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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic observations of the surface of L-cells in culture (1970)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 2 (1970), S. 300-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Techniques are described for the preparation of preshadowed replicas of both the upper and lower surfaces of L-cells in culture, and of cross sections of L-cells growing on a cellophane substrate. These revealed long slender microvilli, 800 to 1,100 A in diameter, projecting from both upper and lower surfaces of the cells. These microvilli were frequently observed to contact other cells and substrate, and to leave material behind on the substrate. The plasma membrane of the lower surface was separated from the substrate by an electron-lucent gap 200 to 300 A wide. The surface coat of the L-cell was visualized by staining with colloidal iron and ruthenium. Staining with colloidal iron was most intense on the surface of the microvilli. The gap between cell and substrate was intensely stained with ruthenium red. Enzymatic digestion of living cells revealed that both trypsin and neuraminidase reduced the staining of the cell coat by colloidal iron, whereas only trypsin altered its staining with ruthenium red. After trypsin treatment, fragments of an amorphous material with the staining characteristics of the cell coat were observed between the denuded cells. Treatment with ribonuclease, chymotrypsin or hyaluronidase did not affect the staining of the cell coat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01869866
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The central MHC gene IKBL carries a structural polymorphism that is associated with HLA-A3,B7,DR15 (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 660-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IKBL ; MHC ; TNF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Susceptibility to several disorders, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, has been associated with alleles of HLA class II genes and loci in the TNF cluster in the central major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. As recombination within this region is rare, it is difficult to determine which genes are important. This will be facilitated by the identification of functional polymorphisms. Hence we are sequencing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products derived from central MHC genes in well characterized and conserved ancestral haplotypes. Here we address the IKBL gene, which lies near the TNF cluster at the telomeric end of the central MHC. Although the IKBL cDNA sequence was conserved between most ancestral haplotypes, a synonymous nucleotide substitution, a 3' untranslated region substitution, and a single nonsynonymous substitution were identified. The latter (IKBL+738) was present in multiple examples of the 7.1 haplotype [HLA-A3, B7, DR2 (DR15)] and resulted in a cysteine to arginine substitution in a predicted protein kinase C phosphorylation site. This polymorphism did not occur in 18 other common haplotypes from the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop and thus appears haplospecific. A role for IKBL+738 in the association between HLA-A3,B7,DR2(DR15) and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050662
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumers’ attitudes, knowledge, self-reported and actual hand washing behaviour: a challenge for designers of intervention materials (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 27 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Cross contamination by microbial pathogens in the kitchen environment may play an important role in many cases of food borne illnesses. Hand washing has been shown to be one of the most important factors in controlling the spread of microorganisms and in preventing the spread of disease. However, educational campaigns such as distribution of information leaflets, workshops, performance feedback and lectures have been, at best, associated with a transient improvement in compliance rates. In addition, the majority of research investigating UK consumers’ food safety behaviour has examined self-reported as opposed to actual hand washing behaviour.This research utilises psychological theory in an attempt to understand how one might design a more effective hand washing campaign. Social cognition models were utilised to explore the relationship between consumers’ knowledge, attitudes, self-reported and actual hand washing behaviour. The research was conducted in two stages. Firstly, salient beliefs of 100 consumers towards food safety were obtained using open-ended questions. Secondly, the food handling practices of 40 consumers were observed and their food safety attitudes and knowledge determined using structured questionnaires.All the participants were knowledgeable about hand washing techniques, intended to wash their hands and generally had positive attitudes towards the importance of washing their hands. However, none of the participants adequately washed their hands on all appropriate occasions. The attitude statement results suggest measures of perceived behavioural control, perceived barriers and perceived risk may provide developers of food safety intervention materials with more useful information compared with measures of consumers’ knowledge or intention. Issues of habit and optimistic bias also need to be given consideration when designing intervention materials to change hand washing behaviour of consumers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1470-6431.2003.00308_22.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-density studies. II. Further comments on the electron density in diamond (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: X-ray powder diffraction data for diamond have been re-analysed, in terms of an 'at rest' deformation-density model of monopole, octupole, hexadecapole and hexacontatettarapole terms of exponential form. The values of the parameters describing the third and fourth-order terms, and the refinement indices, are no different from those of an 'at rest' valence-density model. Unlike earlier analyses, however, the model is consistent with experimental measurements of the absolute scale, and with independently determined values of the Debye-Waller parameter. The predicted values of physical properties such as the gradient of the electric-field gradient at the carbon nucleus are shown to be strongly model-dependent. It is noted that the fit to the data, and in particular to the observed structure factor of the overlapping 333-511 reflection, is poor for all published charge-density analyses. Recent theoretical (crystal 'Hartree-Fock') calculations indicate, within the convolution and harmonic approximations, an experimental B value of 0.172 ± 0.006 Å2 and a scale factor of 1.004 ± 0.002. These theoretical results are, however, in poor agreement with the experimental structure factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S056773947800039X
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Joint X-ray and neutron data refinement of structural and charge density parameters (1981)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 37 (1981), S. 857-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A procedure for joint refinement of X-ray and neutron data is described in which structural, charge density and extinction parameters are adjusted simultaneously in order to arrive at the best least-squares solution with respect to all available diffraction data. This X + N refinement is applied to previously collected low-temperature data on oxalic acid dihydrate, C2H2O4.2H2O, and results are compared with the X-ray-only refinement, and an X-ray refinement with neutron values for the hydrogen structural parameters. The X + N model deformation density shows higher peak heights in the lone-pair regions than the X- ray-only model density and resembles more closely the X-N deformation maps. Though the X + N maps are more strongly model dependent, they contain less noise, provide an analytical description of the deformation density and, unlike the X-N density, can be obtained in principle with a less than complete data set. The estimate of the goodness-of-fit for each of the data sets requires an apportioning of the joint parameters, which in this study is based on the relative magnitude of the least-squares derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739481001873
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clarification of discussion on constrained refinement (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 1020-1021 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Pawley's [Acta Cryst. (1976). A32, 921-922] disproof of the C & D method of applying constraints in crystallographic refinements [Chesick & Davidon (1975). Acta Cryst. A31, 586-591] is incorrect. Nevertheless, the C & D method is incorrect. Both the method and its disproof clearly fail for the particular case of linear least-squares with linear constraints. The method can be corrected in this case but not for the non-linear case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739478002077
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-density studies. I. A neutron diffraction powder study of diamond (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 171-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Neutron powder patterns from two samples have been analysed to provide information on the thermal motion in diamond. The resulting Debye-Waller factor of 0.14-0.17 Å2 lends support to the lattice-dynamic value of 0.149-0.150 Å2. The small effect of extinction (less than 4%) is well described by the Becker & Coppens formula but poorly described by that of Zachariasen. The accuracy of the data necessitated a correction for thermal diffuse scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739478000388
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-density studies. IV. A comparison of techniques for charge-density analysis and their application to s-triazine (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 194-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Some techniques for charge-density analysis proposed by R. F. Stewart have been compared by application to s-triazine, with X-ray data and neutron structural parameters. There is strong correlation between population coefficients for density basis functions which overlap heavily with each other, and in extreme cases individual populations are indeterminate. Multipole expansions centred on the nuclei are better defined than sets of orbital products which include two-centre terms. Trigonal octupole functions centred on the carbon and nitrogen nuclei give a marked improvement in the description of the scattering experiment provided the exponents which determine the radial variation of the density functions are optimized. The optimum exponent varies with the length of the multipole expansion. New algorithms developed for these studies give improved computational efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739478000418
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-density studies. III. A re-evaluation of the electron distribution in crystalline silicon (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Highly accurate absolute measurements of the X-ray structure factors of silicon [Aldred & Hart, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, (1973). 332, 223-238] have been used to analyse a number of models for the electron distribution. Initially, the valence-electron distribution (with the neon core assumed to be unmodified from that of the isolated silicon atoms) was built up with a radial basis of the form rn exp (-ζr) and non-sphericity was allowed for by inclusion of octupole and hexadecapole terms. Improved representation was achieved with related models in which deformations from the total isolated-atom electron density were refined instead. The exact shape of the deformation electron density in the region of the bond was sensitively dependent on the monopole deformation term. The anomalous-dispersion contributions (Δf') to the scattering factors were refined and found to be in agreement with recent interferometric measurements, but not with recent calculations. The octupole density term is slightly sharper at 293.2 than at 92.2 K, and the structure factor for the 222 reflection is predicted to be larger at the higher temperature. These effects may be due to a failure of the convolution approximation or to uncertainties in the anharmonic corrections to the structure-factor data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739478000406
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-density studies. V. The electron density in melamine (2,4,6-triamino-s-triazine) with and without exponent refinement (1978)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 203-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The electron density distribution in melamine has been studied with X-ray diffraction data and neutron structural parameters. The at-rest valence density is represented as a set of nuclear-centred multipole density functions with Slater-type radial functions. Two series of analyses were compared, the first with the radial exponents fixed at the standard molecular values and the second with these exponents as variable parameters. Exponent refinement allows a marked improvement in the fit of the model to the data. The population coefficients of the multipole terms are better defined when the exponents are optimized. On chemically similar atoms the populations of the monopole terms are inversely related to the exponents. The carbon atom parameters agree to high precision. Exponents for the ring and amine nitrogens differ and small differences within each set are related to the hydrogen-bond and packing environment. The exponents and electron density near the nucleus are relatively low for hydrogens involved in hydrogen bonding. The most significant deformation functions in the multipole expansion have a symmetry compatible with nearest-neighbour geometry. Differences between populations are related to distortions from the idealized geometry or to hydrogen-bonding interactions. The inclusion of a hydrogen dipole deformation term with a large exponent results in internally consistent populations which are correlated with N-H stretching amplitudes in the structure. This suggests that the convolution approximation is invalid at this level of structure refinement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S056773947800042X
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