ALBERT

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1. Relations among Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Cloud Microphysics. - 1.2. The Correspondence Principle. - 1.3. Structure of the Book. - 2. Clouds and Their Properties. - 2.1. Cloud Classification. - 2.2. Cloud Regimes and Global Cloud Distribution. - 2.2.1. Large-Scale Condensation in Fronts and Cyclones. - 2.2.2. Sc-St Clouds and Types of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer. - 2.2.3. Convective Cloudiness in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. - 2.2.4. Orographic Cloudiness. - 2.3. Cloud Microphysical Properties. - 2.4. Size Spectra and Moments. - 2.4.1. Inverse Power Laws. - 2.4.2. Lognormal Distributions. - 2.4.3. Algebraic Distributions. - 2.4.4. Gamma Distributions. - 2.5. Cloud Optical Properties. - Appendix A.2. Evaluation of the Integrals with Lognormal Distribution. - 3. Thermodynamic Relations. - 3.1. Thermodynamic Potentials. - 3.2. Statistical Energy Distributions. - 3.2.1. The Gibbs Distribution. - 3.2.2. The Maxwell Distribution. - 3.2.3. The Boltzmann Distribution. - 3.2.4. Bose–Einstein Statistics. - 3.2.5. Fermi–Dirac Statistics. - 3.3. Phase Rules. - 3.3.1. Bulk Phases. - 3.3.2. Systems with Curved Interfaces. - 3.4. Free Energy and Equations of State. - 3.4.1. An Ideal Gas. - 3.4.2. Free Energy and the van der Waals Equation of State for a Non-Ideal Gas. - 3.5. Thermodynamics of Solutions. - 3.6. General Phase Equilibrium Equation for Solutions. - 3.6.1. General Equilibrium Equation. - 3.6.2. The Gibbs–Duhem Relation. - 3.7. The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation. - 3.7.1. Equilibrium between Liquid and Ice Bulk Phases. - 3.7.2. Equilibrium of a Pure Water Drop with Saturated Vapor. - 3.7.3. Equilibrium of an Ice Crystal with Saturated Vapor. - 3.7.4. Humidity Variables. - 3.8. Phase Equilibrium for a Curved Interface - The Kelvin Equation. - 3.9. Solution Effects and the Köhler Equation. - 3.10. Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures and Solutions. - 3.10.1. Partial Gas Pressures in a Mixture of Gases. - 3.10.2. Equilibrium of Two Bulk Phases around a Phase Transition Point. - 3.10.3. Raoult’s Law for Solutions. - 3.10.4. Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation. - 3.10.5. Relation of Water Activity and Freezing Point Depression. - 3.11. A diabatic Processes. - 3.11.1. Dry Adiabatic Processes. - 3.11.2. Wet Adiabatic Processes. - Appendix A.3. Calculation of Integrals with the Maxwell Distribution. - 4. Properties of Water and Aqueous Solutions. - 4.1. Properties of Water at Low Temperatures and High Pressures. - 4.1.1. Forms of Water at Low Temperatures. - 4.1.2. Forms of Water at High Pressures. - 4.2. Theories of Water. - 4.3. Temperature Ranges in Clouds and Equivalence of Pressure and Solution Effects. - 4.4. Parameterizations of Water and Ice Thermodynamic Properties. - 4.4.1. Saturated Vapor Pressures. - 4.4.2. Heat Capacity of Water and Ice. - 4.4.3. Latent Heats of Phase Transitions. - 4.4.4. Surface Tension between Water and Air or Vapor. - 4.4.5. Surface Tension between Ice and Water or Solutions. - 4.4.6. Surface Tension between Ice and Air or Vapor. - 4.4.7 Density of Water. - 4.4.8. Density of Ice. - 4.5. Heat Capacity and Einstein-Debye Thermodynamic Equations of State for Ice. - 4.6. Equations of State for Ice in Terms of Gibbs Free Energy. - 4.7. Generalized Equations of State for Fluid Water. - 4.7.1. Equations of the van der Waals Type and in Terms of Helmholtz Free Energy. - 4.7.2. Equations of State Based on the Concept of the Second Critical Point. - Appendix A.4. Relations among Various Pressure Units. - 5. Diffusion and Coagulation Growth of Drops and Crystals. - 5.1. Diffusional Growth of Individual Drops. - 5.1.1. Diffusional Growth Regime. - 5.1.2. The Kinetic Regime and Kinetic Corrections to the Growth Rate. - 5.1.3. Psychrometric Correction Due to Latent Heat Release. - 5.1.4. Radius Growth Rate. - 5.1.5. Ventilation Corrections. - 5.2. Diffusional Growth of Crystals. - 5.2.1. Mass Growth Rates. - 5.2.2. Axial Growth Rates. - 5.2.3. Ventilation Corrections. - 5.3. Equations for Water and Ice Supersaturations. - 5.3.1. General Form of Equations for Fractional Water Supersaturation. - 5.3.2. Supersaturation Relaxation Times and Their Limits. - 5.3.3. E quation for Water Supersaturation in Terms of Relaxation Times. - 5.3.4. Equivalence of Various Forms of Supersaturation Equations. - 5.3.5. Equation for Fractional Ice Supersaturation. - 5.3.6. Equilibrium Supersaturations over Water and Ice. - Liquid Clouds. - Ice Clouds. - Mixed Phase Clouds. - 5.3.7. A diabatic Lapse Rates with Non zero Supersaturations. - 5.4. The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen Process and Cloud Crystallization. - 5.5. Kinetic Equations of Condensation and Deposition in the Adiabatic Process. - 5.5.1. Derivation of the Kinetic Equations. - 5.5.2. Some Properties of Regular Condensation. - 5.5.3. Analytical Solution of the Kinetic Equations of Regular Condensation. - 5.5.4. Equation for the Integral Supersaturation. - 5.6. Kinetic Equations of Coagulation. - 5.6.1. Various Forms of the Coagulation Equation. - 5.6.2. Collection Kernels for Various Coagulation Processes. - Brownian Coagulation. - Gravitational Coagulation. - 5.7. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Equations for Multidimensional Models. - 5.8. Fast Algorithms for Microphysics Modules in Multidimensional Models. - 6. Wet Aerosol Processes. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.1.1. Empirical Parameterizations of Hygroscopic Growth. - 6.1.2. Empirical Parameterizations of Droplet Activation. - 6.2. Equilibrium Radii. - 6.2.1. Equilibrium Radii at Subsaturation. - 6.2.2. Equilibrium Radii of Interstitial Aerosol in a Cloud. - 6.3. Critical Radius and Supersaturation. - 6.4. Aerosol Size Spectra. - 6.4.1. Lognormal and Inverse Power Law Size Spectra. - 6.4.2. Approximation of the Lognormal Size Spectra by the Inverse Power Law. - 6.4.3. Examples of the Lognormal Size Spectra, Inverse Power Law, and Power Indices. - 6.4.4. Algebraic Approximation of the Lognormal Distribution. - 6.5. Transformation of the Size Spectra of Wet Aerosol at Varying Humidity. - 6.5.1. Arbitrary Initial Spectrum of Dry Aerosol. - 6.5.2. Lognormal Initial Spectrum of Dry Aerosol. - 6.5.3. Inverse Power Law Spectrum. - 6.5.4. Algebraic Size Spectra. - 6.6. CCN Differential Supersaturation Activity Spectrum. - 6.6.1. A rbitrary Dry Aerosol Size Spectrum. - 6.6.2. Lognormal Activity Spectrum. - 6.6.3. Algebraic Activity Spectrum. - 6.7. Droplet Concentration and the Modified Power Law for Drops Activation. - 6.7.1. Lognormal and Algebraic CCN Spectra. - 6.7.2. Modified Power Law for the Drop Concentration. - 6.7.3. Supersaturation Dependence of Power Law Parameters. - Appendix A.6. Solutions of Cubic Equations for Equilibrium and Critical Radii. - 7. Activation of Cloud Condensation Nuclei into Cloud Drops. - 7.1. Introduction. - 7.2. Integral Supersaturation in Liquid Clouds with Drop Activation. - 7.3. Analytical Solutions to the Supersaturation Equation. - 7.4. Analytical Solutions for the Activation Time, Maximum Supersaturation, and Drop Concentration. - 7.5. Calculations of CCN Activation Kinetics. - 7.6. Four Analytical Limits of Solution. - 7.7. Limit #1: Small Vertical Velocity, Diffusional Growth Regime. - 7.7.1. Lower Bound. - 7.7.2. Upper Bound. - 7.7.3. Comparison with Twomey’s Power Law. - 7.8. Limit #2: Small Vertical Velocity, Kinetic Growth Regime. - 7.8.1. Lower Bound. - 7.8.2. Upper Bound. - 7.9. Limit #3: Large Vertical Velocity, Diffusional Growth Regime. - 7.9.1. Lower Bound. - 7.9.2. Upper Bound. - 7.10. Limit #4: Large Vertical Velocity, Kinetic Growth Regime. - 7.10.1. Lower Bound. - 7.10.2. Upper Bound. - 7.11. Interpolation Equations and Comparison with Exact Solutions. - Appendix A.7. Evaluation of the Integrals J2 and J3 for Four Limiting Cases. - 8. Homogeneous Nucleation. - 8.1. Metastable States and Nucleation of a New Phase. - 8.2. Nucleation Rates for Condensation and Deposition. - 8.2.1. Application of Boltzmann Statistics. - 8.2.2. The Fokker–Planck

Note: Zugl.: Zürich, Univ., Diss., 2007 , Contents: Abstract. - Zusammenfassung. - Acknowledgements. - Contents. - List of figures. - List of tables. - List of abbreviations. - List of symbols. - Latin symbols. - Greek symbols. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 State of research. - 1.1.1 Hydrothermal regime of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.1.2 Slope stability of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.2 Motivation. - 1.3 Hypothesis. - 1.4 Objectives. - 2 Field investigations. - 2.1 Study site. - 2.2 Field methods. - 2.2.1 Field research infrastructure. - 2.2.2 Field measuring array. - 2.2.3 Measurements in detail. - 2.3 Field results and interpretation. - 2.3.1 Meteorological conditions. - 2.3.2 Hydrological ground parameters. - 2.3.3 Thermal ground parameters. - 2.3.4 Geotechnical parameters. - 2.4 Discussion of field investigations. - 2.4.1 Water balance. - 2.4.2 Heat balance. - 2.4.3 Relation between water and heat balance. - 2.4.4. Suitability of measuring equipment and reliability of data. - 2.4.5 Relevance of results in context of climate change. - 2.5 Summary of field investigations. - 3 Laboratory experiments. - 3.1 Analysis of granular materials. - 3.2 Development of inclinable shear apparatus. - 3.2.1 Requirements. - 3.2.2 Solution. - 3.2.3 Construction. - 3.3 Systematic 4-factorial screening shear test series. - 3.3.1 Methods of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.2 Results and analysis of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.3 Discussion of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.4 Summary of systematic shear test series. - 3.4 Physical simulation of thaw-induced failure of the active layer. - 3.4.1 Methods for simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.2 Results of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.3 Discussion of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.4 Summary of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.5 Comparison of systematic shear tests and failure simulation. - 4 Integral discussion of field and laboratory investigations. - 4.1 Implications of the laboratory simulation for the field study site. - 4.2 Implications of the shear test series for the field in general. - 5 Conclusions. - 6 Outlook. - References. - Curriculum Vitae. , Zsfassung in dt. Sprache

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: Preface. - NICOP Sponsors. - Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupin Mine: Hydrogeological and Geochemical Information for Nuclear Waste Disposal / L. Ahonen, T. Ruskeeniemi, R. Stotler, S. Frape, K. Lehto, I. Puigdomenech, M. Hobbs, and P. Degnan. - Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in Regions of Discontinuous Permafrost: A State of Change Following the Fires of 2004 and 2005? / G. Altmann, D. Verbyla, K. Yoshikawa, and J. Fox. - Cryological Status of Russian Soils: Cartographic Assessment / T.V. Ananko, D.E. Konyushkov, and E.M. Naumov. - Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plumes Using the Quantitative Echo Sounder in the Japan Sea / C. Aoyama, R. Matsumoto, M. Hiromatsu, and G. Snyder. - Permafrost Delineation Near Fairbanks, Alaska, Using Geophysical Techniques / B.N. Astley and A.J. Delaney. - Preparatory Work for a Permanent Geoelectrical Measurement Station for Permafrost Monitoring at the Hoher Sonnblick, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A. Römer, and R. Supper. - A Provisional Soil Map of the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica / M.R. Balks, M. McLeod, and J.G. Bockheim. - Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbital Neutron and Temperature Measurements / J.L. Bandfield and W.C. Feldman. - Time Series Analyses of Active Microwave Satellite Data for Monitoring of Hydrology at High Latitudes / A. Bartsch. - Impact of Permafrost Degradation on Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Related to Pedogenesis and Ecosystem Functioning / F. Baumann, J-S. He, P. Kühn, and T. Scholten. - DC Resistivity Soundings Across a Pebbly Rock Glacier, Kapp Linné, Svalbard / I. Berthling and H. Juliussen. - Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regimes of Permafrost with New Deep Soil Configuration in CLASS / J-P. Blanchette, L. Sushama, and R. Laprise. - A Provisional Permafrost Map of the Transantarctic Mountains / J.G. Bockheim, M. McLeod, and M.R. Balks. - Alpine Permafrost Distribution at Massif Scale: Assessment of Mean Surface Temperatures During the Winter Equilibrium Period Thanks to Topoclimatic and Geomorphological Data (Combeynot Massif, French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and M. Fort. - Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasus and the Significance of Their Impact on the Natural Phenomena of the Region / I.V. Bondyrev. - Modeling Potential Climatic Change Impacts on Mountain Permafrost Distribution, Wolf Creek, Yukon, Canada / P.P. Bonnaventure and A.G. Lewkowicz. - A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth of Thick Ice Wedges / A. Brouchkov. - Modeled Continual Surface Water Storage Change of the Yukon River Basin / R. Bryan, L.D. Hinzman, and R.C. Busey. - Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra Soils, with Applications to Trafficability on the North Slope, Alaska / C.F. Bryant, R.F. Paetzold, and M.R. Lilly. - Discontinuous Permafrost Distribution and Groundwater Flow at a Contaminated Site in Fairbanks, Alaska / A.E. Carlson and D.L. Barnes. - Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Waste Rock Pile: Observations and Implications / J.W. Cassie and L.U. Arenson. - Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Active Layer Development in Permafrost Wetland Systems / C.M. Chiu and L.C. Bowling. - Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data from Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland / H.H. Christiansen and C. Sigsgård. - Continued Permafrost Warming in Northwest Alaska as Detected by the DOI/GTN-P Borehole Array / G.D. Clow. - Landsliding Following Forest Fire on Permafrost Slopes, Klondike Area, Yukon, Canada / J. Coates and A.G. Lewkowicz. - A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dynamic Variable Soil Depth and Properties / R. Coppell and S. Venevsky. - Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiration from High Arctic Landscapes Dominated by Polar Stripes / C.I. Czimczik, S.E. Trumbore, and J. Welker. - Greenland Permafrost Temperature Simulations / R.P. Daanen, V.E. Romanovsky, S.S. Marchenko, J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, and T. Ingeman-Nielsen. - The Importance of Snow Cover Evolution in Rock Glacier Temperature Modeling / M. DallAmico, S. Endrizzi, R. Rigon, and S. Gruber. - The Account of Long-Term Air Temperature Changes for Building Design in Permafrost / I.V. Davidova and L.N. Khroustalev. - The Combined Isotopic Analysis of Late Quaternary Ice Wedges and Texture Ice at the Lena-Anabar Lowland, Northern Siberia / A. Dereviagin, H. Meyer, A. Chizhov, and D. Magens. - Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s Transportation Infrastructure / G. Doré, A. Guimond, and G. Grondin. - Human Experience of Cryospheric Change in Nunavut, Canada: Preliminary Findings / N. Doubleday, S. Donaldson, T. Vlasova, A. Kushwaha, and M. Ip. - HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mounds in the Martian Mid-Latitudes / C.M. Dundas and A.S. McEwen. - A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through the Soil Water Characteristic Curve / S. Endrizzi, R. Rigon, and M. DallAmico. - Mapping and Modeling the Distribution of Permafrost in the Nordic Countries / B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot, O. Humlum, H. Christiansen, H. Juliussen, K. Isaksen, T.V. Schuler, R.S. Ødegård, and H. Ridefelt. - First Results of Ground Surface Temperature Modeling in Finnmark, Northern Norway / H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, K. Isaksen, T.V. Schuler, O.E. Tveito, and H.H. Christiansen. - Historical Changes in the Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions of the Russian Arctic / O.W. Frauenfeld, T. Zhang, A.J. Etringer, R.G. Barry, and D. Gilichinsky. - Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area, Troms, Northern Norway / R. Frauenfelder, J. Tolgensbakk, H. Farbrot, and T.R. Lauknes. - Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, Non-Permafrost Soils, and Glaciers in the Monte Rosa Massif (Northwest Alps, Italy) / M. Freppaz, M. Maggioni, S. Gandino, and E. Zanini. - Climate Change in Permafrost Regions in North America / M.K.Gavrilova. - Maximizing Construction Season in a Subarctic Environment, Fort Wainwright, Alaska / Q. Gehring and F.J. Wuttig. - Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-Wedge, and Complex-Wedge Growth in Flanders, Belgium / G. Ghysels, I. Heyse, J.-P. Buylaert, A.S. Murray, D. Vandenberghe, F. De Corte, and P. Van den haute. - Response of Arctic and Subarctic Soils in a Changing Earth (RASCHER) – Project of IPY: Methodology, Activity, Results / S.V. Goryachkin, J.M. Kimble, N.B. Badmaev, M. Drewnik, D.G. Fedorov-Davydov, S.A. Iglovski, E.M. Lapteva, G.M., Mazhitova, N.S. Mergelov, V.E. Ostroumov, and E-M. Pfeiffer. - Monitoring of the Floodplain Talik Downstream from the Ust’-Srednekan Reservoir / S.A. Guly and V.M. Mikhailov. - Retrogressive Thaw Slump Impacts on Inconnu Spawning Habitat in the Selawik River, Alaska / R. Hander, K. Yoshikawa, and N. OlsonClimatic Change and Permafrost Stability in the Eastern Canadian Cordillera / S.A. Harris. - Idealized Modeling of the Impact of Atmospheric Forcing Variables on Mountain Permafrost Degradation / C. Hauck and N. Salzmann. - A Method for the Analysis of the Thermal Permafrost Dynamics / M.A. Hidalgo, J.J. Blanco, M. Ramos, D. Tomé, and G. Vieira. - Ground Truth Observations of the Interior of a Rock Glacier as Validation for Geophysical Monitoring Datasets / C. Hilbich, I. Roer, and C. Hauck. - Internal Structure of Rock Glacier Murtèl Delineated by Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Forward/Inverse Modeling / C. Hilbich. - Permafrost Degradation Beneath a Heat-Producing Coal Waste Rock Pile, Svalbard (78°N) / J. Hollesen and B. Elberling. - Patterns in Soil Carbon Distribution in the Usa Basin (Russia): Linking Soil Properties to Environmental Variables in Constrained Gradient Analysis / G. Hugelius and P. Kuhry. - Total Storage and Landscape Distribution of Soil Carbon in the Central Canadian Arctic Using Different Upscaling Tools / G. Hugelius, P. Kuhry, C. Tarnocai, and T. Virtanen. - Liquid Water Destabilizes Frozen Debris Slope at the Melting Point: A Case Study of a Rock Glacier in the Swiss Alps / A. Ikeda and N. Matsuoka. - TSP NORWAY – Thermal Monitoring of Mountain Permafrost in Northern Norway / K. Isaksen, H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, H.H. Christiansen, L.H. Blikra, K. Midttømme, and J.S. Rønning. - Mapping the Mountain Permafrost in Areas Surrounding

Note: Table of Contents - Čast' 1.: Research by the pulsing method of a NRM of the metastable water formed at dissociation freonhydrate-12 in the field of negative temperatures / V. A. Vlasov, A. G. Zavodovsky, M. S. Madygulov, A. N. Nesterov, A. M. Reshetnikov. - Kinetics crystallization subcooling of the water contacting to surface gas hydrate / V. A. Vlasov, A. G. Zavodovsky, M. S. Madygulov, A. N. Nesterov, A. M. Reshetnikov. - Transformation of cryogenic structure of frozen clay soils at plain stamp test / S. S. Volokhov. - About influence of contact zone structure of frozen soils with materials on adfreezing strength / S. S. Volokhov, N. V. Solovyeva. - Possibilities of calculating the effective diffusion coefficient of water vapour in snow due to field observations data / R. I. Gavriliev. - Features of water's crystallization in dispersed rocks / V. N. Golubev, G. A. Rzhanitsyn. - Mass exchange in the system of atmosphere-snow cover-ground / V. N. Golubev, D. M. Frolov. - Physical and mechanical aspects of phase transition processes in frozen and freezing ground / J. B. Gorelik. - The experimental stadies of cryogenic preassure into water-saturated saline soils / S. E. Grechishchev, A. V. Brousehkov, Ark. V. Pavlov, O. V. Grechisheheva. - Phase composition of frozen saline ground with petroleum pollution / E. S. Grechishcheva, R. G. Motenko. - About plastic deformation of frozen rocks / M. M. Iudin. - Studies of Soil Moisture Transfer and ice extraction in clay loam Patterns Under External Pressure / O. A. Kazansky. - Isotopic content of interfacial water and ice frozen ground / V. N. Konischev, V. V. Rogov, V. N. Golubev, S. A. Sokratov. - On longevity and structured physical system organizations (on example of frozen soils and ice) / A. A. Konovalov. - On toughness and deforming the frozen ground / A. A. Konovalov. - The study of deformation characteristics of thawing soils / P. I. Kotov. - Thermal properties of volcanic ashes (Kamchatka) / E. P. Kuznetsova, R. G. Motenko. - About temperature extension coeffision of frozen soils / V. P. Merzlyakov. - Classification indicators of frost-susceptible soils / A. L. Nevzorov. - Separation of the pore solution compounds during mass transfer in disperse ice / V. Ye. Ostroumov, N. V. Ostroumova. - Achievements and problems of frozen soils mechanics / L. T. Roman. - Classification of frozen soils / L. T. Roman, V. I. Aksenov, A. V. Iospa. - Modification of frozen soils and ice by adding polyvinyl alcohol in order to facilitate construction / E. V. Safronov, V. V. Vialdin, V. G. Cheverev, V. E. Gagarin, D. V. Hvostikov. - Method of mass crystallization calculation for multiphased rheological mediums / N. I. Sidnyaev, D. A. Krylov. - The deflected mode of the freezing soils layer taking into account the creep and compliance of the boundary conditions / Z. G. Ter-Martirosyan, P. A. Gorbachev. - Study of deformation characteristics of thawing soils of Vankor oilfield / M. N. Tsarapov. - Influence of outer loading on frost heaving of freezing soils, according to theoretical and experimental researches / V. G. Cheverev, M. A. Minkin, E. V. Safronov, V. E. Gagarin, R. S. Bumaev. , Table of Contents - Čast' 2.: Investigation of glaciers and fumarolic activity of Mt Elbrus / V. A. Alekseev, N. G. Alekseeva, M. G. Daniyalov, P. A. Morozov, C. M. Pershin, P. V. Hlebopashev. - The study of impact craters near the Tunguska meteorite epicenter / V. A. Alekseev, V. V. Kopeykin, N. G. Alekseeva, V. V. Krivulin, L. G. Pelehan', V. A. Rukavishnikov, V. A. Chechin. - Engineering geophysical investigations to substantiate the investments for Nizhne-Timptonsk HPP construction / O. K. Voronkov, N. N. Sigatcheva, O. A. Semenov, Yu. Yu. Punin. - Essentials of technique for seismic hazard zoning of extended linear structures in cryolithic zone / V. I. Dzhurik, S. P. Serebrennikov, L. A. Usynin, E. V. Bryzhak. - Temperature dependence of seasonal changes of electrical resistance of frozen ground / V. N. Efremov. - Role and place geophysical methods at studying criolitozone / Y. D. Zykov, A. V. Koshurnikov, N. V. Paramonov, A. A. Pogorelov, R. D. Ostrovsky, A. Y. Gunar. - EM sounding technology's capability in long-term engineering-geological studies in transition zones (case study: transition of a pipeline Bovanenkovo-Ukhta through Baidaratskaya Bay) / Y. D. Zykov, Y. V. Kuleshov, S. V. Kulakov, A. V. Koshurnikov, E. I. Gorshkov, A. A. Pogorelov, E. M. Sizykh. - Experience using of aerospace infrared thermal data for characteristics of the permafrost / S. G. Kornienko. - Wave characteristics of permafrost in Western Yakutia / L. G. Neradovsky. - Geological-geophysical analysis of seismic events in the cryolithic zone of Mongolia / S. P. Serebrennikov, Ts. Batsaikhan, V. I. Dzhurik, A. Yu. Eskin, A. F. Drennov. - Seismic geocryological study of shallow waters in permafrost / A. G. Skvortsov, M. R. Sadurtdinov, A. M. Tsarev. - Features of seismic methods in engineering geocryological studies / A. G. Skvortsov, A. M. Tsarev, M. R. Sadurtdinov. - Descriptiveness of geophysical methods in the assessment of oil pollution / A. D. Skobelev, Y. D. Zykov, A. V. Koshurnikov, A. A. Pogorelov, P. D. Ostrovsky, A. Y. Gunnar. - Radiolocation of the upper frozen ground in Anadyr city: structure, interpretation, forecast / O. D. Tregubov. - Estimating of rock state and properties in long-tem physical weathering by an ultrasonic method / L. F. Ushakova, O. K. Voronkov. - The efficiency of geophysical methods in studies of cryolithic zone in the process of placer accumulation by dredge acquisition / I. M. Khasanov, N. L. Alevskaya, A. V. Koshumikov. - Impact assessment of cryolithic zone in geophysical explorations of gold minefields on a prospecting step, that arc disposed in background medium, consisted of finest sedimentary rock / I. M. Khasanov, V. M. Sharaphytdinov, A. V. Koshurnikov. - Engineering-geocryological research in offshore area of Kruzenshternsky field in Kara sea / V. A. Kholodilov, M. L. Tsemkalo, M. F. Savitskiy, N. V. Paramonov, A. V. Koshumikov, A. A. Pogorelov. - Using electrical resistivity tomography to investigate near-shore permafrost dynamics / P. Overduin, M. Grigoriev, T. Haberlau, S. Wetterich, S. Westermann, K. Yoshikawa. , Table of Contents - Čast' 3.: Cryogenic and seismogenic deormations in the Late Cenozoic deposits of Tunkinskaya depression in Baikal rift zone / S. V. Alexeev, L. P. Alexeeva, A. C. Gladkov, O. V. Lunina, A. M. Kononov, A. V. Andreev. - Coastal Permafrost evolution of Western Yamal in context of climate change / A. A. Vasiliev, I. D. Streletskaya, R. S. Shirokov, G. E. Oblogov. - Classification of massive ice /Yu. K. Vasil'chuk. - δ18O variation of Late Holocene ice-wedge of Aventdalen, Svalbard / Yu. K. Vasil'chuk, N. A. Budantseva, A. M. Zemskova. - Pollen spectra of massive ice of Yerkutayakha River valley, Southern Yamal Peninsula / A. C. Vasil'chuk, Yu. K. Vasi l'chuk, N. A. Budantscva. - Complex assessment of crioecolological and bioresource state of northern geosystems / L. I. Zotova, S. J. Dedjusova. - Study of Quaternary sediments and ground ice with detailed grane-size composition analysis at Yenisey North / M. S. Pavlov, I. D. Streletskaya, A. G. Matyukhin, G. E. Oblogov, A. V. Surkov. - On rock weathering in Cryolithozone / D. M. Shesternev. - Fossil organic matter in permafrost deposits of northern East Siberia - contents and characteristics / L. Schirrmeister, S. Wetterich, G. Grosse, J. Strauss, C. Siegert, P. P. Overduin, H.-W. Hubberten. , Table of Contents - Čast' 4.: The influence of reservoir parameters on hydrate formation in gas wells in permafrost / E. A. Bondarev, K. K. Argunova, I. I. Rozhin. - Research features of deposits wells with abnormal low field temperature / Z. A. Vasil'eva, D. S. Djafarov. - Technogenic indicators of natural gas hydrates presence in deposits of the western part of the Siberian Platform and Yenisei-Khatanga Depression / Z. A. Vasil'eva, D. S. Dzhafarov. - The commercially viable unconventional gas sources (gas hydrates, coalbed methane and shale gas) - experience of development and prospects in Russia / E. V. Perlova. - Gas hydrate of Yamal region (Yamal Peninsular, Kara Sea's shelf) - occurance, types, resources, technogenic challenges / E. V. Perlova, S. A. Leonov, E. S. Miklyaeva, S. D. Perlov. - Variation of thermal conductivity in gas-saturated sediments during hydrate accumulation and freezing / E. M. Chuvilin, B. A. Buhanov. - Sources of natural gas in cryolithozone of Yamal Pemnsula / V. S. Yakushev. , In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrill. Schr. , Zsfassung in engl. Sprache

Note: Contents: Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: an introduction / P. Wassmann. - Past glacial and interglacial conditions in the Arctic Ocean and marginal seas - a review / D. A. Darby, L. Polyak and H. A. Bauch. - Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves / E. Carmack, D. Barber, J. Christensen, R. Macdonald, B. Rudels and E. Sakshaug. - Physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic system across Fram Strait to Kongsfjorden / H. Hop, S. Falk-Petersen, H. Svendsen, S. Kwasniewski, V. Pavlov, O. Pavlova and J. E. Søreide. - Food webs and carbon flux in the Barents Sea / P. Wassmann, M. Reigstad, T. Haug, B. Rudels, M. L. Carroll, H. Hop, G. W. Gabrielsen, S. Falk-Petersen, S. G. Denisenko, E. Arashkevich, D. Slagstad and O. Pavlova.

Note: Conents: PART I FIELD GUIDE TO PERMAFROST, PERIGlACIAL, AND QUATERNARY HISTORY SITES NEAR FAIRBANKS, ALASKA. - Site 1 Thompson Drive / Doug Goering. - Site 2 The Fairbanks Permafrost Experiment Station, Alaska - Historical highlights / Karen S. Henry, Kevin Bjella and Thomas A. Douglas. - Site 3 Trans Alaska Pipeline and Permafrost / Elden Johnson. - Site 4 Studying the effectiveness of an underground adjustable Foundation on alleviating the problems associated with building on permafrost / Danielle L. Jamieson and Michael R. Lilly. - Site 5 Sunnyside House - Building on Permafrost: failures and solutions / Michael R. Lilly and Dennis Filler. - Site 6 O'Connor Creek Pingos / Kenji Yoshikawa. - Site 7 Murphy Dome / De Anne S. P. Stevens. - Site 8 Gold Hill / James E. Beget, David Stone, Paul Layer, Jeffrey Benowitz, and Jason Addison. - Site 9 Thermokarst pits and fens in Goldstream Valley / Torre Jorgenson. - Site 10 Great Northwest Peat Mine / Kenji Yoshikawa and Vladimir Romonovsky. - Site 11 GeoData Center - Map Office - Alaska Satellite Facility User Services Office / Patricia Burns. - Site 12 Thermokarst and drunken forest / Katey Walters. - Site 13 Late-Pleistocene Syngenetic Permafrost in the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Fox, Alaska / M. Z. Kanevskiy, H. M. French, and Y. L. Shur (eds.). - Site 14 Thermokarst lakes and methane emissions / Katey Walter. - PART II PERMAFROST FEATURES IN CARIBOU-POKER CREEKS RESEARCH WATERSHED (CPCRW) AND ENVIRONS OF FAIRBANKS, ALASKA / KENJI YOSHIKAWA, VLADIMIR ROMANOVSKY, LES VIERECK, AND LARRY HINZMAN. - Stop 1 Pearl Creek Elementary School Permafrost / Active Layer Monitoring Site (active layer, permafrost temperature). - Stop 2 Goldstream Creek tussock tundra (permafrost condition and Holocene ice wedge). - Stop 3 O'Connor Creek pingo site (open system pingo). - Stop 4 Fox gold mining site permafrost outcrop (Pleistocene ice wedge). - Stop 5 Chatanika (gold mine and convection heat transfer). - Stop 6 Caribou Poker Creeks Research Watershed oil spill experiments: oil spill and frost fire experiments. - Stop 7 Aufeis (icing) and permafrost hydrology. - Stop 8 Caribou Poker Creeks Research Watershed fire impact / thermokarst developments. - Stop 9 Isabella Creek bog lake. - Stop 10 Grenac Creek (Farmer's loop) pingo.

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction / Charles Cockell, Gerda Horneck 1. Mars Simulations - Past Studies on the Biological Response to Simulated Martian Conditions / Aviaja Anna Hansen 2. Possible Atmospheric and UV Conditions on Mars in the Past - Biological Implications / H. Lammer, Yu. N. Kulikov 3. The Microbial Case for Mars and its Implication for Human Expeditions to Mars / Gerda Horneck 4. Response of Organics to Simulated Martian Conditions / J.R.C. Garry, I.L. ten Kate, P. Ehrenfreund, B.H. Foing 5. Mars Simulation Experiments with Complex Microbial Soil Communities / Kai Finster, Aviaja A. Hansen, Lars Liengaard, Karina Mikkelsen, Tommy Kristoffersen, Jonathan Merrison, Per Nornberg, Bente Aa.Lomstein 6. Fungi From Antarctic Desert Rocks as Analogues for Martian Life / S. Onofri, L. Zucconi, L. Selbmann, G. S. de Hoog, D. Barreca, S. Ruisi, M. Grube 7. The Response of Bacillus Subtilis to Simulated Martian Conditions and to the Space Environment / Petra Rettberg 8. Photosynthetic Organisms on Mars - Prospects and Limitations / Charles S. Cockell, Andrew C. Schuerger, Daniela Billi, E. Imre Friedmann, Corinna Panitz 9. Viable Haloarchaea from Ancient Salt Sediments and their Response to Simulated Mars Conditions / Helga Stan-Lotter, Sergiu Fendrihan 10. Response of Methanogenic Archaea from Siberian Permafrost to Martian Thermophysical Conditions / Daria Morozova, Diedrich Mohlmann, Dirk Wagner 11. Adaptation of the Lichen Rhizocarpon Geographicum to Harsh High-Altitude Conditions: Relevance to a Habitable Mars / Rosa de la Torre, Leopoldo Garcia-Sancho, Gerda Horneck 12. Photosynthetic Life Support Systems in the Martian Conditions / Kirsi Lehto, Eira Kanervo, Kurt Stahle, Harry Lehto, Milja Tammi, Joni Virtanen 13. Photo-Catalytic Redox-Processes and Adsorption Water on Mars / Chr. Jung, D. Mohlmann, Chr. Sattler, R. Staudt, M. Weeks 14. Design, Building and Applications of a Portable Martian UV Simulator / C. Kolb, R. Abart, A. Berces, J.R.C. Garry, A. A. Hansen, W. Hohenau, G. Kargl, H. Lammer, MR. Patel, P. Rettberg, H. Stan-Lotter 15. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Extremophilic Organisms Under Martian Conditions / Howell G. M. Edwards

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited

Note: Contents: What has changed since the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment in 2005? Part 1. How the Arctic cryosphere is changing 1.1. The Arctic cryosphere 1.2. Monitoring change in the Arctic cryosphere 1.3. Snow cover is decreasing 1.4. Permafrost is thawing 1.5. Lakes and rivers are losing ice cover 1.6. Mountain glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland Ice Sheet are all diminishing 1.7. Summer sea-ice cover has declined dramatically Part 2. Why the Arctic cryosphere is changing 2.1. The Arctic climate is changing 2.2. The cryosphere interacts with other aspects of climate Part 3. More change is expected. Where in the Arctic? 3.1. Modelling the future 3.2. Future changes in temperature, rain and snowfall 3.3. Future changes in snow, permafrost, lake and river ice 3.4. Future changes in mountain glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland Ice Sheet 3.5. Future changes in sea ice Part 4. How these changes affect people and nature. Where in the Arctic? 4.1. Changing Arctic ecosystems 4.2. Changing supplies of natural resources 4.3. Changing access 4.4. Changing risks to buildings and land 4.5. Changing movement of contaminants 4.6. Changing Arctic living conditions Part 5. Why changes in the Arctic matter globally 5.1. Changes in the Arctic cryosphere affect the global climate 5.2. Melting Arctic land ice contributes to sea-level rise 5.3. Consequences for global society Part 6. What should be done? 6.1. Adapting to change 6.2. The big unknowns Glossary.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENT Preface / M. Dergacheva, A. Makeev Description of study area and paleosol / M. Dergacheva, N. Mironycheva-Tokareva, S. Ponomarev, D. Gavrilov LECTURES Essentials of the paleopedology and a review of Quaternary paleosols of the Northern Hemisphere: main items, presented in the lectures / A. Makeev Paleosols in geologic history of the Earth / A. Makeev Possibilites and limits of pedohumus method used at investigations types and environment of ancient pedogenesis / M. Dergacheva Classification system of paleosols / I. Fedeneva Indicating function of pedogenic carbonates in paleoclimatic reconstruction of Holocene and Pleistocene / O. Khokhlova Miromorphological capacities for reseaching of palaeosoils / M. Lebedeva (Verba) Three-dimensional morphology of soil / A. V. Zakharchenko Paleomagnetic method for studing Pliocene and Quaternary deposits of Siberia (current status, problems, prospects) / Z. N. Gnibidenko Specific chemical state anthropogenic transformed soil of the ancient settlements / O. Yakimenko Geochemical peculiarities of soils as an indicator of specific of their formation and anthropogenic transformation / L. Rikhvanov REPORTS Problem of paleosols weed / A. Blagodatnova Spatial distribution of mobile phosphates in Kamennyi Ambar settlement (Chelyabinsk region) / K. Bojtsova Review of literature data for the study of humus horizon chernozem rate formation / E. Burnatova Pedogenic features in paleosols of Samara Volga region archaeological sites / D. Vassilieva Paleosols of Early Iron Age double kurgan of burial ground Kuigenzhar (Northern Kazakhstan) / D. Gavrilov, R. Ishmuratov, A. Toguzbaev Salt soils of Central-Tuva depression / Ch. Danchai-ool Humus composition of Zaural' e forest-steppe and steppe zones on example of archaeological sites / T. Zhdanova Properties variation of the upper part of the modern soils and surface paleosols of key site Volodarka (Barnaul Priobye) / H. Zhaharova Chernozems morphological properties of key area «Volodarka» / O. Kazachenok Comparative characteristics of the modern turf-podzolic soil and the soil buried under centenary dump (Sysert' District, Middle Urals) / L. Kirilyuk Paleopedology: objects and article of researches (review of publications in a «Soil Science» magazine for 2008-2010) / M. Komarova Soils with a buried humus horizon / B. Mongush Paleogeography formation conditions of Tuva sandy landscapes / Ch. Mongush, S. Kurbatskaya The comparative characteristic of 700-year-old and background soil near Sovetskiy city (middle taiga) / O. Nekrasova Humus soil memory: the conditions and time limits for the conservation of steppe / A. Nikiforov Study Holocene evolution of Central Tuva soil and soil formation / K. Ochur Estimation of restoration rate of damaged soils (on materials of studying archaeological objects of the foreststeppe zone) / E. Politova, V. Valdayskih Some polygenetic chernozem characteristics of the Ob Plateau Eastern edge (for example, the key area "Volodarka") / S. Ponomarev Vertical zonality soils in the Sayan mountains in Tuva / V. Sanchaiban Soil physical properties as a soil memory flash / E. Surkova Peculiarities of soddy-alluvial soil of the river Sysert' water-meadow (The Middle Urals) / A. Uchaev Aqueous extract composition of anthropogenically disturbed soils of Kamennyi Am bar settlement / D. Filimonova Environmental conditions of steppe soils for example near the village of Volodarka / H. Cherepanova New investigations at Tokaj-Csorgukut II. Loess section, Northeast Hungary / D. G. Páll, G. Persaits, P. Sümegi P Preliminary results on the phytoliths of the dutch neolithic site Swifterbant as seen from samples retrieved from soils, pig droppings and molars / G. Persaits, D. C. M. Raemaekers , In kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Note: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry

Note: Contents of Part 3 P. Popp, J. Leonhardt: Characterization of coulometric and hypercoulometric ECD mode of operation D. Hinneburg, H.-J. Grosse, J. Leonhardt, P. Popp: Calculation of current-voltage characteristics of electron-capture detectors A.G. Rozno, V.V. Gromov: Study of volume electric charge in radioactive dielectrics by the method of "acoustic sounding" Iv. N. Pandev, M.G. Christova, St.D. Stefanov, N.V. Gentchev, St.T. Bakardjiev, D.T. Genov, Ch.D. Christov: Portable gamma-irradiator - modified model P. Hargittai, V. Stenger: Planning of dose-rate distribution of radiation fields by computer M. Remer: DOSKMF2 - A contribution to the computer-aided design of dose rate distributions A. Heger, H. Dorschner, W. Schumann, D. Pleul: Characterization of the radiation field and control of the optimal electron beam accelerator operation for industrial processes V. Prenerov, K. Shivarov, P. Ivanov: Programme for radiation protection by using portable defectoscopes in industrial building T. Geßner, K. Irmer: Nuclear radiation detectors using high resistivity neutron transmutation doped silicon H.-G. Könnecke, D. Luther: The influence of airing systems on the residence time in biological clarification plants J. Dermietzel, C. Wienhold, H. Grundmann, A. Staschok, J. Koch, E. Bordes: Tracer studies on carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide formation in liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene W. Smułek: Use of technical mixtures of carboxylic acids to the extraction of silver H. Förster: Determination of oxide film thickness on aluminium using 14-MeV neutron activation and BET method H. Jaskólska, L. Waliś, C. Janusz: Investigations of the monocrystallization process of neodymium doped YAG using radiotracers H. Wagler: Substoichiometric determination of Pd-II-traces with dithizone and problems of determination P. Tábor, L. Molnár, D. Nagymihá!yi: Radioisotope gauge for automatic control of cottonwool package H.-W. Thummel, G. Körner, D. Fritzsche: Compensation for thickness variations in determining the bulk material composition on conveyor belts using combined scatter-transmission and thickness measuring methods D. Fritzsche, W. Dolak: Radiometric determination of ash content of raw lignites M. Braune: A simplified mathematical model for scattered transmission of X-rays in raw brown coal P. S. Kamenov, E. I. Vapirev, S. I. Ormandjiev: A new type of nuclear weighing device for transporter belts W. Smulek, M. Borkowski: Separation of reduced molybdenum from fission products. The Mo - HN03 - HDEHP system J. Komosiński, M. Radwan: Selected problems of radioisotope technique for wear investigation of precise elements Dr. A. Várkonyi: The thin layer activation for industry G. Hartmann, P. Kulicke: Wear testing in power stations J. Kraś, Z. Banasik: The radioisotopes in wear investigation of combustion engines H.-D. Grohmann: Short-time measurements of wear on surface activated rails G.M. Ter-Akopian, E.A. Sokol, Fam Ngok Chyong, M.P. Ivanov, L.P. Chelnokov, V.I. Smirnov, V.A. Gorshkov: Neutron multiplicity detector for the study of rare nuclear decay events L. Gąsiorowski, P. Mroziński, K. Sobkowicz, F. Zrudelny: Implementation of Intel 8080 - based microcomputer system in the radioisotope measurements control instrumentation W. Birkholz, M. Steinert: Evaluation of autoradiograms using a microcomputer F. Myšák, M. Krejči, J. Hakl, E. Smrkovský: Study of boron diffusion in high temperature Ni-base alloys by means of solid state track detectors W. Birkholz, H.-Ch. Treutler, K. Freyer, M. Geisler, J. Dubnack: Autoradiography of gallium in silicon H.C. Treutler, K. Freyer: On quantitative autoradiography of semiconductor basic material A.S. Shtan': Radiation evaluation techniques and facilities used for quality assurance of fuel elements and fuel assemblies for nuclear power plants D. Babić, A. Šafranj, V. Marković: Radiation degradation of poly-propylene-molecular weight and melt viscosity change A. Ciszek: Modern irradiation processes equipment-accelerators and their applications G. Kummer: Identification of signals by means of the decision theory N.S. Batchvarov, I.D. Vankov, L.P. Dimitrov, Ch.D. Shukov, P.A. Pavlov: Betareflektometer SR-77

Note: Content: Preface. - Polar ecosystems in a changing climate. - Ice edge blooms - Migrating oases in polar seas. - Antarctic: Krill has evolved adaptation strategies to its extreme environment. - Living at -20 degrees: why sea Ice algae don't freeze up. - ocean acidification and Iron deficiency affect Antarctic phytoplankton communities. - The oceans are acidifying: spIder crabs and Ice fIsh are feeling the repercussions of climate change. - melting glaciers - Changing coastal ecosystems in the West Antarctic. - In the service of science: elephant seals explore the Southern Ocean. - Ocean Acoustics - palaoa broadcasts live from the Southern Ocean. - When ice shelves disintegrate - diversity of life on the Antarctic seabed. - RV 'Polarstern' in Antarctica - observations in the ice. - deep-sea observatory in the Arctic: Climate change affects life on the ocean floor. - plankton rain in the vicinity of the Arctic HAUSGARTEN: What do sinking particles tell us?. - pelagic research in the Arctic faces new challenges. - fram observatory - live conference with the Arctic deep sea in preparation. - dom - the oceans' molecular memory. - siberian forests moving north - impact on the climate and biodiversity. - promoting young talent: High school pupils learn together with AWI scientists. - dream job- polar scientist - How a student achieved her goal over an icy path. - marIne biosciences in the scientific-societal context of the 21st. century. - Contact persons at the AWI. - Imprint. - geographic locatIons of the research reports of this brochure

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Kurzfassung Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Symbols 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Scientific Setting 1.2 Motivation and Research Questions 1.3 Structure of Thesis 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYPERSPECTRAL AND SPECTRO-DIRECTIONAL REMOTE SENSING 2.1 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation 2.2 Spectro-Directional Remote Sensing of Vegetation 2.3 The EnMAP Satellite System 2.4 Spectro-Goniometer Systems for the Ground-Based Measurement of BRDF Effects 3 THE TUNDRA PERMAFROST STUDY LOCATIONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 3.1 The Eurasia Arctic Transect (EAT) 3.1.1 Geological and Climatic Setting 3.1.2 Vegetation 3.2 The North American Arctic Transect (NAAT) 3.2.1 Geological and Climatic Setting 3.2.2 Vegetation 4 OBSERVATIONS AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 Observations Used for this Study 4.1.1 The ECI-GOA-Yamal 2011 Expedition 4.1.2 The EyeSight- NAAT-Alaska 2012 Expedition 4.1.3 Data Used for Hyperspectral Characterization of Arctic Tundra 4.1.4 Data Used for Spectro-Directional Characterization of Arctic Tundra 4.2 Methodology Used for Field Work and Data Analysis 4.2.1 Field Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Data Analysis 4.2.2 Considerations for the Field Spectro-Goniometer Measurements and the Spectro-Directional Data Analysis 5 DEVELOPMENT AND PRECOMMISSIONING INSPECTION OF THE MANTIS FIELD SPECTRO-GONIOMETER 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theoretical Background 5.3 Description of the Field Spectro-Goniometer System 5.3.1 Construction Schedule 5.3.2 Description of the Field Spectro-Goniometer Platform (ManTIS) 5.3.3 Sensor Configuration of the AWI ManTIS Field Spectro-Goniometer 5.3.4 Measurement Strategy 5.3.5 Software for Semi-Automatic Control 5.4 Error Assessment 5.4.1 Radiometrical Accuracy 5.4.2 Pointing Accuracy 5.4.3 Ground Instantaneous Field of View and Sensor Self-Shadowing 5.4.4 Temporal Illumination Changes and Environmental Influences 5.5 Data Analysis 5.5.1 Data Processing 5.5.2 Data Visualization 5.6 Performance of ManTIS Field Spectro-Goniometer in the Field 5.6.1 Test Site and Experiment Setup 5.6.2 Results and Discussion 5.7 Conclusions and Outlook 6 HYPERSPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW ARCTIC TUNDRA VEGETATION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Material & Methods 6.2.1 Study Area 6.2.2 Environmental Gradients/Zones and Vegetation Description 6.2.3 Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing 6.2.4 Data Analysis 6.3 Results 6.3.1 The Zonal Climate Gradient 6.3.2 Acidic Versus Non-Acidic Tundra (Soil pH Zones) 6.3.3 The Toposequence at Happy Valley (Subzone E) 6.3.4 The Soil Moisture Gradient at Franklin Bluffs (Subzone D) 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 Overview of Field Characterization and Spectral Properties along the Gradients 6.4.2 Performance of Spectral Metrics and Vegetation Indices 6.5 Conclusions 7 RESULTS OF THE SPECTRO-DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE INVESTIGATIONS 7.1 Overview of the Spectro-Directional Reflectance Characteristics of Low Arctic Tundra Vegetation 7.1.1 Representativeness of the Study Plots Representing Tundra Vegetation 7.1.2 Vaskiny Dachi – Bioclimate Subzone D 7.1.3 Happy Valley – Bioclimate Subzone E 7.1.4 Franklin Bluffs – Bioclimate Subzone D 7.2 Influence of High Sun Zenith Angles on the Reflectance Anisotropy 7.2.1 MAT (Happy Valley) 7.2.2 MNT (Franklin Bluffs) 7.3 Variability in Multi-Angular Remote Sensing Products of Low Arctic Tundra Environments 7.3.1 Spectro-Directional Variability of Different Low Arctic Plant Communities 7.3.2 Spectro-Directional Variability under Varying Sun Zenith Angles 8 DISCUSSION 8.1 The Hyperspectral Reflectance Characteristics of Tundra Vegetation in Context of the Spectro-Goniometer Measurements 8.2 Applicability of the ManTIS Field Spectro-Goniometer System 8.3 The Spectro-Directional Reflectance Characteristics of Tundra Vegetation 8.4 Variability in Reflectance Anisotropy at High Sun Zenith Angles 8.5 Applicability of Multi- Angular Remote Sensing Products for Arctic Tundra Environments 9 CONCLUSIONS & OUTLOOK Acknowledgments References Appendix Table of Contents of the Appendix References of the Appendix Statutory Declaration / Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Table of content Abstract Zusammenfassung 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Scientific Background 1.2.1. Permafrost in arctic environments 1.2.2. Carbon storage and emission in arctic environments 1.2.3. Methane cycling in arctic environments 1.3. Study Sites 1.3.1. Lena-Delta, Siberia 1.3.2. El’gygytgyn Crater Lake, Chukotka 1.4. Objectives and approach 1.5. Thesis organization 1.6. Summary of the included manuscripts and contribution of the co-authors 1.6.1. Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic 1.6.2. Response of microbial communities to landscape and climatic changes in a terrestrial permafrost sequence of the El’gygytgyn crater, Far East Russian Arctic 1.6.3. Glacial-interglacial microbial community dynamics in Middle Pleistocene sediments in the Lake El’gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic 2. Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic 2.1. Abstract 2.2. Introduction 2.3. Materials and Methods 2.3.1. Study site 2.3.2. Permafrost drilling and sample preparation 2.3.3. Sediment properties 2.3.4. Potential methane production rates 2.3.5. Lipid biomarker analysis 2.3.6. Detection of archaeol and isoprenoid GDGTs 2.3.7. Detection of PLFAs and PLELs 2.3.8. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification 2.3.9. Phylogenetic analysis 2.4. Results and Discussion 2.4.1. Methane profile of the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.2. Signals of living microbial communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.3. Reconstruction of past microbial communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.4. Climate impact on the distribution of microbial communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.4.5. Climatic impact on the composition of methanogenic communities in the Kurungnakh permafrost sequence 2.5. Conclusion 2.6. Acknowledgement 3. Response of microbial communities to landscape and climatic changes in a terrestrial permafrost sequence of the El’gygytgyn crater, Far East Russian Arctic 3.1. Abstract 3.2. Introduction 3.3. Materials and Methods 3.3.1.Study site 3.3.2. Drilling and sample material 3.3.3. Sediment properties 3.3.4. Lipid biomarker analysis 3.3.5. Detection of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and archaeol 3.3.6. Detection of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) 3.3.7. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and amplification 3.3.8. Quantitative PCR analysis of archaeal and bacterial small sub unit (SSU) rRNA genes 3.3.9. Phylogenetic analysis 3.4. Results 3.4.1. TOC-contents 3.4.2. Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) and archaeol 3.4.3. Distribution of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) 3.4.4. Composition of archaeol and isoprenoid GDGTs 3.4.5. Quantification of bacterial and archaeal genes 3.4.6. Analysis of methanogenic community fingerprints 3.5. Discussion 3.5.1. Microbial communities in subaquatic deposits 3.5.2. Microbial communities in subaerial deposits 3.5.3. Microbial succession in the Holocene sequence of Lake El’gygytgyn permafrost 3.6.Conclusion 3.7. Acknowledgements 4. Glacial-interglacial microbial community dynamics in Middle Pleistocene sediments in the Lake El’gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic 4.1. Abstract 4.2. Introduction 4.3. Materials and Methods 4.3.1. Study site 4.3.2. Drilling and sample preparation 4.3.3. Sediment properties 4.3.4. Lipid biomarker analyses 4.3.5. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) 4.3.6. PCR amplification of methanogenic SSU rRNA genes 4.4. Results 4.4.1. Sedimentary TOC and biogenic silica concentration 4.4.2. Quantification of bacterial and archaeal genes 4.4.3. Quantification and composition of lipid biomarkers 4.4.4. Potential methane production 4.4.5. Methanogenic community composition 4.5. Discussion 4.6. Acknowledgements 5. Synthesis 5.1. The reaction of microbial communities to past climatic change in the Arctic 5.2.The response of microbial communities to carbon composition and availability 5.3. Implications from this study for future research 6. Data collection 6.1. Manuscript I: Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic 6.1.1. Sediment properties 6.1.2. Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and archaeol 6.1.3. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers 6.1.4. Phospholipid ester and ether lipids (summary) 6.2. Manuscript II: Response of microbial communities to landscape and climatic changes in a terrestrial permafrost sequence of the El’gygytgyn crater, Far East Russian Arctic 6.2.1. Sediment properties and gene quantifications 6.2.2. Phospholipid fatty acids composition 6.2.3. Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and archaeol 6.2.4. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers 6.3. Manuscript III: Glacial-interglacial microbial community dynamics in Middle Pleistocene sediments in the Lake El’gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic 6.3.1. Sediment properties and gene quantifications 6.3.2. Isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers and archaeol 6.3.3. Branched glycerol dialkylglycerol tetraethers 7. References 8. Final thoughts and acknowledgements 9. Curriculum vitae 10.Erklärung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2014 , Table of contents I - Abstract II - Zusammenfassung Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1 Motivation 1.1.2 Organisation of thesis 1.1 Scientific background 1.2.1 Arctic and wetland bryophytes 1.2.2 Bryophyte remains as palaeo-environmental indicators 1.2.3 Regional setting 1.3 Objectives ofthe thesis 1.4 Overview of the manuscripts 1.5 Contribution of the authors Chapter 2 - Manuscript #1 Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geographic setting 2.3 Materials and methods 2.3.1 Fieldwork 2.3.2 Radiocarbon dating 2.3.3 Geochemical, stable carbon isotope, and granulometric analyses 2.3.4 Analyses of moss remains and vascular plant macrofossils 2.3.5 Pollen analysis 2.3.6 Diatom analysis 2.3.7 Statistical analysis 2.4 Results 2.4.1 High-resolution spatial characteristics oft the investigated polygon and vegetation pattern 2.4.2 Geochronology and age-depth relationships 2.4.3 General properties of the sedimentary fill 2.4.4 Bioindicators 2.4.5 Characterization oftwo different types of polygon pond sediment 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1 Small-scale spatial structure of polygons 2.5.2 Age-depth relationships 2.5.3 Proxy value of the analysed parameters 2.5.4 The general polygon development 2.5.5 Polygon development as a function of external controls and internal adjustment mechanisms 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 - Manuscript #11 Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material und methods 3.2.1 Regional setting 3.2.3 Field methods and environmental data collection 3.2.4 Data analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Major characteristics of the investigated polygons 3.3.2 Vegetation cover and its relationships with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.3 Vegetation alpha-diversity and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.4 Vegetation composition and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the rim-pond transect (local-scale) 3.4.2 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the regional-scale forest-tundra transect 3.4.3 Indicator potential ofvascular plant and bryophyte remains from polygonal peats for the reconstruction of local hydrological and regional vegetation changes 3.4.4. Implications of the performed vegetation transect studies for future Arctic warming 3.5 Acknowledgements 2.4.4 Bioindicators 2.4.5 Characterization of two different types of polygon pond sediment 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1 Small-scale spatial structure of polygons 2.5.2 Age-depth relationships 2.5.3 Proxy value of the analysed parameters 2.5.4 The general polygon development 2.5.5 Polygon development as a function of external controls and internal adjustment mechanisms 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 - Manuscript #II Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material und methods 3.2.1 Regional setting 3.2.3 Field methods and environmental data collection 3.2.4 Data analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Major characteristics of the investigated polygons 3.3.2 Vegetation cover and its relationships with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.3 Vegetation alpha-diversity and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.4 Vegetation composition and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the rim-pond transect (local-scale) 3.4.2 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the regional-scale forest-tundra transect 3.4.3 Indicator potential of vascular plant and bryophyte remains from polygonal peats for the reconstruction of local hydrological and regional vegetation changes 3.4.4. Implications of the performed vegetation transect studies for future Arctic warming 3.5 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 - Manuscript #3 Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material and methods 4.2.1 Sites 4.2.2 Sampling 4.2.3 Investigated moss species 4.2.4 Measurements 4.2.5 Statistical Tests 4.3 Results 4.4 Discussion Chapter 5 - Discussion 5.1 Bryophytes of polygonal landscapes in Siberia 5.1.1 Modern bryophytes in the Siberian Arctic 5.1.2 Biochemical and isotopic characteristics of mosses 5.1.3 Reliability and potential of fossil bryophyte remains as palaeoproxies 5.2 Dynamics of low-centred polygons during the late Holocene 5.3 Outlook Appendix I - Preliminary Report Motivation Material and methods Results and first interpretation Appendix II Additional tables and figures of manuscript #1 Appendix III Additional figures of manuscript #2 Appendix IV - Quantitative approach of Standard Moss Stem (SMS3) Bibliography Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction One-dimensional equations of simultaneous heat and moisture flux Moisture transport Heat transport Phase change Coupling effects Frost heave algorithm Development of computer model Finite difference vs finite element method Finite element formulation Time domain solution Evaluation of the mathematical model Heat flux Moisture flux Numerical dispersion Frost heave of homogeneous laboratory samples Conclusions Recommended studies to refine the model Literature cited Appendix A. Work plan, staffing and instrumentation requirements for correlating results oflaboratory frost susceptibility tests with field performance Appendix B. Proposed investigation of thaw weakening of subgrade soil and granular unboundbase course Appendix C. Derivation of finite element system matrices

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Part 1: Introduction and Background Chapter 1. Introduction to the Arctic: Significance and History 1.1 The Arctic Ocean and Its Significance for the Earth's Climate System 1.2 History of Arctic Ocean Research 1.3 Plate Tectonic Evolution and Palaeogeography 1.4 Glaciations in Earth's History Chapter 2. Modern Physiography, Hydrology, Climate, and Sediment Input 2.1 Bathymetry and Physiography 2.2 Oceanic Circulation Pattern and Water-Mass Characteristics 2.3 Sea-Ice Cover: Extent, Thickness, and Variability 2.4 Primary Production and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean 2.5 River Discharge 2.6 Permafrost 2.7 Coastal Erosion 2.8 Aeolian Input 2.9 Modern Sediment Input: A Summary Part 2: Processes and Proxies Chapter 3. Glacio-Marine Sedimentary Processes 3.1 Sea-Ice Processes: Sediment Entrainment and Transport 3.2 Ice Sheet- and Iceberg-Related Processes 3.3 Sediment Mass-Wasting Processes 3.4 Turbidite Sedimentation in the Central Arctic Ocean Chapter 4. Proxies Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions in the Arctic Ocean 4.1 Lithofacies Concept 4.2 Grain-Size Distribution 4.3 Proxies for Sources and Transport Processes of Terrigenous Sediments 4.4 Trace Elements Used for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction 4.5 Micropalaeontological Proxies and Their (Palaeo-) Environmental and Stratigraphical Significance 4.6 Stable Isotopes of Foraminifers 4.7 Organic-Geochemical Proxies for Organic-Carbon Source and Palaeoenvironment Part 3: The Marine-Geological Record 5 Modern Environment and its record in surface sediments 5.1 Terrigenous (non-biogenic) components in Arctic Ocean surface sediments: Implications for provenance and modern transport processes 5.2 Organic-Carbon Content: Terrigenous Supply versus Primary Production Chapter 6. Quaternary Variability of Palaeoenvironment and Its Sedimentary Record 6.1 The Stratigraphic Framework of Arctic Ocean Sediment Cores: Background, Problems, and Perspectives 6.2 Variability of Quaternary Ice Sheets and Palaeoceanographic Characteristics: Terrestrial, Model, and Eurasian Continental Margin Records 6.3 Circum-Arctic Glacial History, Sea-Ice Cover, and Surface-Water Characteristics: Quaternary Records from the Central Arctic Ocean 6.4 Accumulation of Particulate Organic Carbon at the Arctic Continental Margin and Deep-Sea Areas During Late Quaternary Times Chapter 7. Mesozoic to Cenozoic Palaeoenvironmental Records of High Northern Latitudes 7.1 Mesozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment 7.2 Cenozoic High-Latitude Palaeoclimate and Arctic Ocean Palaeoenvironment Chapter 8. Open Questions and Future Geoscientific Arctic Ocean Research 8.1 Quaternary and Neogene Climate Variability on Sub-Millennial to Milankovich Time Scales 8.2 The Mesozoic-Cenozoic History of the Arctic Ocean References Index

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Summary Introduction Description of shelter Test procedures and results Mobility Ease of erecting and striking Therinal efficiency and performance Heat output Electrical system Habitation Safety features Water system Shelter reliability Structure Performance of other shelters Conclusions Future studies Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of test site Test results Method of analysis Results of analysis Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A Recovery time after onset of thawing, t20 Discussion of results Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A. Recovery time after thawing, t20 Conclusions Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pavement deflection and frost penetration vs time Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus F Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus W Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus I Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus N Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus D Data points and regression line for t20 versus A Permeability vs void ratio for the Toledo Penn 7 material TABLES Properties of test sections Test results from Scrivner et al Results of regression analysis

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction DIHEST analysis MIGHTY EPIC analysis Geological setting and relative displacement documentation Shear stress analysis 8 Displacement analysis DIABLO HAWK predictions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Historical review Model selection Traction Resistance Slush and thawing soils Ice, hard-packed snow, packed snow River and lake ice Model use Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental method Substrate preparation Experimental configuration Radiometric measurements Snow characterization Reflectance standards Data analysis Reflectance measurements Snow replica analysis Discussion of results Comparative reflectance of various substrates under snow Ablation of a snow cover Reflectance from a very light, fresh snow cover Measurements at angles other than vertical Reflectance from substrates Concluding observations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors Introduction Collocation method Neumann problem Specified surface heat flux Convective surface heat flux Insulated semi-infinite body Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Program listing for numerical quadrature of equation 28

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Symbols Introduction Purpose of the study Stating the problem Fracturing of the ice cover due to the passage of surge waves Basic assumptions Derivation of the bending moments Determination of the wave characteristics Deflection of the ice Discussion and field observations Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Hierarchy of drag laws and simple models The momentum equation for the planetary boundary layer Linear eddy viscosity - the constant stress layer Two-layer eddy viscosity PBL scaling A dimensionless two-layer system A dimensionless two-layer system with modified stress Evaluating the drag laws Rossby similarity parameters and buoyancy effects Discussion Literature cited

Note: Table of Contents Introduction: Thermokarst Lakes of Western Siberia as Dominant Forms of Landscape and Regulators of Greenhouse Gas Exchange with the Atmosphere Chapter 1. Thermokarst Lakes: Distribution, Cycle of Development, Surface Coverage and Evolution Chapter 2. Sources of Dissolved Components in Thermokarst Lakes Chapter 3. Temperature and Gas Regime Chapter 4. Dissolved Organic Carbon Chapter 5. Microbiology of Thermokarst Lake Systems Chapter 6. Trace Elements in Thermokarst Lakes Chapter 7. Colloids in Thermokarst Lakes Chapter 8. Latitude Profile Gradients of Lakes: Substituting Space for Time Chapter 9. Possible Impact of Climate Warming on Stocks and Fluxes of Carbon and Related Elements in Western Siberian Lakes Conclusions: Thaw Lakes as Indicators of Climate Change References Index

Note: Contents ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO SEA ICE Presentation Ice development Fast ice Occurrence and concentration of floating ice Forms of floating ice Distribution of ice Openings in the ice Ice surface features Melt stages Break-up Charting sea ice Egg code SEA ICE Extent and area Thickness and salinity Currents Climatic role Life in the ice FAUNA The Arctic Antarctica MAN AND THE SEA ICE The Inuit Explorers from the 15th to the 19th century Shipwrecked on a raft of ice The Fram and the drifting ice stations Polar aircraft Polar submarines Icebreakers Tourism Sports , Übersetzung aus dem Französischen

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION / P.V.Krasilnikov PART I GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Geological settings / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin Climate and soil temperature dynamics / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin, A.R.Desyatkin Geocryological conditions / D.E.Konyushkov, A.N.Fedorov Vegetation / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin SOILS AND SOIL COVER PATTERNS – GENERAL SCOPE / D.E.Konyushkov, R.V.Desyatkin, S.F.Khokhlov ALAS PHENOMEN: SPECIFIC FEATURES, GENESIS AND DYNAMICS / R.V.Desyatkin, A.R.Desyatkin AGRICULTURE AND OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITY IN CENTRAL YAKUTIA / R.V.Desyatkin, M.V.Okoneshnikova PART II SOILS OF CENTRAL SAKHA (YAKUTIA) / S.V.Goryachkin, R.V.Desyatkin, E.M.Lapteva, M.N.Lebedeva, N.S.Mergelov, P.V.Krasilnikov, V.A.Shishkov, I.V.Turova E.P.Zazovskaya METHODS OF STUDY DAY 1 Vilyui road. Cambic Turbic Cryosol. Profile 11 Vilyui road. Turbic Cryosol Reductaquic. Profile 12 Sand hills near Tabaga. Haplic Stagnosol Arenic Turbic. Profile 15 DAY 2 Abalakh alas vicinities. Haplic Cryosol Albic Luvic Sodic. Profile 14 Abalakh alas. Salic Fluvisol. Profile 13-1 Abalakh alas. Stagnic Solonetz Turbic. Profile 13-2 DAY 3 Desyatkin Alas. Cryic Limnic Histosol. Profile 9-1 Desyatkin Alas. Thapto-Histic Limnic Fluvisol. Profile 9-2 Desyatkin Alas. Endogleyic Stagnosols Albic Arenic Turbic. Profile 9-3 Observation point. Khonorosh alas. Bulgunyakh (pingo) 4 DAY 4 Tabaga post-agrogenic soil. Stagnic Cambisol Calcaric. Profile 2-1 Tabaga post-agrogenic soil. Luvic Phaeozem Albic Turbic. Profile 2-2 Tabaga post-agrogenic soil. Calcic Mollic Solonetz Albic. Profile 2-3 Observation point. Badland on icy permafrost Lena terrace. Stagnic Chernozem Molliglossic Turbic. Profile 5 Lena terrace. Mollic Endogleyic Solonetz Turbic. Profile 6 Lena terrace. Hyposalic Solonetz. Profile 7 SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS Cryogenic microfeatures Soluble salts in investigated soils DAY 5. Lena pillars CONCLUSION / (S.V.Goryachkin) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments NICOP Organizing Team Members NICOP Sponsors Associate Editors and Reviewers Volume 1 Initial Disturbance and Recovery Measurements from Military Vehicle Traffic on Seasonal and Permafrost Terrain / R.T. Affleck, S.A. Shoop, C.M. Collins, and E. Clark Erosion of the Barrow Environmental Observatory Coastline 2003–2007, Northern Alaska / A. Aguirre, C.E. Tweedie, J. Brown, and A. Gaylord Pore Water and Effective Pressure in the Frozen Fringe During Soil Freezing / S. Akagawa, S. Hiasa, S. Kanie, and S.L. Huang Coastal Processes and Their Influence Upon Discharge Characteristics of the Strokdammane Plain, West Spitsbergen, Svalbard / H.J. Akerman Forecasting Chemical Thawing of Frozen Soil as a Result of Interaction with Cryopegs / V.I. Aksenov, N.G. Bubnov, G.I. Klinova, A.V. Iospa, and S.G. Gevorkyan Permafrost and Cryopegs of the Anabar Shield / S.V. Alexeev, L.P. Alexeeva, and A.M. Kononov A First Estimate of Mountain Permafrost Distribution in the Mount Cook Region of New Zealand’s Southern Alps / S. Allen, I. Owens, and C. Huggel The Perennial Springs of Axel Heiberg Island as an Analogue for Groundwater Discharge on Mars / D.T. Andersen, W.H. Pollard, and C.P. McKay Geotechnical Considerations for Cut-Off Wall in Warm Permafrost / S.L. Anderson, T.G. Krzewinski, and J. Swendseid Water Chemistry of Hydrogenous Taliks in the Middle Lena / N.P. Anisimova and N.A. Pavlova A New Hypothesis on Ice Lens Formation in Frost-Susceptible Soils / L.U. Arenson, T.F. Azmatch, and D.C. Sego Impact of the August 2000 Storm on the Soil Thermal Regime, Alaska North Slope / D.E. Atkinson and L. Hinzman Global Simulation of Permafrost Distribution in the Past, Present, and Future Using the Frost Number Method / T. Aus der Beek and E. Teichert Remote Sensing Data for Monitoring Periglacial Processes in Permafrost Areas: Terrestrial Laser Scanning at the Hinteres Langtalkar Rock Glacier, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, and A. Bauer Permafrost Temperatures and Erosion Protection at Shishmaref, Alaska / M.T. Azelton and J.E. Zufelt Measuring Ice Lens Growth and Development of Soil Strains during Frost Penetration Using Particle Image Velocimetry (GeoPIV) / T.F. Azmatch, L.U. Arenson, D.C. Sego, and K.W. Biggar Evidence of Permafrost Formation Two Million Years Ago in Central Alaska / J.E. Beget, P. Layer, D. Stone, J. Benowitz, and J. Addison Recent Advances in Mapping Deep Permafrost and Gas Hydrate Occurrences Using Industry Seismic Data, Richards Island Area, Northwest Territories, Canada / G. Bellefleur, K. Ramachandran, M. Riedel, T. Brent, and S. Dallimore Massive Ground Ice on the Ural Coast of Baydaratskaya Bay, Kara Sea, Russia / N.G. Belova, V.I. Solomatin, and F.A. Romanenko A Direct Method for Obtaining Thermal Conductivity of Gravel Using TP02 Probes / H. Bing, P. He, N.I. Koemle, and W. Feng The Effect of Near-Freezing Temperatures on the Stability of an Underground Excavation in Permafrost / K.L. Bjella Distribution of Permafrost Types and Buried Ice in Ice-Free Areas of Antarctica / J.G. Bockheim, I.B. Campbell, M. Guglielmin, and J. López-Martínez Estimation of Ice Wedge Volume in the Big Lake Area, Mackenzie Delta, NWT, Canada / J.A. Bode, B.J. Moorman, C.W. Stevens, and S.M. Solomon High Resolution DEM Extraction from Terrestrial LIDAR Topometry and Surface Kinematics of the Creeping Alpine Permafrost: the Laurichard Rock Glacier Case Study (Southern French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and S. Jaillet Comparison of Exposure Ages and Spectral Properties of Rock Surfaces in Steep, High Alpine Rock Walls of Aiguille du Midi, France / R. Böhlert, S. Gruber, M. Egli, M. Maisch, D. Brandová, W. Haeberli, S. Ivy-Ochs, M. Christl, P.W. Kubik, and P. Deline Heat and Water Transfer Processes in Permafrost-Affected Soils: A Review of Field- and Modeling-Based Studies for the Arctic and Antarctic (Plenary Paper) / J. Boike, B. Hagedorn, and K. Roth Estimation of Hydraulic Properties in Permafrost-Affected Soils Using a Two-Directional Freeze-Thaw Algorithm / W.R. Bolton, J. Boike, and P.P. Overduin Engineering Solutions for Foundations and Anchors in Mountain Permafrost / C. Bommer, H.R. Keusen, and M. Phillips Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Interactions in the Hyporheic Zones of Arctic Streams that Drain Areas of Continuous Permafrost / W.B. Bowden, M.J. Greenwald, BM.N. Gooseff, BJ.P. Zarnetske, BJ.P. McNamara, J. Bradford, and T. Brosten Geomorphology and Gas Release from Pockmark Features in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada / R.G. Bowen, S.R. Dallimore, M.M. Côté, J.F. Wright, and T.D. Lorenson Current Capabilities in Soil Thermal Representations Within a Large-Scale Hydrology Model for Regions of Continuous Permafrost / L.C. Bowling, K.A. Cherkauer, and J.C. Adam Effects of Soil Cryostructure on the Long-Term Strength of Ice-Rich Permafrost Near Melting Temperatures /M.T. Bray Warming of Cold Permafrost in Northern Alaska During the Last Half-Century / M.C. Brewer and H. Jin Characterization and Classification of Topsoils as a Tool to Monitor Carbon Pools in Frost-Affected Soils / G. Broll and C. Tarnocai The International Permafrost Association: 1983–2008 / J. Brown, H. French, and C. Guodong Experimental Study of the Thermal Conductivity of Frozen Sediments Containing Gas Hydrates / B.A. Buhanov, E.M. Chuvilin, O.M. Guryeva, and P.I. Kotov Permafrost Dynamics Within an Upper Lena River Tributary: Modeled Impact of Infiltration on the Temperature Field Under a Plateau / S. Buldovich, N. Romanovskiy, G. Tipenko, D. Sergeev, and V. Romanovsky Permafrost Distributions on the Seward Peninsula: Past, Present, and Future / R.C. Busey, L.D. Hinzman, J.J. Cassano, and E. Cassano Soil and Permafrost Properties in the Vicinity of Scott Base, Antarctica / I.B. Campbell and G.G.G.Claridge Patterned Ground Features and Vegetation: Examples from Continental and Maritime Antarctica / N. Cannone and M. Guglielmin Rainfall-Runoff Hydrograph Characteristics in A Discontinuous Permafrost Watershed and Their Relation to Ground Thaw / S.K. Carey and C.M. DeBeer Innovative Designs of the Permafrost Roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Plenary Paper) / G. Cheng, Q. Wu, and W. Ma Does Permafrost Deserve Attention in Comprehensive Climate Models? / J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, P. Kuhry, V. Romanovsky, and J. Walsh Trace Gas Budgets of High Arctic Permafrost Regions (Plenary Paper) / T.R. Christensen, T. Friborg, and M. Johansson Interannual Variations in Active Layer Thickness in Svalbard / H.H. Christiansen and O. Humlum Experimental Study of the Self-Preservation Effect of Gas Hydrates in Frozen Sediments / E.M. Chuvilin and O.M. Guryeva Effects of Recent Climate Change on High Mountains of Western North America / J.J. Clague A Model of Permafrost Distribution and Disturbance Sensitivity for Denali National Park, Using Soil-Ecological Site Inventory Information / M.H. Clark A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Assess the Impact of Global Climate Change on Infrastructure in Cold Regions / J. Clarke, C. Fenton, A. Gens, R. Jardine, C. Martin, D. Nethercot, S. Nishimura, S. Olivella, C. Reifen, P. Rutter, F. Strasser, and R. Toumi Freezeback of an Anthropogenic Talik Within Tailings at Nanisivik Mine, Canada / G. Claypool, J.W. Cassie, and R. Carreau Geologic Controls on the Occurrence of Permafrost-Associated Natural Gas Hydrates / T.S. Collett Laboratory Simulations of Martian Debris Flows / F. Costard, E. Védie, M. Font, and J.L. Lagarde Modeling the Erosion of Ice-Rich Deposits Along the Yukon Coastal Plain / N.J. Couture, M.A. Hoque, and W.H. Pollard Dynamics of Patterned Ground Evolution / J.G.A. Croll Legacy and Accomplishments of Frozen Ground Engineering Studies in Alaska 60 Years Ago / M. Cysewski and Y. Shur High-Resolution Surface and Subsurface Survey of a Non-Sorted Circle System / R. Daanen, V. Romanovsky, D. Walker, and M. LaDouceur Effect of Adsorbed Cations on Unfrozen Water in Silty Soil as Det

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. CRYOGENIC FACTORS CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY IN PERMAFROST ZONE DURING FREEZING OF WATER-BEARING MATERIALS 1.1. Physicochemical processes in freezing water-saturated rocks 1.2. Silica, fluorine, and biogenic- and organic-matter contents of groundwater in permafrost zone Chapter 2. CONTROLS ON CHEMISTRY OF LAKE WATER, TALIKS, AND BOTOOM SEDIMENTS 2.1. Chemical investigations of lake water and sediments in Central Yakutia 2.2. Chemical composition of mud solutions in lake sediments as a paleohydrologic indicator Chapter 3. CONTROLS ON CHEMISTRY OF ACTIVE-LA YER SUPRAPERMAFROST WATER AND TALIK WATER 3.1. Cryogenic factors con trolling the chemistry of active-layer suprapermafrost water 3.2. Controls on chemistry of intrapermafrost water in subaerial discharge areas 3.3. Chemical composition of groundwater in river, lake, and other types of taliks in the middle Lena valley Chapter 4. FORMATION OF CRYOPEGS 4.1. Natural conditions and anthropogenic factors for cryopeg formation 4.2. Investigations of the regime and dynamics of anthropogenic cryopegs in the Yakutsk area 4.3. Ground temperature regime in cryopegs areas 4.4. Changes in permafrost hydrogeochemistry in buit-up areas Chapter 5. CONTROLS ON CHEMISTRY OF FROZEN LOOSE DEPOSITS 5.1. Effect of the freezing process on salinity of frozen alluvial deposits 5.2. Changes in solute concentrations in permafrost deposits Chapter 6. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF CRYOHYDROGEOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS 6.1. The potential use of the icing process for improving water quality 6.2. Reconstruction of the water composition and mineralization of an icing-forming spring from hydrochemical analysis of ice samples 6.3. Improvement of the drinking quality of lake water Chapter 7. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CRYOHYDROGEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH 7.1. Potential sources of error in groundwater sampling in permafrost zone 7.2. Hydrochemical investigation of ground ice 7.3. Frozen soil sampling for chemical analysis 7.4. Hydrogeochemical monitoring in cryopeg areas 7.5. Application of the hydrogeochemical method for predicting cryopeg development 7.6. Chemical classification of natural water and presentation of analysis data Conclusions References. , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Введение Глава 1. РОЛЬ КРИОГЕННЫХ ФАКТОРОВ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПРОМЕРЗАНИЯ ВОДОНОСНЫХ ПОРОД 1.1. Физико-химические процессы в промерзающих водонасы-щенных породах 1.2. Содержание кремнекислоты, фтора, биогенных и органических веществ в подземных водах криолитозоны Глава 2. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ВОДЫ ОЗЕР, ПОДОЗЕРНЫХ ТАЛИКОВ И ДОННЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ 2.1. Исследования химического состава воды озер и донных отложений Центральной Якутии 2.2. Химический состав иловых растворов озерных осадков как палеогидрологический показатель Глава 3. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА НАДМЕРЗЛОТНЫХ ВОД СЕЗОННОТАЛОГО СЛОЯ И ТАЛИКОВЫХ ВОД 3.1. Криогенные факторы формирования химического состава надмерзлотных вод сезонноталого слоя 3.2. Особенности формирования химического состава подземных межмерзлотных вод на участках их субаэральной разгрузки 3.3. Химический состав подземных вод подрусловых, подозерных и других видов таликов в долине среднего течения р. Лены Глава 4. ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КРИОПЭГОВ 4.1. Естественные условия и техногенные факторы формирования криопэгов 4. 2. Изучение режима и динамики техногенных криопэгов на территории г. Якутска 4.3. Температурный режим пород на участках распространения криопэгов 4.4. Изменения мерзлотно-гидрогеохимических условий на освоенных площадях Глава 5. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА МЕРЗЛЫХ РЫХЛЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ 5 .1. Влияние условий промерзания на формирование засоленности мерзлых аллювиальных отложений 5.2. Изменение содержания водорастворимых веществ в многолетнемерзлых рыхлых отложениях Глава 6. ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КРИОГИДРОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТЕЙ В ПРИКЛАДНЫХ ЦЕЛЯХ 6.1. О возможности использования процесса наледеобразования для улучшения качества воды 6.2. Воссоздание состава и минерализации воды наледеобразующего источника по данным гидрохимического опробования льда 6.3. Улучшение питьевых качеств озерных вод Глава 7. МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ КРИОГИДРОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ 7.1. Ошибки, возможные при гидрохимическом опробовании подземных вод криолитозоны 7. 2. Особенности гидрохимических исследований подземных льдов 7 .3. Специфика отбора проб мерзлых пород для химического анализа 7.4. Особенности проведения режимных гидрогеохимических наблюдений на площадях развития криопэгов 7.5. Применение гидрогеохимического метода для прогноза мест формирования криопэгов 7.6. Классификация природных вод по химическому составу и оформление данных анализа Заключение Литература , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Preface lnroduction Chapter I. Radiocarbon chronology and chronostratigraphy of the Paleolith of NE Asia: Statement of a Question Chapter II. Paleolithic sites of the Aidan River Valley Features of geology and geomorphology of Aldan valley Age and validity of archaeological sites in Aldan valley "Tectonic hypothesis" Chronostratigraphy of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene sites in Aldan valley Chapter III. Archaeological sites of the Yana-Indighirka Lowland The Yana site It's discovery and history of research General description of the site area Deposits of the second terrace of Yana River and position of the cultural layer of the Yana site Radiocarbon age of the cultura layer Archaeological finds Fauna remains The Berelekh site History of research Geological profile and radiocarbon chronology of Berelekh geocomplex Archaeological component of Berelekh geocomplex Fauna remains Chapter IV. Radiocarbon dated Paleolithic site of NE Asia beyond the Aidan valley and Coastal (Yana-Kolyma) lowland Geoarchaeological objects of Upper and Middle Lena River Archaeological sites of Kolyma River basin and Sea of Okhotsk and Kolyma River watershed Ushki sites in Kamchatka Peninsula Concluding remarks for the Fourth Chapter Chapter V. Basic elements of radiocarbon chronology of the Holocene Stone Age of NE Asia Chapter VI. Radiocarbon chronology, archaeological periodization and peculiarities of cultural development of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of NE Asia Conclusions Summary References List of abbreviations Radiocarbon laboratory's codes List of illustrations List of tables Appendices Table 1. Radiocarbon dates of archaeological site of NE Asia Table 8. A synopsis for geomorphology of 14C dated Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene archaeological sites of NE Asia , СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Введение Глава I. Радиоуглеродная хронология и хроностратиrрафия палеолита Северо- Востока Азии: постановка проблемы Глава II. Памятники палеолита в долине р. Алдан Особенности строения долины р. Алдан Возраст и валидность археологических памятников Алдана «Тектоническая гипотеза» Хроностратиграфия памятников позднего неоплейстоцена и голоцена Алдана Глава III. Памятники Яно-Индиrирской низменности Янская стоянка История открытия и изучения Общая характеристика района стоянки Отложения разреза второй надпойменной террасы р. Яны и положение культурного слоя Янской стоянки Радиоуглеродный возраст культурного слоя Археологическая составляющая Фаунистическая характеристика Стоянка Берелёх История изучения Характеристика разреза и хронология Берелёхского комплекса Археологическая составляющая Берелёхского комплекса Комплекс фаунистических находок Глава IV. Датированные памятники палеолита Северо-Восточной Азии вне пределов долины Алдана и Приморской (Я но-Колымской) низменности Геоархеологические объекты Верхней и Средней Лены Памятники Колымской системы и Охотска-Колымского водораздела Комплекс Ушковских стоянок (Камчатский полуостров) Заключительные замечания к разделу Глава V. Основные черты радиоуглеродной хронологии rолоценовых памятников каменноrо века Северо-Восточной Азии Глава VI. Радиоуглеродная хронология, археологическая периодизация и особенности культурно-исторических процессов позднего неоплейстоцена и rолоцена Северо-Восточной Азии Заключение Summary Литература Список сокращений Список иллюстраций Список табличного материала Список индексов лабораторий, проводящих радиоуглеродное датирование Приложения Таблица 1. Список радиоуглеродных дат археологических объектов Северо-Востока Азии Таблица 8. Краткий конспект геоморфологического положения датированных поздненеоплейстоценовых и раннеrолоценовых археологических памятников Северо-Востока Азии , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Foreword, by Professor Dr. Martin Bopp Preface Acknowledgements 1. EXPERIMENTS ON SPORES AND GEMMAE Spore Germination in Liverwort - Jungermanniales, Marchantiales, Anthocerotales, Sphaerocarpales; Types of Spore Germination in Mosses - Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Tetraphidales, Bryales Factors Affecting Spore Germination - Light, Temperature, Sugars, Minerals, Growth Regulators, Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), OtheT Factors Mechanism of Spore Germination Experiments on Gemmae - light, Temperature, Humidity and other Physical Factors, Growth Regulators, Nitrogenous Substances, Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), Other Chemical Factors References 2. PROTONEMAL DIFFERENTIATION AND BUD FORMATION IN MOSSES Protonemal Differentiation Bud Formation Factors Affecting Bud Formation - Light, Temperature, Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, Adenine and Amino Acids, Minerals and Chelates Vitamins, Abscisic Acid, Sugars, pH, Influence of Other Organisms References. 3. REGENERATION Potentialities of Various Organs for Regeneration - Regeneration from Leaves, Regeneration from Setae Morphology of Régénérants Factors Affecting Regeneration - Light. Radiation, pH, Season, Humidity. Wounding, Temperature, Size of the Fragment Reserve Food Material. Location in the Plant, Age, Correlative Inhibition. Polarity and Apical Dominance Changes Occurring in Regenerating Cells References 4. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY Factors Affecting Gametangial Induction - Light Duration, Light Level, Light Quality. Temperature, Temperature-Photoperiod Interaction. Humidity. Hydration. Carbohydrates. Nitrogenous Substances, Growth Regulators, Chelating Agents, pH and Other Factors References 5. ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS IN LIFE CYCLE Apogamy - Occurrence of Apogamy in Diplophase and Haplophase, Spore Production in Apogamous Sporophytes, Differentiation of Apogamous Sporophytes from Callus, Factors Controlling Differentiation of Apogamous Sporophytes: Exogenous Factors, Endogenous Factors, Differentiation of Sporophyte and Gametophyte, Role of Calyptra in Sporogon Development Apospory Callus Formation and its Differentiation - Formation of Callus. Differentiation in Callus Controls in Differentiation Alternation of Generations References 6. PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS Spore Germination - Liverworts, Mosses Growth - Liverworts, Mosses Vegetative Propagation - Liverworts, Mosses Metabolism - Liverworts. Mosses; Senescence Bud Induction in Mosses Tropic Responses - Liverworts, Mosses References. 7. ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES Spore Protonema Stem Leaf Gametangia - Antheridium Gametogenesis - Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis Sporogenesis - Spore Sac or Tapetum. Fluctuation in Plastid Number, Structural Changes in Plastids, Cytoplasm, and Other Organelles. Meiosis. Spore Wall Formation Sporophyte-Ganietophyte Junction Seta Histoenzymological Studies - Localization of Enzymes in the Haustorial Foot References 8. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BRYOPHYTES Antibiotics Growth Substances - Specified Growth Substances, Non-specified Growth Substances Lipids - Alkanes, Fatty Acids, Cuticular Components Terpenoids - Monoterpenoids, Sesquiterpenoids, Ditetpenoids, Triterpenoids and Sterols Flavonoids - Flavones, Isoflavones, Flavonols, Dihydrofiavonoids and Biflavonyls, Aurones and Chalcones, Acylated Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins, Sphagnorubins Lignins; Other Constitutents - Carotenoids, Carbohydrates, Organic Acids, Dihydrostilbenes, Enzymes, Amino Acids and Quinones, Inorganic Compounds, Miscellaneous, Antitumour Activities, Allergenic Activities References 9. BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION Heavy Metals - Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, Mercury, Arsenates, Chromium, Nickel. Vanadium Stability Pattern of Metal Ions Metal Tolerance - Copper Mosses, Peat Mosses Gaseous Pollutants - Sulphur dioxide. Fluorides, Ozone Radionuclides (Radio Isotopes) - Cesium. Strontium, Uranium; Radiations References. 10. PROTOPLAST CULTURE Isolation of Protoplasts - Mechanical Method, Enzymatic Method, Source Material for Protoplasts, Factors Affecting Protoplast Isolation: Culture of Protoplasts—Liquid Culture Agar Plating of Protoplasts: Regeneration of Protoplasts - Factors Affecting Regeneration Protoplast Fusion and Somatic Hybrids Induction and Isolation of Mutants References. 11. CONDUCTION IN BRYOPHYTES External Conduction - Gametophyte. Sporophyte, Significance of External Conduction Internal Conduction - Cells Involved in Conduction, Anatomy of the Horizontal Axis, Midribs and Leaf Traces. Conducting Strand in Seta and Capsule, Development and Structure of Mature Conducting Tissues. The Interphase, Internal Conduction of Water, Conduction of Organic Compounds; Evolutionary Trends in the Conducting Strands References. 12. WATER RELATIONS Absorption and Conduction of Water - Endohydric.' Ectohydric, Myxohydric Water Holding Capacity and Growth Rate Desiccation and Rehydration Mechanism of Damage Growth-Forms References SUBJECT INDEX PLANT INDEX AUTHOR INDEX

Note: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Введение 3 Глава 1. Природно-климатические условия 1.1. Геология и геоморфология 1.2. Многолетняя мерзлота 1.3. Почвообразующие породы 1.4. Климат 1.5. Поверхностные воды 1.6. Растительность Глава 2. Особенности почвообразования в аласах 2.1. Краткая история исследования почв аласов 2.2. Аласный термокарстовый рельеф 2.3. Влияние аласов на почвообразование 2.4. Аласный тип почвообразования Глава 3. Почвы 3.1. Зональные почвы 3.1.1. Мерзлотные палевые почвы 3.1.2. Мерзлотные палевые осолоделые почвы 3.1 .3. Мерзлотные таежные оподз аленные почвы 3.2. Почвы аласов 3.2.1. Аласные болотные и заболоченные почвы 3.2.2. Аласные луговые почвы 3.2.3. Аласные остепненные почвы Глава 4. Структура почвенного покрова аласов 4.1. Условия дифференциации почвенного покрова аласов 4.2. Структура почвенного покрова различных по рельефу аласов 4.3. Неоднородность почвенного покрова разновозрастных термокарстовых котловин Заключение Список литературы

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Issues of Sampling Design in Wetlands / Monica Rivas Casado, Ron Corstanje, Pat Bellamy, and Ben Marchant DESIGN-BASED SAMPLING APPROACHES MODEL-BASED SAMPLING APPROACHES Chapter 2 Soil and Sediment Sampling of Inundated Environments / Todd Z. Osborne and R.D. DeLaune SAMPLING IN INUNDATED ENVIRONMENTS: SAMPLING PLAN AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS SAMPLING METHODS FOR INUNDATION DEPTHS LESS THAN 1.5 METERS SAMPLING METHODS FOR INUNDATION DEPTHS GREATER THAN 1.5 METERS SPECIAL CONDITIONS OR CONSIDERATIONS Chapter 3 Physicochemical Characterization of Wetland Soils / K.R. Reddy, M.W. Clark, R.D. DeLaune, and M. Kongchum SOIL SAMPLING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES CONCLUSIONS Chapter 4 Soil Pore Water Sampling Methods / M.M. Fisher and K.R. Reddy TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING SOIL PORE WATER SAMPLE HANDLING CONSIDERATIONS SAMPLING PORE WATER GASES SUMMARY Chapter 5 Reduction–Oxidation Potential and Oxygen / J. Patrick Megonigal and Martin Rabenhorst REDOX POTENTIAL THEORY OXYGEN MEASUREMENT WITH DIFFUSION CHAMBERS REDOX MEASUREMENT Chapter 6 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen, Hydrogen Sulfide, Iron(II), and Manganese(II) in Wetland Pore Waters / George W. Luther III and Andrew S. Madison EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRODE FABRICATION EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF WORKING ELECTRODE CALIBRATIONS PROCEDURES FOR MICROPROFILING SUMMARY Chapter 7 Soil Redox Potential and pH Controllers / Kewei Yu and Jörg Rinklebe REDOX POTENTIAL AND pH CONTROL MODIFICATIONS AN AUTOMATED BIOGEOCHEMICAL MICROCOSM SYSTEM APPLICATIONS Chapter 8 Morphological Methods to Characterize Hydric Soils / M.J. Vepraskas EQUIPMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DESCRIBING HYDRIC SOILS FIELD TEST TO ASSESS SOIL MATERIAL TYPE IDENTIFYING HYDRIC SOIL FIELD INDICATORS Chapter 9 Emergent Macrophyte Biomass Production / Christopher Craft SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS INDIRECT METHODS DIRECT METHODS EMERGING METHODS Chapter 10 Photosynthetic Measurements in Wetlands / S.R. Pezeshki OXYGEN EXCHANGE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE CARBON ISOTOPE TECHNIQUE MICROMETEOROLOGICAL TECHNIQUE CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE METHOD PHOTOSYNTHETIC MEASUREMENTS USING CHAMBERS SUMMARY Chapter 11 Gas Transport and Exchange through Wetland Plant Aerenchyma / Brian K. Sorrell and Hans Brix GENERAL PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES LABORATORY AND GLASSHOUSE CHAMBERS MODELING APPROACHES Chapter 12 A Primer on Sampling Plant Communities in Wetlands / Curtis J. Richardson and Ryan S. King OVERVIEW OF SAMPLING PLANT POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES SAMPLE SIZE PLANT SAMPLING APPROACHES RAPID ASSESSMENT APPROACHES TO ESTIMATE PLANT ABUNDANCE AND COVER PERCENTAGE PLANT SAMPLING METHODS AND CALCULATION PROCEDURES ANALYSIS OF DATA COMPARISON OF PLANT COMMUNITIES SUGGESTIONS FOR DEVELOPING A PLANT SAMPLING PROGRAM APPENDIX Chapter 13 Plant Productivity—Bottomland Hardwood Forests / William H. Conner and Julia A. Cherry ABOVEGROUND PRODUCTIVITY BELOWGROUND PRODUCTIVITY Chapter 14 Current Methods to Evaluate Net Primary Production and Carbon Budgets in Mangrove Forests / Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Edward Castañeda-Moya, Jordan G. Barr, Vic Engel, Jose D. Fuentes, Tiffany G. Troxler, Robert R. Twilley, Steven Bouillon, Thomas J. Smith III, and Thomas L. O’Halloran CURRENT METHODS TO ESTIMATE NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY COMPARING MANGROVE NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION ESTIMATES TO WHOLE-FOREST CARBON FLUX MEASUREMENTS SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS APPENDIX Chapter 15 Characterization of Wetland Soil Organic Matter / Robert L. Cook and Thomas S. Bianchi SAMPLE TREATMENT AND PROCESSING SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION BULK ELEMENTAL AND CHEMICAL BIOMARKER ANALYSES SUMMARY Chapter 16 Dissolved Organic Matter / Robert G. Qualls EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURES CONCLUSIONS Chapter 17 Soil Microbial Biomass and Phospholipid Fatty Acids / Jörg Rinklebe and Uwe Langer THE SUBSTRATE-INDUCED RESPIRATION METHOD PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACIDS ESTIMATES OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS SUMMARY Chapter 18 Molecular Genetic Analysis of Wetland Soils / Hee-Sung Bae and Andrew V. Ogram DNA EXTRACTION QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION BASED MOLECULAR CLONING Chapter 19 Enzyme Activities / Hojeong Kang, Seon-Young Kim, and Chris Freeman EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURE CALCULATION SUMMARY Chapter 20 Organic Matter Mineralization and Decomposition / Scott D. Bridgham and Rongzhong Ye LITTER DECOMPOSITION DECOMPOSITION OF STANDARD SUBSTRATES SOIL HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION PHOTODEGRADATION Chapter 21 Methanogenesis and Methane Oxidation in Wetland Soils / Kanika S. Inglett, Jeffery P. Chanton, and Patrick W. Inglett EXPERIMENTAL METHANE MEASUREMENTS ISOTOPIC MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE Chapter 22 Greenhouse Gas Emission by Static Chamber and Eddy Flux Methods / Kewei Yu, April Hiscox, and R.D. DeLaune STATIC CHAMBER MEASUREMENT EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENT SUMMARY Chapter 23 Characterization of Organic Nitrogen in Wetlands / C.M. VanZomeren, H. Knicker, W.T. Cooper, and K.R. Reddy CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION OF SOIL ORGANIC NITROGEN CHLOROFORM FUMIGATION METHOD NUCLEAR RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY MASS SPECTROMETRY OF ORGANIC NITROGEN CONCLUSIONS Chapter 24 Measurements of Nitrogen Mineralization Potential in Wetland Soils / Eric D. Roy and John R. White POTENTIALLY MINERALIZABLE NITROGEN SUBSTRATE-INDUCED NITROGEN MINERALIZATION LIMITATIONS SUMMARY Chapter 25 Wind Tunnel Method for Measurement of Ammonia Volatilization / M.E. Poach, K.S. Ro, and P.G. Hunt EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS SAMPLE PREPARATION PROCEDURE SAMPLE ANALYSIS CALCULATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS QUALITY ASSURANCE SUMMARY Chapter 26 Ammonium Oxidation in Wetland Soils / K.S. Inglett, A.V. Ogram, and K.R. Reddy AEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (NITRIFICATION) ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (ANAMMOX) METHODS FOR ASSESSING AEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (NITRIFICATION) METHODS FOR ASSESSING ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM OXIDATION (ANAMMOX) POTENTIAL MOLECULAR METHODS FOR ASSESSING AMMONIUM OXDIATION IN WETLAND SOILS SUMMARY Chapter 27 Denitrification Measurement Using Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry / Patrick W. Inglett, Todd M. Kana, and Soonmo An GENERAL PRINCIPLES EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES ISOTOPE PAIRING BY THE MIMS METHOD SUMMARY Chapter 28 Nitrate Reduction, Denitrification, and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium in Wetland Sediments / Amy J. Burgin, Stephen K. Hamilton, Wayne S. Gardner, and Mark J. McCarthy EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION MATERIALS AND REAGENTS PROCEDURES SAMPLE PREPARATION CALCULATIONS Chapter 29 System-Level Denitrification Measurement Based on Dissolved Gas Equilibration Theory and Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry / Andrew Laursen and Patrick W. Inglett GENERAL THEORY EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS SUMMARY Chapter 30 Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycling in Wetland Ecosystems: Nitrogen-15 Isotope Techniques / Dries Huygens, Mark Trimmer, Tobias Rütting, Christoph Müller, Catherine M. Heppell, Katrina Lansdown, and Pascal Boeckx EXPERIMENTAL STUDY SETUPS ISOTOPE PAIRING AND REVISED ISOTOPE PAIRING TECHNIQUES ISOTOPE DILUTION AND TRACING TECHNIQUES Chapter 31 Biological Dinitrogen Fixation / Patrick W. Inglett ACETYLENE REDUCTION DINITROGEN-15 INCORPORATION SUMMARY Chapter 32 Methods for Soil Phosphorus Characterization and Analysis of Wetland Soils / Curtis J. Richardson and K.R. Reddy TERMINOLOGY, OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS, AND COMPARISON OF PHOSPHORUS FORMS SAMPLE PREPARATION AND STORAGE SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY INDICES ANION EXCHANGE RESIN AND IRON OXIDE PAPER SOIL INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS FORMS GENERAL COMMENTS Chapter 33 Phosphorus Characterization in Wetland Soils by Solution Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Alexander W. Cheesman, James Rocca, and Benjamin L. Turner BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES APPLICATION TO WETLAND SOILS Chapter 34 Phosphorus Sorption and Desorption

Note: Contents Introduction / A.G. Georgiadi, A.N. Zolotokrylin CHAPTER 1. SUBARCTIC TUNDRA 1.1. Characteristics of subarctic polygon and a complex of field experimental investigations / A.G. Georgiadi 1.2. Landscapes and their characteristics 1.2.1. Types and distribution over territory / R.V. Desyatkin, L.D. Hinzman 1.2.2. Seasonal changes of spectral characteristics of landscapes by data of remote sensing measurements / V.B. Malyshev, N. S. Ozerov 1.3. The active layer of subarctic landscapes: typology and geography 1.3.1. Spatial variabi!ity of the active layer thickness / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 1.3.2. Hydrophysical characteristics of the seasonal-melting layer / A.G. Georgiadi,V.G. Onischenko 1.4. Radiation and thermal characteristics of landscapes in the summer period 1.4.1. Systematization of experimental information on albedo and surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.4.2. Analysis of experimental information on the surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin, V.V. Vinogradova 1.5. Heat exchange in tundra landscapes 1.5.1. Structure of heat exchange and its seasonal features / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.5.2. Theoretical analysis of the process of heat transfer in the surface thawed layer of soil grounds / A.B. Kazansky, A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.6. Features of water regime and water exchange in tundra 1.6.1. Water regime and water balance of river basins by results of experimental measurements / A.G. Georgiadi 1.6.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different year seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 2. CENTRAL PLAIN TAIGA 2.1. Geographical characteristics of Spasskaya Pad polygon / A.N. Fedorov 2.2. Types of landscapes, their distribution over territory and seasonal dynamics / A.N. Fedorov, Ya. I. Torgovkin, S.P. Varlamov 2.3. Characteristics of the active layer and its physical properties 2.3.1. Spatial and seasonal variability of the active layer thickness 2.3.1.1. Inter-landscape variability of the seasonal-thawing layer thickness / I.S. Vasiliev 2.3.1.2. Variability of the active layer thickness at experimental sites / E.Yu. Gerasimov 2.3.1.3. Freezing of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.3.2. Physical properties of soils of the seasonal-thawing layer under larch forest / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 2.3.3. Inter-landscape differences of physical properties of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov, I.S. Ugarov, R.N. Argunov 2.3.4. Features of thermal conductivity of soil grounds / V.G. Onischenko, I.S. Lisker, A.G. Georgiadi 2.4. Radiation balance and thermal regime of landscapes 2.4.1. Radiation balance and its components / I.S. Ugarov 2.4.2. Temperature regime of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.4.3. Temperature regime of the upper layers of perennially frozen grounds / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.5.Heat exchange in permafrost landscapes of plain taiga / P.P. Gavriliev 2.6. Features of heat and moisture balance in taiga-alas landscapes / R.V. Desyatkin, I. Ishii, Kh. Yabuki, A.R. Desyatkin, P.P. Fedorov, T.N. Semenova 2.7. Turbulent energy- and moisture exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over thermally heterogeneous surface (over the Lena River lowland in the Yakutsk area) / M.A. Strunin 2.7.1. Some aspects of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations using the aircraft laboratory 2.7.2. Aircraft experiment of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations in the Yakutsk area 2.7.2.1. Aicraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigations of ABL 2.7.2.2. Scheme and conditions of the aircraft experiment 2.7.2.3. Radiosounding, surface measurements and satellite observations 2.7.2.4. Turbulence and turbulent fluxes data processing and analyzing 2.7.3. Some features of the convective boundary layer (CBL) development over thermally heterogeneous surface 2.7.3.1. Seasonal variability of turbulent fluxes 2.7.3.2. Fine spatial ABL structure 2.7.3.3. Conditions of appearance and development of the mesoscale thermal internal boundary layer (MTIBL) inside the CBL 2.7.3.4. Appearance of the local circulation over thermal mesoscale patch on the underlying surface 2.7.3.5. The local circulation and the problem of energy balance in the atmospheric boundary layer 2.7.3.6. Conditions of applying the scaling models for the CBL developing over heterogeneous underlying surface 2.7.3.7. The spectral structure of fluxes 2.7.3.8. Flux separating into turbulent and mesoscale portions 2.7.3.9. Separating approach models for mesoscale and turbulent fluxes in the CBL 2.7.3.10. Some f eatures of mesoscale and turbulent fluxes seasonal variations 2.7.4. The main results of observations of the CBL, developing over the thermally heterogeneous surface 2.8 Moisture exchange in plain taiga landscape 2.8.1. Moisture regime of the active layer 2.8.1.1. Landscape features of moisture dynamics of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov, R.N. Argunov 2.8.1.2. Spatial and temporal distribution of moisture reserves in the active layer / A.N. Fedorov, Ya.I.Torgovkin, R.N. Arguniov, P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Vasiliev, J.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.8.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 3. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN TAIGA 3.1. Natural conditions of the region / V.S. Vuglinsky, M.L. Markov 3.1.1. Climate 3.1.2. Relief and geological structure 3.1.3. Permafrost and hydrogeological conditions 3.1.4. Hydrography and hydrological conditions 3.1.5. Interrelationship of surface and underground waters, underground alimentation of rivers 3.1.5.1. lntraannual dynamics of water exchange of rivers with drained aquifers 3.1.5.2. Seasonal glaciation and its impact upon formation of river runoff 3.2. Results of study of regularities of heat- and moisture exchange at an experimental SHI Mogot polygon / N.G. Vasilenko, S.A. Zhuravin 3.2.1. General characteristics of the Mogot polygon and program of investigations 3.2.2. Landscape and soil characteristics of catchments of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.1. Landscapes of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.2. Landscape-hydrology complexes 3.2.2.3. Types of soils and their water physical characteristics 3.2.3. Features of climate in the region of the Mogot polygon 3.2.4. Radiation and heat balances 3.2.4.1. Radiation balance 3.2.4.2. Heat balance 3.2.5. Water balance 3.2.5.1. Methods of identification of the main components of water balance 3.2.5.2. Features of fo rmation of water balance elements 3.2.5.3. Results of calculation of water balances List of literature SUPPLEMENT TO PART 2.7. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING THE AIRCRAFT LABORATORY / M.A. Strunin S.2.7.1. Methods of wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity and turbulence measurements based on aircraft data S.2.7.2. Aircraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigation of the atmosphere S.2.7.3. Database of aircraft observations and preliminary data processing S.2.7.4. Errors of turbulent fluxes calculations based on aircraft data S.2.7.5. Methods of spectral analysis of turbulence data S.2.7.6. Calculations of spectral characteristics of fluctuations based on Fourier analysis S.2.7.7. Using the wavelet-transformations for the spectral analysis List of literature to Supplement 2.7 , In kyrillischer Schrift , Einführung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Теоретические вопросы геотектоники Некоторые методологические вопросы геологии / Ю. А. Косыгин Краткий методологический анализ современных глобальных тектонических гипотез / В. Ю. Забродин Главные этапы эволюции процесса рифтогенеза в истории Земли / Е. E. Милановский Закономерности формирования континентальной земной коры / М. С. Марков, Ю. М. Пущаровский Структурно-формационные парагенезы как индикаторы стадийности формирования континентальной коры / Б. М. Чиков Сдвиги и трансформные разломы литосферы / С. И. Шерман Структурная эволюция геосинклинальных складчатых систем / В. С. Буртмаи Механизм образования складчатости и ее морфология / А. В. Вихерт О формировании и локализации концентрических комплексов в связи с развитием разломов / Ю. А. Косыгин, В. В. Юшманов, Л. А. Маслов О тектонике и минерагении Восточной Сибири и Дальнего Востока / Л. И. Красный Становление земной коры в докембрии О процессах, образующих и преобразующих земную кору континентального типа / Ч. Б. Борукаев Закономерности формирования земной коры континентов в нижнем докембрии / М. А. Гилярова Особенности тектонического развития подвижных зон Гондваны и Евразии в позднем докембрии / Н. А. Божко Главные этапы становления континентальиой земной коры / В. И. Шульдинер Тентоника и этапы становления земной коры территории Янутии / Г. С. Гусев, Г. А. Гринберг, В. В. Ковальский, Б. В. Олейников, А. Ф. Петров, Г. С. Фрадкии, Н. В. Черский Модели строения и глубинной эволюции коры юго-востока Сибирской платформы / Л. П. Карсаков, Ю. Ф. Малышев Эволюция слоев земной коры в геологической истории архея Алданского щита / И. М. Фрумкин К проблеме пангеосинклинали / Р. Ф. Черкасов Этапы формирования земной коры Алданского щита в докембрии / Л. М. Реутов, А. Ф. Петров Этапы формирования земной коры и докембрийский рифтогенез на северо-востоке Сибирской платформы / Б. Р. Шпунт, Д. В. Аброскин, Ю. Х. Протопопов Этапы и факторы становления континентальной коры на территории Восточной Сибири / А. А. Бухаров К проблеме происхождения среднепротерозойских грабенов юго-востока Сибирской платформы и ее складчатого обрамления / А. А. Константиновский Тектоника платформенных областей Геоблоки Сибири и этапы их формирования / Е. П. Миронюк, И. А. Загрузииа Соотношение структурных этажей - критерий тектонического районироnания платформенных областей / К. И. Микуленко, В. С. Старосельцев, Г. С. Фрадкин Общая корреляция эндогенных процессов на Сибирской платформе / С. М. Замараев О мантийных абиссолитах и природе сводовых поднятий на древних платформах / П. Ф. Иванкин, А. А. Фельдман Становление земной коры молодых плит и ранние этапы их развития (на примере Западно-Сибирского сеrмента) / В. С. Бочкарев Тектоника подвижных областей Офиолитовые зоны палеозоид Казахстана и геодинамические реконструкции / Е. И. Паталаха Современная тектоника Байкальской рифтовой системы и концепция тектоники плит / В. П. Солоненко Современные представления о глубинном строении северо-восточноrо фланга Байкальской рифтовой зоны / М. М. Мандельбаум, И. П. Шпак Пространственно-временные связи и геодинамические соотношения мезозойских структур на Алданском щите и в Джугджуро-Становой области / В. Г. Ветлужских Офиолиты и олистостромы Верхояно-Колымской складчатой системы / Ю. В. Архипов, И. Г. Волкодав Литосферные плиты в Верхояно-Чукотской складчатой области / В. Б Спектор Структура и геодинамика Курило-Камчатскоrо желоба / Г. С. Гнибиденко, Т. Г. Быкова, О. В. Веселов, В. М. Воробьев, А. С. Сваричевский Литература , Translation of Contents Preface Theoretical issues of geotectonics Some methodological issues of geology / Yu. A. Kosygin Brief methodological analysis of modern global tectonic hypotheses / V. Yu. Zabrodin The main stages of the evolution of the rifting process in the history of the Earth / E. E. Milanovsky Patterns of formation of the continental crust / M. S. Markov, Yu. M. Pushcharovsky Structural-formational parageneses as indicators of the stages of formation of the continental crust / B. M. Chikov Shifts and transform faults of the lithosphere / S. I. Sherman Structural evolution of geosynclinal folded systems / V. S. Burtmai The mechanism of formation of folding and its morphology / A. V. Wikhert On the formation and localization of concentric complexes in connection with the development of faults / Yu. A. Kosygin, V. V. Yushmanov, L. A. Maslov On tectonics and minerageny of Eastern Siberia and the Far East / L. I. Krasny Formation of the earth's crust in the Precambrian On the processes that form and transform the earth's crust of continental type / Ch. B. Borukaev Patterns of formation of the continental crust in the Lower Precambrian / M. A. Gilyarova Features of the tectonic development of mobile zones of Gondwana and Eurasia in the Late Precambrian / N. A. Bozhko The main stages of the formation of the continental crust / V. I. Shuldiner Tentonics and stages of formation of the earth's crust in the territory of Janutia / G. S. Gusev, G. A. Grinberg, V. V. Kovalsky, B. V. Oleinikov, A. F. Petrov, G. S. Fradkii, N. V. Chersky Models of the structure and deep evolution of the crust of the southeast of the Siberian Platform / L. P. Karsakov, Yu. F. Malyshev Evolution of layers of the earth’s crust in the geological history of the Archean of the Aldan Shield / I. M. Frumkin On the problem of pangeosyncline / R. F. Cherkasov Stages of formation of the earth's crust of the Aldan shield in the Precambrian / L. M. Reutov, A. F. Petrov Stages of crust formation and Precambrian rifting in the northeast of the Siberian Platform / B. R. Shpunt, D. V. Abroskin, Yu. Kh. Protopopov Stages and factors of formation of the continental crust in Eastern Siberia / A. A. Bukharov On the problem of the origin of Middle Proterozoic grabens in the southeast of the Siberian Platform and its folded framing / A. A. Konstantinovsky Tectonics of platform areas Geoblocks of Siberia and stages of their formation / E. P. Mironyuk, I. A. Zagruzia The ratio of structural floors is a criterion for tectonic zoning of platform areas / K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Staroseltsev, G. S. Fradkin General correlation of endogenous processes on the Siberian platform / S. M. Zamaraev On mantle abysolites and the nature of arched uplifts on ancient platforms / P. F. Ivankin, A. A. Feldman Formation of the earth's crust of young plates and early stages of their development (using the example of West Siberian cement) / V. S. Bochkarev Tectonics of mobile regions Ophiolite zones of the paleozoids of Kazakhstan and geodynamic reconstructions / E. I. Patalakha Modern tectonics of the Baikal rift system and the concept of plate tectonics / V. P. Solonenko Modern ideas about the deep structure of the northeast flank of the Baikal rift zone / M. M. Mandelbaum, I. P. Shpak Spatio-temporal connections and geodynamic relationships of Mesozoic structures on the Aldan shield and in the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy region / V. G. Vetluzhskikh Ophiolites and olistostromes of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma fold system / Yu. V. Arkhipov, I. G. Volkodav Lithospheric plates in the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka folded region / V. B Spektor Structure and geodynamics of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench / G. S. Gnibidenko, T. G. Bykova, O. V. Veselov, V. M. Vorobyov, A. S. Svarichevsky Literature , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents 1 High elevation treelines 1.1 The task 1.2 Previous works 2 Definitions and conventions 2.1 The life form ‘tree’ 2.2 Lines and transitions 2.3 Limitation, stress and disturbance 2.4 Altitude-related and other environmental drivers 2.5 Treeline nomenclature 3 Treeline patterns 3.1 Treeline taxa 3.2 The summit syndrome and other treeline depressions 3.3 Mass elevation effect 3.4 Treeline elevation 3.5 Time matters 3.6 Forest structure near treeline 4 Treeline climate 4.1 Specific aspects of treeline climatology 4.2 Criteria to define temperature regimes at treeline 4.3 Treeline temperatures in different bioclimatic regions 4.3.1 Subarctic and boreal zone (45–68° N) 4.3.2 Cool temperate zone (45–47° N, 44° S) 4.3.3 Warm temperate zone (28–42° N, 36° S) 4.3.4 Subtropical zone (19° S, 19° N) 4.3.5 Equatorial tropics (6° N to 3° S) 4.3.6 Mediterranean ‘treelines’ (38–42° N) 4.3.7 The Nothofagus and Metrosideros case 4.3.8 Treeline temperatures across bioclimatic zones 4.4 Seedbed and branch temperatures 4.5 Whole forest temperatures 5 Global mountain statistics based on treeline elevation 5.1 Mountain geostatistics 5.2 Elevational belts 5.3 Global treeline ecotones 6 Structure and stature of treeline trees 6.1 Foliage properties 6.2 Wood properties 6.3 Bark properties 6.4 Root traits 6.5 Tree stature 6.6 Dry matter allocation in treeline trees 7 Growth and development 7.1 Tree growth near the treeline 7.1.1 In situ growth of seedlings 7.1.2 In situ growth of saplings and adult trees 7.2 Xylogenesis at the treeline 7.2.1 In situ cambial activity 7.2.2 Apical growth dynamics 7.3 Root growth 7.4 Phenology at the treeline 8 Evolutionary adjustments to life at the treeline 8.1 Phylogenetic selection 8.2 Genotypic responses of growth and development 8.3 Genotypic responses of physiological traits 9 Reproduction, early life stages and tree demography 9.1 Amount and quality of seeds at high elevation 9.2 Germination, seedling and sapling stage 9.3 Tree demography at the treeline 10 Freezing and other forms of stress 10.1 Stress at the treeline in a fitness context 10.2 Mechanisms and principles of freezing resistance 10.3 Freezing resistance in treeline trees 10.4 Other forms of stress at the treeline 10.4.1 Freeze-thaw cycles and hydraulic failure 10.4.2 Winter desiccation 11 Water, nutrient and carbon relations 11.1 Tree water relations during the growing season 11.2 Nutrient relations 11.3 Carbon relations 12 Treeline formation - currently, in the past and in the future 12.1 Causes of current treelines 12.2 Treelines in the recent past 12.3 Treelines in the distant past (Holocene) 12.4 Treelines in the future References Subject Index Taxonomic Index

Note: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ От редактора Прелисловие Распределение и краткая характеристика докембрийских отложений западного обрамления Сибирскои платформы Основные черты стратиграфии и nетрохимии покембрия западпого обрамления Сибирской платформы Докембрий Енисейского кряжа Докембрий Туруханского поднятия Докембрий Игарского поднятия Докембрий Бирюсинского района Центральвои части Восточного Саяна Литолого-фациальные комплексы осадочно метаморфических толщ докембрия западного обрамления Сибирскои платормы Приложения Литература , Translation of Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS From the editor Preface Distribution and brief characteristics of Precambrian deposits of the western framing of the Siberian Platform Main features of stratigraphy and petrochemistry of the Pokembrian western frame of the Siberian Platform Precambrian of the Yenisei Ridge Precambrian of the Turukhansk uplift Precambrian of the Igara uplift Precambrian of the Biryusinsky district of the Central part of the Eastern Sayan Lithological-facies complexes of Precambrian sedimentary-metamorphic strata of the western framing of the Siberian plateau Applications Literature , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Sampling and Sample Treatments / Oliver Wurl Chapter 2 Analysis of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon with the HTCO Technique / Oliver Wurl and Tsai Min Sin Chapter 3 Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Carbohydrates in Marine Samples / Christos Panagiotopoulos and Oliver Wurl Chapter 4 The Analysis of Amino Acids in Seawater / Thorsten Dittmar, Jennifer Cherrier, and Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski Chapter 5 Optical Analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter / Norman B. Nelson and Paula G. Coble Chapter 6 Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Seawater / Laodong Guo and Ming-Yi Sun Chapter 7 Determination of Marine Gel Particles / Anja Engel Chapter 8 Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis / Alain Aminot, Roger Kérouel, and Stephen C. Coverly Chapter 9 Dissolved Organic and Particulate Nitrogen and Phosphorous / Gerhard Kattner Chapter 10 Pigment Applications in Aquatic Systems / Karen Helen Wiltshire Chapter 11 Determination of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO in Seawater / Jacqueline Stefels Chapter 12 Determination of Iron in Seawater / Andrew R. Bowie and Maeve C. Lohan Chapter 13 Radionuclide Analysis in Seawater / Mark Baskaran, Gi-Hoon Hong, and Peter H. Santschi Chapter 14 Sampling and Measurements of Trace Metals in Seawater / Sylvia G. Sander, Keith Hunter, and Russell Frew Chapter 15 Trace Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Seawater / Oliver Wurl Chapter 16 Pharmaceutical Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Waters / John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang Appendix A: First Aid for Common Problems with Typical Analytical Instruments Appendix B: Chemical Compatibilities and Physical Properties of Various Materials Appendix C: Water Purification Technologies

Note: Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Making Sediment Introduction Clastic sediment as a chemical and physical breakdown product 1.1 Introduction: clastic sediments—'accidents' of weathering 1.2 Silicate minerals and chemical weathering 1.3 Solute flux: rates and mechanisms of silicate chemical weathering 1.4 Physical weathering 1.5 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 1.6 Links between soil age, chemical weathering and weathered-rock removal 1.7 Provenance: siliciclastic sediment-sourcing Further reading 2 Carbonate, siliceous, iron-rich and evaporite sediments 2.1 Marine vs. freshwater chemical composition and fluxes 2.2 The calcium carbonate system in the oceans 2.3 Ooid carbonate grains 2.4 Carbonate grains from marine plants and animals 2.5 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 2.6 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 2.7 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 2.8 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 2.9 The carbonate system on land 2.10 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation as sediment 2.11 Silica and pelagic plankton 2.12 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 2.13 Desert varnish 2.14 Phosphates 2.15 Primary microbial-induced sediments: algal mats and stromatolites Further reading 3 Sediment grain properties 3.1 General 3.2 Grain size 3.3 Grain-size distributions 3.4 Grain shape and form 3.5 Bulk properties of grain aggregates Further reading Part 2: Moving Fluid Introduction 4 Fluid basics 4.1 Material properties of fluids 4.2 Fluid kinematics 4.3 Fluid continuity with constant density 4.4 Fluid dynamics 4.5 Energy, mechanical work and power Further reading 5 Types of fluid motion 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and flow types 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flows 5.4 The structure of turbulent shear flows 5.5 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 5.6 Subcritical and supercritical flows: the Froude number and hydraulic jumps 5.7 Stratified flow generally 5.8 Water waves 5.9 Tidal flow—long-period waves Further reading Part 3: Transporting Sediment Introduction 6 Sediment in fluid and fluid flow—general 6.1 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.2 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.3 Fluids as transporting machines 6.4 Initiation of grain motion 6.5 Paths of grain motion 6.6 Categories of transported sediment 6.7 Some contrasts between wind and water flows 6.8 Cohesive sediment transport and erosion 6.9 A warning: nonequilibrium effects dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.10 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation and competence vs. capacity Further reading 7 Bedforms and sedimentary structures in flows and under waves 7.1 Trinity of interaction: turbulent flow, sediment transport and bedform development 7.2 Water-flow bedforms 7.3 Bedform phase diagrams for water flows 7.4 Water flow erosional bedforms on cohesive beds 7.5 Water wave bedforms 7.6 Combined flows: wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 7.7 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows Further reading 8 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Granular flows 8.3 Debris flows 8.4 Turbidity flows 8.5 Turbidite evidence for downslope transformation from turbidity to debris flows Further reading 9 Liquefaction, fluidization and sliding sediment deformation 9.1 Liquefaction 9.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 9.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 9.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Further reading Part 4: Major External Controls on Sedimentation and Sedimentary Environments Introduction 10 Major external controls on sedimentation 10.1 Climate 10.2 Global climates: a summary 10.3 Sea-level changes 10.4 Tectonics 10.5 Sediment yield, denudation rate and the sedimentary record Further reading Part 5: Continental Sedimentary Environments Introduction 11 Rivers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 River networks, hydrographs,patterns and long profiles 11.3 Channel form 11.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 11.5 The floodplain 11.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges and avulsion 11.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 11.8 Alluvial architecture: product of complex responses 11.9 Alluvial architecture: scale, controls and time Further reading 12 Subaerial Fans: Alluvial and Colluvial 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Controls on the size (area) and gradient of fans 12.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 12.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans and talus cones Further reading 13 Aeolian Sediments in Low-Latitude Deserts 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Aeolian system state 13.3 Physical processes and erg formation 13.4 Erg margins and interbedform areas 13.5 Erg and draa evolution and sedimentary architecture 13.6 Erg construction, stasis and destruction: climate and sea-level controls 13.7 Ancient desert facies Further reading 14 Lakes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lake stratification 14.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 14.4 Wind-forced physical processes 14.5 Temperate lake chemical processes and cycles 14.6 Saline lake chemical processes and cycles 14.7 Biological processes and cycles 14.8 Modern temperate lakes and their sedimentary facies 14.9 Lakes in the East African rifts 14.10 Lake Baikal 14.11 The succession of facies as lakes evolve 14.12 Ancient lake facies Further reading 15 Ice 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Physical processes of ice flow 15.3 Glacier flow, basal lubrication and surges 15.4 Sediment transport, erosion and deposition by flowing ice 15.5 Glacigenic sediment: nomenclature and classification 15.6 Quaternary and modern glacial environments and facies 15.7 Ice-produced glacigenic erosion and depositional facies on land and in the periglacial realm 15.8 Glaciofluvial processes on land at and within the ice-front 15.9 Glacimarine environments 15.10 Glacilacustrine environments 15.11 Glacial facies in the pre-Quaternary geological record: case of Cenozoic Antarctica Further reading Part 6: Marine Sedimentary Environments Introduction 16. Estuaries 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Estuarine dynamics 16.3 Modern estuarine morphology and sedimentary environments 16.4 Estuaries and sequence stratigraphy Further reading 17. River and Fan Deltas 17.1 Introduction to river deltas 17.2 Basic physical processes and sedimentation at the river delta front 17.3 Mass movements and slope failure on the subaqueous delta 17.4 Organic deposition in river deltas 17.5 River delta case histories 17.6 River deltas and sea-level change 17.7 Ancient river delta deposits 17.8 Fan deltas Further reading 18. Linear Siliciclastic Shorelines 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Beach processes and sedimentation 18.3 Barrier-inlet-spit systems and their deposits 18.4 Tidal flats, salt marsh and chenier ridges 18.5 Ancient clastic shoreline facies Further reading 19 Siliciclastic Shelves 19.1 Introduction: shelf sinks and lowstand bypass 19.2 Shelf water dynamics 19.3 Holocene highstand shelf sediments: general 19.4 Tide-dominated, low river input, highstand shelves 19.5 Tide-dominated, high river input, highstand shelves 19.6 Weather-dominated highstand shelves Further reading 20 Calcium-carbonate-evaporite Shorelines, Shelves and Basins 20.1 Introduction: calcium carbonate 'nurseries' and their consequences 20.2 Arid carbonate tidal flats, lagoons and evaporite sabkhas 20.3 Humid carbonate tidal flats and marshes 20.4 Lagoons and bays 20.5 Tidal delta and margin-spillover carbonate tidal sands 20.6 Open-shelf carbonate ramps 20.7 Platform margin reefs and carbonate build-ups 20.8 Platform margin slopes and basins 20.9 Carbonate sediments, cycles and sea-level change 20.10 Displacement and destruction of carbonate environments: silicicl

Note: CONTENTS Preface Problems of stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Quaternary of Yakutia / M. N. AIekseyev Regional stratigraphic scheme of the Paleogene and Neogene sediments of the Lower-Aldan depression / A. F. Fradkina, O. V. Grinenko, V. A. Kamaletdinov, A. I. Tomskaya Paleomagnetic studies of the upper section of the Mamontova Gora on the Aldan-river / P. S. Minyuk New data on stratigraphy of the Cencizoic of the eastern part of the Primorsk lowland / L. P. Zharikova, A. S. Kazantsev, P. S. Minyuk, A. G. Savchenko Cenozoik sediments of the Ulakhan-Tas range / A. I. Sergeyenko, A. S. Kazantsev, Yu. V. Lykov, A. I. Tomskaya Small mammals in the key section of the Pliocene-Quaternary sediments on the Krestovka-river (Kolyma lowland) / G. G. FroIova Recent tectonics of Eastern Yakutia / V. B. Spector, V. A. BaIandin Structural-geomorphological character of the Kolyma lowland / N. G. Patyk-Kara, O. I. Gapon, O. V. Grinenko Modern tectonic stress field of North-East Asia / B. M. Koz'min Quantitative evalution of recent vertical tectonic movements in North-Eastern Yakutia / L. P. Imayeva, V. S. Imayev Basement relief and Quaternary cover structure in the Lena-Amga interfluve / V. A. KamaIetdinov Paleomorphological conditions during the formation of Cenozoik conglomerates on the right bank of the Selennyakh river (Indigirka basin) / L. A. Fatkhullin "Alas" sediments and taber formations of Yakutia / Ye. M. Katasonov Slope sediments in river valleys of Central Yakutia / Ye. G. Katasonova, H. G. Ziegert On differentiating the Neogene-Quaternary perennially frozen rocks by mineral composition and cryogenic microstructures / H. G. Ziegert, Ye. A. Slagoda On estimation of the amount of glaciations using different criteria (in the light of' the near-Indigirka zone) / E. D. Izbekov Glacial isostasy in Priverkhoyanie / V. V. KoIpakov, I. L. Shofman Main stages of man population in Yakutia / Yu. A. Mochanov, S. A. Fedoseyeva , СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Проблемы стратиграфии и палеогеографии четвертичного периода Якутии / М. Н. Алексеев Региональная стратиграфическая схема палеогеновых и неогеновых отложений Нижнеалданской впадины / А. Ф. Фрадкина, О. В. Гриненко, В. А. Камалетдинов, А. И. Томская Палеомагнитные исследования верхней части разреза Мамонтова Гора на реке Алдан / П. С. Минюк Новые сведения по стратиграфии кайнозоя восточнои части Приморской низменности / Л . П. Жарикова, А. С. Казанцев, П. С. Минюк, А. Г. Савченко Кайнозойские отложения хребта Улахан-Тас / А . И. Сергеенко, А. С. Казанцев, Ю. В. Лыков, А. И. Томская Мелкие млекопитающие опорного разреза плиоцен-четвертичных отложении на реке Крестовке (Колымская низменность) / Г. Г. Фролова Новейшая тектоника Восточной Якутии / В. Б. Спектор, В. А. Баландин Структурно-геоморфологическое строение Колымском низменности / Н. Г. Патык-Кара, О. И. Гапон, О. В. Гриненко Современное поле тектонических напряжении Северо-Восточной Азии / Б. М. Козьмин Количественная оценка новеиших вертикальных тектонических движений Северо-Востока Якутии / Л. П. Имаева, В. С. Имаев Рельеф цоколя и строение четвертичного покрова Лено-Амгинского междуречья / В. А. Камалетдинов Палеогеоморфологические условия формирования кайнозойских конгломератов правобережья реки Селениях (бассейн реки Индигирки) / И. А. Фатхуллин Аласные отложения и таберальные образования Якутии / Е. М. Катасонов Склоновые отложения в долинах малых рек Центральной Якутии / Е. Г. Катасонова, Х . Г. 3игерт О расчленении многолетнемерзлых неоrен-четвертцчных отложений по минералогическому составу и криогенным микротекстурам / Х . Г. 3игерт, Е . А. Слагода К вопросу оценки количества оледенений по различным критериям (на примере Прииндиrирской зоны) / Э. Д. Избеков Гляциоизостазия в Приверхоянье / В. В. Колпаков, И. Л. Шофман Основные этапы заселения человеком Якутии / Ю. А. Мочанов, С. А. Федосеева , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Contributors Part I. Alaska's Past and Present Environment 1. The Conceptual Basis of LTER Studies in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, john Yarie, Keith Van Cleve, and Leslie A. Viereck 2. Regional Overview of Interior Alaska / James E. Beget, David Stone, and David L Verbyla 3. State Factor Control of Soil Formation in Interior Alaska / Chien-Lu Ping, Richard D. Boone, Marcus H. Clark, Edmond C. Packee, and David K. Swanson 4. Climate and Permafrost Dynamics of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Larry D. Hinzman, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Kenji Yoshikawa 5. Holocene Development of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Andrea H. Lloyd, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Jason A. Lynch, Valerie Barber, and Nancy H. Bigelow Part II. Forest Dynamics 6. Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Distribution in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Teresa Hollingsworth, David F. Murray, Leslie A. Viereck, and Marilyn D. Walker 7. Successional Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Keith Van Cleve, Christopher L. Fastie, Robert A. Ott, Daniel Mann, and Jill F. Johnstone 8. Mammalian Herbivore Population Dynamics in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric Rexstad and Knut Kielland 9. Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects and Their Pathogens in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Richard A. Werner, Kenneth F. Raffa, and Barbara L. Illman 10. Running Waters of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Mark W. Oswood, Nicholas F. Hughes, and Alexander M. Milner Part III. Ecosystem Dynamics 11. Controls over Forest Production in Interior Alaska / John Yarie and Keith Van Cleve 12. The Role of Fine Roots in the Functioning of Alaskan Boreal Forests / Roger W. Ruess, Ronald L. Hendrick, Jason C. Vogel, and Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson 13. Mammalian Herbivory, Ecosystem Engineering, and Ecological Cascades in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Knut Kielland, John P. Bryant, and Roger W. Ruess 14. Microbial Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Joshua P. Schimel and F. Stuart Chapin III 15. Patterns of Biogeochemistry in Alaskan Boreal Forests / David W. Valentine, Knut Kielland, F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, and Keith Van Cleve Part IV. Changing Regional Processes 16. Watershed Hydrology and Chemistry in the Alaskan Boreal Forest: The Central Role of Permafrost / Larry D. Hinzman, W. Robert Bolton, Kevin C. Petrone, Jeremy B. Jones, and Phyllis C. Adams 17. Fire Trends in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric S. Kasischke, T. Scott Rupp, and David L. Verbyla 18. Timber Harvest in Interior Alaska / Tricia L. Wurtz, Robert A. Ott, and John C. Maisch 19. Climate Feedbacks in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / A. David McCuire and F. Stuart Chapin III 20. Communication of Alaskan Boreal Science with Broader Communities / Elena B. Sparrow, Janice C. Dawe, and F. Stuart Chapin III 21. Summary and Synthesis: Past and Future Changes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, Roger W. Ruess, Marilyn W. Walker, Richard D. Boone, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Larry D. Hinzman, Jeremy B. Jones, Clenn P. Juday, Eric S. Kasischke, Knut Kielland, Andrea H. Lloyd, Mark W. Oswood, Chien-Lu Ping, Eric Rexstad, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Joshua P. Schimel, Elena B. Sparrow, Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson, David W. Valentine, Keith Van Cleve, David L. Verbyla, Leslie A. Viereck, Richard A. Werner, Tricia L. Wurtz, and John Yarie Index

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Tritium in Antarctic precipitation - information on global distribution / D. Hebert. - On the physical geography of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica, Dronning Maud Land) / W. Richter. - Investigation of Deuterium concentration relations between atmospheric water vapour and precipitations in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / P. Kowski. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical characterization of lakes in the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, U. Wand, G. Strauch, P. Kowski, W. Kurze. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical studies of the interior Antarctic lake "Untersee" in the Wohlthat Massif, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen, M. Crelle, P. Kowski, W. Kurze, U. Wand. - The isotope-glaciological situation in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis/Dronning Maud Land - a first overview / W.-D. Hermichen, P. Kowski, G. Strauch. - Radiocarbon dating of breeding places of petrels in the Antarctic / A. Hiller, U. Wand. - K - Ar dating of basalt dykes in the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / G. Kaiser, U. Wand.

Note: Contents: Preface. - I. INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENTS OF OZONE, SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET AND CONSTITUENTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE INFLUENCING THE OZONE. MEASUREMENT RESULTS. - The set of measurements for optical observations of ozone and other constituents of the atmosphere influcencing the ozone / G. I. Kuznetzov. - Investigation of time variations of ozone / G. I. Kuznetzov. - Analytical aspects of atmospheric ozone and oxidants studies / L. N. Tchernyh, V. A. Popov, E. V. Pechennikova. - Results of the airborne measurements of total ozone and nitrogen dioxide / A. Ya. Arabov, N. F. Elansky, Yu. L. Truttse. - Rocket head design of meteorological rockets MR-12 and M-100B for measuring of optical characteristics of the upper atmosphere / N. I. Brezgin, E. A. Krohina, S. G. Linnik, A. F. Chijov, O. V. Shtirkov. - Simultaneous measurements of the vertical ozone distribution by rocket and goundbased spectrometric methods / P. F. Boychenko, N. I. Brezgin, G. I. Kuznetzov, A. F. Chijov, O. V. Shtirkov. - The apparatus and method for investigation of ozone-sensitive chemiluminescent detectors at low pressures / S. P. Perov, V. I. Konkov, V. A. Kononkov, L. A. Udonova. - On the application of the chemiluminescent method of the investigation of atmospheric ozone with the help of meteorological rocket M100-B / V. I. Konkov, S. P. Perov. - Water vapour distribution in the ozonosphere / A. V. Fedinsky, V. A. Yuskov. - Sounding rocket measurements of aerosol concentration in the atmosphere up to 90 km / T. I. Orishich. - Basic problems of automation of total ozone measurements and the results of development of automatic ozonometer / V. A. Bajenov, T. D. Jukovskaya, A. N. Otto. - Automatic calculation of the common maintance of atmospheric ozone by filter ozonometers by means of methods of analogue transformation of functions / V. A. Bajenov. - II. OZONOSPHERE CHEMISTRY. - Systems modelling of stratospheric ozone transport and photochemistry / I. L. Karol. - Numerical methods of global transport of freons in the atmosphere and assessment of their effect on ozone / I. L. Karol, V. V. Babanova, A. A. Kiselev, L. A. Romanovskaya. - The stratosphere photo-chemical model / I. G. Dyominov. - The impact of galactic cosmic rays and solar proton events upon the ozone layer / I. G. Dyominov. - Mechanism of cosmic rays effect on earth ozonosphere / P. S. Vinogradov, I. K. Larin, A. I. Poroykova, V. L. Talrose. - Qualitative estimation of some stratospheric reactions rates based on orbital symmetry conservation rules / P. S. Vinogradov, I. K. Larin, V. L. Talrose, O. A. Travina. - On starting prerequisites of mesospheric ozone photochemical theory / G. M. Martynkevich. - Studies of ozone in urban atmosphere as an indicator of photochemical processes / V. A. Popov, L. N. Tchernyh, E. V. Pechennikova. - On the use of silver thin films for measuring of atomic oxygen concentration in the upper atmosphere / S. J. Toktomishev. - On the photochemistry of ozone in the laser sounding of the stratosphere / A. P. Sukhorukov, I. M. Sizova. - Aerosols and ozone in the lower stratosphere / A. P. Bobrovsky, V. N. Ivanov, L. S. Ivlev, V. G. Sirota. - III. THE INTERELAXION OF PROCESSES IN OZONOSPHERE WITH HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA. - Spatial distribution of atmospheric ozone concentration over the USSR in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as derived from aircraft measurements / S. V. Solonin, V. V. Osetchkin. - Variations of the total ozone content of ozone depending on the type of jet streams and their comlexes / V. G. Bakhtiyarov, L. I. Bordovskaya, B. D. Belan. - The stratospheric circulation change in spring and preceeding to it the change of total ozone field in autumn / L. A. Uranova. - Some results of the investigation of ozone vertical distribution in the atmosphere in connection with meteorological phenomena / D. V. Harchilava. - Ozone vertical profiles and the solar activity / P. F. Bojchenko, Yu. N. Rybin. - The effect of solar activity on the general circulation and thermal regime of the atmosphere / L. R. Rakipova. - Seasonal variations of total ozone in the stratospheric circumpolar vortex / V. J. Bekoryukov. - On the relation of the total amount of atmospheric ozone and the near-ground concentrations of radioactive isotopes / V. J. Lujanas, V. K. Jocius, P. K. Zinkevichus. - A certain low-governed nature of ozone, radioactive and nonradioactive aerosols and electric field intensity distribution in the lower troposphere / A. G. Amiranashvily, A. A. Aphaidze, A. Sh. Balavadze, A. G. Nodia, D. V. Harchilava. - On a certain relation between ozone content in the atmosphere and thunderstorm hail phenomena under the conditions of East Georgia / D. V. Harchilava, A. I. Kartsivadze, T. G. Gzirishvily. - On the changeobility of ozone content during the thunderstorm situation / A. I. Kartsivadze, D. V. Harchilava. - Variation of atmospheric ozone and some parameters of jet streams / N. N. Vinogradova. , In kyrill. Schr. , Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. Current Practices. - 3. Drivers of Change. - 4. The Fuel Penalty. - 5. Underwater Hull Related Environmental Concerns. - 6. Regulatory Aspects. - 7. Hull Coating Systems Compared. - 8. A Better, Viable Alternative. - 9. In-water Ship Hull Cleaning. - 10. Propeller Cleaning. - 11. Rudder Protection. - 12. Case Studies. - 13. Conclusion. - Resources. - Glossary. - Index.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Contemporary hydrographic network of the North-East of the Russian Plain: chronology of development / A. S. Lavrov, L. M. Potapenko. - Some distinctions of big and smoll interglacials (by way of example of Western Siberia during Late Pleistocene) / S. A. Laukhin, A. M. Firsov. - Pollen spectra in the lithological facies of lake bottom sediment on the White Sea Coast / N. B. Lavrova, V. V. Kolka, O. P. Korsakova. - Barsova Gora is the unical object of glacial geology and Taiga vegetation in the middle Priobie / N. B. Levina, V. A. Tkachenko, V. N. Turin, N. N. Lavrovich, E. V. Shepetova. - Geological role of ice in formation of the Arctic Ocean recent and quaternary sediments composition / M. A. Levitan, K. V. Syromyatnikov. - Granite protrusions as a relief-forming factor of the activated sections of platforms and mobile belts / M. G. Leonov, E. S. Przhiyalgovsky. - Glacial tectonics and the granulated substance mechanics / M. G. Leonov, O. G. Epshtein. - Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene lake sediments in hollow D'Issyk-kul / O. N. Leflat, T. N. Voskresenskaya. - Complexity and diversity of genetic indication of loose formations and new things in the methods of their identification (according to the results of research of small rivers' valleys of the North of Amur-Zeya Plain, Lower Amur Region and Western Priokhotye / E. Yu. Likutov. - Landscape-geological characteristic of travertine cascade of the ancient thermal source of tract pymvashor / A. A. Ljubas, J. N. Bolotov, M. Y. Gofarov, S. A. lglovskiy. - Lake's lithogenesis: new formations are on the bottom of the drying up Udinsky Streach / L. A. Magaeva, M. T. Ustinov. - Genetic classification of peat deposits based on trophicity degree / G. L. Makarenko. - On the issue of classification of mires based on trophicity degree / G. L. Makarenko. - Some burning issues of a structural interpretation of the plain areas relief / V. I. Makarov, N. V. Makarova, T. V. Sukhanova. - The first experience of the 230Th/U dating of buried wood remains / R. E. Maksimov, V. Yu. Kuznetsov, S. A. Laukhin, I. E. Zherebtsov, S. B. Levchenko, N. G. Baranova. - Variations of the relative intensity of geomagnetic field in bottom sediments of the Bering Sea and North-Western Pacific during the last 380 kyr / M. I. Malakhov, S. A. Gorbarenko, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, G. Yu. Malakhova, J. Riethdorf. - Using high-resolution records petromagnetic and lithophysic characteristics of the sediments Bering Sea and high-latitude Western Pacific for reconstruction of climate and environment in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene / M. I. Malakhov, S. A. Gorbarenko, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, G. Yu. Malakhova, J. Riethdorf. - Some information about genetic classification of lakes of the Vepsovsky Hill East of the Leningrad Region / O. V. Malozemova, L. A. Nesterova, D. A. Subetto. - Middle Pleistocene small mammal faunas of Eastern and Central Europe: Chronology, correlation / A. K. Markova, T. van Kolfschoten. - Astronomical and meteorological criteria of defining human activity traces in ancient megalith rock complexes in the North-West Russia / L. S. Marsadolov, G. N. Paranina. - Palynological characteristics of the middle Pleistocene deposits in the Vychegda River Basin, the Komi Republic (preliminary data) / T. I. Marchenko-Vagapova. - Isotope specialization (δ18O, δ13C) of quaternary carbonates from Belarus and potential of palaeoenvironments indication / N. A. Makhnach. - The complex survey of quaternary deposits / A. V. Mashukov, A. E. Mashukova. - Quaternary deposits and construction materials' deposits in the Kaluga Region / S. G. Medvedeva. - Vegetation and climate of Sakhalin in the early Holocene / Yu. A. Mikishin, L. G. Gvozdeva. - Inorganic geochemistry record of stages 6-11 from Elgygytgyn lake sediments (deep drilling data) / P. S. Minyuk, V. Ya. Borkhodoev and Elgygytgyn Scientific Party. - Palaeoshorelines on the Murmansk coast / M. V. Mityaev. - Vertical matter flow in Gulfs on Murmansk and Karelian coasts / M. V. Mityaev, M. V. Gerasimova. - Channel and basin components of sediment yield in the formation of quaternary alluvial suites of rivers of the middle Volga Region / V. V. Mozzherin. - Late Pleistocene interglacial-glacial climatic transition (MIS 5/MIS 4) as derived from palynological analysis and IR-OSL dating of deposits from the Voka Reference Section, Southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland / A. N. Molodkov, N. S. Bolikhovskaya. - Quaternary sediments in the Central Part of Northern West Siberia / D. V. Nazarov. - Palynological evidences of the postglacial warm event of the Laptev Sea Region / O. D. Naidina. - Some problems of using luminescent methods for absolute dating of glacial deposits (by the example of Chagan Section, SE Altai) / R. K. Nepop, A. R. Agatova, H. Rodnight. - Freshwater travertine-like carbonates of the Izhora Plateau as the natural markers of the structural dislocations / M. U. Nikitin, A. A. Medvedeva. - Fold deformations in late Pleistocene deposits of the Central Part Kola Region and their genesis / S. B. Nikolaeva. - Mammoths and man of stone age in Northern Europe - insight of a question on migrations to European Subarctic by Western paths / A. A. Nikonov. - Formation of present-day deposits in the conditions of technogenic litogenesis / E. N. Ogorodnikova, S. K. Nikolaeva. - Traces cryogenesis of Neopleistocene sediments the lower Irtysh / O. L. Opokina, E. A. Slagoda. - Stratigraphical subdivision of the Eopleistocene deposits of the Simbugino Site and new mollusc finds (Southern Foreurals) / E. M. Osipova, G. A. Danukalova. - Late Pleistocene to Holocene environment and climate in the Upper Ponoy Depression (Kola Peninsula) reconstracted from pollen record of Churozero lake bottom deposits / E. Yu. Pavlova, M. V. Dorozhkina, E. I. Devyatova. - Absolute chronology and climatic conditions of Valdai (Vistulian) terraces formation in the middle Seim River Valley / A. Panin, J.-P. Buylaert, E. Matlakhova, A. Murray, O. Pakholova. - Possibility of reconstruction of climate change in the Mongolian Altai based on analysis of annual records in glaciers and lacustrine sediment / T. S. Papma, E. Yu. Mitrofanova, N. S. Malygina. - Northern labyrinth - thee Gnomon: compass, clock, calendar / G. N. Paranina. - Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleogeography of the coastal lowlands of Is. Paramushir (Kuril Islands) / A. Ju. Pakhomov. - Upper-Kama (Verhnekama) Upland - the newest lifting of the middle Last Pleistocene / M. M. Pakhomov, I. L. Borodatyi. - Dating mass accumulations of Mammoth across Arctic Eurasia / V. V. Pitulko, P. A. Nikolskiy, A. E. Basilyan, E. Y. Pavlova. - Features of vertical distribution of the materials within the marginal zones of permafrost polygonal structures and its importance for dating of quaternary deposits in cryolitozone / V. V. Pitulko, E. Y. Pavlova, A. E. Basilyan, S. G. Kritsuk. - Morfogenesis of the tectonics active area of the Mongolian Altay / S. G. Platonova. - Reference section of the Lichvin interglacial in the North-Western Part of European Russia's Region / E. S. Pleshivtseva, V. L. Garkusha, M. A. Travina. - New radiocarbon dates of Late Quaternary Mammals in the Arkhangelsk Region in connection with reconstructions of the last glaciation in the Eastern Europe / D. V. Ponomarev, T. van Kolfschoten, A. K. Markova, J. van der Plicht. - Geological illustrations of Aral-Caspian Region's latest seismodynamic high activity / V. I. Popkov. - About Karagiinsk closed depression (Mangishlak)'s genesis / V. I. Popkov. - On the issue of formation of the Caucasian mineral waters' modern structural geomorphologic aspect / V. I. Popkov, I. G. Sazonov, D. A. Kolleganova. - Natural climate changes on the border of Late Pleistocene and Holocene / A. N. Popova, D. A. Subetto. - Some problems paleogeomorfologi Volga Region / I. V. Proletkin. - New perspectives on modern geomorphological studies / I. V. Proletkin. - Dynamics of small mammals local assem , In kyrill. Schr. , In engl. und rus. Sprache

Note: CONTENTS: Preface / G. C. S. Clarke and W. Punt. - 8. Solanaceae / W. Punt and M. Monna-Brands. - 9. Saxifragaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 10. Boraginaceae / G. C. S. Clarke. - 11. Escalloniaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 12. Grossulariaceae / A.A.M.L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 13. Hydrangeaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 14. Parnassiaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 15. Plantaginaceae / G. C. S. Clarke and M. R.Jones. - 16. Valerianaceae / G. C. S. Clarke and M. R. Jones. - 17. Aceraceae / G. C. S. Clarke and M. R. Jones. - 18. Hippuridaceae / M. S. Engel. - 19. Haloragaceae / M. S. Engel. - 20. Papaveraceae / A. J. Kalis. - Index. - Errata.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - Gymnosperm. - Pinaceae. - Taxodiaceae. - Cupressaceae. - Podocarpaceae. - Ephedraceae. - Angiosperm. - Juglandaceae. - Myricaceae. - Bibliography. - Plates. - Gymnosperm. - Pinaceae: Plates 1-23. - Taxodiaceae: Plates 24-26. - Cupressaceae: Plates 27-39. - Podocarpaceae: Plates 40-46. - Ephedraceae: Plates 47-52. - Angiosperm. - Juglandaceae: Plates 53-64. - Myricaceae: Plates 64-68. - Pollen Sample List. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: Introduction. - Contact information. - List of participants. - Guidelines for presenters. - Registration. - Workshop program. - Hotel and workshop venues. - Travel information. - Abstracts. - Public lecture.

Note: Contents: PREFACE. - SECTION I. HISTORY OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN THE CENOZOIC ERA. - Linear and Areal Morphostructures of the Arctic Ocean Floor / V. D. Dibner. - Fluctuations in Arctic Climate as Revealed by Floor Sediment Analysis / N. A. Belov, N. N. Lapina. - Stratification and Rate of Accumulation of Floor Sediments of the Soviet Arctic Seas / N. N. Kulikov, N. N. Lapina, Yu. P. Semenov, N. A. Belov, M. A. Spiridonov. - Palynologic Study of Kara Sea Floor Sediment Cores / N. N. Kulikov, R. M. Khitrova. - Geologic Structure of the Glacial Shelves of the Atlantic Province of the Arctic Basin / M. A. Spiridonov. - Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Spitsbergen in the Pleistocene / Yu. A. Lavrushin. - Role of Glaciers in Franz Josef Land Relief Formation / V. L. Sukhodrovskii. - Reconstruction of the Late- and Post-Pleistocene Arctic Basin Ice Sheet / P. M. Borisov. - Changes in the Arctic Basin since the Last Glaciation Maximum / D. P. Chizhov. - SECTION II. ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA AND THE HISTORY OF THEIR FORMATION. - Some Problems of Study of the Early Cenophytic Arctic Flora / L. Yu. Budantsev. - Arctic Flora and Its Historical Link with the Arctic Ocean / A. I. Tolmachev, B. A. Yurtsev. - Wide Fluctuations in Ocean Level in the Quaternary period and Their Influence on the Arctic Ocean Basin and its biological community / G. U. Lindberg. - Fresh Data on the Food of the Siberian Woolly Rhinoceros / V. E. Garutt, E. P. Meteltseva, B. A. Tikhomirov. - Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean Fauna and their significance for understanding the History of its formation / E. F. Guryanova. - Formation of macroscopic marine algal flora of the Arctic Basin / A. D. Zinova, Yu. E. Petrov. - The Concept of the Arctic origin of Pinnipeds and other solutions of this problem / K. K. Chapskii. - Ecological Adaptations of Pinnipeds in the Atlantic Province of the Polar Basin / V. A. Potelov, Yu. K. Timoshenko. - A General Review of th PIeistocene Marine Faunas of the Northern Coast of Eurasia / S. L. Troitskii. - History of the Evolution of Marine Mollusk Fauna of the Late Cenozoic Atlantic Arctic / V. S. Zarkhidze. - Late Cenozoic History of Foraminifera of the Pechora Lowland and Northern West Siberia / O. F. Baranovskaya, V. Ya. Slobodin. - Species composition of Modern Foraminifera as an Indication of the Arctic Sea's hydrological regime / S. V. Tamanova. - SECTION Ill. PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES IN THE LATE CENOZOIC ERA. - Paleogeography of Northern USSR and contiguous areas of the Arctic Basin / G. S. Ganeshin. - North Eurasia in the Late Cenozoic Era / Yu. P. Degtyarenko, V. V. Zhukov, N. G. Zagorskaya, O. A. Ivanov, V. I. Kaiyalainen, Yu. N. Kulakov, A. P. Puminov, V. Ya. Slobodin, O. V. Suzdalskii. - On the History of the Migration of the Arctic Basin Shoreline in the Cenozoic Era / S. A. Strelkov. - Causes of Fluctuations in the Arctic Basin Level in the Neogene-Quaternary Period / J. L. Kuzin. - Spore-Pollen Analysis of Late Cenozoic Marine Sediments in the Reconstruction of the Paleogeography of the Arctic Coasts / N. G. Zagorskaya, F. M. Levina. - Forest Line Migration in North Asia in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene (Based on Spore-Pollen Analysis) / R. E. Giterman, L. V. Golubeva, E. V. Koreneva, L. A. Skiba. - Holocene Transgressions and Variations in the Northern Coastline of the Kola Peninsula / B. I. Koshechkin, A. L. Kudlaeva. - Interpretation of Radiocarbon Datings of the Absolute Age of Organic Residues from the Upper Anthropogene Deposits of Fennoscandia / V. G. Chuvardinskii. - Structure and Stratigraphic Division of White Sea Bottom Deposits / V. S. Medvedev, E. N. Nevesskii, L. I. Govberg, E. S. Malyasova, R. N. Dzhinoridze, E. A. Kirienko. - Principal Stages in the History of the Vegetation of the Dvina Bay Coast of the White Sea during the Late- and Postglacial Transgression / E. S. Pleshivtseva. - Quaternary Transgressions in the Northern Russian Plain and Their Relationship with Continental Glaciations / E. N. Bylinskii. - Anthropogene Deposit-Forming Environments on Kolguev Island / O. F. Baranovskaya, T. A. Matveeva. - Cenozoic History of the Northern Coast of Europe / V. S. Zarkhidze. - Stages of Formation of the Southern Part of the Arctic Basin in Timan-Pechora Province in the Late Cenozoic Era / O. F. Baranovskaya, P. N. Safronov, G. N. Berdovskaya. - Pliocene-Pleistocene History of the Pechora Basin / V. L. Yakhimovich. - Paleogeography and Origin of Cenozoic Rocks in Soviet Europe as Revealed by Hydrochemical Data / V. D. Bezrodnov. - Study of Paleogeography and Neotectonics of Some Regions of the European Northeast by Coal Petrography / Yu. V. Stepanov. - History of the Formation of Arctic Shelf Foraminifer Fauna (Based on Data on the Timan-Ural Region) / I. N. Semenov. - Evolution of Pleistocene Marine Diatom Flora in the Northeast of Soviet Europe / E. I. Loseva. - Quaternary Deposits of the Middle Pechora and Vychegda River Basins / A. S. Lavrov. - Late Pleistocene Terraces in the Northeast of Soviet Europe and the Environments in which They were Formed / L. M. Potapenko, A. S. Lavrov. - Key Sections of the Lower Pechora and Their Importance for an Understanding of the Last Stages of the Geological Evolution of Northeastern Soviet Europe / V. S. Zarkhidze, I. I. Krasnov, M. A. Spiridonov, Yu. A. Lavrushin, I. I. Ryumina. - Siberian Elements in the Flora of the Far Northeast of Europe and Their Origin / O. V. Rebristaya. - Some Geographical Relationships of Ural Floras and Their Importance for Paleogeography / K. N. lgoshina. - Ostracod Complexes from the Late Cenozoic Marine Deposits of Northern Soviet Europe and West Siberia and Their Importance for Paleogeography / O. M. Lev. - Paleogeography of the Northern West Siberian Lowland and Russian Plain in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene / M. G. Kipiani, A. D. Kolbutov. - Mammals and Landscapes of the Northern Urals in the Late Anthropogene / I. E. Kuzmina. - Pleistocene Transgressions in Northern West Siberia and the Pechora Lowland / I. D. Danilov. - Salient Paleogeographic Features of the Pechora Lowland and Lower Ob Basin in the Neogene Epoch / P. P. Generalov, I. L. Kuzin, I. L. Zaionts, R. B. Krapivner. - Some Problems of the Quaternary Geology of Northern Soviet Europe and West Siberia / A. G. Kostyaev. - Northern West Siberia in the Pliocene and Pleistocene / O. V. Suzdalskii. - Boreal Transgressions and the Origin of Subsurface Sheet Ice Deposits / B. I. Vtyurin. - Dependence of Certain Types of Subsurface Glaciation in West Siberia on the Peculiarities of the Polar Sea / A .I. Popov. - History of Subsurface Freezing in West Siberia in the Light of Transgression of the Arctic Basin / V. V. Baulin. - New Data on the History of the Evolution of the Pre-Kazantseva and Kazantseva Vegetation in the Muzhi Urals and Southern Yamal (Based on Palynological Data) / E. E. Gurtovaya. - New Data on the Distribution of Recent Marine Deposits in West Siberia / I. L. Zaionts, Z. I. Kholodova. - Pleistocene Diatom Floras of the Yenisei North / Z. V. Aleshinskaya. - Some Upper Cenozoic Stratotypes of the Ust-Yenisei Depression / V. Ya. Slobodin. - Transgressions of the Arctic Basin and Evolution of the Yenisei North in the Pleistocene (Absolute Chronology of Events by 14C Dating) / N. V. Kind, L. D. Sulerzhitskii. - Kargin Diatoms from the Key Section of the Lower Yenisei / N. A. Khalfina. - Spread of Late Cenozoic Transgressions of the Arctic Basin in the Northwestern Central Siberian Tableland / V. D. Kryukov, V. V. Rogozhin. - Paleogeography of Northeastern Taimyr in the Quaternary Period (Based on Geological and Palynological Data) / G. N. Berdovskaya, N. A. Gei, V. M. Makeev. - Emergence and Development of Pleistocene Landscapes in the Eastern North Siberian Lowland / V. V. Zhukov, N. A. Pervuninskaya, L. Ya. Pinchuk. - History of Relief Formation in the Eastern North Siberian Lowland and the Adjoi

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Distribution List. - List of acronyms and abbreviations used. - Record of Amendments. - Foreword to 1st Edition. - Foreword to 2nd Edition. - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - CONSIDERATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS BY SCAR AND ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES. - OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONS' NETWORKS. - Australia's Antarctic Communications. - Japan's Antarctic communications. - UK Antarctic communications. - US Antarctic communications. - ANTARCTIC TREATY RESOLUTIONS ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - WMO RESOLUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - Introduction. - Engineering principles of the GTS. - Functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Telecommunications Centres. - Characteristics of the networks of the GTS. - Operational principles of the GTS. - The transmission of meteorological data an the GTS. - Collection and transmission of meteorological data. - Data processing. - Telecommunications system. - Weather reporting by traverse parties. - Automatic weather station in the Antarctic. - AIREP reports. - Mobile ship stations. - OTHER RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS. - APPENDIXES. - APPENDIX I. - Manual an the Global Data Processing System, Regional Aspects, the Antarctic. - APPENDIX II. - Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX III. - Results of the monitoring of Antarctic data reception carried out during the period 12-15 March 1982. - APPENDIX IV. - Existing links for the daily international exchange of meteorological data within the Antarctic. - APPENDIX V. - Principal routes by which Antarctic meteorological data enters the GTS. - APPENDIX VI. - List of Antarctic stations and the routing of their meteorological data to the GTS.

Note: Erscheint alle 2 Jahre , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited