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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 371-377 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Criteria for minimizing the variance in the Fourier synthesis of scattering densities are established. Their value has been confirmed by applying them to a study of bonding electron density by difference Fourier methods. The procedure has conceptual and practical advantages when compared with other types of weighting for the coefficients in a difference synthesis. It is expected that the minimum-variance criterion will improve the interpretability of some other classes of Fourier synthesis, such as those used in the study of protein structures.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 39 (1983), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The problem of inverting crystallographic diffraction data to obtain structural information is examined within the maximum-entropy formulation of information theory. The principal features of the present method (termed statistical geometry) are: (i) all predictions of the method are consistent with the given information (constraints) and least biased with respect to missing information, (ii) the adoption of weak (typically non-linear) constraints for incorporating the major part of the structural information guarantees that a solution exists in practice and leads to filtering of the structure maps consistent with the accuracy of the data, (iii) general conditions are established which lead to unique solutions for the structure map, (iv) atomicity is not a prerequisite, (v) other methods of crystallographic inversion may be incorporated via the adoption of appropriate constraint relations, and (vi) the task of numerical solution is roughly linear in the number of reflexions and in the number of pixels in the structure, and involves only straightforward numerical techniques. These features suggest that the method is especially well suited to problems such as the structure determination of biological macromolecules, and the determination of high-resolution electron-density maps, although it manifestly provides a general framework for treating a wide class of image-processing problems.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 39 (1983), S. 594-594 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: As a result of a printer's error, the first line of § 4.6 (page 56) of Wilkins, Varghese & Lehmann [Acta Cryst. (1983), A39, 47-60] is in error. The first sentence of that section should read: 'In order to give an illustration of the way in which the SGM may be used .... '.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 31 (1975), S. 101-115 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Charge-density analyses have been carried out on twelve sets of X-ray data. For materials containing first-row atoms intensities measured by the θ:2θ method yield gross populations concordant with electronegativities and the shapes of the distributions agree qualitatively with predictions from force-field arguments. Gross charges are sensitive to experimental errors systematic with Bragg angle, but are insensitive to deficiencies in the models for thermal motion. Noise in thermal parameters is a limiting factor for hydrogen populations determined from X-ray data alone, but mechanistic models for the hydrogen motions obviate this difficulty. Spherically symmetric functions centred at the nuclei give a poor representation of the density for bonded hydrogen. Slater-type orbital products with standard molecular exponents sample the valence density less efficiently for second-row atoms than for carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Two-centre density functions overlap heavily with neighbouring one-centre terms, and do not provide a useful extension to basis sets for charge-density studies. There are discrepancies between experimental populations and semi-empirical INDO calculations for strongly polar systems.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The electron density distribution in melamine has been studied with X-ray diffraction data and neutron structural parameters. The at-rest valence density is represented as a set of nuclear-centred multipole density functions with Slater-type radial functions. Two series of analyses were compared, the first with the radial exponents fixed at the standard molecular values and the second with these exponents as variable parameters. Exponent refinement allows a marked improvement in the fit of the model to the data. The population coefficients of the multipole terms are better defined when the exponents are optimized. On chemically similar atoms the populations of the monopole terms are inversely related to the exponents. The carbon atom parameters agree to high precision. Exponents for the ring and amine nitrogens differ and small differences within each set are related to the hydrogen-bond and packing environment. The exponents and electron density near the nucleus are relatively low for hydrogens involved in hydrogen bonding. The most significant deformation functions in the multipole expansion have a symmetry compatible with nearest-neighbour geometry. Differences between populations are related to distortions from the idealized geometry or to hydrogen-bonding interactions. The inclusion of a hydrogen dipole deformation term with a large exponent results in internally consistent populations which are correlated with N-H stretching amplitudes in the structure. This suggests that the convolution approximation is invalid at this level of structure refinement.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 36 (1980), S. 657-669 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Representations of a high-quality molecular electron density are studied. An evaluation of restricted radial functions is made using a least-squares figure of merit, the molecular quadrupole moment, the electric field at the nucleus, the electric-field gradient at the nucleus, an approximate energy and difference-density maps. It is concluded that for an accurate representation expansions to the quadrupole level or higher are needed with either single-term Slater-type radial functions having all exponents optimized, or two-term functions with a common exponent optimized. Generalized scattering factors from the restricted radial functions are not good approximations to those from completely flexible radial functions, but nevertheless give good property values.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 3 (1996), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A paraboloidally tapered glass monocapillary was used to focus an 8 keV monochromated synchrotron bending-magnet X-ray beam into a 40 (±5) μm focal spot located 45 (±5) mm from the exit of the capillary. This focal spot had a measured intensity gain of 120 (±10) times the intensity present in an equivalent cross section of the unfocused beam from the monochromator. This focused beam was used to obtain oscillation diffraction patterns on image plates from a hen egg-white lysozyme protein crystal in two distinct geometries: one with the specimen crystal at the capillary exit and the other with the crystal at the beam focus. In the first geometry, focused Bragg reflections were observed at the focal plane. In the second geometry, diverging Bragg reflections of high intensity from a small crystal volume were observed. Image-plate diffraction patterns for these two geometries were compared with exposures with equivalent integrated diffracted intensities obtained using a 100 × 100 μm unfocused X-ray beam with the same crystal. The use of the focused beam resulted in a reduction in the exposure time required to produce equivalent patterns by a factor of between 70 and 100.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 2102-2108 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 41 (1985), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The structure of a complex between influenza virus neuraminidase and an antibody displays features inconsistent with the inflexible 'lock and key' model of antigen‐antibody binding. The structure of the antigen changes on binding, and that of the antibody may also change; the interaction ...
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