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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 223 (1969), S. 396-396 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The ratios 13C/12C and 18O/16O for the two German whewellites1 and for the North American2 have been determined mass-spectrometrically. The S-values are defined in the usual way and given relative to PDB. At least two of the following methods have in each case been used for the preparation of the ...
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 25 (1978), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 26 carbonates from the magnesite deposit at Eugui have been investigated for the13C and18O content. The CO2 of the magnesites has been liberated by the phosphoric-acid raction at 50°C. The isotopic composition as well as geological-sedimentological arguments favor a sedimentary-metamorphic origin of the magnesite deposit.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 26 Karbonaten der Magnesitlagerstätte von Eugui wurde die C-und O-Isotopenzusammensetzung bestimmt, wobei die Magnesite bei 50°C mit Phosphorsäure zur Reaktion gebracht wurden. Aus den Isotopenmessungen sowie aus den bereits vorliegenden geologisch-sedimentologischen Untersuchungen erscheint eine sedimentär-metamorphe Entstehung der Magnesitlagerstätte am ehesten zuzutreffen.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 34 (1985), S. 143-158 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit 1930 wird aus tertiären Abfolgen des Wiener Beckens Öl und Gas gefördert. Zwischen tertiäre Speichergesteine sind kalkige Schiefer eingeschaltet, die von früheren Autoren als mögliche Muttergesteine angesehen werden. In dieser Arbeit wird der Reifegrad des organischen Materials in den Schiefern untersucht. Organischer Kohlenstoff wurde in 36 Schieferproben (780 bis 2812 m) aus der Aderklaa 78 Bohrung durch coulometrische Titration bestimmt. Die Werte schwanken zwischen 0,22 und 2,04% Corg und weisen einen Mittelwert von 0,81% auf. Leichte Variation der Werte im unteren Teil der Bohrung sind auf unterschiedliche Anteile des ursprünglichen organischen Materials zurückzuführen. Bitumen-Extrakte ergaben zwischen 1,2 und 70,2 mg/100 g Schiefer mit einem Mittelwert von 270 ppm, im Vergleich zu 2480 ppm Mittelwert für kalkige Schiefer als Muttergestein. Die Bitumen bestehen aus wenig degradiertem, möglicherweise aus Lipiden stammenden organischen Material. Der relativ große Gehalt an gesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen in Bitumen aus der tiefsten Probe (2812 m) ist wahrscheinlich auf Kontamination durch ein unterliegendes Reservoir zurückzuführen. Untersuchungen des Kerogens an 9 Proben ergab Typ III Kerogen, welches in der tiefsten Probe fast ausschließlich aus Vitrinit besteht. Vitrinit-Reflexionsmessungen (R 0=0,36 bis 0,53, zunehmende Werte von 820 bis 2703 m) deuten einen geringen Reifegrad an der ausschließt, daß dedeutende Mengen Kohlenwasserstoffe abgespaltet worden sind. Eine Betrachtung der HC- und O/C-Elementverhältnisse gibt weitere Hinweise auf terrigenes, pflanzliches, Typ III Kerogen in den Aderklaa-Proben. Aus der Gesamtheit der Daten über die Zusammensetzung und den Reifegrad des neogenen organischen Materials wird geschlossen, daß keine bedeutende Degradation stattgefunden hat, und daß das “petroleum window” in prä-tertiären Schichten liegen muß. Der Gehalt an Hetero-Verbindungen in den geförderten Ölen deutet jedoch an, daß es zu Kontaminationen durch das neogene organische Material gekommen ist.
    Notes: Summary Poil- and gas-producing horizons in the Tertiary section of the Vienna Basin are intercalated with calcareous shales. In this study, the shales are examined in view of their source rock potential. 36 shales from 780 to 2812 m of six inch well cores from Aderklaa 78 hole were analysed for organic carbon by coulometric titration method. Organic C values vary from 0.22 to 2.04% with a mean value of 0.81%. A slight increase in the lower parts of the hole reflects initial differences in organic carbon content. Total bitumen extracts vary between 1.2 and 70.2 mg/100 g shale with a mean value of 270 ppm bitumen compared to a mean of 2480 ppm for average calcareous shale source rock. Aderklaa bitumen largely consists of unaltered material, perhaps being derived early from lipids. Only the deepest bitumen (2812 m) has higher saturated hydrocarbon content which is regarded as contamination from the underlying reservoir. Investigation of the Aderklaa kerogens from 9 shale samples suggests that they are type III kerogens, consisting almost entirely of vitrinite in the deepest sample examined. From vitrinite reflectance (R 0=0.36 to 0.53, increasing downhole from 820 to 2703 m) it is obvious that kerogens are insufficiently mature to have produced major amounts of hydrocarbons. Plots of the atomic H/C versus O/C ratios corroborate the type III, terrigenous, plant-derived characteristic of Aderklaa kerogens. These investigations of the nature and state of preservation of the Neogene organic matter indicates that the petroleum window lies within pre-Tertiary basement, and that the temperatures were not sufficient for significant degradation of the Neogene Type III kerogen. However, the high hetero-compound content of numerous Vienna crudes suggests contamination with bitumens from this Tertiary organic matter.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 114 (1993), S. 42-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The pilot hole of the Continental Deep Borehole (KTB) drilling project is located in the Bavarian Oberpfalz at the western margin of the Bohemian Massif. The 4-km deep borehole penetrated various paragneisses and minor orthogneisses with intercalations of amphibolites and metagabbros. The different lithologies have systematically different whole-rock oxygen isotope values and give little evidence for large scale water-rock interaction. Minor fluid interaction is well documented during retrograde metamorphism by non-equilibrium fractionations between refractory minerals (quartz, garnet and hornblende) and altered minerals (chlorite/biolite and feldspar). Ubiquitous vein mineralisation indicates fluid-induced retrogression at temperatures between 150°C and 400°C. The δD values of hydroxylbearing minerals are very uniform in all lithologic units. The calculated hydrogen isotope composition of the fluid in equilibrium with matrix and vein minerals increases from -45‰ for metabasic rocks, to -20‰ for gneisses, to about -5‰ for vein minerals. The oxygen isotope composition of the fluid has been buffered by the rock and decreases with decreasing temperature because of increasing fractionations at low temperatures and low water-rock ratios. Modern fluids sampled from open cavities within the borehole have isotopic compositions that suggest a continuous fluid evolution during retrogression in a closed system. The δ13C values of calcite and graphite also indicate closed system mixing processes.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 83 (1983), S. 320-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The oxygen isotope composition of 56 Hercynian granites and 42 pre-Hercynian gneisses has been investigated. In addition some mineral δ 18O data and 5 δD values of whole rocks have been obtained. The granites from the N-Schwarzwald show, in general, relatively uniform δ 18O values between 11.5 and 13.5‰, those from the S-Schwarzwald are less uniform and lighter in 18O and range from 2.3 to 11.5‰. The gneisses from the pre-Hercynian basement exhibit more or less the same variation and range from 1.7 to 10.4‰. δ 18O values 〈6‰ only occur in the S-Schwarzwald and obviously indicate hydrothermal interactions of meteoric waters, which probably took place after the emplacement and solidification of the granites and which equally affected granites and gneisses. Due to the nearly identical 18O/16O ratios of S-Schwarzwald granites and gneisses, it is proposed that such gneisses in the pre-Hercynian basement qualify as the precursor rocks of the S-Schwarzwald, granites whereas for the N-Schwarzwald granites crustal rocks with heavier δ 18O values, unknown from the present surface, have to be postulated. This distribution is also reflected on a 87Sr/86Sr-18O/16O diagram.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 359 (1997), S. 458-461 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Due to permanent re-equilibration processes that minerals undergo during dynamic processes within the earth, minerals build up concentration profiles – mainly from rim to core – which are ideal indicators of the geological processes the rocks have suffered. To understand these fingerprints of geological processes micro-analytical facilities are required that allow measurement of the isotopic and chemical composition of spot sizes from about 1 μm to 1 mm at concentration levels in the ng/g-range. Laser ablation techniques combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (SIRMS) recently have achieved these demands. This contribution gives an example about their potential in establishing concentration gradients within minerals for geological questions.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 37 (1972), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract On dolomites and calcites from the Malm (Upper Jurassic) formation of Southern Germany δ 13C and δ 18O-determinations have been done. The most striking feature of our results is that the dolomites are isotopically lighter in oxygen isotope composition than the coexisting calcites. The isotopic composition of the formation waters during dolomitization and diagenetic recrystallization seem to be more effective in influencing the isotope composition of dolomites than a possible fractionation under isotopic equilibrium conditions. Although it is often assumed that dolomite is more stable against diagenetic isotope exchange than calcite, it is demonstrated that the 18O-content of dolomites seems to decrease too with increasing geologic age.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 37 (1972), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Travertines are characterized by high rates of deposition. Waters from which travertines are precipitated have more than ten times the calcium concentration of mean continental surface waters. Calcium has been dissolved at some depth as sulfate and as carbonate the latter in bicarbonate rich waters. 38 samples from the important travertine deposits of Slovakia have been analyzed for the major elements including sulfate and 4 minor elements (Sr, Mn, Zn, Cu). Strontium and magnesium are correlated with the sulfur content. Due to its isotopic composition sulfate can be of Triassic origin. 9 out of 16 spring waters from the areas of travertine deposition contain more than 1000 ppm HCO 3 − +H2CO3 and 10 out of 16 more than 500 ppm SO 4 2− . A high carbonate content of waters is correlated with isotopically heavy carbon of travertines. Heavy carbonate carbon occurs also in travertines from CO2 discharging areas in Italy, Persia and Jugoslavia. A magmatic or metamorphic source of carbon dioxide can be considered for the carbonate of the majority of the Slovakian travertine deposits.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 52 (1975), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The carbon isotopic composition of CO2 from fluid inclusions in granulite facies rocks has been determined. The “primary” carbonic fluid — most probably being of Upper Mantle origin — appears to have δ 13C-values around −15%. or even lighter up to −20%. During the late stages of retromorphosis an enrichment in the heavy carbon isotope seems to occur resulting in δ-values between −5 and −7%. which, on the basis of 13C/12C ratios of carbonatites, kimberlites and diamonds have been taken up till now as representative for juvenile carbon. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 81 (1982), S. 262-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The most CO2-rich cordierite thus far encountered in nature with about 2.2 wt.% CO2 and 0.3 wt.% H2O occurs as large poikiloblasts in a strange non-foliated “reaction rock” that dissects well-foliated granulites being part of the classical Lapland granulite area described by Eskola. The cordierite is optically positive with the highest optic angle 2V x (∼106°) and birefringence (γ−α = 0.017) ever measured on natural cordierites, but it is also optically very heterogeneous due to secondary loss of CO2 along fractures and zones paralleling the fluid-bearing channels. Based on the optical properties of the degassed Lapland cordierite and on literature data a ternary diagram is given, which shows the variations of this cordierite in 2V x and birefringence as a function of channel-filling with both CO2 and H2O. Following Losert (1971) the cordierite coexists with calcite, a thus far unique mineral assemblage that is probably only stable at very high CO2 pressures. In the present case, the $$X_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } $$ of the cordierite (∼0.75) indicates, on the basis of literature data, a coexisting fluid with $$X_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} } $$ 〉0.95. The carbon isotope composition δ 13C of CO2 in cordierite lies near −7‰, that of the calcite is slightly lighter than about −9‰. Thus, at least for the CO2 in cordierite, a deep-seated origin may be possible. Based on the geologic occurrence it is speculated that the cordierite-bearing “reaction rock” could perhaps represent an annealed channel of late degassing in the granulitic lower crust.
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