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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 2815-2824 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Stereoelectronic Requirements of 1,2-Rearrangements of Vinyl CationsThe triflates 8, 9, 12, 17, 19, and 23 have been synthesized to investigate their solvolysis products in absol. 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) (Table 1). The kinetics of the solvolysis in 50% ethanol have been measured as well. The rate constants give a straight correlation line when we apply an approximate Taft's equation, from which we deduce that the solvolyses take place by a kc mechanism; one exception is 12, as it reacts with S-O bond cleavage. We also deduce that the value of ρ* does not depend on steric factors. Relations between structure and rearrangement of vinyl cations are discussed. Mechanisms for the formation of reaction products are proposed.
    Notes: Die Triflate 8, 9, 12, 17, 19 und 23 wurden synthetisiert, um die Produkte ihrer Solvolyse in absol. 2,2,2-Trifluorethanol (TFE) zu untersuchen (Tab. 1). Auch die Kinetik der Solvolysen in 50proz. Ethanol wurde bestimmt (Tab. 2). Die Solvolysegeschwindigkeiten ergeben eine Korrelationsgerade bei einer vereinfachten Taftschen Darstellung, woraus abgeleitet wird, daß die Solvolysen nach einem kc-Mechanismus erfolgen; eine Ausnahme ist 12, das durch S-O-Spaltung solvolysiert. Wir schließen daraus, daß ρ* von sterischen Effekten unabhängig ist. Es werden Beziehungen zwischen Struktur und Umlagerung bei Vinylkationen diskutiert und Mechanismen für die Bildung der Reaktionsprodukte vorgeschlagen.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 120 (1987), S. 1255-1256 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reductive Arylation of Vinyl Trifluromethanesulfonates by Friedel-Crafts ReactionThe reaction of vinyl triflates 1 with benzene and toluene in the presence of aluminium trichloride gives alkyl-, alkenyl-, and 1,1-diarylalkanes 5, 6, 3, 9 depending on the structure of the substrate used. A mechanism for the reductive arylation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 1279-1285 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The copolymerization of β-pinene with styrene oxide (SO) and β-pinene with N-vinylpyrrolidone (VP) was investigated by using SnCl4 in dichloromethane diluent at low temperature. Monomer reactivity ratios were evaluated for both copolymers at -80°C; these are r1(SO) = 2.979 and r2(β-pinene) = 0.002 and r1(VP) = 0.096 and r2(β-pinene) = 0.294.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 39 (1996), S. 435-444 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using the Brownian dynamics simulation technique, we studied the fracture process of DNA chains subjected to transient extensional flow, letting the solution with DNA molecules pass through a very small orifice (radius = 0.0065 cm), thus experiencing extensional flow of the convergent (sink) type. The DNA molecules were modeled as FENE bead-spring chains with the springs obeying a modified Warner force law, as proposed by Reese and Zimm. The fracture yield was strongly dependent on flow rate and molecular weight, reaching, in our setup, a level of 100% at a flow rate of around 0.001 cm3/s for DNA with molecular weight 26 × 106 (T7 DNA). There was found to exist a critical flow rate (Qcrit) below which fracture did not occur, in accordance with what was observed in studies on polystyrene in transient extensional flow. We found that for DNA, the critical flow rate depended on the molecular weight as Qcrit ∼ M-14 when the hydrodynamic interaction effect (HI) was not included in the simulations. When HI was accounted for, the relation was found to be Qcrit ∼ M-1.1, close to the theoretical prediction for fracture of partly extended chains in transient extensional flow. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 152 (1987), S. 79-91 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Untersuchung befaßt sich mit einigen kinetischen Merkmalen der Reaktion von n-Butylisocyanat mit Polyvinylalkohol ohne jeden Katalysator und unter Verwendung von Triethylendiamin als Katalysator. Die Struktur der resultierenden Polymeren wurde mit Hilfe der IR-, 1H-, und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie und chemischer Analyse ermittelt. Es wurden Vinylalkohol-Vinylbutylurethancopolymere (VAL-VBU) erhalten. Es ergab sich eine lineare Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von Polymer-, n-Butylisocyanat- und Triethylendiaminkonzentration. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante nimmt mit zunehmender Reaktionszeit ab. Das kann mit der sterischen Hinderung durch die Urethangruppen, die entlang der Polymerkette eingebaut sind, erklärt werden. Die Aktivierungsenergie ergab sich zu 49,9 kJ/mol. Eine kinetische Untersuchung der homogenen Hydrolyse von VAL-VBU-Copolymeren wurde durchgefilhrt als Funktion der Basenkonzentration, der Temperatur und des VBU Gehalts. Es zeigte sich, daß die homogene Hydrolyse als Reaktion 1 . Ordnung verliluft, sowohl im Hinblick auf die Hydroxylionen als auch auf den VBU-Gehalt. Die Aktivierungsenergie filr die basenkatalysierte Hydrolyse betragt 79,3 kJ/mol. Die heterogene Hydrolyse von VAL-VBU-Copolymeren im basischen Medium zeigte, daß keine Hydrolyse unter diesen Bedingungen stattfand.
    Notes: This study is concerned with some kinetic features of the reaction of n-butyl isocyanate with poly(vinyl alcohol) without any catalyst and using triethylene diamine as catalyst. The structure of the resulting polymers was determined by means of IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. Vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyl urethane (VAL-VBU) copolymers were obtained. It has been found a linear dependence of reaction rate on polymer, n-butyl isocyanate, and triethylene diamine concentrations. Reaction rate constant decreases as reaction time increases. It can be explained by steric hindrance phenomena due to urethane groups incorporated along the polymeric chain. The activation energy was found to be 49.9 kJ/mol. A kinetic study of the homogeneous hydrolysis of VAL-VBU copolymers has been made as a function of the base concentration, the temperature, and the VBU content. The homogeneous hydrolysis was found to be first order with respect to both hydroxyl ion and VBU contents. The activation energy for the base catalyzed homogeneous hydrolysis was found to be 79.3 kJ/mol. The heterogeneous hydrolysis of VAL-VBU copolymers in basic medium showed that no hydrolysis takes place under the conditions employed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 156 (1988), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue Diglycidylester wurden in Gegenwart von quaternären Ammoniumsalzen als Katalysator aus ihren entsprechenden Dicarbonsäuren und Epichlorhydrin hergestellt. Die neuen unsymmetrischen Produkte wurden durch spektroskopische Methoden identifiziert und als Monomere in einer Aushärtungsreaktion eingesetzt. Der Reaktionsverlauf wurde mittels IR-Spektroskopie verfolgt. Die Struktur einiger 1öslicher Zwischenprodukte wurde durch 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Das thermische Verhalten dieser ausgehärteten Epoxidharze wurde ebenfalls untersucht.
    Notes: New diglycidyl esters coming from the corresponding diacids and epichlorohydrin were synthetized using a quaternary ammonium salt as a catalyst. The new asymmetric compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and employed as starting monomers in a crosslinking process. The course of the reactions was followed by IR spectroscopy. Some intermediate species were identified in the onset of the reactions by recording 13C-NMR spectra until the products became insoluble in the usual deuterated solvents. The thermal behaviour of these cured epoxy resins was also studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1990), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die seit langem in der Literatur als “Indophenin-Reaktion” bekannte Umsetzung von Isatin mit Thiophen wurde systematisch untersucht und auf die Umsetzung mit Bithiophen erweitert. Die Reaktionsprodukte wurden isoliert und durch FT-IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR sowie GPC charakterisiert.Im Gegensatz zu den Literaturdaten wurden Reaktionsprodukte mit höheren Molgewichten und anderer Molmassenverteilung gefunden. Die Reaktionsbedingungen - Lösungsmittel, Temperatur und Konzentration - sind für den Reaktionsablauf und die entstehenden Produkte von entscheidender Bedeutung.Füur die oligomeren Reaktionsprodukte werden neue Strukturen vorgeschlagen, die in Übereinstimmung mit allen analytischen Daten sind. Anhand eines Formelschemas werden die Reaktionen des Isatins mit Thiophen (Bithiophen) erläutert.
    Notes: A systematic study of the well-known indophenin reaction between isatin and thiophene was extended to embrace bithiophene. The products of the reactions were isolated and characterized by FT-IR, UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and GPC. The values of the thus determined molar masses and molar mass distributions differed from the data given in the literature. The reaction conditions - solvent, temperature, and concentration - are of crucial importance for the course of the reaction and the products obtained.New structures suggested for the oligomeric reaction products agree with all the analytical data. The reactions between isatin and thiophene (bithiophene) are explained schematically.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The translational and rotational diffusion coefficients and the intrinsic viscosity of semiflexible, randomly broken, and wormilike chains have been obtained by Monte Carlo simulation in the context of the rigid-body treatment. Both approximate and rigorous rigid-body hydrodynamics are used, so that the error introduced by the approximate methods can be evaluated. A randomly broken chain and a wormilike chain having the same contour length and persistence length have the same radius of gyration but different values for any of the hydrodynamic properties. The two types of chains are compared in this regard. Considering that the cross section of the chain is represented by a cylinder better than by a string of spheres, we devise a cylindrical correction to be applied to the results simulated for chains of beads. Application is made to the analysis of experimental data for the translational and rotational coefficients of DNA fragments with up to 103 base pairs, obtaining the persistence length for each model. The values for the wormlike chain agree well with model-independent values obtained from radii of gyration and with other literature data at varying ionic strength. The randomly broken chain is equally able to reproduce the experimental length dependence of the properties, but the resulting persistence length may be too high.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sequence of a cholecystokinin (CCK) related peptide was modified to obtain analogues, which intereact selectively either with CCK-B, or with δ-opioid receptors. Two kinds of peptides were designed, namely, the cyclic peptides of the H-Tyr-cyclo(D-Pen-Gly-Trp-L-/D-3-transmecaptoproline)-Asp-Phe-NH2 sequence (compounds 1a and 1b, respectively), and the linear peptides of the H-Tyr-D-Val-Gly-Trp-L/D-3-trans-methylmercaptoproline-Asp-Phe-NH2 sequence (compounds 2a and 2b, respectively). The only difference between the chemical structures of the linear analogues compared to the cyclic ones is that one covalent bond has been eliminated and a sulfur atom is replaced by a methyl group. Molecular modeling showed that, among low-energy conformers of cyclic compounds 1, there are three-dimensional structures compatible to the model for δ- receptor- bound conformer, suggested earlier[G. V. Nikiforovich. V. J. Hruby. O. Prakash, and C. A. Gehrig (1991) Biopolymers. vol. 31. pp. 941-955]. Results of binding assays fully supported the rationale for the design of compounds 1 and 2. The cyclic analogue 1a has Ki values of 4.5 and 〉 5000 n M at δ- and μ-opioid receptors, respectively; IC50 values of 3000 n M for both CCK-A and CCK-B receptors, whereas its linear counterpart 2a has ki values of 462 and 229 nM at δ- and μ-opioid receptors, respectively; and IC50 values of 1.6 and 〉 10.000 nM for CCK-A and CCK-B receptors, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate a possibility to redirect a peptide sequence that interacts with one type of receptors (CCK-B receptors) toward interaction with another type (δ-opioid receptors) belonging to a different physiological system. This redirection could be performed by changing the conformational properties of the peptide with very minimal changes in its chemical structure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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