER 9 Ecology of Bryophytes in Mojave Desert Biological Soil Crusts: Effects of Elevated CO2 on Sex Expression, Stress Tolerance, and Productivity in the Moss Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. / JOHN C. BRINDA, CATHERINE FERNANDO, AND LLOYD R. STARK 10 Responses of Epiphytic Bryophyte Communities to Simulated Climate Change in the Tropics / JORGE JÁCOME, S. ROBBERT GRADSTEIN, AND MICHAEL KESSLER V Alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic Ecosystems 11 Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Bryophytes / ANNIKA K. JÄGERBRAND, ROBERT G. BJÖRK, TERRY CALLAGHAN, AND RODNEY D. SEPPELT 12 Alpine Bryophytes as Indicators for Climate Change: a Case Study from the Austrian Alps / DANIELA HOHENWALLNER, HAROLD GUSTAV ZECHMEISTER, DIETMAR MOSER, HARALD PAULI, MICHAEL GOTTFRIED, KARL REITER, AND GEORG GRABHERR 13 Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Climate: An Antarctic Perspective / RODNEY D. SEPPELT VI Sphagnum and Peatlands 14 Living on the Edge: The Effects of Drought on Canada's Western Boreal Peatlands / MELANIE A. VILE, KIMBERLI D. SCOTT, ERIN BRAULT, R. KELMAN WlEDER, AND DALE H . VlTT 15 The Structure and Functional Features of Sphagnum Cover of the Northern West Siberian Mires in Connection with Forecasting Global Environmental and Climatic Changes / ALEKSEI V. NAUMOV AND NATALIA P. KOSYKH 16 The Southernmost Sphagnum-dominated Mires on the Plains of Europe: Formation, Secondary Succession, Degradation, and Protection / JÁNOS NAGY VII Changes in Bryophyte Distribution with Climate Change: Data and Models 17 The Role of Bryophyte Paleoecology in Quaternary Climate Reconstructions / GUSZTÁV JAKAB AND PÁL SÜMEGI 18 Signs of Climate Change in the Bryoflora of Hungary / TAMÁS PÓCS 19 Can the Effects of Climate Change on British Bryophytes be Distinguished from those Resulting from Other Environmental Changes? / JEFFREY W. BATES AND CHRISTOPHER D. PRESTON 20 Climate Change and Protected Areas: How well do British Rare Bryophytes Fare? / BARBARA J. ANDERSON AND RALF OHLEMÜLLER 21 Modeling the Distribution of Sematophyllum substrumulosum (Hampe) E. Britton as a Signal of Climatic Changes in Europe / CECÍLIA SÉRGIO, RUI FIGUEIRA, AND RUI MENEZES 22 Modeling Bryophyte Productivity Across Gradients of Water Availability Using Canopy Form-Function Relationships / STEVEN K. RICE, NATHALI NEAL, JESSE MANGO, AND KELLY BLACK VIII Conclusions 23 Bryophytes as Predictors of Climate Change / L. DENNIS GIGNAC 24 Conclusions and Future Research / NANCY G. SLACK AND LLOYD R. STARK Index

Note: Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., FB Geowiss., Diss., 2011 , INHALT: Inhalt. - Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - Abkürzungen. - Abbildungen. - Tabellen. - 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2 Grundlagen. - 2.1 Die Bedeutung des Stickstoffkreislaufs. - 2.2 Die Nitrifikation - Ein Schlüsselprozess im Stickstoffkreislauf. - 2.2.1 Verbreitung Ammoniak oxidierender Bakterien. - 2.2.2 Verbreitung Ammoniak oxidierender Archaeen. - 2.2.3 Physiologie Ammoniak oxidierender Mikroorganismen. - 2.2.4 Bedeutung Ammoniak oxidierender Mikroorganismen. - 2.3 Psychrophile and psychrotolerante Bakterien. - 2.4 Grundlagen der methodischen Ansätze. - 2.4.1 Bodenklassifikation nach der US Soil Taxonomy. - 2.4.2 Charakterisierung der Ammoniak oxidierenden Mikroorganismen (AOM). - 2.4.3 Nachweis von nitrifizierenden Mikroorganismen. - 2.4.4 Denaturierende Gradienten Gelelektrophorese (DGGE). - 2.4.5 Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) und Immunofluoreszenz (IF). - 2.4.6 Reverse Transkriptase RCR. - 3. Beschreibung der Untersuchungsgebiete. - 3.1. Untersuchungsgebiet im kalten Klimat – die Insel Samoylov im Lena-Delta. - 3.2. Untersuchungsgebiet im gemäßigten Klimat – Hahnheide bei Hamburg. - 4 Material und Methoden. - 4.1 Probenahme und bodenkundliche Standortaufnahme. - 4.2 Herkunft der verwendeten Anreicherungskulturen. - 4.3 Bodenchemische und -physikalische Laboruntersuchungen. - 4.4 Quantifizierung von gelösten Stickstoffverbindungen in Böden. - 4.4.1 Ammoniumbestimmungen. - 4.4.2 Nitrit- und Nitratbestimmung. - 4.4.3 Bestimmung der gelösten organischen Stickstoffverbindungen (DON). - 4.5 Nährmedien. - 4.6 Nachweis von mikrobiellen N-Umsetzungen in Böden. - 4.6.1 Bestimmung der potentiellen Nitrifikation. - 4.6.2 Bestimmung der potentiellen Mineralisationsaktivitäten. - 4.6.3 Bestimmungen der Temperaturoptima der Nitrifikation. - 4.6.4 Quantifizierung von nitrifizierenden Mikroorganismen mittels MPN. - 4.7 Kulturführungen von Anreicherungen und Reinkulturen. - 4.7.1. Anreicherung von Ammoniak oxidierenden Mikroorganismen (AOM). - 4.7.2. Kulturführung von Reinkulturen. - 4.7.3 Reinheitstest der Anreicherungs- und Reinkulturen. - 4.8 Mikroskopische Verfahren. - 4.9. Molekularbiologische Methoden. - 4.9.1 DNA Extraktion. - 4.9.2 Polymerasenkettenreaktion (PCR). - 4.9.3 Denaturierende Gradienten Gelelektrophorese (DGGE). - 4.9.4 RNA Isolation und Reverse Transkriptase (RT) PCR Anwendungen. - 4.9.5 Klonierung. - 4.9.6 Sequenzanalysen und Stammbäume. - 4.10 Statistische Verfahren. - 5. Ergebnisse. - 5.1. Bodenkundliche Charakterisierung der untersuchten Permafrostböden. - 5.1.1 Böden der Flussterrasse. - 5.1.2 Böden der jüngeren Überflutungsebene. - 5.1.3 Beschreibung des untersuchten Permafrostaufschlusses am Kliff. - 5.2 Bodenkundliche Charakterisierung der Vergleichsböden im gemäßigten Klimat. - 5.3 Gelöste anorganische Stickstoffverbindungen (DIN). - 5.3.1 DIN in den kalten Klimaten. - 5.3.2 DIN-Gehalte in den Böden der gemäßigten Klimaten. - 5.4. Mineralisation. - 5.4.1 Bestimmung der Mineralisationsraten. - 5.4.2 Mineralisation im Mikrokosmos Ansatz. - 5.5 Potentielle Nitrifikation. - 5.5.1 Gesamte potentielle Nitrifikation in den Böden der kalten Klimaten. - 5.5.2 Archaeale potentielle Nitrifikation in den Böden der kalten Klimate. - 5.5.3 Temperaturabhängige potentielle Ammoniakoxidation. - 5.5.4 Potentielle Nitrifikationsaktivität im gemäßigten Klimat. - 5.6 Quantifizierungen von Nitrifikanten. - 5.7. Molekularbiologische Befunde. - 5.7.1. Diversität des bakteriellen und archaealen 16S-rRNA-Gens. - 5.7.2 Nachweis AOB und AOA mittels der Ammoniakmonooxygenase (AMO) 5.8 DGGE Analysen der Anreichungskulturen. - 5.8.1 Anreicherungen bei 4 °C. - 5.8.2 Anreicherungen bei 10 °C. - 5.8.3 Anreicherungen bei 28 °C. - 5.9 Taxonomie der untersuchten Ammoniak oxidierenden Mikroorganismen (AOM). - 5.9.1 Taxonomie der AOB. - 5.9.2 Taxonomie der AOA. - 5.10 Charakterisierungen der Anreicherungskulturen. - 5.10.1 Morphologische Eigenschaften der Anreicherungskulturen. - 5.10.2 Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Anreicherungskulturen. - 5.10.3 Temperaturanpassung als physiologische Eigenschaft der AOM. - 5.11 Zusammenfassender Überblick der Ergebnisse. - 6. Diskussion. - 6.1 Permafrostböden und die Prozesse des Stickstoffkreislaufes. - 6.1.1 Stickstoffumsätze aufgrund kleinräumige Variabilität der Böden Samoylovs. - 6.1.2 Verteilung der gelösten anorganischen Stickstoffverbindungen (DIN). - 6.1.3 N-Limitierung in den Permafrostböden. - 6.1.4 Die Prozesse im Küstenaufschluss am Samoylov-Kliff. - 6.2 Die mikrobielle Diversität in den Permafrostböden. - 6.2.1 Diversität in Permafrostböden. - 6.2.3 Unterscheidung AOB und AOA. - 6.2.4 Wer ist wann aktiv? Die Bewertung der RT PCR Ergebnisse. - 6.3 Temperaturanpassung. - 6.4 Möglicher Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Stickstoffumsetzung. - 7. Schlussbetrachtung und Ausblick. - Literatur. - Veröffentlichungen. - Dank.

Note: Table of Contents: Foreword / Margot Böse. - Depositional architecture and palaeogeographic significance of Middle Pleistocene glaciolacustrine ice marginal deposits in northwestern Germany: a synoptic overview / Jutta Winsemann, Christian Brandes, Ulrich Polom, Christian Weber. - Chronology of Weichselian main ice marginal positions in north-eastern Germany / Christopher Lüthgens, Margot Böse. - Deglaciation of a large piedmont lobe glacier in comparison with a small mountain glacier - new insight from surface exposure dating. Two studies from SE Germany / Anne U. Reuther, Markus Fiebig, Suan Ivy-Ochs, Peter W. Kubik, Jürgen M. Reitner, Hermann Herz, Klaus Heine. - Casting new light on the chronology of the loess/paleosol sequences in Lower Austria / Birgit Terharst, Christine Thiel, Robert Peticzka, Tobias Sprafke, Manfred Frechen, Florian A. Fladerer, Reinhard Roetzel, Christine Neugebauer-Maresch. - Editorial / Markus Fiebig. - Quaternary glaciation history of northern Switzerland / Frank Preusser, Hans Rudolf Graf, Oskar Keller, Edgar Krayss, Christian Schlüchter. - The Quaternary of the southwest German Alpine Foreland (Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany) / Dietrich Ellwanger, Ulrike Wielandt-Schuster, Matthias Franz, Theo Simon. - Quaternary Stratigraphy of Southern Bavaria / Gerhard Doppler, Ernst Kroemer, Konrad Rögner, Johannes Wallner, Hermann Jerz, Walter Grottenthaler. - An outline of the quaternary stratigraphy of Austria / Dirk van Husen, Jürgen M. Reitner. , Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Predislovie. - Problems of absolute chronology and correlation of the Pleistocene glaciations in Gorny Altai / A. R. Agatova, R. K. Nepop. - Ecological and geomorphological consequences of mineral deposits development in conditions of the arid zone of Kazakhstan / K. M. Akpambetova. - Forming conditions of bottom sediments of Prokopievskoe Lake (Northern Karelia) according to the diatoms data / A. N. Alekseeva, O. P. Korsakova. - Lithostratigraphy of the quaternary deep sea sediments / T. N. Alekseeva, V. N. Sval'nov. - Climatic records from sediments of Elgygytgyn Lake (Polar Chukotka) / P. M. Anderson, A. V. Lozhkin. - First records of environmental change from lake sediments of the Kuril Archipelago / P. M. Anderson, A. V. Lozhkin, P. S. Minuyk, A. Yu. Pakhomov, T. B. Solomatkina, M. V. Cherepanova. - Late Pliocene / early Pliocene environments of the North-Eastern Siberian Arctic inferred from Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record / A. A. Andreev, M. Melles, V. Wennrich, J. Brigham-Grette. - The middle Neopleistocene of the Timan-Pechora-Vychegda Region / L. N. Andreicheva. - Kargian megainterstadial of the Prebaikalia: geochronology and paleogeography / Kh. A. Arslanov, N. E. Berdnikova, S. B. Chernov, G. A. Vorobioba, I. V. Enuschenko, D. V. Kobylkin, R. E. Maksimov, Yu. V. Ryzhov, A. A. Starikova. - The human and environment of Southeast Baltic on the boundary of the Pleistocene and the Holocene / Kh. A. Arslanov, O. A. Druzhinina, M. A. Kulkova, T. V. Sapelko, D. A. Subetto, I. N. Skhodnov. - Age of soil-pyroclastic sequences and chronology of volcanic activity on Matua Island (Central Kurils) during the Holocene / Kh. A. Arslanov, I. V. Melekestsev, N. G. Razjigaeva, A. V. Degterev, A. V. Rybin. - Summary of the Upper Pleistocene correlations in the Russian North / V. I. Astakhov. - Holocene climatic events in Amur River Basin and their correlation / V. B. Bazarova, L. M. Mokhova, T. A. Grebennikova. - About a western boundary of Dnieper glaciation on the southern east-european platform / M. Bargl. - On the causes of two most significant events of the Holocene / A. A. Barenbaum. - On the issue of the construction of the quaternary stratigraphy scale and frequency of the meteoric impacts / A. A. Barenbaum. - Stratigraphy of the sediments from the Mendeleev Rise, (Central Arctic Ocean), based on benthic foraminifera and ostracoda / V. A. Basov, N. V. Kupriyanova, E. S. Novikhina. - Paleosecular geomagnetic variations and late Weichselian Holocene magnetochronology in N-W Russia / V. G. Bakhmutov. - Biostratigraphy of sediments middle and late Holocene in the basin downstream Ussuri / P. S. Belyanin. - The palynology characteristic of loess loam sediments of Ussuri-Khankarazdolnaya depression in the middle and late Neopleistocene / P. S. Belyanin, N. I. Belyanina. - Glacio-marine deposits on the Northern Prinze Charls Mountains (East Antarctica) / A. S. Birjukov, M. S. Egorov. - Features of environmental and climatic changes in the Northern Caspian Sea Region and Caspian Sea Level fluctuations controlled by climate during the Holocene / N. S. Bolikhovskaya. - "Milankovitch Theory" - What does it mean? / V. A. Bolshakov. - MIS 11 problem and supposed 400-kyr Pleistocene climate cycle / V. A. Bolshakov, I. A. Karevskaya. - Sedimentation in the Kamennoe Lake (Kanin Peninsula) and climate changes during the Holocene according to the lake sediments / D. Yu. Bolshiyanov, P. S. Vakhrameeva, G. B. Fedorov, N. A. Bakunov, T. V. Sapelko, A. V. Ludikova, A. S. Makarov, M. V. Pavlov. - Relief and quaternary deposits of the South-Eastern Part of Taimyr Peninsula / D. Yu. Bolshiyanov, G. B. Fedorov, A. V. Krylov, Kh. A. Arslanov, J. Tide. - Last glaciation of the Russian Arctic / B. A. Borisov, E. A. Minina. - Short-term landscape and climatic oscillations in the late glacial: the main steps, results and future prospects of research / O. K. Borisova. - Late Quaternary Plankton biostratigraphy in the Knipovich Ridge Area (North Atlantic) / M. E. Bylinskaya, L. A. Golovina, E. P. Radionova. - Palaeolimnological investigations in the Laptev Sea Region / P. S. Vakhrameeva, D. A. Subetto, B. Diekmann, B. Biskaborn, L. Heinecke, G. Muller. - Strucute and genesis of Gorodok elevation in North-East Belarus / A. Vashkov. - Present problems in the Quaternary (Postapsheronskii) stratigraphy and geochronology of the Caspian Sea Sediments / S. S. Veliev, E. N. Tagieva. - Problem of paleogeography of East Europe in late Pliocene and early Pleistocene / A. A. Velichko, V. V. Pisareva, M. A. Faustova. - Regularities of modern relief organization of Kolyma lowland tundra landscapes (Northeast Siberia) - Remote sensing and GIS Studies / A. A. Veremeeva. - The joint German-Russian Polygon Project - Environmental studies in East Siberian Tundra wetlands / S. Wetterich, A. Bobrov, U. Herzschuh, H. Joosten, L. Pestryakova, E.-M. Pfeijfer, L. Kutzbach, L. Schirrmeister, D. Subetto, V. Tumskoy. - Interglacial environments of Oyogos Yar (Dmitry Laptev Strait) / S. Wetterich, R. Kienast, S. Kuzmina, A. A. Andreev, L. Nazarova, L. Schirrmeister, V. V. Kunitsky. - Geological significance of section "Ogurtsovo" in district of Novosibirsk / I. A. Volkov, S. P. Kazmin. - Present problems of the Quaternary period stratigraphy of the West and Middle Siberia / V. S. Volkova. - New data on the evolution and age of sediments, enclosing the cultural horizon of middle Paleolithic Site Khotylevo-1 (River Desna Basin) / E. V. Voskresenskaya, L. B. Vishniytskiy, I. S. Zuganova, E. U. Novenko, A. K. Ocherednoy. - The Lake Sedimentogenez and features of the Paleogeography Prihankayskoy depression in Late Cenozoic / T. N. Voskresenskaya. - Relief and loose desposits of the Russian Plain main watershed protected areas in the South-East Onega / A. I. Voskresenskiy, I. S. Voskresenskiy, A. N. Kichigin. - Distribution of cryogenic micro relief in low mountainous massifs of the Kola Peninsula / E. V. Garankina. - Change of landscapes in early Pleistocene histories of East European Plane / N. I. Glushankova. - Some structural and mapping features of water-glacial deposits of the Don horizon / B. V. Glushkov, G. V. Kholmovoy. - Using dem for tasks of Quaternary geology and geomorphology of Siberia / N. V. Glushkova, V. A. Lyamina, I. D. Zolnikov, N. N. Dobretsov, V. P. Afanas'ev, D. A. Samdanov, I. I. Boldirev, S. A. Semenova. - Reference horizons of volcanic ash in Quaternary deposits of the Northern Coast of Okhotsk Sea / O. Yu. Glushkova, V. N. Smirnov. - Problems of the Eopleistocene volumes in the South-Eastern West Siberian Plate in the context of the Quaternary bottom lowering / A. G. Golovina, V. S. Volkova. - An influence of coastal processes on sedimentogenesis in the Tsymlyanskoye reservoir / N. V. Golubova. - Environments during the time of initial human settlement of the Kola Peninsula / I. M. Grekov, E. A. Kosheleva. - Mesostratigraphy of middle- and late valdai loess-like loams as the marker of low-range ecosystematic rearrangements / L. A. Gugalinskaya, V. M. Alifanov. - Relief and quaternary sediments from outer part of East Siberian Sea: new data / E. A. Gusev, A. G. Zinchenko, N. Yu. Anikina, L. G. Derevyanko, V. V. Popov. - The Middle Holocene parastratotype old Kieshki Site and its palaeobotanic characteristic (Southern Foreurals) / G. A. Danukalova, E. G. Lapteva, O. M. Korona. - Results of the Mollusc study of the late Pliocene early Quaternary Novosultanbekovo Site (Southern Foreurals) / G. A. Danukalova, E. M. Osipova. - Natural and anthropogenic factors of formation of chemical composition of sediments of lakes of North Fennoscandia / V. A. Dauvalter, N. A. Kashulin, S. S. Sandimirov. - Difficulties of long-term air temperature time series finding for climatological problems / V. I. Demin. - Diatom complexes changes in academicheskoe lake sediments (Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula) / D. B. Denisov. - Natural features of sedimentogenesis in the lake of the Eastern slope o , In kyrill. Schr. , In engl. und rus. Sprache

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Contemporary hydrographic network of the North-East of the Russian Plain: chronology of development / A. S. Lavrov, L. M. Potapenko. - Some distinctions of big and smoll interglacials (by way of example of Western Siberia during Late Pleistocene) / S. A. Laukhin, A. M. Firsov. - Pollen spectra in the lithological facies of lake bottom sediment on the White Sea Coast / N. B. Lavrova, V. V. Kolka, O. P. Korsakova. - Barsova Gora is the unical object of glacial geology and Taiga vegetation in the middle Priobie / N. B. Levina, V. A. Tkachenko, V. N. Turin, N. N. Lavrovich, E. V. Shepetova. - Geological role of ice in formation of the Arctic Ocean recent and quaternary sediments composition / M. A. Levitan, K. V. Syromyatnikov. - Granite protrusions as a relief-forming factor of the activated sections of platforms and mobile belts / M. G. Leonov, E. S. Przhiyalgovsky. - Glacial tectonics and the granulated substance mechanics / M. G. Leonov, O. G. Epshtein. - Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene lake sediments in hollow D'Issyk-kul / O. N. Leflat, T. N. Voskresenskaya. - Complexity and diversity of genetic indication of loose formations and new things in the methods of their identification (according to the results of research of small rivers' valleys of the North of Amur-Zeya Plain, Lower Amur Region and Western Priokhotye / E. Yu. Likutov. - Landscape-geological characteristic of travertine cascade of the ancient thermal source of tract pymvashor / A. A. Ljubas, J. N. Bolotov, M. Y. Gofarov, S. A. lglovskiy. - Lake's lithogenesis: new formations are on the bottom of the drying up Udinsky Streach / L. A. Magaeva, M. T. Ustinov. - Genetic classification of peat deposits based on trophicity degree / G. L. Makarenko. - On the issue of classification of mires based on trophicity degree / G. L. Makarenko. - Some burning issues of a structural interpretation of the plain areas relief / V. I. Makarov, N. V. Makarova, T. V. Sukhanova. - The first experience of the 230Th/U dating of buried wood remains / R. E. Maksimov, V. Yu. Kuznetsov, S. A. Laukhin, I. E. Zherebtsov, S. B. Levchenko, N. G. Baranova. - Variations of the relative intensity of geomagnetic field in bottom sediments of the Bering Sea and North-Western Pacific during the last 380 kyr / M. I. Malakhov, S. A. Gorbarenko, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, G. Yu. Malakhova, J. Riethdorf. - Using high-resolution records petromagnetic and lithophysic characteristics of the sediments Bering Sea and high-latitude Western Pacific for reconstruction of climate and environment in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene / M. I. Malakhov, S. A. Gorbarenko, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, G. Yu. Malakhova, J. Riethdorf. - Some information about genetic classification of lakes of the Vepsovsky Hill East of the Leningrad Region / O. V. Malozemova, L. A. Nesterova, D. A. Subetto. - Middle Pleistocene small mammal faunas of Eastern and Central Europe: Chronology, correlation / A. K. Markova, T. van Kolfschoten. - Astronomical and meteorological criteria of defining human activity traces in ancient megalith rock complexes in the North-West Russia / L. S. Marsadolov, G. N. Paranina. - Palynological characteristics of the middle Pleistocene deposits in the Vychegda River Basin, the Komi Republic (preliminary data) / T. I. Marchenko-Vagapova. - Isotope specialization (δ18O, δ13C) of quaternary carbonates from Belarus and potential of palaeoenvironments indication / N. A. Makhnach. - The complex survey of quaternary deposits / A. V. Mashukov, A. E. Mashukova. - Quaternary deposits and construction materials' deposits in the Kaluga Region / S. G. Medvedeva. - Vegetation and climate of Sakhalin in the early Holocene / Yu. A. Mikishin, L. G. Gvozdeva. - Inorganic geochemistry record of stages 6-11 from Elgygytgyn lake sediments (deep drilling data) / P. S. Minyuk, V. Ya. Borkhodoev and Elgygytgyn Scientific Party. - Palaeoshorelines on the Murmansk coast / M. V. Mityaev. - Vertical matter flow in Gulfs on Murmansk and Karelian coasts / M. V. Mityaev, M. V. Gerasimova. - Channel and basin components of sediment yield in the formation of quaternary alluvial suites of rivers of the middle Volga Region / V. V. Mozzherin. - Late Pleistocene interglacial-glacial climatic transition (MIS 5/MIS 4) as derived from palynological analysis and IR-OSL dating of deposits from the Voka Reference Section, Southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland / A. N. Molodkov, N. S. Bolikhovskaya. - Quaternary sediments in the Central Part of Northern West Siberia / D. V. Nazarov. - Palynological evidences of the postglacial warm event of the Laptev Sea Region / O. D. Naidina. - Some problems of using luminescent methods for absolute dating of glacial deposits (by the example of Chagan Section, SE Altai) / R. K. Nepop, A. R. Agatova, H. Rodnight. - Freshwater travertine-like carbonates of the Izhora Plateau as the natural markers of the structural dislocations / M. U. Nikitin, A. A. Medvedeva. - Fold deformations in late Pleistocene deposits of the Central Part Kola Region and their genesis / S. B. Nikolaeva. - Mammoths and man of stone age in Northern Europe - insight of a question on migrations to European Subarctic by Western paths / A. A. Nikonov. - Formation of present-day deposits in the conditions of technogenic litogenesis / E. N. Ogorodnikova, S. K. Nikolaeva. - Traces cryogenesis of Neopleistocene sediments the lower Irtysh / O. L. Opokina, E. A. Slagoda. - Stratigraphical subdivision of the Eopleistocene deposits of the Simbugino Site and new mollusc finds (Southern Foreurals) / E. M. Osipova, G. A. Danukalova. - Late Pleistocene to Holocene environment and climate in the Upper Ponoy Depression (Kola Peninsula) reconstracted from pollen record of Churozero lake bottom deposits / E. Yu. Pavlova, M. V. Dorozhkina, E. I. Devyatova. - Absolute chronology and climatic conditions of Valdai (Vistulian) terraces formation in the middle Seim River Valley / A. Panin, J.-P. Buylaert, E. Matlakhova, A. Murray, O. Pakholova. - Possibility of reconstruction of climate change in the Mongolian Altai based on analysis of annual records in glaciers and lacustrine sediment / T. S. Papma, E. Yu. Mitrofanova, N. S. Malygina. - Northern labyrinth - thee Gnomon: compass, clock, calendar / G. N. Paranina. - Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleogeography of the coastal lowlands of Is. Paramushir (Kuril Islands) / A. Ju. Pakhomov. - Upper-Kama (Verhnekama) Upland - the newest lifting of the middle Last Pleistocene / M. M. Pakhomov, I. L. Borodatyi. - Dating mass accumulations of Mammoth across Arctic Eurasia / V. V. Pitulko, P. A. Nikolskiy, A. E. Basilyan, E. Y. Pavlova. - Features of vertical distribution of the materials within the marginal zones of permafrost polygonal structures and its importance for dating of quaternary deposits in cryolitozone / V. V. Pitulko, E. Y. Pavlova, A. E. Basilyan, S. G. Kritsuk. - Morfogenesis of the tectonics active area of the Mongolian Altay / S. G. Platonova. - Reference section of the Lichvin interglacial in the North-Western Part of European Russia's Region / E. S. Pleshivtseva, V. L. Garkusha, M. A. Travina. - New radiocarbon dates of Late Quaternary Mammals in the Arkhangelsk Region in connection with reconstructions of the last glaciation in the Eastern Europe / D. V. Ponomarev, T. van Kolfschoten, A. K. Markova, J. van der Plicht. - Geological illustrations of Aral-Caspian Region's latest seismodynamic high activity / V. I. Popkov. - About Karagiinsk closed depression (Mangishlak)'s genesis / V. I. Popkov. - On the issue of formation of the Caucasian mineral waters' modern structural geomorphologic aspect / V. I. Popkov, I. G. Sazonov, D. A. Kolleganova. - Natural climate changes on the border of Late Pleistocene and Holocene / A. N. Popova, D. A. Subetto. - Some problems paleogeomorfologi Volga Region / I. V. Proletkin. - New perspectives on modern geomorphological studies / I. V. Proletkin. - Dynamics of small mammals local assem , In kyrill. Schr. , In engl. und rus. Sprache

Note: CONTENT Preface / M. Dergacheva, A. Makeev Description of study area and paleosol / M. Dergacheva, N. Mironycheva-Tokareva, S. Ponomarev, D. Gavrilov LECTURES Essentials of the paleopedology and a review of Quaternary paleosols of the Northern Hemisphere: main items, presented in the lectures / A. Makeev Paleosols in geologic history of the Earth / A. Makeev Possibilites and limits of pedohumus method used at investigations types and environment of ancient pedogenesis / M. Dergacheva Classification system of paleosols / I. Fedeneva Indicating function of pedogenic carbonates in paleoclimatic reconstruction of Holocene and Pleistocene / O. Khokhlova Miromorphological capacities for reseaching of palaeosoils / M. Lebedeva (Verba) Three-dimensional morphology of soil / A. V. Zakharchenko Paleomagnetic method for studing Pliocene and Quaternary deposits of Siberia (current status, problems, prospects) / Z. N. Gnibidenko Specific chemical state anthropogenic transformed soil of the ancient settlements / O. Yakimenko Geochemical peculiarities of soils as an indicator of specific of their formation and anthropogenic transformation / L. Rikhvanov REPORTS Problem of paleosols weed / A. Blagodatnova Spatial distribution of mobile phosphates in Kamennyi Ambar settlement (Chelyabinsk region) / K. Bojtsova Review of literature data for the study of humus horizon chernozem rate formation / E. Burnatova Pedogenic features in paleosols of Samara Volga region archaeological sites / D. Vassilieva Paleosols of Early Iron Age double kurgan of burial ground Kuigenzhar (Northern Kazakhstan) / D. Gavrilov, R. Ishmuratov, A. Toguzbaev Salt soils of Central-Tuva depression / Ch. Danchai-ool Humus composition of Zaural' e forest-steppe and steppe zones on example of archaeological sites / T. Zhdanova Properties variation of the upper part of the modern soils and surface paleosols of key site Volodarka (Barnaul Priobye) / H. Zhaharova Chernozems morphological properties of key area «Volodarka» / O. Kazachenok Comparative characteristics of the modern turf-podzolic soil and the soil buried under centenary dump (Sysert' District, Middle Urals) / L. Kirilyuk Paleopedology: objects and article of researches (review of publications in a «Soil Science» magazine for 2008-2010) / M. Komarova Soils with a buried humus horizon / B. Mongush Paleogeography formation conditions of Tuva sandy landscapes / Ch. Mongush, S. Kurbatskaya The comparative characteristic of 700-year-old and background soil near Sovetskiy city (middle taiga) / O. Nekrasova Humus soil memory: the conditions and time limits for the conservation of steppe / A. Nikiforov Study Holocene evolution of Central Tuva soil and soil formation / K. Ochur Estimation of restoration rate of damaged soils (on materials of studying archaeological objects of the foreststeppe zone) / E. Politova, V. Valdayskih Some polygenetic chernozem characteristics of the Ob Plateau Eastern edge (for example, the key area "Volodarka") / S. Ponomarev Vertical zonality soils in the Sayan mountains in Tuva / V. Sanchaiban Soil physical properties as a soil memory flash / E. Surkova Peculiarities of soddy-alluvial soil of the river Sysert' water-meadow (The Middle Urals) / A. Uchaev Aqueous extract composition of anthropogenically disturbed soils of Kamennyi Am bar settlement / D. Filimonova Environmental conditions of steppe soils for example near the village of Volodarka / H. Cherepanova New investigations at Tokaj-Csorgukut II. Loess section, Northeast Hungary / D. G. Páll, G. Persaits, P. Sümegi P Preliminary results on the phytoliths of the dutch neolithic site Swifterbant as seen from samples retrieved from soils, pig droppings and molars / G. Persaits, D. C. M. Raemaekers , In kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache

Note: Contents Chapter 1. Introduction / Lead authors: Morten Skovgaard Olsen, Lars-Otto Reiersen Chapter 2. Arctic Climate: Recent Variations / Lead authors: John E. Walsh, James E. Overland, Pavel Y. Groisman, Bruno Rudolf Chapter 3. Climate Model Projections for the Arctic / Lead authors: James E. Overland, Muyin Wang, John E. Walsh, Jens H. Christensen, Vladimir M. Kattsov, William L. Chapman Chapter 4. Changing Snow Cover and its Impacts / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Ross D. Brown, Pavel Y. Groisman, Niklas Labba, Vladimir Radionov Chapter 5. Changing Permafrost and its Impacts / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Oleg Anisimov, Hanne H. Christiansen, Arne Instanes, Vladimir Romanovsky, Sharon Smith Chapter 6. Changing Lake and River Ice Regimes: Trends, Effects and Implications / Lead authors: Terry Prowse, Knut Alfredsen, Spyros Beltaos, Barrie Bonsal, Claude Duguay, Atte Korhola, James McNamara, Warwick F. Vincent, Valery Vuglinsky, Gesa Weyhenmeyer Chapter 7. Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps / Lead authors: Martin Sharp, Maria Ananicheva, Anthony Arendt, Jon-Ove Hagen, Regine Hock, Edward Josberger, R. Dan Moore, William Tad Pfeffer, Gabriel J. Wolken Chapter 8. The Greenland Ice Sheet in a Changing Climate / Lead authors: Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Jonathan Bamber, Carl E. Bøggild, Erik Buch, Jens H. Christensen, Klaus Dethloff, Mark Fahnestock, Shawn Marshall, Minik Rosing, Konrad Steffen, Robert Thomas, Martin Truffer, Michael van den Broeke, Cornelis van der Veen Chapter 9. Sea Ice / Lead authors: Walter N. Meier, Sebastian Gerland, Mats A. Granskog, Jeffrey R. Key, Christian Haas, Grete K. Hovelsrud, Kit M. Kovacs, Alexander Makshtas, Christine Michel, Donald Perovich, James D. Reist, Bob E.H. van Oort Chapter 10. Arctic Societies, Cultures, and Peoples in a Changing Cryosphere / Lead authors: Grete K. Hovelsrud, Birger Poppel, Bob E.H. van Oort, James D. Reist Chapter 11. Cross-cutting Scientific Issues / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Margareta Johansson, Roland Kallenborn, Jeffrey R. Key, Robie Macdonald, Terry Prowse, Martin Sharp, Konrad Steffen, Warwick F. Vincent Chapter 12. SWIPA Synthesis: Implications of Findings / Lead author: James D. Reist Acronyms and abbreviations

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens Zur gegenwärtigen Situation der Fokusregion Berlin-Brandenburg / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens I. Umweltwandel und die Folgen für den Landschaftswasserhaushalt Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Barbara Köstner, Herbert Sukopp, Jost Heintzenberg Temperaturaufzeichnungen in Berlin für die letzten 310 Jahre / Ulrich Cubasch, Christopher Kadow Simulation des gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Regionalklimas von Brandenburg / Eberhard Schaller Simulation von Wasserhaushaltskomponenten unter dem Wandel des regionalen Klimas / Barbara Köstner, Matthias Kuhnert Reaktionen von Seeökosystemen auf Umweltveränderungen / Michael Hupfer, Brigitte Nixdorf, Klement Tockner Anthropogene Einflussfaktoren des Landschaftswasserhaushalts / Gunnar Lischeid Wasserhaushaltliche und wasserwirtschaftliche Bilanzen / Uwe Grünewald Kernaussagen / Barbara Köstner, Sonja Germer, Jost Heintzenberg II. Wandel von Landnutzungen und deren Konsequenzen für Wasserressourcen Einleitung / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus Regionale Landwirtschaft im globalen Wandel / Konrad Hagedorn Den Rahmen setzen für die Entwicklung der Kulturlandschaften von morgen. Regionale Antworten auf globale Herausforderungen finden / Werner Konold Strategien zum Integrierten Land- und Wasserressourcenmanagement im märkischen Feuchtgebietsgürtel Oderbruch-Havelland / Joachim Quast Wassermanagement in der Landwirtschaft / Katrin Drastig, Annette Prochnow, Reiner Brunsch Waldbewirtschaftung unter den Bedingungen des Klimawandels in Brandenburg / Ralf Kätzel, Klaus Höppner Erzeugung und Verbrauch von landwirtschaftlichen Produkten aus Brandenburg in Berlin / Hans Kögl Neue Entwicklungen in der Pflanzenzüchtung und Systembetrachtungen der Pflanze-Umwelt-Interaktion / Inge Broer, Reiner Brunsch Kernaussagen / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus III. Infrastrukturen neu denken: gesellschaftliche Funktionen und Weiterentwicklung / Eva Barlösius, Karl-Dieter Keim, Georg Meran, Timothy Moss, Claudia Neu Gegenwärtige Situation der Infrastrukturen Ausgangspunkt: LandInnovation Leistungen der Infrastrukturen in der Vergangenheit Wasser- und Bildungsinfrastrukturen: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede Kernaussagen über Infrastrukturen IV. Handeln unter Bedingungen des globalen Wandels / Sonja Germer, Karl-Dieter Keim, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens, Rolf Emmermann, Reinhard F. Hüttl Übergeordnete Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels Brückenprinzipien als Handlungsorientierung für den Umgang mit dem globalen Wandel Stärkung der interdisziplinären Forschung und des Transfers Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren Verzeichnis der Mitglieder der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung Verzeichnis der Diskussionspapiere der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Äußerer und innerer Bau der Torfmoose. - 1.2. Reproduktionsbiologie der Torfmoose. - 1.3. Forschungsgeschichte. - 1.4. Stammesgeschichte. - 1.5. Bestimmungshinweise. - 2. Schlüssel und Kurzbeschreibung der Sektionen. - 2.1. Schlüssel zu den Sektionen. - 2.2. Kurzbeschreibung der Sektionen. - 3. Schlüssel und Regionalfloren. - 3.1. Bestimmungsschlüssel. - 3.1.1. Europa. - 3.1.2. Asien. - 3.1.3. Afrika. - 3.1.4. Nord- und Mittelamerika. - 3.1.5. Südamerika. - 3.1.6. Australien, Neuseeland und Pazifik. - 3.2. Regionalfloren. - 3.2.1. Europa. - 3.2.2. Nordasien. - 3.2.3. Ostasien. - 3.2.4. Südasien. - 3.2.5. Südostasien. - 3.2.6. Westasien. - 3.2.7. Nordafrika. - 3.2.8. Zentralafrika. - 3.2.9. Südafrika. - 3.2.10. Madagaskar. - 3.2.11. Nordamerika. - 3.2.12. Mittelamerika Festland. - 3.2.13. Mittelamerika Antillen. - 3.2.14. Nordwestliches Südamerika. - 3.2.15. Östliches Südamerika. - 3.2.16. Gemäßigtes Südamerika. - 3.2.17. Australien. - 3.2.18. Neuseeland. - 3.2.19. Pazifik. - 4. Artbeschreibungen. - 4.1. Sphagnum sect. Sericea. - 4.2. Sphagnum sect. Lapazensis. - 4.3. Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum. - 4.4. Sphagnum sect. Rigida. - 4.5. Sphagnum sect. lnsulosa. - 4.6. Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia. - 4.7. Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa. - 4.8. Sphagnum sect. Polyclada. - 4.9. Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda. - 4.10. Sphagnum sect. Isocladus. - 4.11. Sphagnum sect. Hemitheca. - 4.12. Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata. - 4.13. Sphagnum sect. Mollusca. - 4.14. Ambuchanania. - 5. Verzeichnis der verwendeten Fachausdrücke. - 6. Literatur. - 7. Verzeichnis der Zeitschriften und Schriftenreihen. - 8. Abbildungsnachweis. - 9. Register. , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 The environment of the polar regions. - 1.2 The role of the polar regions in the global climate system. - 1.3 Possible implications of high latitude climate change. - 2. Polar climate data and models. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Instrumental observations. - 2.3 Meteorological analysis fields. - 2.4 Remotely sensed data. - 2.5 Proxy climate data. - 2.6 Models. - 3. The high latitude climates and mechanisms of change. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Factors influencing the broadscale climated of the polar regions. - 3.3 Processes of the high latitude climates. - 3.4 The mechanisms of high latitude climate change. - 3.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 3.6 Temperature. - 3.7 Cloud and precipitation. - 3.8 Sea ice. - 3.9 The ocean circulation. - 3.10 Concluding remarks. - 4. The last million years. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The Arctic. - 4.3 The Antarctic. - 4.4 Linking high latitude climate change in the two hemispheres. - 5. The Holocene. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Forcing of the climate system during the Holocene. - 5.3 Atmospheric circulation. - 5.4 Temperature. - 5.5 The ocean circulation. - 5.6 Sea ice and sea surface temperatures. - 5.7 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 5.8 The cryosphere, precipitation and sea level. - 5.9 Concluding remarks. - 6. The instrumental period. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The main meteorological elements. - 6.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation. - 6.4 The ocean environment. - 6.5 Sea ice. - 6.6. Snow cover. - 6.7 Permafrost. - 6.8 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 6.9 Terrestrial ice and sea level. - 6.10 Attribution of recent changes. - 6.11 Concluding remarks. - 7. Predictions for the next 100 years. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Possible future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the IPCC models. - 7.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation and the modes of climate variability. - 7.4 The main meteorological elements. - 7.5 The ocean circulation and water masses. - 7.6 Sea ice. - 7.7 Seasonal snow cover and the terrestrial environment. - 7.8 Permafrost. - 7.9 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 7.10 Terrestrial ice, the ice shelves and sea level. - 7.11 Concluding remarks. - 8. Summary and future research needs. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Gaining improved understanding of past climate change. - 8.3 Modelling the high latitude climate system. - 8.4 Data required. - 8.5 Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Ackowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and extent 1.2 The role of the cryosphere in the climate system 1.3 The organization of cryospheric observations and research 1.4 Remote sensing of the cryosphere Part I The terrestrial cryosphere 2A Snowfall and snow cover 2.1 History 2.2 Snow formation 2.3 Snow cover 2.4 Snow cover modeling in land surface schemes of GCMs 2.5 Snow interception by the canopy 2.6 Sublimation 2.7 Snow metamorphism 2.8 In situ measurements of snow 2.9 Remote sensing of snowpack properties and snow-cover area 2.10 Snowmelt modeling 2.11 Recent observed snow cover changes 2B Avalanches 2.12 History 2.13 Avalanche characteristics 2.14 Avalanche models 2.15 Trends' in avalanchf:' conditions 3 Glaciers and ice caps 3.1 History 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Glacier characteristics 3.4 Mass balance 3.5 Remote sensing 3.6 Glacier flow and flowlines 3.7 Scaling 3.8 Glacier modeling 3.9 Ice caps 3.10 Glacier hydrology 3.11 Changes in glaciers and ice caps 4 Ice sheets 4.1 History of exploration 4.2 Mass balance 4.3 Remote sensing 4.4 Mechanisms of ice sheet changes 4.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet 4.6 Antarctica 4.7 Overall ice sheet changes 4.8 Ice sheet models 4.9 Ice sheet and ice shelf interaction 4.10 Ice sheet contributions to sea level change 5 Frozen ground and permafrost 5.1 History 5.2 Frozen ground definitions and extent 5.3 Thermal relationships 5.4 Vertical characteristics of permafrost 5.5 Remote sensing 5.6 Ground ice 5.7 Permafrost models 5.8 Geomorphological features associated with permafrost 5.9 Changes in permafrost and soil freezing 6 Freshwater ice 6.1 History 6.2 Lake ice 6.3 Changes in lake ice cover 6.4 River ice 6.5 Trends in river ice cover 6.6 Icings Part II The marine cryosphere 7 Sea ice 7.1 History 7.2 Sea ice characteristics 7.3 Ice drift and ocean circulation 7.4 Sea ice models 7.5 Leads, polynyas, and pressure ridges 7.6 Ice thickness 7.7 Trends in sea ice extent and thickness 8 Ice shelves and icebergs 8.1 History 8.2 Ice shelves 8.3 Ice streams 8.4 Conditions beneath ice shelves 8.5 Ice shelf buttressing 8.6 Icebergs 8.7 Ice islands Part Ill The cryosphere past and future 9 The cryosphere in the past 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Snowball Earth and ice-free Cretaceous 9.3 Phanerozoic glaciations 9.4 Late Cenozoic polar glaciations 9.5 The Quaternary 9.6 The Holocene 10 The future cryosphere: impacts of global warming 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General observations 10.3 Recent cryospheric changes 10.4 Climate projections 10.5 Projected changes to Northern Hemisphere snow cover 10.6 Projected changes in land ice 10.7 Projected permafrost changes 10.8 Projected changes in freshwater ice 10.9 Projected sea ice changes Part IV Applications 11 Applications of snow and ice research 11.1 Snowfall 11.2 Freezing precipitation 11.3 Avalanches 11.4 Ice avalanches 11.5 Winter sports industry 11.6 Water resources 11.7 Hydropower 11.8 Snow melt floods 11.9 Freshwater ice 11.10 Ice roads 11.11 Sea ice 11.12 Glaciers and ice sheets 11.13 Icebergs 11.14 Permafrost and ground ice I 1.15 Seasonal ground freezing Glossary References Index

Note: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ. Diss., 1987

Note: Zugleich: Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Dissertation A, 1987 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 0. Vorbemerkungen. - 1. Einleitung. - 2. Theoretische Grundlagen der gesteinsmagnetischen Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 2.1. Suszeptibilitätsanisotropien in Mineralen. - 2.1.1. Magnetische Kristallanisotropie. - 2.1.2. Magnetische Formanisotropie. - 2.2. Suszeptibilitätsanisotropien in Gesteinen. - 2.3. Symmetriebeziehungen. - 3. Untersuchungsmethodik. - 3.1. Probenentnahme. - 3.2. Probenaufbereitung. - 3.3. Meßwertaufnahme. - 3.4. Meßwertbearbeitung. - 3.5. Fehlerbetrachtung. - 4. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen an Sedimentiten der Thüringischen und Subherzynen Senke und Magmatiten aus dem Südteil der DDR. - 4.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 4.2. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen in Sedimentiten. - 4.2.1. Genetische Klassifizierung der gesteinsmagnetischen Anisotropien. - 4.2.2. Anwendung der Methode auf Karbonate der Allertal-Grabenzone (Subherzyne Senke). - 4.2.2.1. Geologische Stellung 4.2.2.2. Ergebnisse der Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 4.2.3. Anwendung der Methode auf Karbonate aus Randstörungen der Thüringischen Senke. - 4.2.3.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.2.3.2. Ergebnisse der Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 4.2.4. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 4.2.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 4.3. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen an Magmatiten aus dem Südteil der DDR. - 4.3.1. Genetische Klassifizierung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropien in Magmatiten. - 4.3.2. Anwendung der Methode auf die Gesteine des Kirchberger Granits. - 4.3.2.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.3.2.2. Diskussion der gesteinsmagnetischen Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 4.3.3. Anwendung der Methode auf die Gesteine des Meißener Massivs. - 4.3.3.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.3.3.2. Diskussion der gesteinsmagnetischen Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 4.3.4. Schlußfolgerungen. - 5. Die Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität in den Ketamorphiten der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika). - 5.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 5.2. Genetische Klassifizierung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropien in Metamorphiten. - 5.2.1. Modellvorstellungen zum Orientierungsverhalten ferromagnetischer Minerale bei Deformation. - 5.2.2. Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität und Regionalmetamorphose. - 5.2.3. Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität und Dynamometamorphose. - 5.3. Petromagnetische und petrographisch/petrochemische Eigenschaften der Tektonite (Kataklasite, Mylonite, Blastomylonite) aus einer Störungszone der Schirmacher Oase. - 5.3.1. Geologisch-geophysikalische Übersicht. - 5.3.2. Strukturelle und stoffliche Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 5.3.2.1. Tektonische und petrographisch/petrochemische Ergebnisse. - 5.3.2.2. Zur Anisotropie der gesteinsmagnetischen Eigenschaften 5.3.2.3. Zur kristallographischen Anisotropie (Textur) des Magnetitanteils. - 5.3.3. Diskussion der Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen. - 5.3.3.1. Parameterbeziehung zwischen den petrophysikalischen und stofflichen Ergebnissen aus methodischer Sicht. - 5.3.3.2. Geowissenschaftliehe Komplexinterpretation zur Kinematik der Störungszone. - 6. Anwendung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropieuntersuchungen zur Bewertung paläomagnetischer Meßergebnisse. - 6.1. Anisotropie beim Erwerb einer thermoremanenten Magnetisierung (TRM). - 6.2. Anisotropie beim Erwerb einer Sedimentationsremanenz (DRM). - 6.3. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Zusammenfassende Ergebnisdarstellung und Schlußfolgerungen für weiterführende Arbeiten. - Literatur.

Note: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2. Geographie - Geologie - Tektonik. - 3. Geologisch-petrographischer Überblick - Geländebeobachtungen. - 4. Probennahme und Aufbereitung. - 5. Analytik. - 5.1. Methoden. - 5.2. Analysengenauigkeit. - 6. Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 6.1. Gabbroide Gesteine. - 6.1.1 Petrographie. - 6.1.2. Chemismus. - 6.1.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.1.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.1.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.1.2.4. Mineralehemimus. - 6.2. Monzodioritische Gesteine. - 6.2.1. Petrographie. - 6.2.2. Chemismus. - 6.2.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.2.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.2.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.3. Syenitische Gesteine. - 6.3.1. Petrographie. - 6.3.2. Chemismus. - 6.3.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.3.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.3.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.4. Basalte. - 6.4.1. Petrographie. - 6.4.2. Chemismus. - 6.4.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.4.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.4.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.5. Ganggesteine. - 6.5.1. Petrographie und Verbreitung. - 6.5.2. Chemismus. - 6.5.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.5.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 7. Genetische Überlegungen. - 8. Zusammenfassung. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhang. - Anmerkungen zu den Probenkarten 1 bis 3 und den Tabellen A bis E. - Probenkarten 1 bis 3. - Tab. A: Probenverzeichnis. - Tab. B: Haupt- und Spurenelementanalysen, normativer Mineralbestand und berechnete Parameter. - Tab. C: SEE-Analysen. - Tab. D: Mineralanalysen der Clinopyroxene. - Tab. E: Mineralanalysen der Olivine. -

Note: Inhalt: EINLEITUNG. - Zweck der Exkursion. - Grönland - Godhavn - Arktisk Station. - Vorbereitungen. - Teilnehmerliste. - Reisetagebuch. - ALLGEMEINE VERANSTALTUNGEN. - Exkursionen für alle. - Wanderung zum Inlandeis. - Besuch beim Kommunalrat von Qeqertarssuaq. - BERICHTE DER ARBEITSGRUPPEN. - Rechtliche Bewertung des Meeresumweltschutzes. - Ökologie des Wattengebietes von Nipisat. - Tiefenzonierung der Bodenfauna im Diskofjord. - Fischbiologische Arbeiten. - Algenvegetation von Disko-Island. - Beiträge zur Botanik und Pflanzenökologie. - Liste der beobachteten Vogel- und Säugetierarten. - Homothermische radioaktive Quellen: Die Nematodenfauna. - "Southern" flora and "marine" fauna in the homothermic springs. - Cryptobiosis in arctic tardigrads.

Note: Inhalt: Expeditionsleiter. - 8. Juni 1930; Pfingstsonntag. - Reifejahre. - Wohlbehütete Kindheit. - Studienjahre hier und dort. - Weltrekord!. - Ein Leben für die Wissenschaft. - Grönland!. - Auf unbekannten Wegen. - Triumph und Unglück. - Privatdozent in Marburg. - Die epochale Idee. - Neue Pläne. - Probe auf Island. - Wieder Grönland. - Auf dem Rücken des Gletschers. - Quer durch Grönland. - Treue Gefährtin. - Krieg. - Neubeginn. - Professor in Hamburg. - Karibisches Intermezzo. - Ruf nach Graz. - Ein Traum wird wahr. - Vorbereitungen. - Im Motorboot vor Grönland. - Erfolgreicher Aufstieg. - Suche nach einem Zugang. - Auf dem Kgmarujuk. - Mit Hundeschlitten ins Innere. - Der letzte Winter. - 13.6.1930, der 35. Wartetag. - Die Transporte. - Eismitte. - Erinnerungen. - Anhang. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Register.

Note: Contents: A reader's guide to the Antarctic / James H. W. Hain. - Introduction: The callenge of Antarctic Science / David J. Drewry. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System / Lee A. Kimball. - The Antarctic Mineral Resources Negotiations / R. Tucker Scully. - The Antarctic Legal Regime and the Law of the Sea / Christopher C. Joyner. - Antarctica: Is there any oil and natural gas? / David H. Elliot. - The Southern Ocean and global climate / Arnold L. Gordon. - The Antarctic Ozone Hole / Mario J. Molina. - The Antarctic Circumpolar current / Thomas Whitworth III. - Antarctic Marine Living Resources / Kenneth Sherman, and Alan F. Ryan. - Whales / Douglas G. Chapman. - Seals / Donald B. Siniff. - The BIOMASS Program / Sayed Z. El-Sayed. - Antarctic Logistics / Alfred N. Fowler. - The Soviet Antarctic Program / Lawson W. Brigham. - The growth of Antarctic Tourism / Paul Dudley Hart. - Protecting the Antarctic Environment / Gerald S. Schatz. - Environmental Threats in Antarctica / Paul S. Bogart. - Letters. - Book reviews.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsangabe: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Das Backgroundaerosol. - 1.2 Das Aerosol der Antarktis. - 2 Voraussetzungen und Grundlagen. - 2.1 Logistische Voraussetzungen: das Spurenstoffobservatorium. - 2.2 Meßtechnik: Schwermetallanalyse im Ultraspurenbereich. - 2.2.1 Schwermetallanalyse von Aerosolproben. - 2.2.2 Prinzip der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (AAS). - 3 Experimentelles. - 3.1 Probenvorbereitung und Filterbesaugung. - 3.2 Filterextraktion. - 3.3 AAS-Schwermetallanalyse. - 3.4 Überprüfung der Messungen. - 3.4.1 Nullpunktsdrift, Nachweisgrenzen und Reproduzierbarkeit. - 3.4.2 Standardüberprüfung. - 3.4.3 Matrixeffekt. - 3.4.4 Ausbeute der Extraktion. - 3.4.5 Beitrag des Filterblanks. - 3.4.6 Doppelmessungen. - 3.4.7 Zusammenstellung der Messfehler. - 4 Meßergebnisse. - 4.1 Berechnung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 4.2 Aussortieren kontaminierter Filter. - 4.2.1 Pb-Kontaminationen. - 4.2.2 Zn-Kontaminationen. - 4.3 Darstellung der Jahresgänge. - 4.4 Häufigkeitsverteilung der Konzentrationen. - 4.5 Mittelwerte und jahreszeitliche Schwankungen. - 5 Diskussion. - 5.1 Kontaminationen durch den Stationsbetrieb: theoretische Abschätzungen. - 5.1.1 Motorschlitten. - 5.1.2 Dieselgeneratorbetrieb. - 5.1.3 Müllverbrennung. - 5.1.4 Zusammenfassung. - 5.2 Quantitative Bewertung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 5.2.1 Charakterisierung des Meßortes. - 5.2.2 Literaturvergleich. - 5.3 Kurzfristige Variationen. - 6 Mineralstaubtransport und Schwermetall-Geochemie. - 6.1 Mineralstaubtransport in die Antarktis. - 6.2 Beiträge verschiedener Quellen zum Schwermetallbackground an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.2.1 Maritimer Beitrag. - 6.2.2 Beitrag des Mineralstaubs. - 6.2.3 Vulkanischer Beitrag. - 6.2.4 Anthropogene Pb-Quellen. - 6.3 Anreicherungsfaktoren für Pb und Zn: kritische Betrachtungen. - 6.4 Pb-Flüsse. - 6.4.1 Berechnung des Pb-Flusses und der Pb-Konzentration im Oberflächenschnee an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.4.2 Betrachtung der globalen atmosphärischen Pb-Flüsse. - 7 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Zugl.: Münster, Univ., Diss., 1986

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Note: Aus d. Engl. übers.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Foreword. - Subject sections. - General articles. - Instruments and methods. - Theory of radio echo-sounding. - Applications to land ice. - Applications to floating ice. - Ancillary methods and observations. - Popular articles. - Theses and abstracts of theses.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 3. Forschungsarbeiten 3.1 Expeditionen 3.1.1 ANT 1V/3 (mit Kottas-und Filchner-Expeditionen) 3.1.2 ANT IV/4 3.1.3 ANT V/1, 2, 3 Die erste Winter-Weddellmeer-Expedition 3.1.4 ANT V/4 3.1.5 ANT V/5 3.1.6 ARK IV 3.2 Forschungsarbeiten der Sektionen 3.2.1 Biologie I (Zoologie) 3.2.2 Biologie II (Botanik + Mikrobiologie) 3.2.3 Chemie 3.2.4 Geologie 3.2.5 Geophysik, Glaziologie 3.2.6 Meeresphysik und Meßwesen 3.2.7 Theoretische Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre 3.2.8 Experimentelle Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre 3.3 Aus den Forschungsarbeiten 4. Logistik 4.1 Antarktisstationen 4.2 FS "Polarstern" und FS "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Flugzeuge und Hubschrauber 4.4 Schneefahrzeuge 4.5 Hafenlager 5. Zentrale Einrichtungen 5.1 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 5.2 Bibliothek 5.3 Rechenzentrum 5.4 Elektroniklabor 6. Personeller Aufbau des Instituts und Entwicklung des Institutshaushalts in den Jahren 1986 und 1987 6.1 Personal 6.2 Haushalt Anhang I Anhang II Anhang III Anhang IV Anhang V

Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: Einleitung u. Vorbemerkungen . - I. KNOCHENBRÜCHE UND VERRENKUNGEN. - 1.00 Knochenbrüche (nur die häufigsten). - 1.10 Geschlossene Knochenbrüche. - 1.11 Radiusfraktur. - 1.12 Schlüsselbeinbruch. - 1.13 Fingerbrüche. - 1.14 Zehenbrüche. - 1.15 Außenknöchelbruch (Verletzungen am Außenknöchel). - 1.20 Offene Knochenbrüche (allgemeine Behandlungs­grundsätze). - 2.00 Verrenkungen (Schulter). - 3.00 Nasenbluten (Methoden der Blutstillung). - 4.00 Schädelverletzungen (Allgemeines). - 4.10 Schädelhirntrauma (Leitsymptome). - 4.11 Vorgehen. - 4.20 Befunderhebungsbogen (Glasgow-Coma-Scale). - 5.00 Sonstige Verletzungen. - 5.10 Stark blutendeWunden. - 5.20 Offene Thoraxverletzungen. - 5.30 Offene Bauchverletzungen. - II. THERMISCHE SCHÄDEN. - 1.00 Verbrennungen. - 1.10 Sonnenbrand. - 1.20 Verblitzen der Augen (Schneeblindheit). - 2.00 Erfrierungen. - 3.00 Unterkühlung. - III. SCHÄDIGUNG DURCH CHEMIKALIEN (Vergiftung). - 1.00 Vergiftung durch Benzin und Diesel. - 1.10 Einwirkung von Batteriesäure. - 1.20 Rauch und Reizgasvergiftung. - IV. SONSTIGES. - 1.00 Appendicitis. - 2.00 Zahnschmerzen. - 3.00 Eingeschleppte Infektionserkrankungen. - 3.10 Malaria. - V. TECHNIKEN. - 1.00 Zur Technik der intramuskulären Injektion. - 2.00 Das Anlegen einer Infusion. - 3.00 Die Anwendung der Kramerschiene. - Anhang. - Die Ausstattung der Sankiste.