ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1 Global gravity field modelling -- Rigorous evaluation of gravity field functionals from satellite-only gravitational models within topography -- Application of the Recursive Least-Squares adaptive filter on simulated satellite gravity gradiometry data -- Part 2 Local/regional geoid determination methods and models -- Accuracy of regional geoid modelling with GOCE -- The effect of noise on geoid height in Stokes-Helmert method -- Approximation of local quasi-geoid using point mass method based on Bjerhammar theory -- Optimal combination of satellite and terrestrial gravity data for regional geoid determination using Stokes-Helmert’s method, the Auvergne test case -- New modifications of Stokes’ Integral -- Gravimetric investigations at Vernagtferner -- Analysis of the GRAV-D airborne gravity data for geoid modelling -- The African 300”x300” DTM and its validation -- Evaluation of the African Gravity Database AFRGDB V1.0 -- Part 3 Absolute and relative gravity: observations and methods -- New absolute gravity measurements in New Zealand -- Strapdown airborne gravimetry using a combination of commercial software and stable-platform gravity estimates -- First six months of superconducting gravimetry in Argentina -- Tilt susceptibility of the Scintrex CG-5 Autograv gravity meter revisited -- Gravity calibration baseline between Jeddah and Taif in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia -- Part 4 Height systems and vertical datum unification -- Investigation of geoid height variations and vertical displacements of the Earth surface in the context of the realization of a modern vertical reference system - A case study for Poland -- Analysis of GOCE omission error and its contribution to vertical datum offsets in Greece and its Islands -- Quality control of height benchmarks in Attica, Greece, combining GOCE/GRACE satellite data, global geopotential models and detailed terrain information -- GOCE variance and covariance contribution to height system unification -- The use of GNSS/levelling and gravity data for the Spanish height system unification -- Comparison of different approaches to gravity determination and their utilization for calculation of geopotential numbers in the Slovak national levelling network -- Assessment of the Greek Vertical Datum - A case study in central Greece -- Evaluation of NRTK-based heighting techniques from different continuously operating GNSS reference networks in Greece -- Part 5 Satellite altimetry and climate-relevant processes -- SLA determination in coastal areas using Least-Squares Collocation and Cryosat-2 data -- Spectral analysis and validation of Multiple Input / Multiple Output DOT estimation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea -- Preliminary Results on the Estimation of Ground Water in Africa using GRACE and Hydrological Models

Description / Table of Contents: These proceedings contain 27 papers, which are the peer-reviewed versions of presentations made at the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) symposium “Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems 2016” (GGHS2016). GGHS2016 was the first Joint international symposium organized by IAG Commission 2 “Gravity Field”, the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) and the GGOS Focus Area “Unified Height System”. It took place in Thessaloniki, Greece, in September 19-23, 2016 at the premises of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The symposium was organized by the Department of Geodesy and Surveying of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, which presently hosts the IGFS Central Bureau. The focus of the Symposium was on methods for observing, estimating and interpreting the Earth gravity field as well as its applications. GGHS2016 continued the long and successful history of IAG’s Commission 2 Symposia

Description / Table of Contents: Structural dynamics and earthquake engineering for both students and professional engineers. An expert on structural dynamics and earthquake engineering, Anil K. Chopra fills an important niche, explaining the material in a manner suitable for both students and professional engineers with his fifth edition, in SI units of Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering. No prior knowledge of structural dynamics is assumed, and the presentation is detailed and integrated enough to make the text suitable for self-study. As a textbook on vibrations and structural dynamics, this book has no competition. The material includes many topics in the theory of structural dynamics, along with applications of this theory to earthquake analysis, response, design, and evaluation of structures, with an emphasis on presenting this often difficult subject in as simple a manner as possible through numerous worked-out illustrative examples. The fifth edition, in SI Edition includes new sections, figures and examples, along with relevant updates and revisions.

Description / Table of Contents: Machine generated contents note: Foreword Kurt O. Konhauser; Part I. Standard Techniques in Geomicrobiology: 1. General geochemistry and microbiology techniques Sarrah Dunham-Cheatham and Yaqi You; Part II. Advanced Analytical Instrumentation: 2. The application of isothermal titration calorimetry for investigating proton and metal interactions on microbial surfaces Drew Gorman-Lewis; 3. Potentiometric titrations to characterize the reactivity of geomicrobial surfaces Daniel S. Alessi, Shannon L. Flynn, Md. Samrat Alam, Leslie J. Robbins and Kurt O. Konhauser; 4. Use of multi-collector ICP-MS for studying biogeochemical metal cycling Kai Liu, Lingling Wu and Sherry L. Schiff; Part III. Imaging Techniques: 5. Scanning probe microscopy Adam F. Wallace; 6. Applications of scanning electron microscopy in geomicrobiology Jeremiah Shuster, Gordon Southam and Frank Reith; 7. Applications of transmission electron microscopy in geomicrobiology Jeremiah Shuster, Gordon Southam and Frank Reith; 8. Whole cell identification of microorganisms in their natural environment with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Natuschka M. Lee; Part IV. Spectroscopy: 9. X-ray diffraction techniques Daniel K. Unruh and Tori Z. Forbes; 10. Application of synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and microscopy techniques to the study of biogeochemical processes Maxim I. Boyanov and Kenneth M. Kemner; 11. Bacterial surfaces in geochemistry - how can X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy help? Madeleine Ramstedt, Laura Leone and Andrey Shchukarev; 12. Applications of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in geomicrobiology Janice P. L. Kenney and Andras Gorzsas; 13. Mossbauer spectroscopy James M. Byrne and Andreas Kappler; Part V. Microbiological Techniques: 14. Lipid biomarkers in geomicrobiology: analytical techniques and applications Jiasong Fang, Shamik Dasgupta, Li Zhang and Weiqiang Zhao; 15. Phylogenetic techniques in geomicrobiology Denise M. Akob, Adam C. Mumford, Darren S. Dunlap and Amisha T. Poret-Peterson.

Description / Table of Contents: "Geomicrobiology is the study of microbes and microbial processes and their role in driving environmental and geological processes at scales ranging from the nano, micron, to meter scale. This growing field has seen major advances in recent years, largely due to the development of new analytical tools and improvements to existing techniques, which allow us to better understand the complex interactions between microbes and their surroundings. In this comprehensive handbook, expert authors outline the state-of-the-art and emerging analytical techniques used in geomicrobiology. Readers are guided through each technique including background theory, sample preparation, standard methodology, data collection and analysis, best practices and common pitfalls, and examples of how and where the technique has been applied. The book provides a practical go-to reference for advanced students, researchers and professional scientists looking to employ techniques commonly used in geomicrobiology"--

Description / Table of Contents: "A key topic within geomicrobiology includes life's control on elemental cycling, from the weathering and dissolution of rock, to the assimilation of diverse bioessential nutrients necessary for all forms of life, to the diagenetic transformations taking place during sediment burial. These processes cover a vast range of spatial scales, from micron-sized niches to reservoirs as immense as the oceans, and temporal scales from seconds to billions of years. The central theme running through all this research is the recognition that life shapes the environment to the same degree that environmental change drives the spatial and temporal distribution of life. This co-evolution of life and its environment, and specifically investigations of the cause-and-effect relationships and associated feedbacks, are the defining quality of geomicrobiology. Indeed, the more we learn about how life interacts with the planet, the more we realize that it is the feedbacks and drivers between the two that are the key agents of change"--

Description / Table of Contents: A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers. Since the beginning of the US shale gas revolution in 2005, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources has gathered tremendous pace around the world. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geophysical, and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional reservoirs. The book begins with a detailed characterization of unconventional reservoir rocks: their composition and microstructure, mechanical properties, and the processes controlling fault slip and fluid flow. A discussion of geomechanical principles follows, including the state of stress, pore pressure, and the importance of fractures and faults. After reviewing the fundamentals of horizontal drilling, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, and stimulation of slip on pre-existing faults, the key factors impacting hydrocarbon production are explored. The final chapters cover environmental impacts and how to mitigate hazards associated with induced seismicity. This text provides an essential overview for students, researchers, and industry professionals interested in unconventional reservoirs.

Description / Table of Contents: Written by eminent scientists from the field, this extensive overview of seismic ambient noise includes observations, physical origins, modelling, processing methods and applications in imaging and monitoring the internal structure of the Earth, for graduate students and scientists working in seismology and other imaging sciences.The seismic ambient field allows us to study interactions between the atmosphere, the oceans and the solid Earth. The theoretical understanding of seismic ambient noise has improved substantially in the last decades, and the number of its applications has increased dramatically. With chapters written by eminent scientists from the field, this book covers a range of topics including ambient noise observations, generation models of their physical origins, numerical modelling and processing methods. The later chapters focus on applications in imaging and monitoring the internal structure of the Earth, including interferometry for time-dependant imaging and tomography. This volume thus provides a comprehensive overview of this cutting-edge discipline for graduate students studying geophysics and for scientists working in seismology and other imaging sciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Fifty years ago, Tuzo Wilson published his paper asking ‘Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?’. This led to the ‘Wilson Cycle’ concept in which the repeated opening and closing of ocean basins along old orogenic belts is a key process in the assembly and breakup of supercontinents. The Wilson Cycle underlies much of what we know about the geological evolution of the Earth and its lithosphere, and will no doubt continue to be developed as we gain more understanding of the physical processes that control mantle convection, plate tectonics, and as more data become available from currently less accessible regions. This volume includes both thematic and review papers covering various aspects of the Wilson Cycle concept. Thematic sections include: (1) the Classic Wilson v. Supercontinent Cycles, (2) Mantle Dynamics in the Wilson Cycle, (3) Tectonic Inheritance in the Lithosphere, (4) Revisiting Tuzo's question on the Atlantic, (5) Opening and Closing of Oceans, and (6) Cratonic Basins and their place in the Wilson Cycle.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume brings together a number of papers from two workshops with the theme, ‘Rain, Rivers, Reservoirs’, which considered the dynamic changes to river systems as part of natural processes, particularly changing climatic conditions. Bringing researchers from two different locations to Brazil and the UK allowed scientists to contribute to and promote, ‘debate on current research…on how the planet works and how we can live sustainably on it’. This volume features a series of papers on the geoscience of modern and ancient rivers from across the world (Brazil, United States, Spain, Argentina, Canada, India and the UK), their evolution through time, their management, their deposits and their engineering, with both subsurface aquifers/hydrocarbon reservoirs (of Carboniferous, Triassic and Cretaceous age) and surface reservoirs considered.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is focused on the basics of applying thermochronology to geological and tectonic problems, with the emphasis on fission-track thermochronology. It is conceived for relatively new practitioners to thermochronology, as well as scientists experienced in the various methods. The book is structured in two parts. Part I is devoted to the fundamentals of the fission-track method, to its integration with other geochronologic methods, and to the basic principles of statistics for fission-track dating and sedimentology applied to detrital thermochronology. Part I also includes the historical development of the technique and thoughts on future directions. Part II is devoted to the geological interpretation of the thermochronologic record. The thermal frame of reference and the different approaches for the interpretation of fission-track data within a geological framework of both basement and detrital studies are discussed in detail. Separate chapters demonstrate the application of fission-track thermochronology from various perspectives (e.g., tectonics, petrology, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon exploration, geomorphology), with other chapters on the application to basement rocks in orogens, passive continental margins and cratonic interiors, as well as various applications of detrital thermochronology.

Description / Table of Contents: This handbooks series aims to integrate knowledge of communication structures and processes. It is global in orientation, dedicated to cultural and epistemological diversity as well as different scholarly approaches. The series features volumes on 'messages, codes and channels', 'mode of address: communication situations and context', 'methodology in communication science' and 'application areas'. The latter features volumes devoted to a large range of specialist areas of communication science. The series as a whole aims at meeting the needs of undergraduates, postgraduates, academics and researchers across the area of communication studies.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The challenges facing submarine mass movement researchers and engineers are plentiful and exciting. This book follows several high-profile submarine landslide disasters that have reached the world's attention over the past few years. For decades, researchers have been mapping the world's mass movements. Their significant impacts on the Earth by distributing sediment on phenomenal scales is undeniable. Their importance in the origins of buried resources has long been understood. Their hazard potential ranges from damaging to apocalyptic, frequently damaging local infrastructure and sometimes devastating whole coastlines. Moving beyond mapping advances, the subaqueous mass movement scientists and practitioners are now also focussed on assessing the consequences of mass movements, and the measurement and modelling of events, hazard analysis and mitigation. Many state-of-the-art examples are provided in this book, which is produced under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Program S4SLIDE (Significance of Modern and Ancient Submarine Slope LandSLIDEs).

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract This volume comprises 17 contributions that address the architecture and geodynamic evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet (HKT) system, covering wide aspects, from the active seismicity of the present day to the remnants of the Proterozoic orogen. The articles investigate the HKT system at different scales, blending field research with laboratory studies. The role of various lithospheric components and their inheritance in the geodynamic and magmatic evolution of the HKT system through time, and their links to global geological events, are studied in the field. The laboratory research focuses on the (sub-)micrometre scale, detailing micro-structural geology, crystal chemistry, geochronology, and the study of circulating fluids, their preservation (trapped in fluid inclusions) and their evolution, distribution, migration and interaction with the solid host. An orogen over 2000 km long can be understood only if the processes at the nanometre and micrometre scales are taken into account. The contributions in this volume successfully combine these scales to enhance our understanding of the HKT system.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract This Special Publication highlights the importance of clays and clayey material, and their multiple roles, in many national geological disposal facilities for higher activity radioactive wastes. Clays can be both the disposal facility host rock and part of its intrinsic engineered barriers, and may be present in the surrounding geological environment. Clays possess various characteristics that make them high-quality barriers to the migration of radionuclides and chemical contaminants, e.g. very little water movement, diffusive transport, retention capacity, self-sealing capacity, stability over millions of years, homogeneity and lateral continuity. The 20 papers presented in this Special Publication cover a range of topics related to clays in radioactive waste confinement. Aspects of clay characterization and behaviour at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay are discussed, from phenomenological processes to the overall understanding of the performance and safety of geological disposal facilities.

Description / Table of Contents: Ceph is an open source distributed storage system that is scalable to Exabyte deployments. This second edition of Mastering Ceph takes you a step closer to becoming an expert on Ceph. You’ll get started by understanding the design goals and planning steps that should be undertaken to ensure successful deployments. In the next sections, you’ll be guided through setting up and deploying the Ceph cluster with the help of orchestration tools. This will allow you to witness Ceph’s scalability, erasure coding (data protective) mechanism, and automated data backup features on multiple servers. You’ll then discover more about the key areas of Ceph including BlueStore, erasure coding and cache tiering with the help of examples. Next, you’ll also learn some of the ways to export Ceph into non-native environments and understand some of the pitfalls that you may encounter. The book features a section on tuning that will take you through the process of optimizing both Ceph and its supporting infrastructure. You’ll also learn to develop applications, which use Librados and distributed computations with shared object classes. Toward the concluding chapters, you’ll learn to troubleshoot issues and handle various scenarios where Ceph is not likely to recover on its own. By the end of this book, you’ll be able to master storage management with Ceph and generate solutions for managing your infrastructure.

Description / Table of Contents: The Himalayas are a region that is most dependent, but also frequently prone to hazards from changing meltwater resources. This mountain belt hosts the highest mountain peaks on earth, has the largest reserve of ice outside the polar regions, and is home to a rapidly growing population in recent decades. One source of hazard has attracted scientific research in particular in the past two decades: glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) occurred rarely, but mostly with fatal and catastrophic consequences for downstream communities and infrastructure. Such GLOFs can suddenly release several million cubic meters of water from naturally impounded meltwater lakes. Glacial lakes have grown in number and size by ongoing glacial mass losses in the Himalayas. Theory holds that enhanced meltwater production may increase GLOF frequency, but has never been tested so far. The key challenge to test this notion are the high altitudes of 〉4000 m, at which lakes occur, making field work impractical. Moreover, flood waves can attenuate rapidly in mountain channels downstream, so that many GLOFs have likely gone unnoticed in past decades. Our knowledge on GLOFs is hence likely biased towards larger, destructive cases, which challenges a detailed quantification of their frequency and their response to atmospheric warming. Robustly quantifying the magnitude and frequency of GLOFs is essential for risk assessment and management along mountain rivers, not least to implement their return periods in building design codes. [...]

Description / Table of Contents: "This fourth edition is focused on the development and implementation of statistically motivated, data-driven techniques through a tight interweaving of statistical and machine learning theory with algorithms and computer codes. The material is self-contained and illustrated with many programming examples. New in the fourth edition is an in-depth treatment of a recent Wishart distribution-based sequential change detection algorithm for polarimetric SAR image time series, as well as an introduction to deep learning in the context of supervised land-use classification. It includes Python (open source) versions of all of the main image analysis algorithms making it accessible to all readers"--

Description / Table of Contents: By an educator at NASA, this photo treasury presents 100 eclectic objects--from Stonehenge to Sputnik--and explains their significance to the history of space exploration.

Description / Table of Contents: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword by John Mather -- Introduction -- 1. The Blombos Ochre Drawing -- 2. The Abri Blanchard Bone Plaque -- 3. The Egyptian Star Clock -- 4. The Nebra Sky Disk -- 5. The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa -- 6. The Star Charts of Senenmut -- 7. The Merkhet -- 8. The Nimrud Lens -- 9. The Greek Armillary Sphere -- 10. The Diopter -- 11. Antikythera Mechanism -- 12. Hipparchus's Star Atlas -- 13. The Astrolabe -- 14. The Dunhuang Star Atlas -- 15. Al-Khwārizmī's Algebra Textbook -- 16. The Dresden Codex -- 17. The Chaco Canyon Sun Dagger -- 18. Giovanni de' Dondi's Astrarium -- 19. The Big Horn Medicine Wheel -- 20. The Ensisheim Stone -- 21. De Revolutionibus -- 22. Tycho's Mural Quadrant -- 23. Galileo's Telescope -- 24. The Slide Rule -- 25. The Eyepiece Micrometer -- 26. The Clock Drive -- 27. The Meridian Circle -- 28. The Skidi Pawnee Star Chart -- 29. Smoked-Glass Sun Viewing -- 30. The Gyroscope -- 31. The Electric Battery -- 32. Pilâtre de Rozier and d'Arlandes's Balloon -- 33. William Herschel's Forty-Foot Telescope -- 34. The Spectroscope -- 35. The Daguerreotype Camera -- 36. The Solar Panel -- 37. The Leviathan of Parsonstown -- 38. Crookes Tube -- 39. The Triode Vacuum Tube -- 40. The Ion Rocket Engine -- 41. The Hooker Telescope -- 42. Robert Goddard's Rocket -- 43. The Van de Graaff Generator -- 44. The Coronagraph -- 45. Jansky's Merry-Go-Round Radio Telescope -- 46. The V-2 Rocket -- 47. ENIAC -- 48. Colossus Mark 2 -- 49. The Radio Interferometer -- 50. The Heat Shield -- 51. The Integrated Circuit -- 52. The Atomic Clock -- 53. Space Fasteners -- 54. The Hydrogen Line Radio Telescope -- 55. The X-Ray Imaging Telescope -- 56. The Hydrogen Bomb -- 57. The Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator -- 58. The Nuclear Rocket Engine -- 59. Sputnik -- 60. Vanguard 1 -- 61. Luna 3.

Description / Table of Contents: Due to steadily improving experimental accuracy, relativistic concepts - based on Einstein’s theory of Special and General Relativity - are playing an increasingly important role in modern geodesy. This book offers an introduction to the emerging field of relativistic geodesy, and covers topics ranging from the description of clocks and test bodies, to time and frequency measurements, to current and future observations. Emphasis is placed on geodetically relevant definitions and fundamental methods in the context of Einstein’s theory (e.g. the role of observers, use of clocks, definition of reference systems and the geoid, use of relativistic approximation schemes). Further, the applications discussed range from chronometric and gradiometric determinations of the gravitational field, to the latest (satellite) experiments. The impact of choices made at a fundamental theoretical level on the interpretation of measurements and the planning of future experiments is also highlighted. Providing an up-to-the-minute status report on the respective topics discussed, the book will not only benefit experts, but will also serve as a guide for students with a background in either geodesy or gravitational physics who are interested in entering and exploring this emerging field

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract High pressure (HP) and ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks play a key role in understanding the tectonic evolution of orogenic belts. They have typically experienced complex changes during subduction and exhumation processes arising from recrystallization, deformation, fluid–rock interactions and even partial melting, and may therefore carry valuable records of evolving geodynamic systems in an orogenic belt. This special publication addresses the current work on HP–UHP metamorphism and its relation to the tectonic evolution of orogenic belts. This special publication contains fifteen papers covering the important orogenic belts of the Himalaya, Dabie–Sulu, Tian Shan, North Qaidam and others that have been grouped into three parts: (I) new developments in the determination of metamorphic pressure–temperature (PT) conditions and their timing, (II) overview papers of well-known HP–UHP metamorphic belts and (III) research papers for some newly discovered HP–UHP belts.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Understanding the sedimentary and geophysical archive of glaciated margins is a complex task that requires integration and analysis of disparate sedimentological and geophysical data. Their analysis is vital for understanding the dynamics of past ice sheets and how they interact with their neighbouring marine basins, on timescales that cannot be captured by observations of the cryosphere today. As resources, sediments deposited on the inner margins of glaciated shelves also exhibit resource potential where more sand-dominated systems occur, acting as reservoirs for both hydrocarbons and water. This book surveys the full gamut of glaciated margins, from deep time (Neoproterozoic, Ordovician and Carboniferous–Permian) to modern high-latitude margins in Canada and Antarctica. This collection of papers is the first attempt to deliberately do this, allowing not only the similarities and differences between modern and ancient glaciated margins to be explored, but also the wide spectrum of their mechanisms of investigation to be probed. Together, these papers offer a high-resolution, spatially and temporally diverse blueprint of the depositional processes, ice sheet dynamics, and basin architectures of the world's former glaciated margins; a vital resource in advancing understanding of our present and future marine-terminating ice sheet margins.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Earth evolution, mountain belts are the loci of crustal growth, reworking and recycling. These crustal-scale processes are unravelled through microscale investigations of textures and mineral assemblages of metamorphic rocks. Multiple episodes of metamorphism, re-equilibration and deformation, however, generally produce a complex and tightly interwoven pattern of microstructures and assemblages. Over the last two decades, the combination of advanced computing and technological capabilities with new concepts has provided a vast array of novel petrological tools and high-resolution/high-sensitivity techniques for microanalysis and imaging. Such novel approaches are proving fundamental to untangling the enigma represented by metamorphism with an unprecedented level of detail and confidence. As a result, the first decade and a half of this century has already seen the tumultuous development of new research avenues in metamorphic petrology. This book aims to provide a timely overview of the state of the art of this field, of newly developed petrological techniques, future advancements and significant new case studies.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I.Regional Overview -- Chapter 1. Phanerozoic orogens of NW Southamerica: Cordilleran Type Orogens, Taphrogenic tectonics and the Orogenic Float -- Chapter 2. Phanerozoic orogens of NW Southamerica: Cordilleran Type Orogens, Taphrogenic tectonics and the Orogenic Float -- Part II.The Guiana Shield and the Andean Belt -- Chapter 3. The Proterozoic basement of the Western Guiana shield and the Northern Andes -- Part III.Early Paleozoic Tectono-Sedimentary History -- Chapter 4.Ordovician orogeny and jurassic low-lying orogeny in the Santander Massif, Northern Andes (Colombia) -- Part 4. Major Tectono-Magmatic Events -- Chapter 5.Phanerozoic Granitoid magmatism and tectono-magmatic evolution in the Colombian Andes -- Chapter 6.Phanerozoic metallogeny in the Colombian Andes: a tectono-magmatic framework -- Chapter 7.Paleogene Magmatism of the Maracaibo block and its tectonic significance -- Chapter 8.Late cenozoic to modern-day volcanism in the Northern Andes: A geochronological, petro-graphical and geochemical review -- Part 5.The Northern Andean Orogen -- Part 5.The Northern Andean Orogen -- Chapter 9.Diagnostic structural features of NW South America: Structural Cross-Sections Based Upon Detailed Field Transects -- Chapter 10.Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleo-facies maps of Northwestern South America -- Chapter 11.Morphotectonics and orogenic development of the Northern Andes of Colombia: A low-temperature thermochronology perspective -- Chapter 12.The Romeral shear zone -- Part 6.Continental Uplift-Drift -- Chapter 13.Thermochronology, uplift-exhumation of the Merida Andes, Santander Massif - Perija and Si-erra Nevada De Santa Marta. A Regional Overview -- Part 7.Active Oceanic - Continental Collision -- Chapter 14.The geology of the Panama-Choco Arc -- Part 8.Holocene - Anthropocene -- Chapter 15.Sediment transfers from the Andes of Colombia during the Anthropocene -- Chapter 16.The historical, geomorphological evolution of the Colombian littoral zones (XVIII century to present)

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the geological evolution of the Northern Andes and contiguous shield areas, with a focus upon Colombia. Updated geological interpretations are supported by modern lithogeochemical, seismic, gravity and magnetic data and radiogenic isotope and radiometric age determinations. The composite data permits a detailed interpretation of the tectono-magmatic history of the Northern Andean Block, including the Andes of Colombia, northern Ecuador, western Venezuela and eastern Panamá. Tectonic reconstructions based upon characterization of more than thirty litho-tectonic and morpho-structural units, terrane assemblages and tectonic realms, and their bounding suture and fault systems, highlight the intimate and complementary Mesozoic-Cenozoic history of the Northern Andean Block and the Pacific and Caribbean Plates. The complex nature of Northern Andean assembly contrasts with ‘‘classical’’ Central Andean ‘‘Cordilleran-type’’ orogenic models. Differences render the application of typical Cordilleran-type models inappropriate for the Colombian Andes. The importance of underlying Proterozoic through mid-Mesozoic elements, in the development of Meso-Cenozoic Northern Andean orogeny-phase tectonic configurations is analyzed in the light of spatial-temporal studies and reconstructions related to basin formation, sedimentation, deformation, uplift mechanisms, structural style and magmatic evolution. The pre-Andean architecture of north western South America has played a pre-determinative role in the development of the Northern Andean orogenic system. 16 contributions analyze key stratigraphic, structural, metamorphic, magmatic and tectonic questions, and provide solutions as far as the most recent published field-based studies permit. The volume provides geological interpretations and tectonic models which contrast with repetitive theoretical proposals frequently found in the available literature

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook is designed for senior students in geophysics, physics, mathematics, geology and engineering who want a focused and concise introduction to seismic wave theory. It is an invaluable teaching tool because of the detailed derivations of formulas, clear explanations of topics, and inclusion of student exercises with selected answers.Perfect for senior undergraduates and first-year graduate students in geophysics, physics, mathematics, geology and engineering, this book is devoted exclusively to seismic wave theory. The result is an invaluable teaching tool, with its detailed derivations of formulas, clear explanations of topics, exercises along with selected answers, and an additional set of exercises with derived answers on the book's website. Some highlights of the text include: a review of vector calculus and Fourier transforms and an introduction to tensors, which prepare readers for the chapters to come; and a detailed discussion on computing reflection and transmission coefficients, a topic of wide interest in the field; a discussion in later chapters of plane waves in anisotropic and anelastic media, which serves as a useful introduction to these two areas of current research in geophysics. Students will learn to understand seismic wave theory through the book's clear and concise pedagogy.

Description / Table of Contents: Sir Archibald Geikie (1835–1924) was one of the most distinguished and influential geologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, President of the Geological Society of London, President of the British Association, Trustee of the British Museum and President of the Royal Society. He was also an accomplished writer, a masterful lecturer and a talented artist who published over 200 scientific papers, books and articles. The papers in this volume examine aspects of Geikie's life and works, including his family history, his personal and professional relationships, his art, and his contributions as a field geologist and administrator. Together, they provide a deeper understanding of his life, his career and his contribution to the development of Geology as a scientific discipline. Much of the research is based on primary sources, including previously unpublished manuscripts, donated in part by members of the family to the Haslemere Educational Museum, UK.

Description / Table of Contents: Fractured bedrock aquifers have traditionally been regarded as low-productivity aquifers, with only limited relevance to regional groundwater resources. It is now being increasingly recognised that these complex bedrock aquifers can play an important role in catchment management and subsurface energy systems. At shallow to intermediate depth, fractured bedrock aquifers help to sustain surface water baseflows and groundwater dependent ecosystems, provide local groundwater supplies and impact on contaminant transfers on a catchment scale. At greater depths, understanding the properties and groundwater flow regimes of these complex aquifers can be crucial for the successful installation of subsurface energy and storage systems, such as deep geothermal or Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage systems and natural gas or CO2 storage facilities as well as the exploration of natural resources such as conventional/unconventional oil and gas. In many scenarios, a robust understanding of fractured bedrock aquifers is required to assess the nature and extent of connectivity between such engineered subsurface systems at depth and overlying receptors in the shallow subsurface.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents a broad overview of the requirements, capabilities, challenges and future directions of spaceborne imaging spectroscopy to explore the Earth’s surface for a range of application domains. These include mine exploration, soil mapping, vegetation monitoring, mapping of pollution and hazardous materials, inland and coastal water monitoring, urban applications and others. Imaging spectroscopy, also often termed hyperspectral remote sensing, for terrestrial Earth observation dates back to the 1980s, when the first spectrometers observing in the visible to shortwave infrared wavelength range were deployed on airborne platforms. From the end of the 1990s onwards, spaceborne hyperspectral missions have demonstrated the capability to provide information on the composition and biochemical and physical characteristics of the Earth’s surface. Today, several hyperspectral spaceborne missions are under development to be launched within the next few years. It can be expected that future global and frequent coverage of the Earth’s surface with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy data will bring a major advance in the information depth that future Earth system models and monitoring service developments can be based on.

Description / Table of Contents: "Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology Written for anyone interested in coastal geomorphology, this is the complete guide to the processes at work on our coastlines and the resulting features seen in coastal systems across the world. Accessible to students from a range of disciplines, the quantitative approach of this book helps to build a solid understanding of wave and current processes that shape coastlines. From sandy beaches to coral reefs, the major coastal features are related to contemporary processes and to sea level changes over the past 25 000 years. Key equations describing these processes and standard methods and instrumentation used to collect measurements are all presented in this wide-ranging overview. Designed to support a one- or two-semester course and grounded in current research, this Second Edition has been substantially updated and rewritten - featuring cutting-edge new topics, insights from new models and technologies, additional global examples and an enhanced package of online teaching materials"--

Description / Table of Contents: List of Contributors -- 1 Fundamentals of Nonlinear Acoustical Techniques and Sideband Peak Count -- 2 Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy: Assessing Global Damage -- 3 Modelling and Numerical Simulations in Nonlinear Acoustics Used for Damage Detection -- 4 Structural Damage Detection Based on Nonlinear Acoustics - Application Examples -- 5 Nonlinear and Hysteretic Constitutive Models for Wave Propagation in Solid Media With Cracks and Contacts -- 6 Nonlinear Ultrasonic Techniques for Material Characterization -- 7 Nonlinear Ultrasonic Responses of Contacting Interfaces -- 8 Nonlinear Acoustic Response of Damage Applied for Diagnostic Imaging -- 9 Nonlinear Guided Waves and Thermal Stresses -- 10 Subharmonic Phased Array for Crack Evaluation (SPACE) -- 11 A Unified Treatment of Nonlinear Viscoelasticity and Non-Equilibrium Dynamics -- 12 Cement-Based Material Characterization Using Nonlinear Single Impact Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy -- 13 Dynamic Acousto-Elastic Testing -- 14 Time Reversal Acoustics -- 15 Multiscale Quantification of Damage Precursor in Composites -- 16 Anharmonic Interactions of Probing Ultrasonic Waves with the Applied Loads Including Applications Suitable for Structural Health Monitoring -- 17 Noncontact Nonlinear Ultrasonic Wave Modulation for Fatigue Crack and Delamination Detection -- 18 Characterizing Fatigue Cracks Using Active Sensor Networks -- Index

Description / Table of Contents: This multi-contributed volume provides a practical, applications-focused introduction to nonlinear acoustical techniques for nondestructive evaluation. Compared to linear techniques, nonlinear acoustical/ultrasonic techniques are much more sensitive to micro-cracks and other types of small distributed damages. Most materials and structures exhibit nonlinear behavior due to the formation of dislocation and micro-cracks from fatigue or other types of repetitive loadings well before detectable macro-cracks are formed. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tools that have been developed based on nonlinear acoustical techniques are capable of providing early warnings about the possibility of structural failure before detectable macro-cracks are formed. This book presents the full range of nonlinear acoustical techniques used today for NDE. The expert chapters cover both theoretical and experimental aspects, but always with an eye towards applications. Unlike other titles currently available, which treat nonlinearity as a physics problem and focus on different analytical derivations, the present volume emphasizes NDE applications over detailed analytical derivations. The introductory chapter presents the fundamentals in a manner accessible to anyone with an undergraduate degree in Engineering or Physics and equips the reader with all of the necessary background to understand the remaining chapters. This self-contained volume will be a valuable reference to graduate students through practising researchers in Engineering, Materials Science, and Physics. Represents the first book on nonlinear acoustical techniques for NDE applications Emphasizes applications of nonlinear acoustical techniques Presents the fundamental physics and mathematics behind nonlinear acoustical phenomenon in a simple, easily understood manner Covers a variety of popular NDE techniques based on nonlinear acoustics in a single volume

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Glacier changes since the Little Ice Age -- Chapter 3. An inventory of proglacial systems in Austria, Switzerland and across Patagonia -- Chapter 4. Debris-covered glaciers -- Chapter 5. Closing the balance of ice, water and sediment fluxes through the terminus of Gepatschferner -- Chapter 6. (Ground) Ice in the proglacial zone -- Chapter 7. Periglacial morphodynamics in the Upper Kaunertal -- Chapter 8. Rock slope instability in the proglacial zone: State of the Art -- Chapter 9. Rockfall at proglacial rockwalls - A case study from the Kauner Valley, Austria -- Chapter 10. Glacial sediment stores and their re-working -- Chapter 11. Slope wash, gully erosion and debris flows on lateral moraines in the upper kaunertal, Austria -- Chapter 12. Sediment transport in proglacial rivers -- Chapter 13. Fluvial sediment transport in the proglacial Fagge River, Kaunertal, Austria -- Chapter 14. Proglacial lakes in high mountain environments -- Chapter 15. Sediment budgets in high-mountain areas: Review and challenges -- Chapter 16. Sediment connectivity in proglacial areas -- Chapter 17. A sediment budget of the Upper Kauner Valley -- Chapter 18. The uncalm development of proglacial soils in the European Alps since 1850 -- Chapter 19. Vegetation succession and biogeomorphic interactions in glacier forelands

Description / Table of Contents: This book discusses the recession of alpine glaciers since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA), which has been accelerating in the past decades. It provides an overview of the research in the field, presenting definitions and information about the different proglacial areas and systems. A number of case studies are from the PROSA project group which encompasses the expertise of geomorphologists, geologists, glaciologists and geodesists. The PROSA joint project (High-resolution measurements of morphodynamics in rapidly changing PROglacial Systems of the Alps) is determined to tackle the problems of geomorphic activity on sediment export through a quantification of sediment fluxes effected by the aforementioned geomorphic processes within the forefield of the Gepatschferner glacier (Central Alps, Austria)

Description / Table of Contents: The Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet mountain belt resulted from Cenozoic collision of India and Asia and is frequently used as the type example of a continental collision orogenic belt. The last quarter of a century has seen the publication of a remarkably detailed dataset relevant to the evolution of this belt. Detailed fieldwork backed up by state-of-the-art structural analysis, geochemistry, mineral chemistry, igneous and metamorphic petrology, isotope chemistry, sedimentology and geophysics produced a wide-ranging archive of data-rich scientific papers. The rationale for this book is to provide a coherent overview of these datasets in addressing the evolution of the mountain ranges we see today. This volume comprises 21 specially invited review papers on the Himalaya, Kohistan arc, Tibet, the Karakoram and Pamir ranges. These papers span the history of Himalayan research, chronology of the collision, stratigraphy, magmatic and metamorphic processes, structural geology and tectonics, seismicity, geophysics, and the evolution of the Indian monsoon. This landmark set of papers should underpin the next 25 years of Himalayan research.

Description / Table of Contents: Towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence -- Transparency: Motivations and Challenges -- Interpretability in Intelligent Systems: A New Concept? -- Understanding Neural Networks via Feature Visualization: A Survey -- Interpretable Text-to-Image Synthesis with Hierarchical Semantic Layout Generation -- Unsupervised Discrete Representation Learning -- Towards Reverse-Engineering Black-Box Neural Networks -- Explanations for Attributing Deep Neural Network Predictions -- Gradient-Based Attribution Methods -- Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation: An Overview -- Explaining and Interpreting LSTMs -- Comparing the Interpretability of Deep Networks via Network Dissection -- Gradient-Based vs. Propagation-Based Explanations: An Axiomatic Comparison -- The (Un)reliability of Saliency Methods -- Visual Scene Understanding for Autonomous Driving Using Semantic Segmentation -- Understanding Patch-Based Learning of Video Data by Explaining Predictions -- Quantum-Chemical Insights from Interpretable Atomistic Neural Networks -- Interpretable Deep Learning in Drug Discovery -- Neural Hydrology: Interpreting LSTMs in Hydrology -- Feature Fallacy: Complications with Interpreting Linear Decoding Weights in fMRI -- Current Advances in Neural Decoding -- Software and Application Patterns for Explanation Methods

Description / Table of Contents: The development of “intelligent” systems that can take decisions and perform autonomously might lead to faster and more consistent decisions. A limiting factor for a broader adoption of AI technology is the inherent risks that come with giving up human control and oversight to “intelligent” machines. Forsensitive tasks involving critical infrastructures and affecting human well-being or health, it is crucial to limit the possibility of improper, non-robust and unsafe decisions and actions. Before deploying an AI system, we see a strong need to validate its behavior, and thus establish guarantees that it will continue to perform as expected when deployed in a real-world environment. In pursuit of that objective, ways for humans to verify the agreement between the AI decision structure and their own ground-truth knowledge have been explored. Explainable AI (XAI) has developed as a subfield of AI, focused on exposing complex AI models to humans in a systematic and interpretable manner. The 22 chapters included in this book provide a timely snapshot of algorithms, theory, and applications of interpretable and explainable AI and AI techniques that have been proposed recently reflecting the current discourse in this field and providing directions of future development. The book is organized in six parts: towards AI transparency; methods for interpreting AI systems; explaining the decisions of AI systems; evaluating interpretability and explanations; applications of explainable AI; and software for explainable AI

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an authoritative insight on the Loss and Damage discourse by highlighting state-of-the-art research and policy linked to this discourse and articulating its multiple concepts, principles and methods. Written by leading researchers and practitioners, it identifies practical and evidence-based policy options to inform the discourse and climate negotiations. With climate-related risks on the rise and impacts being felt around the globe has come the recognition that climate mitigation and adaptation may not be enough to manage the effects from anthropogenic climate change. This recognition led to the creation of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage in 2013, a climate policy mechanism dedicated to dealing with climate-related effects in highly vulnerable countries that face severe constraints and limits to adaptation. Endorsed in 2015 by the Paris Agreement and effectively considered a third pillar of international climate policy, debate and research on Loss and Damage continues to gain enormous traction. Yet, concepts, methods and tools as well as directions for policy and implementation have remained contested and vague. Suitable for researchers, policy-advisors, practitioners and the interested public, the book furthermore: • discusses the political, legal, economic and institutional dimensions of the issue • highlights normative questions central to the discourse • provides a focus on climate risks and climate risk management • presents salient case studies from around the world

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Overview: Climate risk management and justice for the L&D debate -- Chapter 2. History of debate: from climate justice to climate risk management.-Chapter 3. What is Loss & Damage? Perspectives & Concepts -- Chapter 4.Weather related losses and damages: what can we learn from disaster data? -- Chapter 5. Frontiers in science for supporting L&D decision making -- Chapter 6. Attribution -- Chapter 7. Legal liability -- Chapter 8. What does non-economic loss and damage mean and what challenge does it present to the L&D Mechanism? -- Chapter 9. Loss & Damage to ecosystem services -- Chapter 10. Technology Justice and Loss and damage -- Chapter 11. Integrated Management of Climate Risk -- Chapter 12. A Socio-Economic Climate Risk Management Framework to inform the Loss and Damage mechanism -- Chapter 13.Exploring adaptation frontiers with insurance: the role of risk transfer -- Chapter 14. Climate insurance and risk management: From AOSIS to MCII to InsuResilience -- Chapter 15. Climate insurance? Reviewing regional sovereign insurance pools -- Chapter 16.Balancing liability and needs - a principled approach for the L&D mechanism -- Chapter 17. The case for Loss and Damage in Bangladesh -- Chapter 18. Local-level Implementation of Loss and Damage: insights from the Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance work in Peru & Nepal

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis 11 Tabellenverzeichnis 12 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 13 1. Einleitung 15 1.1 Definition der öffentlichen Verwaltung in Deutschland 15 1.2 Internationale Definition der öffentlichen Verwaltung 17 1.3 Spezifische Merkmale Interner Revisionen in der öffentlichen Verwaltung 18 1.4 Geschichtliche Entwicklung interner Prüfinstitutionen in Deutschland 19 1.4.1 Förderale Ebene 19 1.4.2 Förderale Ebene 19 1.4.3 Förderale Ebene der Kommunen 20 1.4.4 Innenrevision und Vorprüfungsamt der Bundesagentur für Arbeit 22 1.4.5 Korruptionsprävention und -bekämpfung 24 1.5 Governance und Interne Revision am Beispiel der Bundesagentur für Arbeit 24 1.5.1 Das Modell der drei Sicherungslinien 24 1.5.2 Aufsicht durch Selbstverwaltungsorgane der Bundesagentur für Arbeit 28 1.5.3 Aufsicht durch das zuständige Bundesministerium 31 2. Relevante nationale und internationale Regelungen für Interne Revisionen in öffentlichen Institutionen 33 2.1 Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) als Herausgeber internationaler Regelungen 33 2.2 Aufbau und Inhalte des Internationalen Regelwerks der beruflichen Praxis der Internen Revision 34 2.2.1 Mission der Internen Revision 37 2.2.2 Grundprinzipien für die berufliche Praxis der Internen Revision 38 2.2.3 Definition der Internen Revision 39 2.2.4 Ethikkodex 40 2.3 Spezifische internationale Regelungen für Interne Revisionen im öffentlichen Sektor 42 2.4 Spezifische nationale Regelungen für Interne Revisionen im öffentlichen Sektor 43 2.4.1 Revisionsstandards des Bundesministeriums des Innern 43 2.4.2 Gesetzliche Regelungen am Beispiel der Internen Revision der Bundesagentur für Arbeit 45 3. Organisation und Aufgaben der Internen Revision einer öffentlichen Institution 49 3.1 Geschäftsordnung der Internen Revision 49 3.2 Mission und Entwicklungsperspektive der Internen Revision 58 3.3 Organisation 60 3.3.1 Aufbauorganisation 60 3.3.2 Ablauforganisation 72 3.4 Personal der Internen Revision87 3.4.1 Rekrutierung 87 3.4.2 Kontinuierliche Weiterbildung 92 3.4.3 Bezahlung 100 3.4.4 Nebenamtliche Prüfer, Beurteilungen und Dienstreisen 101 3.4.5 Lebenszeitrevisoren vs. Revision als Karriereabschnitt 101 3.4.6 Objektivität 103 3.4.7 Fachkompetenz und berufliche Sorgfaltspflicht 104 3.5 Co-Sourcing 106 3.5.1 Grundlage 106 3.5.2. Verfahren bei der Beauftragung eines externen Dienstleisters 107 3.6 Qualitätssicherung und -verbesserung 114 3.6.1 Laufende Qualitätssicherung 116 3.6.2 Periodische Qualitätssicherung 125 4. Ausführungsstandards 130 4.1. Leitung der Internen Revision 131 4.1.1 Risikoorientierte Planung 138 4.1.2 Bewertung 153 4.1.3 Prüfungsmodell 155 4.1.4 Performance-Messung der Internen Revision 180 4.1.5 Zusammenarbeit mit externen Prüfern 185 4.2. Art der Arbeiten 188 4.2.1 Zuverlässigkeit und Integrität von finanziellen und operativen Informationen 189 4.2.2 Effektivität und Effizienz von Geschäftsprozessen 193 4.2.3 Sicherung des Vermögens 200 4.2.4 Einhaltung von Gesetzen, Verordnungen und Verträgen 208 4.2.5. Einhaltung ethisch angemessener Normen und Werte 219 4.2.6 Zielverfolgung durch Leistungssteuerung und klare Verantwortlichkeit 228 4.2.7 Wirksame Kommunikation von Risiko- und Kontrollinformationen 237 4.2.8 Treffen strategischer und operativer Entscheidungen 245 4.2.9 Überwachung von Risikomanagement und -steuerung 245 4.2.10 Der ß-Fehler – oder warum Gift manchmal so süß ist 246 4.3 Planung einzelner Aufträge 247 4.3.1 Projektvorschlag 247 4.3.2 Revisionskonzept / Arbeitsprogramm 248 4.4 Durchführung des Prüfungsauftrags 264 4.4.1 Prüfungsankündigung 264 4.4.2 Eröffnungsgespräch 266 4.4.3 Feldarbeit 266 4.4.4 Schlussgespräch 291 4.4.5 Feedback-Fragebogen 294 4.4.6 Thesenpapier 296 4.4.7 Haftung 297 4.5 Berichterstattung 300 4.5.1 Empfehlungs- und Maßnahmenkatalog 307 4.5.2 Verbreitung der Ergebnisse 307 4.6 Überwachung des weiteren Vorgehens 309 4.6.1 Nachschau 309 4.6.2 Abschlussvermerk 310 4.7 Kommunikation der Risikoakzeptanz 311 4.8 Projektreview 312 4.9 Weitere Revisionsprodukte 313 4.9.1 Vorstudie 313 4.9.2 Orientierungsrevision 313 4.9.3 Beratungsauftrag 314 4.9.4 Monitoring von Zusagen gegenüber den Rechnungshöfen 314 5. Spezielle Revisionsansätze 315 5.1 Revision im Zusammenhang mit Kriminalitätsprävention und -bekämpfung (KPB) 315 5.1.1 Anzeichen für Korruption („red flags“) 315 5.1.2 Maßnahmen der Kriminalitätsprävention 317 5.1.3 Durchführung von Sachverhaltsermittlungen in konkreten Einzelfällen 318 5.1.4 Pflege und Weiterentwicklung des Gefährdungsatlasses 318 5.1.5 Aktivkontrollen durch KPB-Team319 5.2 Projektbegleitende Revision 324 5.2.1 Auswahl der zu prüfenden Projekte 325 5.2.2 Konzepterstellung und -freigabe 325 5.2.3 Prüfungsplanung 333 5.2.4 Prüfungsdurchführung 333 5.2.5 Berichterstellung und -erstattung 334 5.2.6 Nachschau und Abschluss 334 Glossar 335 Anhang 347 Literaturverzeichnis 359 Stichwortverzeichnis 373

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Black Sea remains one of the largest underexplored rift basins in the world. Future success is dependent on a better understanding of a number of geological uncertainties. These include reservoir and source rock presence and quality, and the timing of migration of hydrocarbons relative to trap formation. An appreciation of the geological history of the Black Sea basins and the surrounding orogens is therefore key. The timing of basin formation, uplift of the margins, and of facies distribution remain issues for robust debate. This Special Publication presents the results of 15 studies that relate to the tectono-stratigraphy and petroleum geology of the Black Sea. The methodologies of these studies encompass crustal structure, geodynamic evolution, stratigraphy and its regional correlation, petroleum systems, source to sink, hydrocarbon habitat and play concepts, and reviews of past exploration. They provide insight into the many ongoing controversies concerning Black Sea regional geology and provide a better understanding of the geological risks that must be considered for future hydrocarbon exploration.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Reservoir quality is studied using a wide range of similar techniques in both sandstones and carbonates. Sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality both benefit from the study of modern analogues and experiments, but modelling approaches are currently quite different for these two types of reservoirs. There are many common controls on sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality, but also distinct differences due primarily to mineralogy. Numerous controversies remain including the question of oil inhibition, the key control on pressure solution and geochemical flux of material to or from reservoirs. This collection of papers contains case-study-based examples of sandstone and carbonate reservoir quality prediction as well as modern analogue, outcrop analogue, modelling and advanced analytical approaches.

Description / Table of Contents: Intro; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Crustal and Seismic Structure of the Chilean Fore-Arc; 1 Structure and Tectonics of the Chilean Convergent Margin from Wide-Angle Seismic Studies: A Review; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The Northern Chilean Margin (22°-32° S); 3 The South-Central Chilean Margin (33°-46.5° S); 4 The Austral Chilean Margin (South of the CTJ); 5 Summary; Acknowledgements; References; 2 The Geometry of the Continental Wedge and Its Relation to the Rheology and Seismicity of the Chilean Interplate Boundary; Abstract; 1 Introduction

Description / Table of Contents: 6 Gravity Derivatives from GOCE Satellite Data7 2D Profiles Across the Margin; 8 Seismotectonics and Gravity; 8.1 Northern Chile; 8.2 Central Chile; 8.3 South Central Chile; 9 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgements; References; The Paleozoic Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Margin; 4 Paleogeographic and Kinematic Constraints in the Tectonic Evolution of the Pre-Andean Basement Blocks; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Pampia; 3 Famatinian Magmatic Arc; 4 Western Puna (Antofalla Terrane); 5 Cuyania; 6 Chilenia; 7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References

Description / Table of Contents: 5 The Pre-Andean Phases of Construction of the Southern Andes Basement in Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic TimesAbstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Main Features of the Paleozoic Orogenies in the Southern Andes; 3 The Pampean Orogeny; 4 The Ocloyic Orogeny; 5 The Famatinian Orogeny; 6 The Chanic Orogeny; 7 The Gondwanan Orogeny; 8 The Tabarin Orogeny; Acknowledgements; References; 6 The Famatinian Orogen Along the Protomargin of Western Gondwana: Evidence for a Nearly Continuous Ordovician Magmatic Arc Between Venezuela and Argentina; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The Famatinian Orogen in Its Type Locality

Description / Table of Contents: 3 The Famatinian Orogen Along the Protomargin of Western Gondwana3.1 Southern Sector; 3.2 Central Sector; 3.3 Northern Sector; 4 The Grenvillian Suture Between Arequipa and Amazonia; 5 Tectonic Setting of the Famatinian Orogen; 6 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgements; References; The Early Andean Arc in the Chilean-Argentinean Margin; 7 The Early Stages of the Magmatic Arc in the Southern Central Andes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Geological Framework for the Early Andes; 3 Petrography and Geology of the Triassic-Jurassic Igneous Units in Northern Chile

Description / Table of Contents: This book describes the Mesozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the Chilean and Argentinean Andes. The book is structured from a historical perspective concentrating on specific processes explained in each chapter. The chapters cover dynamic subsidence; neotectonics; magmatism; long and short term deformation; spatial development of ancient orogenic processes that control Andean reactivations; relation between ocean bathymetry and deformation. Sources of detritus through Andean construction are discussed by specialists from both sides of the Southern Andes. This book provides up-to-date reviews, maps, evolutionary schemes and extensive reference lists useful for geoscientists and students in Earth Science fields

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Himalaya mountains contain not only one of the largest concentrations of ice outside the polar regions, but contribute to the hydrological requirements of large populations spread over seven nations. The exceptionally high elevations of this low-latitude cryosphere presents a natural laboratory and archives to study climate–tectonics interactions as well as regional v. global climate influences. The existing base-level data on the Himalayan cryosphere are highly variable. Several climate fluctuations occurred during the late Quaternary (MIS1–MIS5, especially the last c. 100 ka), which led to the evolution of the Himalayan landscape. Detailed studies of these archives, along with those of the present cryosphere and related hydrosphere, are essential for understanding the controls on present and future hydrology of the glacial-fed mountain rivers. This volume, a follow-up of the XII International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Science, Goa (A SCAR symposium), provides new data from locales spread over the entire Himalaya region and from Tibet. It provides a glimpse of the late Quaternary cryosphere, as well as a discussion in the last section on sustainability in the context of geohazard mitigations as well as the hydrological budget.

Description / Table of Contents: "This book presents the complexity and many dimensions of groundwater governance in 28 chapters, written by a global team of leading experts. The first part of the book defines groundwater governance, exploring its emergence and evolution, framing it through a socio-ecological lens and describing groundwater policy and planning approaches. The second part discusses key aspects of groundwater governance, including leadership, political support, participation, cooperation, and conflict resolution. The third examines the linkages between groundwater and other resources/sectors and the fourth part presents eight case studies that illustrate current practices in groundwater governance worldwide."

Description / Table of Contents: Tectonic and climatic boundary conditions determine the amount and the characteristics (size distribution and composition) of sediment that is generated and exported from mountain regions. On millennial timescales, rivers adjust their morphology such that the incoming sediment (Qs,in) can be transported downstream by the available water discharge (Qw). Changes in climatic and tectonic boundary conditions thus trigger an adjustment of the downstream river morphology. Understanding the sensitivity of river morphology to perturbations in boundary conditions is therefore of major importance, for example, for flood assessments, infrastructure and habitats. Although we have a general understanding of how rivers evolve over longer timescales, the prediction of channel response to changes in boundary conditions on a more local scale and over shorter timescales remains a major challenge. To better predict morphological channel evolution, we need to test (i) how channels respond to perturbations in boundary conditions and (ii) how signals ...

Description / Table of Contents: The concept of hydrologic connectivity summarizes all flow processes that link separate regions of a landscape. As such, it is a central theme in the field of catchment hydrology, with influence on neighboring disciplines such as ecology and geomorphology. It is widely acknowledged to be an important key in understanding the response behavior of a catchment and has at the same time inspired research on internal processes over a broad range of scales. From this process-hydrological point of view, hydrological connectivity is the conceptual framework to link local observations across space and scales. This is the context in which the four studies this thesis comprises of were conducted. The focus was on structures and their spatial organization as important control on preferential subsurface flow. Each experiment covered a part of the conceptualized flow path from hillslopes to the stream: soil profile, hillslope, riparian zone, and stream. For each study site, the most characteristic structures of the investigated domain and scale, such as slope deposits and peat layers were identified based on preliminary or previous investigations or literature reviews. Additionally, further structural data was collected and topographical analyses were carried out. [...]

Description / Table of Contents: Auf der Welt gibt es etwa 1.500 aktive Vulkane. Sie sehen von außen zwar unterschiedlich aus. Aber alle Vulkane sind ähnlich aufgebaut. Rico, der Fischadler, erzählt spannende Dinge über Vulkane und über die gefährliche Arbeit der Vulkanforscher. Die große Fibelschrift und das klare Layout sind speziell für Leseeinsteiger konzipiert, im Vordergrund stehen die Übersichtlichkeit und Lesbarkeit der Texte. Alles verstanden, Neues gelernt? Das Lesequiz gibt Antwort.

Description / Table of Contents: The international Mont Terri rock laboratory in Switzerland plays a central role in the safety and construction of deep geological nuclear repositories in clay formations. The laboratory has developed and refined a range of new measurement and evaluation methods: it has e.g. advanced the determination of rock parameters using innovative borehole geophysics, improved the methodology for characterizing pore-water and microbial activity in claystones, and greatly improved our understanding of diffusion and retention processes of radionuclides in and through claystones. The methods and insights described in this compendium can also be applied to low-permeability rocks at various sites around the globe, and in other fields of application.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The history of the European oil and gas industry reflects local as well as global political events, economic constraints and the personal endeavours of individual petroleum geoscientists as much as it does the development of technologies and the underlying geology of the region. The first commercial oil wells in Europe were drilled in Poland in 1853, Romania in 1857, Germany in 1859 and Italy in 1860. The 23 papers in this volume focus on the history and heritage of the oil and gas industry in the key European oil-producing countries from the earliest onshore drilling to its development into the modern industry that we know today. The contributors chronicle the main events and some of the major players that shaped the industry in Europe. The volume also marks several important anniversaries, including 150 years of oil exploration in Poland and Romania, the centenary of the drilling of the first oil well in the UK and 50 years of oil production from onshore Spain.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Over  the  past  decades,  rapid developments in digital and sensing technologies, such  as the Cloud, Web and Internet of Things, have dramatically changed the way we live and work. The digital transformation is revolutionizing our ability to monitor our planet and transforming the  way we access, process and exploit Earth Observation data from satellites. This book reviews these megatrends and their implications for the Earth Observation community as well as the wider data economy. It provides insight into new paradigms of Open Science and Innovation applied to space data, which are characterized by openness, access to large volume of complex data, wide availability of new community tools, new techniques for big data analytics such as Artificial Intelligence, unprecedented level of computing power, and new types of collaboration among researchers, innovators, entrepreneurs and citizen scientists. In addition, this book aims to provide readers with some reflections on the future of Earth Observation, highlighting through a series of use cases not just the new opportunities created by the New Space revolution, but also the new challenges that must be addressed in order to make the most of the large volume of complex and diverse data delivered by the new generation of satellites.