ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - Anthropogenic impacts from atmospheric pollutant deposition. - Future impacts.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. The EU ETS Allocation Process, Part II. Experiences from Member States in Allocating Allowances, Part III. Concluding Remarks and Background Material, Appendix I. Participant list; Appendix II. The individual country outline; Appendix III. The country tables; Appendix IV. Background material from the European Commission

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 Global Image Analysis ; 3 Gray-Scale Image Analysis ; 4 Binary Image Analysis ; 5 Analysis of Lines and Line Patterns ; 6 Analysis of Point Patterns ; 7 Frequency Domain Analysis ; 8 Program Descriptions ; 9 Projects; APPENDIX: Synopsis of Important Concepts; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: International linkages in the context of global and regional integration -- Trade integration of the Central and Eastern European countries and China : has it reached potential? -- Patterns and determinants of production fragmentation in world manufacturing trade -- Going global : trade, internationalisation of production and domestic performance of euro area firms -- Globalisation and the trade channel in the euro area -- Gauging the labour market effects of international trade openness : an application to the US manufacturing sector

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Climate change: our approach ; 2. Impacts of climate change on growth and development ; 3. The economics of stabilisation ; 4. Policy responses for mitigation ; 5. Policy responses for adaptation ; 6. International collective action

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scenarios for CO2 Capture and Storage; 3. CO2 Capture Technologies; 4. CO2 Transport and Storage; 5. Financial, Legal, Regulatory and Public Acceptance Issues; 6. CCS Regional and Country Updates; 7. CCS Technology Roadmaps and Recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword; Preface; Summary for Policymakers; Technical Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of CO2; 3. Capture of CO2; 4. Transport of CO2; 5. Underground geological storage; 6. Ocean storage; 7. Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide; 8. Costs and economic potential; 9. Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting; Annex I. Properties of CO2 and carbon-based fuels; Annex II. Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations; Annex III. Units; Annex IV. Authors and Expert Reviewers; Annex V. List of IPCC publications.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I. Mathematics: 2. Spaces and filtrations; 3. Group theory; 4. Homology; 5. Morse theory; 6. New results; Part II. Algorithms: 7. The persistence algorithms; 8. Topological simplification; 9. The Morse-Smale algorithm; 10. The linking number algorithm; Part III. Applications: 11. Software; 12. Experiments; 13. Applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface to Volume 2. - Foreword by Micael Metcalf. - License information. - 21 Introduction to Fortran 90 language features. - 22 Introduction to parallel programming. - 23 Numerical recipes utility functions for Fortran 90. - Fortran 90 code chapters. - B1 Preliminaries. - B2 Solution of linear algebraic equations. - B3 Interpolation and extrapolation. - B4 Integration of functions. - B5 Evaluation of functions. - B6 Special functions. - B7 Random numbers. - B8 Sorting. - B9 Root finding and nonlinear sets of equations. - B10 Minimization or maximization of functions. - B11 Eigensystems. - B12 Fast Fourier Transform. - B13 Fourier and spectral applications. - B14 Statistical description of data. - B15 Modeling of data. - B16 Integration of ordinary differential equations. - B17 Two point boundary value problems. - B18 Integral equations and inverse theory. - B19 Partial differential equtations. - B20 Less-numerical algorithms. - References. - Appendices

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Shift in thinking to address the 21st century hunger gap ; A grid-based assessment of global water scarcity including virtual water trading ; Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern ; Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change ; Stakeholder-driven, enquiry-driven, or stakeholder-relevant, enquiry-driven science? ; Learning Alliances for the broad implementation of an integrated approach to multiple sources, multiple uses and multiple users of water ; Possibilities and problems with the use of models as a communication tool in water resource management ; Integration of the biophysical and social sciences using an indicator approach: Addressing water problems at different scales ; Capturing the complexity of water uses and water users within a multi-agent framework ; Upscaling field scale hydrology and water quality modelling to catchment scale ; Linking databases of different sources and scales for groundwater research in the Urema River Basin/Central Mozambique ; Integrated water and food analysis at the global and basin level. An application of WATERSIM ; The adaptive integrated data information system (AIDIS) for global water research ; Policy implications of a pan-tropic assessment of the simultaneous hydrological and biodiversity impacts of deforestation ; Towards better water security in North China ; Towards transition management of European water resources ; Some foci of integrated water resources management in the 'South' which are oft-forgotten by the 'North': A perspective from southern Africa ; The GLOWA Volta Project: A framework for water resources decision-making and scientific capacity building in a transnational West African basin ; Integrating a climate change assessment tool into stakeholder-driven water management decision-making processes in California ; Involving stakeholders in integrated river basin planning in England and Wales ; Integrated assessment of water resources: Australian experiences

Description / Table of Contents: "This is a hands-on guide for graduate students and other young researchers wishing to perfect the practical skills that are needed for a successful career in research. By teaching junior scientists to develop effective research habits, the book helps make the experience of graduate study a more efficient, effective and rewarding one. Many graduate students learn these skills "on the job", often by doing them poorly at first, with the result that much valuable time can be lost; this book will help prevent that. The authors have taught a graduate course on the topics covered in this book for many years, and provide a sample curriculum for instructors in graduate schools who wish to teach a similar course. ... The wealth of advice offered in this book is invaluable to students, junior researchers and their mentors in all fields of science, engineering and the humanities."

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aersol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Climatic Adaptation of Boreal and Temperate Tree Species -- 2. Dynamic Modelling of the Annual Cycle -- 3. The Annual Phenological Cycle -- 4. The Annual Cycle of Photosynthesis in Evergreen Conifers -- 5. The Annual Cycle of Frost Hardiness -- 6. Evolutionary Aspects of the Annual Cycle -- 7. Upscaling to Higher Levels of Organisation -- 8. The Annual Cycle Under Changing Climatic Conditions -- 9. Concluding Remarks

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of how boreal and temperate tree species have adapted their annual development cycle to the seasonally varying climatic conditions. Therefore, the frost hardy dormant phase, and the susceptible growth phase, are synchronized with the seasonality of the climate. The volume discusses the annual cycle, including various attributes such as timing of bud burst and other phenological events, seasonality of photosynthetic capacity or the frost hardiness of the trees. During the last few decades dynamic ecophysiological models have been used increasingly in studies of the annual cycle, particularly when projecting the ecological effects of climate change. The main emphasis of this volume is on combining modelling with experimental studies, and on the importance of the biological realism of the models

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Isotopes in Water. - Isotopes in tree rings. Isotopes in bones and teeth. Isotopes in lake sediments. Isotopes in speleothems. Isotopes in marine sediments.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of Arctic ice shelves, ice islands and related features. Ice shelves are permanent areas of ice which float on the ocean surface while attached to the coast, and typically occur in very cold environments where perennial sea ice builds up to great thickness, and/or where glaciers flow off the land and are preserved on the ocean surface. These landscape features are relatively poorly studied in the Arctic, yet they are potentially highly sensitive indicators of climate change because they respond to changes in atmospheric, oceanic and glaciological conditions. Recent fracturing and breakup events of ice shelves in the Canadian High Arctic have attracted significant scientific and public attention, and produced large ice islands which may pose a risk to Arctic shipping and offshore infrastructure. Much has been published about Antarctic ice shelves, but to date there has not been a dedicated book about Arctic ice shelves or ice islands. This book fills that gap.

Description / Table of Contents: This is the first comprehensive science-based textbook on the biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea, one of the world’s largest brackish water bodies. The aim of this book is to provide students and other readers with knowledge about the conditions for life in brackish water, the functioning of the Baltic Sea ecosystem and its environmental problems and management. It highlights biological variation along the unique environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea Area (the Baltic Sea, Belt Sea and Kattegat), especially those in salinity and climate. The first part of the book presents the challenges for life processes and ecosystem dynamics that result from the Baltic Sea’s highly variable recent geological history and geographical isolation. The second part explains interactions between organisms and their environment, including biogeochemical cycles, patterns of biodiversity, genetic diversity and evolution, biological invasions and physiological adaptations. In the third part, the subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem - the pelagic zone, the sea ice, the deep soft sea beds, the phytobenthic zone, the sandy coasts, and estuaries and coastal lagoons - are treated in detail with respect to the structure and function of communities and habitats and consequences of natural and anthropogenic constraints, such as climate change, discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances. Finally, the fourth part of the book discusses monitoring and ecosystem-based management to deal with contemporary and emerging threats to the ecosystem’s health.

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this edited volume is to introduce the scientific community to paleoenvironmental studies of estuaries, to highlight the types of information that can be obtained from such studies, and to promote the use of paleoenvironmental studies in estuarine management. Readers will learn about the the application of different paleoecological approaches used in estuaries that develop our understanding of their response to natural and human influences. Particular attention is given to the essential steps required for undertaking a paleoecological study, in particular with regard to site selection, core extraction and chronological techniques, followed by the range of indicators that can be used. A series of case studies are discussed in the book to demonstrate how paleoecological studies can be used to address key questions, and to sustainably manage these important coastal environments in the future. This book will appeal to professional scientists interested in estuarine studies and/or paleoenvironmental research, as well as estuarine managers who are interested in the incorporation of paleoenvironmental research into their management programs.

Description / Table of Contents: Ostracods, small aquatic Crustacea, occur in almost every marine, brackish and freshwater habitat. Their calcified bivalved carapaces readily fossilize and their record in earth history is long, dense and diverse. Ostracod species are particularly useful as tools in marine and limnic (palaeo-) ecology, in (palaeo-) biogeography, and biostratigraphy. Their reproductive morphology is as extraordinary as their reproductive modes, and many of their physiological peculiarities remain mysterious. Ostracod taxonomy and phylogeny contribute to general studies of crustacean evolution. The diversity of ostracod applications in both biology and palaeontology is clearly illustrated by the eighteen papers of the 15th International Symposium on Ostracoda (Berlin, Germany) in 2005, which are grouped in the present proceedings, one of three volumes resulting from this meeting.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I: Justifying Sustainability. ; 2. Intergenerational ethics under resource constraints ; 3. Justifying sustainability ; 4. Resolving distributional conflicts between generations ; 5. The malleability of undiscounted utilitarianism as a criterion of intergenerational justice ; 6. Rawlsian intergenerational justice as a Markov-perfect equilibrium in a resource technology ; 7. Unjust intergenerational allocations ; Part II: Characterizing Sustainability. ; 8. The Hartwick rule: Myths and facts ; 9. Hartwick's rule in open economies ; 10. Capital gains and 'net national product' in open economies ; 11. Characterizing sustainability: The converse of Hartwick's rule ; 12. On the sustainable program in Solow's model ; 13. Maximin, discounting, and separating hyperplanes ; Part III: Indicating Sustainability. ; 14. Green national accounting for welfare and sustainability: A taxonomy of assumptions and results ; 15. Net national product as an indicator of sustainability ; 16. Adjusting Green NNP to measure sustainability ; 17. Does NNP growth indicate welfare improvement? ; 18. A general approach to welfare measurement through national income accounting ; 19. Green national accounting with a changing population

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 Crop yields and world food supply ; 3 The domestication of crop plants ; 4 Adaptation and the ecology of yield ; 5 Physiological aspects of crop improvement ; 6 Increases in yield: trends and limits ; 7 Inputs and the efficient use of resources ; 8 The future yield

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Background, sources, and methods ; 2 The early bronze age in Greece ; 3 The early bronze age in the Cyclades ; 4 Early prepalatial Crete ; 5 Protopalatial Crete ; 5a Formation of the palaces ; 5b The material culture ; 6 The material culture of neopalatial Crete ; 7 Minoan culture: religion, burial customs, administration ; 8 Minoan Crete and the Aegean Islands ; 9 Minoan trade ; 10 Early Mycenaean Greece ; 11 Mycenaean art and architecture ; 12 Mycenaean states ; 12a Economy and administration ; 12b LM II-IIIB ; 13 Burial customs ; 13a Death and the Mycenaeans ; 13b Mycenaean religion ; 14 Mycenaean Greece, the Aegean and Beyond ; 15 Decline, destruction, aftermath

Description / Table of Contents: Preface; Part I. Keynes's Unaccomplished Revolution (The Federico Caffé Lectures, 1995) : 1. A decision to break with Orthodoxy; 2. The 'revolution' after Keynes; References for Part I; Part II. The Cambridge School of Keynesian Economics: 3. Richard Ferdinand Kahn, 1905-1989 co-author of the General Theory?; 4. Joan Violet Robinson, 1903-1983 the woman who missed the Nobel Prize in economics; 5. Nicholas Kaldor, 1908-1986 growth, income distribution, technical progress; 6. Pierro Sraffa, 1898-1983 the critical mind; 7. Richard Murphey Goodwin, 1913-1996 The missed Keynes-Schumpeter connection; 8. References for Part II; Part III. Towards a Production Paradigm for an Expanding Economy: 9. Beyond neoclassical economics; 10. The stage of 'pure economic theory'; 11. The stage of institutional investigation; 12. Back to the future of the 'Keynesian revolution'; References for Part III; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Structure of ice ; 3. Microstructure of natural ice features ; 4. Physical properties: elasticity, diffusivity and friction ; 5. Plastic deformation of the ice single crystal ; 6. Ductile behavior of polycrystalline ice: experimental data and physical processes ; 7. Modelling the ductile behavior of isotropic and anisotropic polycrystalline ice ; 8. Rheology of high-pressure and planetary ices ; 9. Fracture toughness of ice ; 10. Brittle failure of ice under tension ; 11. Brittle compressive failure of unconfined ice ; 12. Brittle compressive failure of confined ice ; 13. Ductile-to-brittle transition under compression ; 14. Indentation fracture and ice forces on structures ; 15. Fracture of the ice cover on the Arctic Ocean

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics. - 3 The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations. - 4 The momentum equation in cartesian and spherical coordinates. - 5 Vertical-coordinate conversions. - 6 Numerical solutions to partial differential equations. - 7 Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics. - 8 Boundary-layer processes. - 9 Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics. - 10 Radiative energy transfer. - 11 Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates. - 12 Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry. - 13 Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations. - 14 Particle components, size distributions, and size structures. - 15 Aerosol emissions and nucleation. - 16 Coagulation. - 17 Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation. - 18 Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes. - 19 Aqueous chemistry. - 20 Sedimentation and dry deposition. - 21 Model design, application, and testing. - Appendix A: Conversions, constants, and symbols. - Appendix B: Tables. - References. - Index

Description / Table of Contents: This comprehensive text describes the atmospheric processes, numerical methods, and computational techniques required for a scientist to successfully study air pollution and meteorology. Computer modeling has become a powerful tool in modern atmospheric sciences, combining the disciplines of meteorology, physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer sciences, and , to a lesser extent, geology, biology, microbiology, and oceanographic sciences. This text presents fundamental equations that describe physical, chemical, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, and it provides numerical methods to solve these equations. Along with classic methods for simulating gas and aerosol processes not available in any other text. The book has been developed from the author's graduate courses and research at Standford University and contains homework and computer programming assignments. It is a valuable textbook for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses in atmospheric sciences and meteorology. It will also be useful for courses in earth sciences, environmental sciences, and applied mathematics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of Illustrations. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Parts of the Spectrum. - 1.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Flux. - 1.2.2 Terrestrial lnfrared Flux. - 1.3 Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media. - 1.3.1 Feedback Processes. - 1.3.2 Types of Matter that Affect Radiation. - 1.4 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres. - 1.4.1 Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws. - 1.4.2 Minor Species in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.3 Optical Line-of-Sight Paths. - 1.4.4 Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres. - 1.4.5 Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks. - 1.5 Density Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6 Vertical Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6.1 The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean. - 1 .6.2 Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties. - 1.6.3 Sea-Surface Temperature. - 1.6.4 Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity. - 1.7 Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units. - 1.8 Summary. - 2 Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation. - 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Geometrical Optics. - 2.3 Radiative Flux or Irradiance. - 2.4 Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments. - 2.4.1 Relationship between Flux and Intensity. - 2.4.2 Average Intensity and Energy Density. - 2.5 Some Theorems on Intensity. - 2.5.1 lntensity and Flux from an Extended Source. - 2.6 Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance. - 2.7 The Extinction Law. - 2.7.1 Extinction = Scattering + Absorption. - 2.8 The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 2.9 Summary. - 3 Basic Scattering Processes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Lorentz Theory for Radiation- Matter Interactions. - 3.2.1 Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium. - 3.2.2 Scattering from Density Irregularities. - 3.2.3 Scattering in Random Media. - 3.2.4 First-Order and Multiple Scattering. - 3.3 Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator. - 3.3.1 Case ( 1 ): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile. - 3.3.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering. - 3.3.3 Natural Broadening. - 3.3.4 Pressure Broadening. - 3.3.5 Doppler Broadening. - 3.3.6 Realistic Line-Broadening Processes. - 3.3.7 Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering. - 3.4 The Scattering Phase Function. - 3.4.1 Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function. - 3.5 Mie-Debye Scattering. - 3.6 Summary. - 4 Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media. - 4.2.1 Solids. - 4.2.2 Aerosols. - 4.2.3 Liquids. - 4.3 Molecular Absorption in Gases. - 4.3.1 Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws. - 4.3.2 Planck's Spectral Distribution Law. - 4.3.3 Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules. - 4.3.4 Inelastic Collisional Processes. - 4.3.5 Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions. - 4.4 The Two-Level Atom. - 4.4.1 Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation. - 4.4.2 Effects of Collisions on State Populations. - 4.5 Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands. - 4.5.1 Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator. - 4.5.2 Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator. - 4.5.3 Line Strengths. - 4.6 Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible. - 4.7 Summary. - 5 Principles of Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Boundary Properties of Planetary Media. - 5.2.1 Thermal Emission from a Surface. - 5.2.2 Absorption by a Surface. - 5.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces. - 5.2.4 Surface Reflection: The BRDF. - 5.2.5 Albedo for Collimated lncidence. - 5.2.6 The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence. - 5.2.7 Analytic Reflectance Expressions. - 5.2.8 The Opposition Effect. - 5.2.9 Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface. - 5.2.10 Transmission through a Slab Medium. - 5.2.11 Spherical, or Bond Albedo. - 5.3 Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media. - 5.3.1 Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission. - 5.3.2 Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering. - 5.4.1 Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry. - 5.4.2 Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry. - 5.4.3 Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry. - 5.5 Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 5.6 Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission. - 5.7 Radiative Heating Rate. - 5.7.1 Generalized Gershun's Law. - 5.7.2 Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency. - 5.7.3 Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate. - 5.8 Summary. - 6 Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components. - 6.2.1 Lower Boundary Conditions. - 6.2.2 Multiple Scattering. - 6.2.3 Azimuth lndependence of Flux and Mean Intensity. - 6.3 Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field. - 6.4 Spherical Shell Geometry. - 6.5 Nonstratified Media. - 6.6 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 6.6.1 Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction. - 6.7 Examples of Phase Functions. - 6.7.1 Rayleigh Phase Function. - 6.7.2 The Mie-Debye Phase Function. - 6.8 Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering. - 6.8.1The [Delta]-Isotropic Approximation. - 6.8.2 The [Delta]- Two-Term Approximation. - 6.8.3 Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations. - 6.8.4 The [Delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N. - 6.8.5 Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling. - 6.9 Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory. - 6.9.1 Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination. - 6.9.2 Prototype Problem 2: Constant lmbedded Source. - 6.9.3 Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem. - 6.9.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface. - 6.10 Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneaus Media. - 6.11 Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field. - 6.12 Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13 Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13.1 The Escape Probability. - 6.14 Summary. - 7 Approximate Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering. - 7.2.1 Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scaltering Series. - 7.2.2 Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem. - 7.3 The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering. - 7.3.1 Approximate Differential Equations. - 7.3.2 The Mean lnclination: Possible Choices for [My]. - 7.3.3 Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach. - 7.3.4 Prototype Problem 2: lmbedded Source. - 7.3.5 Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence. - 7.4 Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab. - 7.5 Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.1 Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations. - 7.5.2 The Backscattering Coefficients. - 7.5.3 Two-Stream Salutions for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.4 Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.5 Generalized Two-Stream Equations. - 7.6 Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method. - 7.7 Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method. - 7.8 Summary. - 8 Accurate Numerical Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method - Isotropic Scattering. - 8.2.1 Quadrature Formulas. - 8.2.2 The Double-Gauss Method. - 8.3 Anisotropic Scattering. - 8.3.1 General Considerations. - 8.3.2 Quadrature Rule. - 8.4 Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.4.1 Two- and Four-Stream Approximations. - 8.4.2 Multistream Approximation ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5 Matrix Eigensolutions. - 8.5.1 Two-Stream Salutions ( N = 1). - 8.5.2 Multistream Solutions ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5.3 Inhomogeneous Solution. - 8.5.4 General Solution. - 8.6 Source Function and Angular Distributions. - 8.7 Boundary Conditions - Removal of Ill-Conditioning. - 8.7.1 Boundary Conditions. - 8.7.2 Removal of Numerical lll-Conditioning. - 8.8 Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media. - 8.8.1 General Solution - Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions. - 8.8.2 Source Functions and Angular Distributions. - 8.8.3 Numerical lmplementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.9 Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field. - 8.9.1 The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure. - 8.9.2 Computed lntensity Distributions for the Standard Problem. - 8.10 The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem. - 8.10.1 Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 8.10.2 Quadrature and General Solution. - 8.10.3 Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions. - 8.11 The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods. - 8.11.1 Matrix-Exponential Solution - Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules. - 8.11.2 Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods. - 8.11.3 Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules - Adding of Dissimilar Layers. - 8.12 Other Accurate Methods. - 8.12.1 The Spherical-Harmonics Method. - 8.12.2 Invariant lmbedding. - 8.12.3 Iteration Methods. - 8.12.4 The Feautrier Method. - 8.12.5 Integral Equation Approach. - 8.12.6 Monte Carlo Methods. - 8.13 Summary. - 9 Shortwave Radiative Transfer. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Solar Radiation. - 9.3 Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - 9.3.1 Gaseaus Absorption and Penetration Depth. - 9.3.2 Optical Properlies of Atmospheric Aerosols. - 9.3.3 Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds. - 9.3.4 Optical Properties of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.5 Optical Properties of the Ocean. - 9.3.6 Optical Properties of Snow and Ice. - 9.4 Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere. - 9.4.1 Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean. - 9.4.2 Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds. - 9.4.3 Computation of Photolysis Rates. - 9.4.4 UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance. - 9.4.5 UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth 's Surface. - 9.4.6 Comparisan of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface. - 9.5 Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean. - 9.5.1 Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean. - 9.5.2 Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water. - 9.5.3 Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factars. - 9.5.4 Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance. - 9.5.5 Modefing the UV Transmission into the Ocean. - 9.5.6 Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean. - 9.6 Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice. - 9.7 Summary. - 1 0 Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Transmission in an Isolated Line. - 10.2.1 Isolated Lorentz Line. - 10.3 Band Models. - 10.3.1 The Elsasser Band Model. - 10.3.2 Distributed Line lntensities. - 10.3.3 Random Band Model. - 10.3.4 MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model. - 10.4 Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media. - 10.4.1 Method of the k-Distribution. - 10.4.2 k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model. - 10.5 Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneaus Media. - 10.5.1 The H- C-G Scaling Approximation. - 10.5.2 LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneaus Paths. - 10.5.3 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations. - 10.5.4 The Correlated-k Method. - 10.5.5 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method. - 10.6 Summary. - 11 Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media. - 11.1 lntroduction. - 11.2 Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions. - 11.2.1 Monochromatic Flux Equations. - 11.2.2 Wide-Band Emittance Models. - 11.2.3 Narrow-Band Absorption Model. - 11.2.4 Band Overlap. - 11.2.5 The Diffusivity Approximation. - 11.2.6 Equationsfor the Heating Rate. - 11.2.7 Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium. - 11.2.8 Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates. - 11.3 The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols. - 11.3.1Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud. - 11.3.2 Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds. - 11.3.3 Accurate Treatment Including Scattering. - 11.4 Summary. - 12 The Role of Radiation in Climate. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity. - 12.3 Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity. - 12.4 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium. - 12.5 The Concept of the Emission Height. - 12.6 Effects of spectral window. - 12.7 Radiative forcing. - 12.8 Climate impact of clouds. - 12.8.1 Longwave Effects of water clouds. - 12.8.2 Shortwave effects of water clouds. - 12.8.3 Combined shortwave and longewave effects of clouds. - 12.9 Climate impact of cloud height. - 12.10 Cloud and aerosol forcing. - 12.10.1 Aerosol forcing. - 12.11 Water-Vapor Feedback. - 12.12 Effects of carbon dioxide changes. - 12.13 Greenhouse effect from individual gas species. - 12.14 Summary. - Appendices. - A Nomenclature: Glossary of symbols. - B Physical constants. - C Model atmospheres. - D Ocean optics nomenclature. - E Reflectance and transmittance at an interface. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Radiative transfer is important to a range of disciplines, from the study of greenhause warming to stellar atmospheres and ocean optics. This text provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer for senior undergraduate and graduate students of atmospheric, oceanic, and environmental sciences. With an emphasis on formulation, judicial approximations and numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equation, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean fills a gap between descriptive texts covering the physical processes and the practical numerical approaches needed in research. Designed to convey physical insight into the transfer process, it can also be used as a self-contained manual for practitioners who require accurate modeling of the effects of solar and infrared radiation on natural systems. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean includes a unified treatment of radiation within both the atmosphere and ocean, boundary properties (such as reflectionand absorptance of solid surfaces), heuristic models (Lorentzatom, two-level atom, rotating vibrator), and extensive use of two-stream and approximate methods. State of the-art computational methods are illustrated by a thorough treatment of the discrete-ordinates technique and the correlated-k band absorption method. Exercises and problem sets provide practice in both formulation and solution techniques. Applications to the subjects of solar UV penetration of the atmosphere / ocean system and the greenhause effect serve to illustrate the use of such techniques in modern research. This self-contained, systematic treatment will prepare the student in solving radiative transfer problems across a broad range of subjects.

Description / Table of Contents: Dr Houghton has revised the acclaimed first edition of The Physics of Atmospheres in order to bring this important textbook completely up-to-date. Several factors have led to vigorous growth in the atmospheric sciences, particularly the availability of powerful computers for detailed modelling, the investigation of the atmospheres of other planets, and techniques of remote sensing. The author describes the physical processes governing the structure and circulation of the atmosphere. Simple physical models are constructed by applying the principles of classical thermodynamics, radiative transfer and fluid mechanics, together with analytic and numerical techniques. These models are applied to real planetary atmospheres. This new edition is essential for undergraduates or graduate students studying atmospheric physics, climatology or meteorology, as well as planetary scientists with an interest in atmospheres.

Description / Table of Contents: Engineers and applied geophsicists routinely encounter interpolation and estimation problems when analyzing data from field observations. Introduction to Geostatistics presents practical techniques for the estimation of spatial functions from sparse data. The author's unique approach is a synthesis of classic and geostatistical methods, with a focus on the most practical linear minimum-variance estimation methods, and includes suggestions on how to test and extend the applicability of such methods. The author includes many useful methods often not covered in other geostatistics books, such as estimating variogram parameters, evaluating the need for a variable mean, parameter estimation and model testing in complex cases (e.g., anisotropy, variable mean, and multiple variables), and using information from deterministic mathematical models. Well illustrated with exercises and worked examples taken from hydrogeology, Introduction to Geostatistics assumes no background in statistics and is suitable for graduate-level courses in earth sciences, hydrology, and environmental engineering and also for self-study.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Climate variability, predictability and climate risks: a European perspective ; Climate variability-observations, reconstructions, and model simulations for the Atlantic-European and Alpine region from 1500-2100 AD ; Challenges posed by and approaches to the study of seasonal-to-decadal climate variability ; Global warming and the summertime evapotranspiration regime of the Alpine region ; Climate risks and their impact on agriculture and forests in Switzerland ; The couplin of optimal economic growth and climate dynamics ; Modeling endogenous learning and imperfect competition effects in climate change economics ; Economics of climate policy and collective decision making