ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Part I: Introduction. - Part II: Environmental Chemist's Toolbox. - Part III: The Atmosphere. - Part IV: The Chemistry Of Continental Solids. - Part V: The Chemistry Of Continental Waters. - Part VI: The Oceans. - Part VII: Global Change

Description / Table of Contents: Until only a few years ago, I would never have imagined that a volume on the stable isotope geochemistry of elements like Mg, Fe or Cu would be written. In fact, a comic book of blank pages entitled The Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Fluorine would have been a more likely prospect. In volume 16 of this series, published in 1986, I wrote: Isotopic variations have been looked for but not found for heavy elements like Cu, Sn, and Fe .... Natural variations in isotopic ratios of terrestrial materials have been reported for other light elements like Mg and K, but such variations usually turn out to be laboratory artifacts. I am about ready to eat those words. We have known for many years that large isotopic fractionations of heavy elements like Pb develop in the source regions of TIMS machines. Nonetheless, most of us held fast to the conventional wisdom that no significant mass-dependent isotopic fractionations were likely to occur in natural or laboratory systems for elements that are either heavy or engaged in bonds with a dominant ionic character. With the relatively recent appearance of new instrumentation like MC-ICP-MS and heroic methods development in TIMS analyses, it became possible to make very precise measurements of the isotopic ratios of some of these non-traditional elements, particularly if they comprise three or more isotopes. It was eminently reasonable to reexamine these systems in this new light. Perhaps atomic weights could be refined, or maybe there were some unexpected isotopic variations to discover. There were around the turn of the present century, reports began appearing of biological fractionations of about 2-3 per mil for heavy elements like Fe and Cr and attempts were made to determine the magnitude of equilibrium isotope effects in these systems, both by experiment and semi-empirical calculations. Interest emerged in applying these effects to the study of environmental problems. Even the most recalcitrant skeptic now accepts the fact that measurable and meaningful variations in the isotopic ratios of heavy elements occur as a result of chemical, biological and physical processes. Most of the work discussed in this volume was published after the year 2000 and thus the chapters are more like progress reports rather than reviews. Skepticism now focuses on whether isotopic variations as small as 0.1 per mil are indeed as meaningful as some think, and the fact that measured isotopic fractionations of these non-traditional elements are frequently much smaller than predicted from theoretical considerations. In fact the large fractionations suggested by the calculations provide much of the stimulus for working in this discipline. Clearly some carefully designed experiments could shed light on some of the ambiguity. My optimism for the future of this burgeoning new field remains high because it is in very good hands indeed. Approximately three-quarters of the elements in the Periodic Table have two or more isotopes. RiM 16 and RiMG 43 were devoted to H, C, 0, and S isotope variations, and B isotope variations were discussed in RiM 33. The importance of these elements to geochemistry may be illustrated by a GeoRef search of 0 isotope publications, which yields over 25,000 papers, theses, and abstracts spanning over five decades. Isotopic variations of the remaining 56 elements that have two or more isotopes, however, remains relatively little explored, but is gaining rapid attention, in part driven by advances in analytical instrumentation in the last 5-10 years. Our goal for this volume was to bring together a summary of the isotope geochemistry of non-traditional stable isotope systems as is known through 2003 for those elements that have been studied in some detail, and which have a variety of geochemical properties. In addition, recognizing that many of these elements are of interest to workers who are outside the traditional stable isotope fields, we felt it was important to include discussions on the broad isotopic variations that occur in the solar system, theoretical approaches to calculating isotopic fractionations, and the variety of analytical methods that are in use. We hope, therefore, that this volume proves to be useful to not only the isotope specialist, but to others who are interested in the contributions that these non-traditional stable isotopes may make toward understanding geochemical and biological cycles.

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is of major interest to radar professionals because it allows them to obtain high-resolution images with unsurpassed clarity from satellites that take pictures of the earth's surface in all weather conditions. This cutting-edge resource offers complete "how to" guidance on digital processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Professionals discover precisely how this radar system works and gain an in-depth understanding of the properties of SAR data. The book explains how digital computers are used to form the focused image and provides practitioners with state-of-the-art processing algorithms that they can use for their projects. Written from a signal processing point of view, this authoritative volume can be fully understood by professionals and students with a general electrical engineering background.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: 1 Die Bildung und Umwandlung von organischem Material. - 1.1 Der globale Kohlenstoffzyklus. - 1.1.1 Organische Geochemie und der Kohlenstoffzyklus: eine Einleitung. - 1.1.2 Kohlenstoffspeicher und -transport. - Organismen und der Kohlenstoffzyklus. - Die Anreicherung von organischem Sedimentmaterial. - Abweichungen vom Gleichgewichtszustand. - Marine Primärproduktion und Sedimentation. - 1.1.3 Biochemische und geochemische Subzyklen. - Organisch-reiche Sedimente und Primärproduktion. - 1.2 Photosynthese und die Evolution des Lebens. - 1.2.1 Atmosphärischer Sauerstoff, Photosynthese und die ersten Organismen. - 1.2.2 Evolution des marinen Lebens. - 1.2.3 Evolution des terrestrischen Lebens. - 1.2.4 Regionale Veränderungen von Ökosystemen. - 1.3 Quellen des sedimentären organischen Materials. - 1.3.1 Die wichtigsten heutigen Quellen. - 1.3.2 Fossile Aufzeichnungen der Quellen des organischen Materials. - 1.4 Photosynthese und stabile Kohlenstoffisotope. - 2 Die chemische Zusammensetzung biogener Stoffe. - 2.1 Die Struktur natürlich vorkommender Stoffe. - 2.1.1 Einleitung. - 2.1.2 Bindungen in organischen Verbindungen. - 2.1.3 Stereoisomerie. - 2.2 Kohlenhydrate. - 2.2.1 Zusammensetzung. - 2.2.2 Vorkommen und Funktion. - 2.3 Proteine. - 2.3.1 Zusammensetzung. - 2.3.2 Vorkommen und Funktion. - 2.4 Lipide. - 2.4.1 Glyceride. - Fette. - Phospholipide, Glycolipide und Etherlipide. - 2.4.2 Wachse und verwandte Verbindungen. - Wachse. - Kutin und Suberin. - 2.4.3 Terpene. - Monoterpene. - Sesquiterpene. - Diterpene. - Triterpene. - Steroide. - Tetraterpene. - 2.4.4 Tetrapyrrole Farbstoffe. - 2.5 Lignin, Tannin und verwandte Verbindungen. - 2.5.1 Lignin. - 2.5.2 Tannine und andere hydroxyaromatische Pigmente. - 2.6 Geochemische Auswirkungen der Veränderungen der Zusammensetzung. - 2.6.1 Veränderungen der Zusammensetzung von Organismen. - 2.6.2 Veränderungen durch die geologische Zeit. - 3 Bedingungen für die Bildung organisch-reicher Sedimente. - 3.1 Einleitung. - 3.2 Kontrollierende Faktoren der Primärproduktion. - 3.2.1 Die Schichtung der Wassersäule. - 3.2.2 Licht. - 3.2.3 Nährstoffe. - Ozeane in niedrigen Breitengraden. - Ozeane in mittleren Breitengraden. - Ozeane in höheren Breitengraden. - Geschichtete Seen. - 3.2.4 Räumliche Veränderungen der marinen Primärproduktion. - 3.2.5 Veränderungen der Phytoplanktonpopulationen. - 3.3 Die Erhaltung und der Abbau organischen Materials. - 3.3.1 Die Entwicklung der Primärproduktion in der Wassersäule. - 3.3.2 Der Werdegang des organischen Materials in den Sedimenten. - Der aerobe Abbau. - Der anaerobe Abbau. - Bakterielle Gemeinschaften und ihre Wechselwirkungen. - 3.3.3. Kontrollierende Faktoren bei der Erhaltung des organischen Sedimentmaterials. - 3.4 Ablagerungsbereiche. - 3.4.1 Lakustrine Bereiche. - Offene Seen. - Geschlossene Seen. - 3.4.2 Torfsümpfe und Kohlenbildung. - Okefenokee-Sumpf. - 3.4.3 Marine Bereiche. - Marine Schelfablagerungen. - Eingeschlossene und durch Schwellen abgetrennte Becken. - Bildung und Erhaltung organischen Materials im Schwarzen Meer. - Reduzierende Ereignisse der Kreide. - 4 Die Bildung von Huminstoffen, Kohle und Kerogen. - 4.1 Diagenese. - 4.1.1 Einleitung. - 4.1.2 Der mikrobielle Abbau des organischen Materials während der Diagenese. - 4.1.3 Die Bildung von Geopolymeren. - 4.2 Huminstoffe. - 4.2.1 Vorkommen und Klassifizierung. - 4.2.2 Komposition und Struktur. - 4.2.3 Die Bildung der Huminstoffe. - 4.3 Kohlen. - 4.3.1 Klassifizierung und Zusammensetzung. - Klassifizierung. - Petrologische Zusammensetzung. - Chemische Zusammensetzung. - 4.3.2 Die Bildung. - Torfbildung. - Die biochemische Stufe der Inkohlung. - Die geochemische Stufe der Inkohlung. - Strukturelle Veränderungen während der Bildung der Kohlen. - 4.4 Kerogen. - 4.4.1 Bildung. - Geopolymerbildung während der Diagenese. - Biomarker. - Schwefeleinbindung. - 4.4.2 Zusammensetzung des Kerogens. - 4.4.3 Klassifizierung des Kerogens. - Typ I-Kerogen. - Typ II-Kerogen. - Typ III-Kerogen. - Typ IV-Kerogen. - Verbesserte Kerogentypisierung. - 4.4.4 Die thermische Evolution des Kerogens. - Strukturelle Veränderungen. - Veränderungen der chemischen Zusammensetzung. - 5 Die Bildung und Zusammensetzung von Petroleum. - 5.1 Petroleumbildung. - 5.1.1 Einleitung. - 5.1.2 Kohlenwasserstoffbildung aus Kohlen. - 5.1.3 Kohlenwasserstoffzusammensetzung als Funktion der Kerogenreife. - 5.1.4 Reaktionen bei der Kohlenwasserstoffbildung. - Isotopenfraktionierung. - 5.2 Die Bedeutung von Zeit und Temperatur bei der Petroleumbildung. - 5.2.1 Der Einfluß von Zeit und Temperatur auf die Kohlenwasserstoffgeneration. - Temperatur. - Zeit. - 5.2.2 Kinetische Modelle der Petroleumbildung. - Zeit-Temperatur-Index. - Komplexe Modelle. - 5.3 Die Migration von Kohlenwasserstoffen. - 5.3.1 Primäre Migration. - Mechanismen der primären Migration. - Expulsionseffizienz. - 5.3.2 Sekundäre Migration. - 5.3.3 Fallen und Speicher. - 5.4 Die Zusammensetzung des Petroleums. - 5.4.1 Die Gesamtzusammensetzung von Erdölen. - 5.4.2 Kohlenwasserstoffe im Petroleum. - Die wichtigsten Kohlenwasserstoffe. - Biomarker. - 5.4.3 Vergleich der Rohölzusammensetzung mit dem Bitumen der Muttergesteine. - Migration. - Auswaschung. - Deasphaltierung. - Biodegradation. - Thermische Veränderungen. - 5.5 Die Vorkommen fossiler Brennstoffe. - 5.5.1 Die zeitliche Verteilung der fossilen Brennstoffe. - 5.5.2 Ölreserven. - Konventionelle Öle. - Schweröle. - Ölschiefer. - 5.5.3 Kohle. - 5.5.4 Gas. - 5.6 Die Bewertung von Erdöl- und Erdgasmuttergesteinen. - 5.6.1 Menge und Art des organischen Materials. - Menge des organischen Materials. - Typ des organischen Materials - optische Methoden. - Typ des organischen Materials - physikalisch-chemische Methoden. - 5.6.2 Reife des organischen Materials. - Optische Bestimmungen der Reife. - Pyrolytische Messungen der Reife. - Einfluß der Reife auf die Identifizierung des organischen Materials. - Chemische Bestimmungen der Reife anhand des Bitumens. - 5.6.3 Korrelationen zwischen Isotopenverteilung und Petroleummuttergestein. - 6 Die molekulare Bewertung rezenter Sedimente. - 6.1 Von Organismen vererbte Biomarkerverteilungen. - 6.1.1 Einleitung. - 6.1.2 Generelle Unterschiede zwischen den Hauptorganismengruppen. - 6.1.3 Faktoren, die die Lipidzusammensetzung der Organismen beeinflussen. - 6.2 Beispiele für Quellenindikatoren in rezenten Sedimenten. - 6.2.1 Fettsäuren. - Monoungesättigte Fettsäuren. - Polyungesättigte Fettsäuren. - 2- und 3-methylverzweigte Fettsäuren. - Intern-verzweigte und Cycloalkylfettsäuren. - Hydroxyfettsäuren. - 6.2.2 Sterole. - 6.2.3 Kohlenhydrate. - 6.2.4 Lignin. - 6.2.5 Kohlenstoffisotope. - 6.3 Die Diagenese auf molekularer Ebene. - 6.3.1 Allgemeine diagenetische Prozesse. - Kohlenhydrate und Lignine. - Biomarker. - 6.3.2 Die Lipiddiagenese in der Wassersäule. - 6.3.3 Die sedimentäre Diagenese der Lipide. - Fettsäuren. - Photosynthetisch aktive Farbstoffe. - Steroide. - Terpene. - 6.4 Paleotemperaturmessungen. - 6.4.1 Die Epimerisierung von Aminosäuren. - 6.4.2 Der Sättigungsgrad in langkettigen Ketonen. - 7 Molekulare Untersuchungen an Sedimenten und die Petroleumbildung. - 7.1 Quellenindikatoren. - 7.1.1 Einleitung. - 7.1.2 Kohlenwasserstoffe. - Normale und methyl-verzweigte Alkane. - Acyclische Isoprene. - Cycloalkane. - 7.1.3 Kohlenstoffisotope. - 7.2 Hinweise auf den Ablagerungsbereich. - 7.2.1 Hypersalinität. - 7.2.2 Redoxbedingungen. - Phytoldiagenese. - Nickel- und Vanadiumverteilungen. - 7.2.3 Die Erkennung unterschiedlicher mariner und lakustriner Bereiche. - 7.3 Thermische Reife und molekulare Umwandlungen. - 7.3.1 Strukturisomerie. - Acyclische Isoprenalkane. - Sterane. - Triterpane. - 7.3.2 Aromatisierung. - 7.3.3 Anreicherung von kurzkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffen und Crackprozesse. - Steroide. - Porphyrine. - 7.4 Molekulare Reife und Quellenparameter in der Erdölexploration. - 7.4.1 Molekulare Reifeparameter. - Leichte Kohlenwasserstoffe. - Kohlenstoffpräferenz-Index (Carbon Preference Index). - Pristanformations-Index. - Biomarker-Umwandlungen. - Methylgruppenisomerisierung in aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. - 7.4.2 Der Einfluß von geothermischen Gradienten auf molekulare Reifeparameter. - 7.4.3 Öl/Muttergesteins-Korrelationen. - 7.5 Die Analyse der Biomarker-Kohlenwasserstoffe. - 7.5.1 Einleitung. - 7.5.2 Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie. - 7.5.3 Die Bewertung der Biomarkerverteilungen. - 8 Das Verhalten anthropogener organischer Verbindungenin der Umwelt. - 8.1 Einleitung. - 8.2 Der Einfluß des Menschen auf den Kohlenstoffzyklus. - 8.2.1 Kohlendioxid und der Treibhauseffekt. - 8.2.2 Der Einfluß von Spurengasen auf die globale Erwärmung. - Methan. -Kohlenmonoxid. - Dimethylsulfide. - 8.2.3 Eutrophierung. - 8.3 Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe und Abbau des Ozons. - 8.4 Verschmutzungen durch Kohlenwasserstoffe im aquatischen Bereich. - 8.4.1 Die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe. - Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe in rezenten Sedimenten. - Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe in vorzeitlichen Sedimenten. - 8.4.2 Ölverschmutzungen. - Die Effekte der Ölverschmutzung. - Die Überwachung von Ölverschmutzungen. - 8.5 Einige xenobiotische organische Substanzen. - 8.5.1 DDT und verwandte Verbindungen. - 8.5.2 Polychlorierte Biphenyle. - 8.6 Faktoren, die den Werdegang anthropogener Einträge beeinflussen. - 8.6.1 Allgemeine Betrachtungen. - 8.6.2 Huminstoffe und Schadstoffe. - Literatur. - Weiterführende Literatur. - Sachregister

Description / Table of Contents: The idea for this book was conceived in early June, 2005 at a paleoaltimetry workshop held at Lehigh University, Lehigh, Pennsyalvania and organized by Dork Sahagian. The workshop was funded by the tectonics program at NSF, and was designed to bring together researchers in paleoaltimetry to discuss different techniques and focus the community on ways of improving paleoelevation estimates and consequent interpretations of geodynamics and tectonics. At this meeting, some commented that a comprehensive volume describing the different methods could help advance the field. I offered to contact the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society about publishing a RiMG volume on paleoaltimetry. Because many of the techniques used to infer paleoelevations are geochemically-based or deal with thermodynamic principles, the GS and MSA agreed to the project. Two years and roughly 1000 e-mails later, our book has arrived. The book is organized into 4 sections: Geodynamic and geomorphologic rationale (Clark). This chapter provides the broad rationale behind paleoaltimetry, i.e., why we study it. Stable isotope proxies. These 4 chapters cover theory of stable isotopes in precipitation and their response to altitudinal gradients (Rowley), and stable isotopes sytematics in paleosols (Quade, Garzione and Eiler), silicates (Mulch and Chamberlain) and fossils (Kohn and Dettman). Proxies of atmospheric properties. These 4 chapters cover temperature lapse rates (Meyer), entropy (Forest), and atmospheric pressure proxies, including total atmospheric pressure from gas bubbles in basalt (Sahagian and Proussevitch), and the partial pressure of CO2 (Kouwenberg, Kürshner, and McElwain). Note that clumped isotope thermometry (Quade, Garzione and Eiler) also provides direct estimates of temperature. Radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides. These 2 chapters cover low-temperature thermochronologic approaches (Reiners) and cosmogenic isotopes (Riihimaki and Libarkin). Some chapters overlap in general content (e.g., basic principles of stable isotopes in precipitation are covered to different degrees in all stable isotope chapters), but no attempt was made to limit authors' discussion of principles, or somehow attempt to arrive at a "consensus view" on any specific topic. Because science advances by critical discussion of concepts, such restrictions were viewed as counterproductive. This does mean that different chapters may present different views on reliability of paleoelevation estimates, and readers are advised to read other chapters in the book on related topics – they may be more closely linked than they might at first appear! I hope readers of this book will discover and appreciate the synergy among paleoaltimetry, climate change, and tectonic geomorphology. These interrelationships create a complex, yet rich field of scientific enquiry that in turn offers insights into climate and geodynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume was prepared for Short Course on Stable Isotope Geochemistry presented November 2-4, 2001 in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America in Boston, Massachusetts. This volume follows the 1986 Reviews in Mineralogy (Vol. 16) in approach but reflects significant changes in the field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry. In terms of new technology, new sub-disciplines, and numbers of researchers, the field has changed more in the past decade than in any other since that of its birth. Unlike the 1986 volume, which was restricted to high temperature fields, this book covers a wider range of disciplines. However, it would not be possible to fit a comprehensive review into a single volume. Our goal is to provide state-ofthe-art reviews in chosen subjects that have emerged or advanced greatly since 1986. The field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry was born of a good idea and nurtured by technology. In 1947, Harold Urey published his calculated values of reduced partition function for oxygen isotopes and his idea (a good one!) that the fractionation of oxygen isotopes between calcite and water might provide a means to estimate the temperatures of geologic events. Building on wartime advances in electronics, Alfred Nier then designed and built the dual-inlet, gassource mass-spectrometer capable of making measurements of sufficient precision and accuracy. This basic instrument and the associated extraction techniques, mostly from the 1950s, are still in use in many labs today. These techniques have become "conventional" in the sense of traditional, and they provide the benchmark against which the accuracy of other techniques is compared. The 1986 volume was based almost exclusively on natural data obtained solely from conventional techniques. Since then, revolutionary changes in sample size, accuracy, and cost have resulted from advances in continuous flow massspectrometry, laser heating, ion microprobes, and computer automation. The impact of new technology has differed by discipline. Some areas have benefited from vastly enlarged data sets, while others have capitalized on in situ analysis and/or micro- to nanogram size samples, and others have developed because formerly intractable samples can now be analyzed. Just as Stable Isotope Geochemistry is being reborn by new good ideas, it is still being nurtured by new technology. The organization of the chapters in this book follows the didactic approach of the 2001 short course in Boston. The first three chapters present the principles and data base for equilibrium isotope fractionation and for kinetic processes of exchange. Both inorganic and biological aspects are considered. The next chapter reviews isotope compositions throughout the solar system including massindependent fractionations that are increasingly being recognized on Earth. The fifth chapter covers the primitive compositions of the mantle and subtle variations found in basalts. This is followed by three chapters on metamorphism, isotope thermometry, fluid flow, and hydrothermal alteration. The next chapter considers water cycling in the atmosphere and the ice record. And finally, there are four chapters on the carbon cycle, the sulfur cycle, organic isotope geochemistry and extinctions in the geochemical record.

Description / Table of Contents: Für die Beantwortung verschiedener Fragestellungen im Siedlungsraum werden kleinräumige Informationen zur Siedlungsstruktur (funktional, morphologisch und sozio-ökonomisch) benötigt. Der Gebäudebestand spielt eine besondere Rolle, da dieser die physische Struktur prägt und sich durch dessen Nutzung Verteilungsmuster von Wohnungen, Arbeitsstätten und Infrastrukturen ergeben. In amtlichen Geodaten, Karten und Diensten des Liegenschaftskatasters und der Landesvermessung sind die Gebäude in ihrem Grundriss modelliert. Diese besitzen allerdings nur selten explizite semantische Informationen zum Gebäudetyp. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob und wie genau eine automatische Erkennung von Gebäudetypen unter Nutzung von Methoden der Geoinformatik, der Mustererkennung und des maschinellen Lernens möglich ist.In diesem Buch werden methodische Bausteine zur automatischen Klassifizierung von Gebäudegrundrissen vorgestellt. Im Kern werden Fragen beantwortet zu den Datenanforderungen, der Gebäudetypologie, der Merkmalsgewinnung sowie zu geeigneten Klassifikationsverfahren und den Klassifikationsgenauigkeiten, die abhängig von Eingangsdaten, Siedlungstyp und Trainingsdatenmenge erzielt werden können. Der Random-Forest-Algorithmus zeigte die höchste Flexibilität, Generalisierungsfähigkeit und Effizienz und wurde als bestes Klassifikationsverfahren identifiziert.Die Arbeit leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Gewinnung kleinräumiger Informationen zur Siedlungsstruktur. Die entwickelte Methodik ermöglicht ein breites Anwendungsspektrum in der Wissenschaft, Planung, Politik und Wirtschaft (u. a. Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Infrastrukturplanung, Risikomanagement, Energiebedarfsplanung oder dem Geomarketing).

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Remote Sensing and the Science, Monitoring, and Management of Aquatic Coastal Ecosystems / Richardson, LeDrew.- Section I. Science Applications.- 2. Extreme Events and Perturbations of Coastal Ecosystems / Skirving, Strong, Liu, Arzayus, Liu Sapper.- 3. Optical Remote Sensing Techniques to Estimate Phytoplankton Chlorophyll A Concentrations in Coastal Waters with Varying Suspended Matter and Cdom Concentrations / Schalles.- 4. A Tool for Inverse Modeling of Spectral Measurements in Deep and Shallow Waters / Gege, Albert.- 5. Integration of Coral Reef Ecosystem Process Studies and Remote Sensing / Brock, Yates, Halley.- Section II. Monitoring Applications.- 6. Infrastructure and Capabilities of a Near Real-Time Meteorological and Oceanographic in Situ Instrumented Array, and its Role in Marine Environmental Decision Support / Hendee, Stabenau, Florit, Manzello, Jeffris.- 7. Airborne Laser Altimetry for Predictive Modeling of Coastal Storm-Surge Flooding / Webster, Forbes.- 8. Integration of New Data Types with Historical Archives to Provide Insight into Coastal Change and Variability / Gebelein.- Section III. Management Applications.- 9. Observing Coastal Waters with Spaceborne Sensors / Whitehouse, Hutt.- 10. The Role of Integrated Information Acquisition and Management in the Analysis of Coastal Ecosystem Change / Phinn, Joyce, Scarth, Roelfsema.- 11. Mapping of Coral Reefs for Management of Marine Protected Areas in Developing Nations Using Remote Sensing / Newman, LeDrew, Lim.- 12. Data Synthesis for Coastal and Coral Reef Ecosystem Management at Regional and Global Scales / Robinson, Andréfouët, Burke.- 13. Recommendations for Scientists and Managers for Application of Remote Sensing to Coastal Waters / LeDrew, Richardson.

Description / Table of Contents: As geomicrobiologists, we seek to understand how some of nature's most complex systems work, yet the very complexity we seek to understand has placed many of the insights out of reach. Recent advances in cultivation methodologies, the development of ultrahigh throughput DNA sequencing capabilities, and new methods to assay gene expression and protein function open the way for rapid progress. In the eight years since the first Geomicrobiology volume (Geomicrobiology: Interactions between microbes and minerals; volume 35 in this series) we have transformed into scientists working hand in hand with biochemists, molecular biologists, genome scientists, analytical chemists, and even physicists to reveal the most fundamental molecular-scale underpinnings of biogeochemical systems. Through synthesis achieved by integration of diverse perspectives, skills, and interests, we have begun to learn how organisms mediate chemical transformations, the ways in which the environment determines the architecture of microbial communities, and the interplay between evolution and selection that shapes the biodiversity of the planet. This volume presents chapters written by leaders in the rapidly maturing field we refer to as molecular geomicrobiology. Most of them are relatively young researchers who share their approaches and insights and provide pointers to exciting areas ripe for new advances. This volume ties together themes common to environmental microbiology, earth science, and astrobiology. The resesarch presented here, the associated short course, and the volume production were supported by funding from many sources, notably the Mineralogical Society of America, the Geochemical Society, the US Department of Energy Chemical Sciences Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute.