ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - Anthropogenic impacts from atmospheric pollutant deposition. - Future impacts.

Description / Table of Contents: Den untersten Teil der Erdatmosphäre, der von der Erdoberfläche direkt beeinflusst wird, nennt man die Atmosphärische Grenzschicht. Sie gehört zur unmittelbaren Umwelt der meisten Lebewesen (Mensch, Tier, Pflanzenwelt) und erhält dadurch und durch viele ihr eigene Prozesse und Eigenschaften eine besondere Bedeutung. Deshalb hat sich auch ein eigenes Teilgebiet der Meteorologie, die Grenzschicht-Meteorologie, entwickelt. Dieses Buch stellt die wesentlichen Grundlagen dieser Disziplin zusammen und erläutert sie. Dabei stehen einerseits physikalische Gesetze der Hydrodynamik (z. B. der Turbulenz) und der Thermodynamik, andererseits die stark interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Mikrometeorologie bzw. Mikroklimatologie im Vordergrund des Interesses. Dieses Buch möchte Leser ansprechen, die an der Meteorologie und vor allem an der bodennahen Atmosphäre interessiert sind. Darüber hinaus wendet es sich an alle, die sich mit der Wechselwirkung zwischen Erdoberfläche und Atmosphäre auseinandersetzen, z. B. an Geographen, Bodenkundler und Pflanzenökologen.

Description / Table of Contents: In global coastal zones, the major fabric of goods and services for human welfare as well as global changes are extraordinarily visible. They are shaped by natural Earth System processes on a planetary scale, which are reflected in a continuously adapting coastal environment. Now, in the 'Anthropocene', human society is a greater catalyst for change - impacting and modifying coastal processes. This book synthesizes knowledge on coastal and riverine material fluxes, biogeochemical processes and indications of change, and the human influence, before looking at future research and management needs. It is a milestone rather than a destination on the journey which continues under the new International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) and the LOICZ (Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone) Project.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface to Volume 2. - Foreword by Micael Metcalf. - License information. - 21 Introduction to Fortran 90 language features. - 22 Introduction to parallel programming. - 23 Numerical recipes utility functions for Fortran 90. - Fortran 90 code chapters. - B1 Preliminaries. - B2 Solution of linear algebraic equations. - B3 Interpolation and extrapolation. - B4 Integration of functions. - B5 Evaluation of functions. - B6 Special functions. - B7 Random numbers. - B8 Sorting. - B9 Root finding and nonlinear sets of equations. - B10 Minimization or maximization of functions. - B11 Eigensystems. - B12 Fast Fourier Transform. - B13 Fourier and spectral applications. - B14 Statistical description of data. - B15 Modeling of data. - B16 Integration of ordinary differential equations. - B17 Two point boundary value problems. - B18 Integral equations and inverse theory. - B19 Partial differential equtations. - B20 Less-numerical algorithms. - References. - Appendices

Description / Table of Contents: "This is a hands-on guide for graduate students and other young researchers wishing to perfect the practical skills that are needed for a successful career in research. By teaching junior scientists to develop effective research habits, the book helps make the experience of graduate study a more efficient, effective and rewarding one. Many graduate students learn these skills "on the job", often by doing them poorly at first, with the result that much valuable time can be lost; this book will help prevent that. The authors have taught a graduate course on the topics covered in this book for many years, and provide a sample curriculum for instructors in graduate schools who wish to teach a similar course. ... The wealth of advice offered in this book is invaluable to students, junior researchers and their mentors in all fields of science, engineering and the humanities."

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aersol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Isotopes in Water. - Isotopes in tree rings. Isotopes in bones and teeth. Isotopes in lake sediments. Isotopes in speleothems. Isotopes in marine sediments.

Description / Table of Contents: A lake, as a body of water, is in continuous interaction with the rocks and soils in its drainage basin, the atmosphere, and surface and groundwaters. Human industrial and agricultural activities introduce new inputs and processes into lake systems. This volume is a selection of ten contributions dealing with diverse aspects of lake systems, including such subjects as the geological controls of lake basins and their histories, mixing and circulation patterns in lakes, gaseous exchange between the water and atmosphere, and human input to lakes through atmospheric precipitation and surficial runoff. This work was written with a dual goal in mind: to serve as a textbook and to provide professionals with in-depth expositions and discussions of the more important aspects of lake systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einführung. - Das Klima im Wandel. - Die Erdatmosphäre als Träger der Klimaphänomene. - Charakteristische Zeit meteorologischer Vorgänge. - Was bedeutete der Begriff "Klima" in der Vergangenheit?. - Die Zeitskala atmosphärischer Phänomene. - Das Klimasystem. - Was sind Klimaelemente?. - Was verstehen wir heute unter "Klima"?. - 2 Klimatologische Informationsquellen. - Anfänge physikalischer Meßtechnik. - Vieljährige Meßreihen. - Beobachtungsnetze. - Historische Klimadaten. - Paläoklimatische Informationsquellen. - 3 Statistisch-klimatologische Methodik. - Mit welchen Methoden analysiert man Klimadaten?. - Stichprobenbeschreibung. - Verteilungstheorie. - Schätz- und Testtheorie. - Korrelation und Regression. - Spektrale Varianzanalyse. - Zeitreihenfilterung. - 4 Geschichte der Klimänderungen. - Auswahl des Datenmaterials. - Die letzten beiden Jahrhunderte. - Die letzten Jahrtausende. - Die letzten 10 000 Jahre. - Die Würm-Kaltzeit. - Die Eem-Warmzeit. - Quartäres Eiszeitalter. - Warmklima des Tertiärs und Mesozoikums. - Überblick seit der Existenz der Erde. - 5 Natürliche Ursachen von Klimaänderungen. - Allgemeine Aspekte. - Sonneneinstrahlung und Strahlungsbilanz. - Erdbahnparameter. - Treibhauseffekt. - Vulkantätigkeit. - Kontinentalverschiebung. - Atmosphärische Zirkulation. - Ozeanische Zirkulation und El Niño. - 6 Klimamodelle. - 7 Produzieren wir unser eigenes Klima?. - Gewollte und ungewollte Klimaänderungen. - Waldrodungen, Vordringen von Wüsten und Bodenverluste. - Stadtklima. - Troposphärische Partikel. - Anthropogene Verstärkung des "Treibhauseffektes". - Stratosphärischer Ozonabbau. - Synthese und Abgrenzungsprobleme. - 8 Zukunftsperspektiven für das Klima. - Verwendete Abkürzungen, Symbole und Maßeinheiten. - Literatur. - Sachverzeichnis.

Description / Table of Contents: Ändern die Menschen das Klima der Erde schneller, als dies in der Vergangenheit der Fall war? Steuern wir deshalb auf eine globale Klimakatastrophe zu? Diese Einführung in die Wissenschaft vom Klima zeigt, wie Klimaforscher heute arbeiten. Christian Schönwiese erklärt, woher die Klimadaten kommen und was man über die Klimaänderungen vergangener Zeiten und ihre Ursachen herausgefunden hat. Dabei wird klar, daß menschliche Eingriffe in die Natur bereits seit langem Einfluß auf die Klimaentwicklung haben. Doch mittlerweile hat dieser Einfluß globalen Charakter: die Klimazukunft der Erde hängt immer mehr auch von den Menschen ab.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: Vorwort. - Hinweise zum Gebrauch des Buches. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. - 3 Monte-Carlo-Simulationen. - 4 Statistische Tolerierung. - 5 Mathematische Statistik. - 6 Monte-Carlo-Analysen. - 7 Statistische Prozesskontrolle. - 8 Lösungen zu den Übungen. - A Herleitung von Verteilungen. - B Verteilungstabellen. - Begleitsoftwareindex. - Stichwortverzeichnis

Description / Table of Contents: Dieses Buch gibt eine Einführung in die grundlegenden Begriffe und Werkzeuge der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Zentrale Begriffe und Methoden der angewandten mathematischen Statistik werden beschrieben, und weitergehende statistische Verfahren wie die Varianz- und Regressionsanalyse oder nichtparametrische Verfahren werden diskutiert. Moderne Techniken wie die Monte-Carlo-Methode und wichtife Anwendungsgebiete aus dem ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Bereich werden vorgestellt. Alle Themen werden weitestgehend unter Verwendung von MATLAB bearbeitet. Dies ermöglicht die Diskussion praxisorientierter Beispiele, die meist nicht analytisch behandelt werden können, und es erhöht die Verständlichkeit der Thematik durch die Möglichkeiten der grafischen Visualisierung. Die verwendeten MATLAB-Programme werden ausführlich kommentiert und dem Leser als Begleitsoftware auf der Homepage des Autors zur Verfügung gestellt. Das Buch enthält über 100 Übungsaufgaben mit vollständigen Lösungen. Das Werk eignet sich für Studierende aller ingenieurwissenschaftlichen und naturwissenschaftlichen Fachrichtungen an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen.

Description / Table of Contents: Das Buch führt in die grundlegenden Bereiche der klassischen Zeitreihenanalyse ein. Deshalb spielen in den ersten Kapiteln die Begriffe Stationarität und Autokovarianz- bzw. Autokorrelationsstruktur eine wesentliche Rolle. Ergänzend zu den grundlegenden Modellen werden aber auch schon zu Beginn eine Reihe von Beispielen diskutiert. Mit Hilfe des Spektralsatzes und der Filterung stationärer Zeitreihen kann die wichtige Klasse der ARMA-Modelle sehr effizient und erschöpfend behandelt werden. Die asymptotischen Resultate des Textes beruhen auf einem zentralen Grenzwertresultat für sog. schwach abhängige Zufallsvariable. Es zeigt sich, dass dieses Resultat sowohl die Behandlung linearer Zeitreihenmodelle wie gewisser nichtlinearer und für den Bereich der Finanzzeitreihen wichtiger Zeitreihen erlaubt. Im Weiteren werden dann Schätzmethoden im Spektralbereich von Zeitreihen diskutiert. Neben dem Periodogram werden ebenso auch sog. geglättete Spektraldichteschätzer vollständig behandelt. Kapitel über Modellwahlverfahren und die wesentlichen Grundlagen multivariater Zeitreihen sowie einiger Anhänge, die den Text weitestgehend autark lesbar machen sollen, schließen das Buch ab.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Trends in antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: antarctica as a global indicator 2. The physical setting of the antarctic 3. Colonisation processes 4. Biogeography 5. Biogeographic trends in antarctic lake communities 6. Life history traits 7. Physiological traits of organisms in a changing environment 8. Plant biodiversity in an extreme environment: genetic studies of origins, diversity and evolution in the antarctic 9. The molecular ecology of antarctic terrestrial and limnetic invertebrates and microbes 10. Biological invasions 11. Landscape control of high latitude lakes in a changing climate 12. Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems 13. Antarctic lake systems and climate change 14. Subantarctic terrestrial conservation and management 15. Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystem conservation and management 16. The antarctic: local signals, global messages.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of Arctic ice shelves, ice islands and related features. Ice shelves are permanent areas of ice which float on the ocean surface while attached to the coast, and typically occur in very cold environments where perennial sea ice builds up to great thickness, and/or where glaciers flow off the land and are preserved on the ocean surface. These landscape features are relatively poorly studied in the Arctic, yet they are potentially highly sensitive indicators of climate change because they respond to changes in atmospheric, oceanic and glaciological conditions. Recent fracturing and breakup events of ice shelves in the Canadian High Arctic have attracted significant scientific and public attention, and produced large ice islands which may pose a risk to Arctic shipping and offshore infrastructure. Much has been published about Antarctic ice shelves, but to date there has not been a dedicated book about Arctic ice shelves or ice islands. This book fills that gap.

Description / Table of Contents: This is the first comprehensive science-based textbook on the biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea, one of the world’s largest brackish water bodies. The aim of this book is to provide students and other readers with knowledge about the conditions for life in brackish water, the functioning of the Baltic Sea ecosystem and its environmental problems and management. It highlights biological variation along the unique environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea Area (the Baltic Sea, Belt Sea and Kattegat), especially those in salinity and climate. The first part of the book presents the challenges for life processes and ecosystem dynamics that result from the Baltic Sea’s highly variable recent geological history and geographical isolation. The second part explains interactions between organisms and their environment, including biogeochemical cycles, patterns of biodiversity, genetic diversity and evolution, biological invasions and physiological adaptations. In the third part, the subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem - the pelagic zone, the sea ice, the deep soft sea beds, the phytobenthic zone, the sandy coasts, and estuaries and coastal lagoons - are treated in detail with respect to the structure and function of communities and habitats and consequences of natural and anthropogenic constraints, such as climate change, discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances. Finally, the fourth part of the book discusses monitoring and ecosystem-based management to deal with contemporary and emerging threats to the ecosystem’s health.

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this edited volume is to introduce the scientific community to paleoenvironmental studies of estuaries, to highlight the types of information that can be obtained from such studies, and to promote the use of paleoenvironmental studies in estuarine management. Readers will learn about the the application of different paleoecological approaches used in estuaries that develop our understanding of their response to natural and human influences. Particular attention is given to the essential steps required for undertaking a paleoecological study, in particular with regard to site selection, core extraction and chronological techniques, followed by the range of indicators that can be used. A series of case studies are discussed in the book to demonstrate how paleoecological studies can be used to address key questions, and to sustainably manage these important coastal environments in the future. This book will appeal to professional scientists interested in estuarine studies and/or paleoenvironmental research, as well as estuarine managers who are interested in the incorporation of paleoenvironmental research into their management programs.

Description / Table of Contents: Ostracods, small aquatic Crustacea, occur in almost every marine, brackish and freshwater habitat. Their calcified bivalved carapaces readily fossilize and their record in earth history is long, dense and diverse. Ostracod species are particularly useful as tools in marine and limnic (palaeo-) ecology, in (palaeo-) biogeography, and biostratigraphy. Their reproductive morphology is as extraordinary as their reproductive modes, and many of their physiological peculiarities remain mysterious. Ostracod taxonomy and phylogeny contribute to general studies of crustacean evolution. The diversity of ostracod applications in both biology and palaeontology is clearly illustrated by the eighteen papers of the 15th International Symposium on Ostracoda (Berlin, Germany) in 2005, which are grouped in the present proceedings, one of three volumes resulting from this meeting.

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Preface. - 1. Basic concepts of fluid flow. - 2. Introduction to numerical methods. - 3. Finite difference methods. - 4.Finite volume methods. - 5. Solution of linear equation systems. - 6. Methods for unsteady problems. - 7. Solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. - 8. Complex geometries. - 9. Turbulent flows. - 10. Compressible flow. - 11. Efficiency and accuracy improvement. - 12. Special topics. - Appendices.

Description / Table of Contents: This book offers an overview of the techniques used to solve problems in fluid mechanics on computers and describes in detail those most often used in practice. Included are advanced techniques in computational fluid dynamics, like direct and large-eddy simulation of turbulence, multigrid methods, parallel computing, moving grids, structured, block-structured and unstructured boundary-fitted grids, free surface flows. The book shows common roots and basic principles for many apparently different methods. The issues of numerical accuracy, estimation and reduction of numerical errors are dealt with in detail, with many examples. The book also contains a great deal of practical advice for code developers and users, it is designed to be equally useful to beginners and experts. The 2nd edition was completely revised, especially chapter 9, Turbulent flows, where the authors formed old and new material into a new highlight of the book.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics. - 3 The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations. - 4 The momentum equation in cartesian and spherical coordinates. - 5 Vertical-coordinate conversions. - 6 Numerical solutions to partial differential equations. - 7 Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics. - 8 Boundary-layer processes. - 9 Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics. - 10 Radiative energy transfer. - 11 Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates. - 12 Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry. - 13 Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations. - 14 Particle components, size distributions, and size structures. - 15 Aerosol emissions and nucleation. - 16 Coagulation. - 17 Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation. - 18 Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes. - 19 Aqueous chemistry. - 20 Sedimentation and dry deposition. - 21 Model design, application, and testing. - Appendix A: Conversions, constants, and symbols. - Appendix B: Tables. - References. - Index

Description / Table of Contents: This comprehensive text describes the atmospheric processes, numerical methods, and computational techniques required for a scientist to successfully study air pollution and meteorology. Computer modeling has become a powerful tool in modern atmospheric sciences, combining the disciplines of meteorology, physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer sciences, and , to a lesser extent, geology, biology, microbiology, and oceanographic sciences. This text presents fundamental equations that describe physical, chemical, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, and it provides numerical methods to solve these equations. Along with classic methods for simulating gas and aerosol processes not available in any other text. The book has been developed from the author's graduate courses and research at Standford University and contains homework and computer programming assignments. It is a valuable textbook for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses in atmospheric sciences and meteorology. It will also be useful for courses in earth sciences, environmental sciences, and applied mathematics.

Description / Table of Contents: Das Wissen über das Eiszeitalter verändert sich rasch. Neue Hinweise liefern u. a. Tiefseesedimente, die Isotopentechnik und die Erkundung heutiger kalter Gebiete der Erde, wobei Eiskernbohrungen in Grönland und der Antarktis für die jüngere Klimageschichte besonders wichtig sind. Eindrucksvoll sind die durch Tiefseebohrungen möglich gewordenen Übersichten, deren Auswertung erst am Anfang steht. Neben einer ausführlichen Einführung in die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Eiszeitforschung sowie deren Standortbestimmung behandelt der Autor insbesondere lokale eiszeitliche Besonderheiten in Deutschland sowie Größenänderungen, Lageänderungen und Fließverhalten heutiger Gletscher.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of Illustrations. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Parts of the Spectrum. - 1.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Flux. - 1.2.2 Terrestrial lnfrared Flux. - 1.3 Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media. - 1.3.1 Feedback Processes. - 1.3.2 Types of Matter that Affect Radiation. - 1.4 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres. - 1.4.1 Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws. - 1.4.2 Minor Species in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.3 Optical Line-of-Sight Paths. - 1.4.4 Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres. - 1.4.5 Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks. - 1.5 Density Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6 Vertical Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6.1 The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean. - 1 .6.2 Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties. - 1.6.3 Sea-Surface Temperature. - 1.6.4 Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity. - 1.7 Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units. - 1.8 Summary. - 2 Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation. - 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Geometrical Optics. - 2.3 Radiative Flux or Irradiance. - 2.4 Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments. - 2.4.1 Relationship between Flux and Intensity. - 2.4.2 Average Intensity and Energy Density. - 2.5 Some Theorems on Intensity. - 2.5.1 lntensity and Flux from an Extended Source. - 2.6 Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance. - 2.7 The Extinction Law. - 2.7.1 Extinction = Scattering + Absorption. - 2.8 The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 2.9 Summary. - 3 Basic Scattering Processes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Lorentz Theory for Radiation- Matter Interactions. - 3.2.1 Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium. - 3.2.2 Scattering from Density Irregularities. - 3.2.3 Scattering in Random Media. - 3.2.4 First-Order and Multiple Scattering. - 3.3 Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator. - 3.3.1 Case ( 1 ): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile. - 3.3.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering. - 3.3.3 Natural Broadening. - 3.3.4 Pressure Broadening. - 3.3.5 Doppler Broadening. - 3.3.6 Realistic Line-Broadening Processes. - 3.3.7 Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering. - 3.4 The Scattering Phase Function. - 3.4.1 Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function. - 3.5 Mie-Debye Scattering. - 3.6 Summary. - 4 Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media. - 4.2.1 Solids. - 4.2.2 Aerosols. - 4.2.3 Liquids. - 4.3 Molecular Absorption in Gases. - 4.3.1 Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws. - 4.3.2 Planck's Spectral Distribution Law. - 4.3.3 Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules. - 4.3.4 Inelastic Collisional Processes. - 4.3.5 Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions. - 4.4 The Two-Level Atom. - 4.4.1 Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation. - 4.4.2 Effects of Collisions on State Populations. - 4.5 Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands. - 4.5.1 Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator. - 4.5.2 Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator. - 4.5.3 Line Strengths. - 4.6 Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible. - 4.7 Summary. - 5 Principles of Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Boundary Properties of Planetary Media. - 5.2.1 Thermal Emission from a Surface. - 5.2.2 Absorption by a Surface. - 5.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces. - 5.2.4 Surface Reflection: The BRDF. - 5.2.5 Albedo for Collimated lncidence. - 5.2.6 The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence. - 5.2.7 Analytic Reflectance Expressions. - 5.2.8 The Opposition Effect. - 5.2.9 Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface. - 5.2.10 Transmission through a Slab Medium. - 5.2.11 Spherical, or Bond Albedo. - 5.3 Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media. - 5.3.1 Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission. - 5.3.2 Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering. - 5.4.1 Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry. - 5.4.2 Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry. - 5.4.3 Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry. - 5.5 Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 5.6 Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission. - 5.7 Radiative Heating Rate. - 5.7.1 Generalized Gershun's Law. - 5.7.2 Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency. - 5.7.3 Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate. - 5.8 Summary. - 6 Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components. - 6.2.1 Lower Boundary Conditions. - 6.2.2 Multiple Scattering. - 6.2.3 Azimuth lndependence of Flux and Mean Intensity. - 6.3 Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field. - 6.4 Spherical Shell Geometry. - 6.5 Nonstratified Media. - 6.6 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 6.6.1 Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction. - 6.7 Examples of Phase Functions. - 6.7.1 Rayleigh Phase Function. - 6.7.2 The Mie-Debye Phase Function. - 6.8 Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering. - 6.8.1The [Delta]-Isotropic Approximation. - 6.8.2 The [Delta]- Two-Term Approximation. - 6.8.3 Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations. - 6.8.4 The [Delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N. - 6.8.5 Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling. - 6.9 Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory. - 6.9.1 Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination. - 6.9.2 Prototype Problem 2: Constant lmbedded Source. - 6.9.3 Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem. - 6.9.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface. - 6.10 Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneaus Media. - 6.11 Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field. - 6.12 Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13 Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13.1 The Escape Probability. - 6.14 Summary. - 7 Approximate Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering. - 7.2.1 Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scaltering Series. - 7.2.2 Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem. - 7.3 The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering. - 7.3.1 Approximate Differential Equations. - 7.3.2 The Mean lnclination: Possible Choices for [My]. - 7.3.3 Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach. - 7.3.4 Prototype Problem 2: lmbedded Source. - 7.3.5 Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence. - 7.4 Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab. - 7.5 Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.1 Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations. - 7.5.2 The Backscattering Coefficients. - 7.5.3 Two-Stream Salutions for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.4 Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.5 Generalized Two-Stream Equations. - 7.6 Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method. - 7.7 Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method. - 7.8 Summary. - 8 Accurate Numerical Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method - Isotropic Scattering. - 8.2.1 Quadrature Formulas. - 8.2.2 The Double-Gauss Method. - 8.3 Anisotropic Scattering. - 8.3.1 General Considerations. - 8.3.2 Quadrature Rule. - 8.4 Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.4.1 Two- and Four-Stream Approximations. - 8.4.2 Multistream Approximation ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5 Matrix Eigensolutions. - 8.5.1 Two-Stream Salutions ( N = 1). - 8.5.2 Multistream Solutions ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5.3 Inhomogeneous Solution. - 8.5.4 General Solution. - 8.6 Source Function and Angular Distributions. - 8.7 Boundary Conditions - Removal of Ill-Conditioning. - 8.7.1 Boundary Conditions. - 8.7.2 Removal of Numerical lll-Conditioning. - 8.8 Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media. - 8.8.1 General Solution - Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions. - 8.8.2 Source Functions and Angular Distributions. - 8.8.3 Numerical lmplementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.9 Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field. - 8.9.1 The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure. - 8.9.2 Computed lntensity Distributions for the Standard Problem. - 8.10 The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem. - 8.10.1 Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 8.10.2 Quadrature and General Solution. - 8.10.3 Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions. - 8.11 The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods. - 8.11.1 Matrix-Exponential Solution - Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules. - 8.11.2 Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods. - 8.11.3 Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules - Adding of Dissimilar Layers. - 8.12 Other Accurate Methods. - 8.12.1 The Spherical-Harmonics Method. - 8.12.2 Invariant lmbedding. - 8.12.3 Iteration Methods. - 8.12.4 The Feautrier Method. - 8.12.5 Integral Equation Approach. - 8.12.6 Monte Carlo Methods. - 8.13 Summary. - 9 Shortwave Radiative Transfer. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Solar Radiation. - 9.3 Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - 9.3.1 Gaseaus Absorption and Penetration Depth. - 9.3.2 Optical Properlies of Atmospheric Aerosols. - 9.3.3 Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds. - 9.3.4 Optical Properties of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.5 Optical Properties of the Ocean. - 9.3.6 Optical Properties of Snow and Ice. - 9.4 Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere. - 9.4.1 Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean. - 9.4.2 Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds. - 9.4.3 Computation of Photolysis Rates. - 9.4.4 UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance. - 9.4.5 UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth 's Surface. - 9.4.6 Comparisan of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface. - 9.5 Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean. - 9.5.1 Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean. - 9.5.2 Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water. - 9.5.3 Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factars. - 9.5.4 Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance. - 9.5.5 Modefing the UV Transmission into the Ocean. - 9.5.6 Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean. - 9.6 Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice. - 9.7 Summary. - 1 0 Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Transmission in an Isolated Line. - 10.2.1 Isolated Lorentz Line. - 10.3 Band Models. - 10.3.1 The Elsasser Band Model. - 10.3.2 Distributed Line lntensities. - 10.3.3 Random Band Model. - 10.3.4 MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model. - 10.4 Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media. - 10.4.1 Method of the k-Distribution. - 10.4.2 k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model. - 10.5 Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneaus Media. - 10.5.1 The H- C-G Scaling Approximation. - 10.5.2 LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneaus Paths. - 10.5.3 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations. - 10.5.4 The Correlated-k Method. - 10.5.5 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method. - 10.6 Summary. - 11 Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media. - 11.1 lntroduction. - 11.2 Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions. - 11.2.1 Monochromatic Flux Equations. - 11.2.2 Wide-Band Emittance Models. - 11.2.3 Narrow-Band Absorption Model. - 11.2.4 Band Overlap. - 11.2.5 The Diffusivity Approximation. - 11.2.6 Equationsfor the Heating Rate. - 11.2.7 Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium. - 11.2.8 Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates. - 11.3 The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols. - 11.3.1Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud. - 11.3.2 Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds. - 11.3.3 Accurate Treatment Including Scattering. - 11.4 Summary. - 12 The Role of Radiation in Climate. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity. - 12.3 Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity. - 12.4 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium. - 12.5 The Concept of the Emission Height. - 12.6 Effects of spectral window. - 12.7 Radiative forcing. - 12.8 Climate impact of clouds. - 12.8.1 Longwave Effects of water clouds. - 12.8.2 Shortwave effects of water clouds. - 12.8.3 Combined shortwave and longewave effects of clouds. - 12.9 Climate impact of cloud height. - 12.10 Cloud and aerosol forcing. - 12.10.1 Aerosol forcing. - 12.11 Water-Vapor Feedback. - 12.12 Effects of carbon dioxide changes. - 12.13 Greenhouse effect from individual gas species. - 12.14 Summary. - Appendices. - A Nomenclature: Glossary of symbols. - B Physical constants. - C Model atmospheres. - D Ocean optics nomenclature. - E Reflectance and transmittance at an interface. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Radiative transfer is important to a range of disciplines, from the study of greenhause warming to stellar atmospheres and ocean optics. This text provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer for senior undergraduate and graduate students of atmospheric, oceanic, and environmental sciences. With an emphasis on formulation, judicial approximations and numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equation, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean fills a gap between descriptive texts covering the physical processes and the practical numerical approaches needed in research. Designed to convey physical insight into the transfer process, it can also be used as a self-contained manual for practitioners who require accurate modeling of the effects of solar and infrared radiation on natural systems. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean includes a unified treatment of radiation within both the atmosphere and ocean, boundary properties (such as reflectionand absorptance of solid surfaces), heuristic models (Lorentzatom, two-level atom, rotating vibrator), and extensive use of two-stream and approximate methods. State of the-art computational methods are illustrated by a thorough treatment of the discrete-ordinates technique and the correlated-k band absorption method. Exercises and problem sets provide practice in both formulation and solution techniques. Applications to the subjects of solar UV penetration of the atmosphere / ocean system and the greenhause effect serve to illustrate the use of such techniques in modern research. This self-contained, systematic treatment will prepare the student in solving radiative transfer problems across a broad range of subjects.

Description / Table of Contents: The discovery of large petroleum reserves in northern Alaska prompted the US National Research Council to recommend priorities for ecological research on disturbance effects in the Arctic. Subsequently, this led to the implementation of a field study by the Department of Energy in a small watershed on the North Slope of Alaska. This volume describes results by a research team charged with seeking answers to a number of questions related to disturbance in tundra regions: will short-term disturbances have long-term ecological consequences? Will localized effects be transferred to adjacent systems, e.g., from terrestrial to aquatic? Is it possible to extrapolate understanding of impacts from one landscape to another? The results reported in this volume are an important contribution towards the goal of implementing ecosystem-based management in arctic tundra landscapes. Landscape function and disturbance in Arctic Tundra covers a broad array of topics, from ecosystem physiology to landscape modeling. It is an important source for researchers and students interested in arctic ecology, as well as for environmental managers concerned with practical issues of disturbance.

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: 1 Introduction and basic principles of isotope geochemistry. - 2 Weathering. - 3 Isotope geochemistry of river water. - 4 Isotope geochemistry in the environment. - 5 Isotopic composition of seawater past and and present (Sr, Nd, Pb, Os, Ce). - 6 Isotope geochemistry of detrital and authigenic clay minerals in marine sediments (RB-Sr, K-Ar, O). - 7 The sm-Nd isotope system in detrital and authigenic argillaceous sediments. - Subject index

Description / Table of Contents: Lidar or laser radar, the depth-resolved remote measurement of atmospheric parameters with optical means, has become an important tool in the field of atmospheric and environmental remote sensing. In this volume the latest progress in the development of lidar methods, experiments, and applications is described. The content is based on selected and thoroughly refereed papers presented at the 18th International Laser Radar Conference, Berlin, 22-26 July 1996. The book is divided into six parts which cover the topics of tropospheric aerosols and clouds, lidar in space, wind, water vapor, tropospheric trace gases and plumes, and stratospheric and mesopheric profiling. As a supplement to fundamental lidar textbooks this volume may serve as a guide for scientists, engineers, and graduate students through the blossoming field of modern lidar techniques and their contribution to atmospheric and environmental research.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Hydrostatik. - 3. Hydrodynamik idealer Fluide. - 4. Viskose Flüssigkeiten. - 5. Rohrströmungen. - 6. Thermodynamik. - 7. Gasdynamik. - 8. Dimensionsanalyse. - Anhang. - Index. - Literaturverzeichnis

Description / Table of Contents: Auf der Grundlage eines allgemein verständlichen, beiden Gebieten gemeinsamen Konzepts wird eine Einführung in die Fluid- und Thermodynamik gegeben. Die Hydrodynamik umfaßt die Hydrostatik der idealen und viskosen Fluide sowie die laminaren und turbulenten Rohrströmungen. In der Thermodynamik werden nach Einführung der Begriffe und der Darstellung der thermischen Zustandsgleichungen idealer Gase der erste und zweite Hauptsatz behandelt, beginnend mit der für adiabate, einfache Systeme gültigen Form nach Caratheodory bis hin zur Bilanzaussage von Clausius Duhem mit Anwendungen auf wärmeleitende viskose Fluide und die kanonischen Zustandsgleichungen. In der Gasdynamik, in der die Akustik, die stationäre isentrope Stromfadentheorie und die Stoßtheorie behandelt sind, werden Fluid- und Thermodynamik miteinander verwoben. Das Buch schließt - als Besonderheit in der Lehrbuchliteratur - mit einem Kapitel über Dimensionsanalyse und Modelltheorie. Es eröffnet neben der Erarbeitung technischer Fragestellungen ebenso den Blick für umweltrelevante Probleme. Viele Beispiele aus Technik und Naturwissenschaft unterstützen diese Blickweise.

Description / Table of Contents: Dr Houghton has revised the acclaimed first edition of The Physics of Atmospheres in order to bring this important textbook completely up-to-date. Several factors have led to vigorous growth in the atmospheric sciences, particularly the availability of powerful computers for detailed modelling, the investigation of the atmospheres of other planets, and techniques of remote sensing. The author describes the physical processes governing the structure and circulation of the atmosphere. Simple physical models are constructed by applying the principles of classical thermodynamics, radiative transfer and fluid mechanics, together with analytic and numerical techniques. These models are applied to real planetary atmospheres. This new edition is essential for undergraduates or graduate students studying atmospheric physics, climatology or meteorology, as well as planetary scientists with an interest in atmospheres.

Description / Table of Contents: Engineers and applied geophsicists routinely encounter interpolation and estimation problems when analyzing data from field observations. Introduction to Geostatistics presents practical techniques for the estimation of spatial functions from sparse data. The author's unique approach is a synthesis of classic and geostatistical methods, with a focus on the most practical linear minimum-variance estimation methods, and includes suggestions on how to test and extend the applicability of such methods. The author includes many useful methods often not covered in other geostatistics books, such as estimating variogram parameters, evaluating the need for a variable mean, parameter estimation and model testing in complex cases (e.g., anisotropy, variable mean, and multiple variables), and using information from deterministic mathematical models. Well illustrated with exercises and worked examples taken from hydrogeology, Introduction to Geostatistics assumes no background in statistics and is suitable for graduate-level courses in earth sciences, hydrology, and environmental engineering and also for self-study.

Description / Table of Contents: In diesem Buch wird einerseits die spannende Entdeckung der Stratosphäre selbst und verschiedener unerwarteter Phänomene in der Stratosphäre beschrieben: ein bemannter Ballonflug im Jahr 1901 bis in 11 km Höhe; eine Expedition zum Victoriasee im Jahr 1908; die Entdeckung der Ozonschicht um 1930, des "Berliner Phänomens" im Jahr 1952, des Einflusses von Vulkaneruptionen im Jahr 1982, des Ozonlochs im Jahr 1985 und des Einflusses der Sonnenaktivität im Jahr 1987. Andererseits wird gezeigt, wie diese Erscheinungen miteinander verknüpft sind und wie sie anthropogene und natürliche Schwankungen in unserem Klimasystem verursachen. Am Beispiel der Stratosphäre soll das Buch zum Verständnis komplizierter Zusammenhänge in der Natur beitragen.

Description / Table of Contents: Drei Meteorologen, erfahren in Theorie und Praxis, beschreiben das am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts erreichte Know-How in der Vorhersage von Wetter und Klima. Basis des Fortschritts ist das weltumspannende, ganz wesentlich satellitengestützte System der ununterbrochenen Beobachtung atmosphärischer Vorgänge. Super-Computer und ständig verbesserte physikalische Modelle simulieren die Wetterabläufe immer detaillierter und weiter in die Zukunft hinein. Zum erstenmal im deutschsprachigen Raum wird ganz ausführlich und sehr spannend über die Meilensteine der modernen Wettervorhersage berichtet. Der Bogen der "Wettervorhersage" wird dabei weit gespannt: Er reicht von der punktgenauen Gewitterwarnung für die nächsten 2 Stunden bis zur wahrscheinlichen Entwicklung unseres Klimasystems. Unterschiedliche Modellergebnisse und kontroverse Thesen zur Klimaänderung werden kritisch diskutiert.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Mechanik der Massenpunkte. - 1.1 Messen und Maßeinheiten. - 1.2 Kinematik. - 1.3 Dynamik. - 1.4 Einfache Bewegungen. - 1.5 Arbeit, Energie, Impuls, Leistung. - 1.6 Reibung. - 1.7 Gravitation. - 1.8 Trägheitskräfte. - Aufgaben. - 2. Mechanik des starren Körpers. - 2.1 Translation und Rotation. - 2.2 Dynamik des starren Körpers. - 2.3 Gleichgewicht und Bewegungeines starren Körpers. - 2.4 Der Kreisel. - Aufgaben. - 3. Mechanik deformierbarer Körper. - 3.1 Ruhende Flüssigkeiten und Gase (Hydro- und Aerostatik). - 3.2 Oberflächenspannung. - 3.3 Strömungen. - 3.4 Der deformierbare Festkörper. - Aufgaben. - 4. Schwingungen und Wellen. - 4.1 Schwingungen. - 4.2 Wellen. - 4.3 Wellenausbreitung. - 4.4 Eigenschwingungen. - 4.5 Schallwellen. - 4.6 Oberflächenwellen auf Flüssigkeiten. - Aufgaben. - 5.Wärme. - 5.1 Wärmeenergie und Temperatur. - 5.2 Kinetische Gastheorie. - 5.3 Wärmekraftmaschinen. - 5.4 Wärmeleitung und Diffusion. - 5.5 Entropie. - 5.6 Aggregatzustände. - 5.7 Lösungen. - 5.8 Vakuum. - Aufgaben. - 6.Elektrizität. - 6.1 Elektrostatik. - 6.2 Dielektrika. - 6.3 Gleichströme. - 6.4 Mechanismen der elektrischen Leitung. - 6.5 Galvanische Elemente. - 6.6 Thermoelektrizität. - Aufgaben. - 7.Elektrodynamik. - 7.1 Ströme und Felder. - 7.2 Erzeugung von Magnetfeldern. - 7.3 Induktion. - 7.4 Magnetische Materialien. - 7.5 Wechselströme. - 7.6 Elektromagnetische Wellen. - Aufgaben. - 8. Freie Elektronen und Ionen. - 8.1 Erzeugung von freien Ladungsträgern. - 8.2 Bewegung freier Ladungsträger. - 8.3 Gasentladungen. - 8.4 Plasmen. - Aufgaben. - 9. Geometrische Optik. - 9.1 Reflexion und Brechung. - 9.2 Optische Instrumente. - 9.3 Die Lichtgeschwindigkeit. - 9.4 Geometrische Elektronenoptik. - 10. Wellenoptik. - 10.1 Interferenz und Beugung. - 10.2 Polarisation des Lichts. - 10.3 Absorption,Dispersion und Streuung des Lichtes. - 10.4 Wellen und Teilchen. - Aufgaben. - 11. Strahlungsenergie. - 11.1 Das Strahlungsfeld. - 11.2 Strahlungsgesetze. - 11.3 Die Welt der Strahlung. - Aufgaben. - 12. Das Atom. - 12.1 Das Photon. - 12.2 Emission und Absorption von Licht. - 12.3 Das Bohrsche Atommodell. - 12.4 Molekülspektren. - 12.5 Röntgenstrahlung. - 12.6 Systematik des Atombaus. - 12.7 Atome in elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern. - Aufgaben. - 13. Kerne und Elementarteilchen. - 13.1 Der innere Aufbau der Atome. - 13.2 Radioaktivität. - 13.3 Schnelle Teilchen. - 13.4 Elementarteilchen. - 13.5 Kosmische Strahlung. - Aufgaben. - 14. Festkörperphysik. - 14.1 Kristallgitter. - 14.2 Gitterschwingungen. - 14.3 Metalle. - 14.4 Halbleiter. - 14.5 Gitterfehler. - 14.6 Makromolekulare Festkörper. - 14.7 Supraleitung. - Aufgaben. - 15. Relativitätstheorie. - 15.1 Bezugssysteme. - 15.2 Relativistische Mechanik. - 15.3 Relativistische Physik. - 15.4 Gravitation und Kosmologie. - Aufgaben. - 16. Quantenmechanik. - 16.1 Mathematisches Handwerkszeug. - 16.2 Grundzüge der Quantenmechanik. - 16.3 Teilchen in Potentialtöpfen. - 16.4 Atome und Moleküle. - Aufgaben. - 17. Statistische Physik. - 17.1 Statistik der Ensembles. - 17.2 Physikalische Ensembles. - 17.3 Quantenstatistik. - Aufgaben. - 18. Nichtlineare Dynamik. - 18.1 Stabilität. - 18.2 Nichtlineare Schwingungen. - 18.3 Biologische und chemische Systeme. - 18.4 Chaos und Ordnung. - Aufgaben. - Lösungen zu den Aufgaben. - Farbtafeln. - Quellennachweis für die Einleitungs- und Ausblickabbildungen. - Sach- und Namenverzeichnis.

Description / Table of Contents: The Arctic is considered to be one of the most sensitive environmental elements on Earth, which may respond rapidly to climate change. However, our knowledge of the present and past processes of the Arctic system is still relatively sparse. Based on a multidisciplinary approach, German and Russian scientists describe in this book the natural processes behind short- and long-term changes in the Laptev Sea and its hinterland (Arctic Siberia), using modern climate data and paleorecords which were collected over the past 6 years. These marine and terrestrial datasets provide important new insights into the causes, impacts, and feedback mechanisms of this extreme environment.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: IAG Opening Address. - Session 1 Progress in Gravity Instrumentation. - An Ocean Bottom Absolute Gravity Meter. - Session 2 Intercomparison Campaigns. - Problems of Gravimeter Calibration in High Precision Gravimetry. - Intercomparison of IMGC Absolute and GWR Superconducting Gravimeters. - Session 3 Standards, Networks, Data Bases and Software. - British Precise Gravity Network. - Large Scale Absolute Gravity Control in South America - JILAG-3 Campaigns 1988 - 1991. - Gravity Variations in Microgravity Networks in Central Italy. - British and French Gravity Datums Connected via the Channel Tunnel. - Unified Gravity Network of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. - The Adjustment of the Unified European Gravity Network 1994 (UEGN 94). - Worldwide Synthetic Gravity Tide Parameters. - Gravity Anomalies for the Southern Part of Baltic Sea and their Statistics. - Session 4 Space Gradiometry and Airborne Gravimetry. - Global Gravity Field Recovery by Use of STEP Observations (Extended Abstract). - Solving the STEP-Observation Equation Using Banach's Fixed-Point Principle. - Some Unsolved Problems in Airborne Gravimetry. - State-of-the-Art and Future Sensor Technology for Airborne Gravimetry. - Fundamentals and Applications of Digital Filtering in Airborne Gravimetry. - GPS Software Development for Airborne Gravimetry and First Results. - Accelerometer/GPS Integration for Strapdown Airborne Gravimetry: First Test Results. - State-of-the-Art Airborne Gravimetry. - A Survey of Worldwide Research Activities on Airborne Gravimetry - Open and Solved Problems - (ExtendedAbstract). - Session 5 Geophysical Inversion of Gravity and Geoid. - Two Branches of the Newton Potential and Geoid. - Geodetic and Geophysical Inverse Gravimetric Problem, the Most Adequate Solution and the Information Content. - A New Approach to Approximate the Earth's Gravity Field. - The Maximum Entropy Geoid - A Solution for an Internal Level Surface. - Upward Continuation to the Brillouin Level of the Romanian Gravity Map. - Geoid Undulation Caused by the Heterogeneity of the Litosphere and Mantle in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China. - Theoretical Background of the Vening Meinesz Isostatic Model. - Computation of the Moho Depths from Gravity Data in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). - Using the Geophysical Inversion of the Gravity Data to Explain the Crustal Structure of South-East China. - Covariance Functions Set Derived from Radial Multipoles Potentials: Theory and Some Results for Regional Gravity Field in Central Europe. - Session 6 Altimetry. - A Uniform Approach to the Estimation Problems of Satellite Altimetry. - Gravity Disturbances from GEOSAT Data and Forward Geopotential Models in the Labrador Sea. - A New Approach to Sea Surface Topography Estimation. - D-PAF Mean Sea Surfaces and High Resolution Gravity Field Models Based on ERS-1 Altimeter Data. - A Datum Defect and Spectral Analysis in Regional Cross-over Adjustments of SatelliteAltimeter Data. - Long-Term Vertical Control in Satellite Altimetry, Deficiencies and Concepts. - Gravity and Geoid in the Mediterranean from a Common Adjustment of ERS-1 and TOPEX Altimeter Data. - First Analysis of ERS-1 Altimeter Data in the Red Sea Area. - The Use of Transponders in Altimetry. - Session 7 International Projects and Advanced Techniques. - Comparison of Geopotential Recovery Capabilities of Some Future Satellite Missions. - A Joint GSFC/DMA Project for Improving the Model of the Earth's Gravitational Field. - European Gravimetric Geoid: Status Report 1994. - . - Problems with Geoid Evaluations in South East Asia. - Height Comparisons on the Australian National GPS Network (ANN): First Results. - Geoid Computations in Taiwan. - The Local Geoid Determination in China - The Combination of Nation-wide Network of GPS Levelling with that of Astro-Gravimetric Levelling (Abstract). - Parallel Line Data Gridding Using Radon Domain Information. - A Comparison of Stokes' Numerical Integration and Collocation, and a New Combination Technique (Abstract). - Does the Spherical Approximation Affect the Datum Transformation?. - Non Tidal Gravity Variations and Geodynamic Processes. - A Comparison of Geoid and Quasigeoid Modeling Methods in Rough Topography. - Dynamics of the Adriatic Microplate and the Eastern Alps. - Session 8 The Geoid in Europe. - Using High Precision GPS to Aid Absolute Geoid Datum Definition. - Geoid Determination by GPS and Levelling. - How Close are we to a Centimetric Geoid?. - Basic Relations for Evaluating the Global and Regional Quasigeoid Heights on the Base of Gravity Data and a Global Model of the Geopotential. - Determination of a Gravimetric Geoid Solution for South Korea. - Geoid Determination and Levelling by GPS: Some Experiments on a Test Network. - Data Preprocessing toward a South American Geoid. - The Hungarian Contribution to the Determination of a Precise European Reference Geoid. - Test of Collocation Models for the Swiss Geoid Computation. - Towards a High Precision Geoid for Egypt. - Estonian Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks and Geoid Undulation. - The Total Terrain Effect in the Modified Stokes' Formula. - Geoid in the West Ukraine Area Derived by Means of Non-Central Multipole Analysis Technique. - Tidal Models of the Mediterranean Sea. Main Diurnal and Semidiurnal Constituents. - Global Geopotential Models and Gravity Data for the Territory of Romania. - Gravity Field Determination in Croatia - Status Report. - Author Index.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume discusses recent advances and future prospects in the exploration of the gravity field. Both theoretical and practical aspects, ranging from gravity instrumentation, space and airborne gradiometry, satellite altimetry, the presentation of international measurement campaigns and projects, networks and gravity field-related data bases and software, to geophysical inversion techniques and recent undertakings such as the determination of the geoid in Europe, are dealt with.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the principal extreme soil ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic origin. Extreme soils oppose chemical or physical limits to colonization by most soil organisms and present the microbiologist with exciting opportunities. Described here are fascinating environments, such as permafrost, saline, arid and geothermal soils, peatlands, subsurface geomaterial rich in sulfidic ore, Martian soils, hydrocarbon-contaminated hot desert and Antarctic soils, as well as fire-impacted, heavy-metal and radionuclide contaminated soils. Those environments lend themselves both to timely descriptions of colonizing organisms and their activities, and to thoughtful examination of community structure and microbial evolution. Extreme soils provide invaluable examples of microbial adaptations in coping with hostile habitats. Being home to a remarkable diversity, they are ideal models for scientific exploration and propose solutions to biotechnology and bioremediation challenges.