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  • 1
    Call number: ILP/M 06.0137
    In: Publication of the International Lithosphere Programme
    In: Tectonophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 184 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Publication of the International Lithosphere Programme 331
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 31 (1996), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fluid inclusions in mineralized graphite-sillimanite-mica schist from the Rampura-Agucha Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit, Rajasthan, northwest India, have been investigated by microthermometry and Raman microspectrometry. Three different main types of fluid inclusions in quartz can be distinguished: (1) gaseous (CO2, partially mixed with CH4-N2), (2) low salinity aqueous inclusions (0–8 eq. wt% NaCl) and (3) high salinity aqueous inclusions (NaCl ± MgCl2-CaCl2). Low density CO2-rich and low salinity H2O inclusions are contemporaneous and occur, together with CH4-N2 inclusions, in close association with sulfide mineral inclusions. This indicates immiscibility between the gaseous and aqueous phase and participation of these fluids during the deposition or remobilization of the ore, which occurred over a wide P (1220 to 200 bar) and T (450 to 250 °C). Raman spectra of graphite indicate upper greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions, although host rocks have been metamorphosed at upper amphibolite-facies metamorphic conditions. This indicates that graphite re-equilibrated with the CO2-rich phase during retrograde metamorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 31 (1996), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract.  Fluid inclusions in mineralized graphite-sillimanite-mica schist from the Rampura–Agucha Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit, Rajasthan, northwest India, have been investigated by microthermometry and Raman microspectrometry. Three different main types of fluid inclusions in quartz can be distinguished: (1) gaseous (CO2, partially mixed with CH4-N2), (2) low salinity aqueous inclusions (0–8 eq. wt% NaCl) and (3) high salinity aqueous inclusions (NaCl± MgCl2-CaCl2). Low density CO2-rich and low salinity H2O inclusions are contemporaneous and occur, together with CH4-N2 inclusions, in close association with sulfide mineral inclusions. This indicates immiscibility between the gaseous and aqueous phase and participation of these fluids during the deposition or remobilization of the ore, which occurred over a wide P (1220 to 200 bar) and T (450 to 250 °C). Raman spectra of graphite indicate upper greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions, although host rocks have been metamorphosed at upper amphibolite-facies metamorphic conditions. This indicates that graphite re-equilibrated with the CO2-rich phase during retrograde metamorphism.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physica B+C 139-140 (1986), S. 834-840 
    ISSN: 0378-4363
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 21 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A combined oxygen-isotope and fluid-inclusion study has been carried out on high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (HP/UHPM) eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenite from the Dabie-Sulu terranes in eastern China. Coesite-bearing eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenite and quartz eclogites have a wide range in whole-rock δ18OVSMOW, from 0 to 11‰. The high-T oxygen-isotope fractionations preserved between quartz and garnet preclude significant retrograde isotope exchange during exhumation, and the wide range in whole-rock oxygen-isotope composition is thought to be a presubduction signature of the precursors. Aqueous fluids with variable salinities and gas species (N2-, CO2-, or CH4-rich), are trapped as primary inclusions in garnet, omphacite and epidote, and in quartz blebs enclosed within eclogitic minerals. In high-δ18O HP/UHPM rocks from Hujialin and Shima, high-salinity brine and/or N2 inclusions occur in garnet porphyroblasts, which also contain inclusions of coesite, Cl-rich blue amphibole and dolomite. In contrast, in low-δ18O eclogites from Qinglongshan and Huangzhen, the Cl concentrations in amphibole are very low, 〈 0.2 wt.%, and low-salinity aqueous inclusions occur in quartz inclusions in epidote porphyroblasts and in epidote cores. These low-salinity fluid inclusions are believed to be remnants of meteoric water, although the fluid composition was modified during pre- and syn-peak HP/UHPM. Eclogites at Houshuichegou and Hetang contain CH4-rich fluid inclusions, coexisting with high-salinity brine inclusions. Methane was probably formed under the influence of CO2-rich aqueous fluids during serpentinisation of mantle-derived peridotites prior to or during plate subduction. Remnants of premetamorphic low- to high-salinity aqueous fluid with minor N2 and/or other gas species preserved in the Dabie-Sulu HP/UHPM eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenite indicate a great diversity of initial fluid composition in the precursors, implying very limited fluid–rock interaction during syn- and post-peak HP/UHPM.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 12 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The enderbites from Tromøy in the central, granulite facies part of the Proterozoic Bamble sector of southern Norway contain dominantly CO2 and N2 fluid inclusions. CO2 from fluid inclusions in quartz segregations in enderbites was extracted by mechanical (crushing) and thermal decrepitation and the δ13C measured. Measurement was also made on samples washed in 10% HCl, oxidized with CuO at high temperatures, and step-wise extracted with progressive heating. Results between the different techniques are systematic. The main results show δ13C of -4.5±1.5% for crushing and -7±2% for thermal decrepitation. δ13C is about constant for CO2 extracted at different temperatures and points to a homogeneous isotopic composition. Due to the presence of carbonate particles and/or induced contaminations for the extraction by thermal decrepitation, the results for the crushing experiments are assumed the most reliable for fluid-inclusion CO2. Very low values of δ13C have not been found in enderbite samples and δ13C combined with δ18O of the host quartzes (8-11%) indicates juvenile values. In addition, the fluid inclusions were examined by microthermometry and Raman analysis and host quartz by acoustic emission and cathodoluminescence. CO2 fluid inclusions have varying densities with a frequency maximum of 0.92 g cm-3 and generally do not concur with trapping densities at granulite conditions. Textures show that CO2 must have been trapped in fluid inclusions in one early event, but transformed to different extents during late isothermal uplift without important fractionation of isotope compositions. The present data support a model of intrusion and crystallization of a CO2-rich enderbitic magma at granuiite conditions.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Insel Zabargad (St.John's Island) im Roten Meer befinden sich drei Peridotit-Körper von denen einer seit Jahrtausenden den berühmten Peridot (Edelolivin) geliefert hat. Die ultramafischen Gesteine von Zabargad gliedern sich in zwei Hauptgruppen: die Peridotite und die mit diesen vergesellschafteten Ganggesteine. Die Peridotite können in drei Gruppen gegliedert werden: die primitiven, die verarmten und die metasomatisch veränderten Peridotite. Am meisten verbreitet auf Zabargad sind die primitiven Peridotite. Diese sind meist Spinell-Lherzolithe mit einer chemischen Zusammensetzung, welche dem subkontinentalen Oberen Erdmantel entspricht. Die verarmten Peridotite werden hauptsächlich von Harzburgiten und einigen wenigen Duniten repräsentiert. Beide sind jenen aus anderen Vorkommen der Welt sehr ähnlich. Die am stärksten verarmten Peridotite scheinen auch die stärksten metasomatischen Veränderungen erfahren zu haben—ein Trend, der auch schon an anderen ultramafischen Komplexen erkannt wurde. Metasomatische Anreicherungen inkompatibler Spurenelemente sind häufig direkt mit tektonischer Verformung und Kataklase gekoppelt. Die Metasomatose ist als Infiltration inkompatibler Elemente erkennbar und führte auch zur Bildung von Porphyroblasten von Klinopyroxen, Amphibol, Al-Spinell und Plagioklas. Diese Bildungen fanden unter verschiedenen p-T-Bedingungen statt und erfolgten durch Fluide mit unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen. Die (meist ultramafischen) Ganggesteine sind häufig monomineralisch und umfassen Olivinite, Orthopyroxenite, Klinopyroxenite, Websterite, Hornblendite und Plagioklasite. Wir glauben, daß diese Gesteine von Fluiden gebildet wurden, welche ähnlich jenen waren, die die Metasomatosen der Peridotite verursachten. Diese Genese wird von uns der magmatischen vorgezogen. Die Fluide stammten aus peridotitischen Reservoiren (fertilen und verarmten) und waren mit diesen offenbar im Gleichgewicht. Die Ganggesteine sind sehr reich an “fluid inclusions”, welche allerdings keine Flüssigkeit enthalten, sondern nur Festkörper (Salze) und CO2 (± N2), also einen trockenen, hypersalinen Charakter haben. Auch die monomineralischen Ganggesteine sind eng mit tektonischen Prozessen verknüpft und somit auch mit metasomatischen Prozessen. Es existieren vollkommene Übergänge von metasomatischen Imprägnationen bis zu echten Ganggesteinen. Solche Prozesse waren offensichtlich auch weltweit in anderen ultramafschen Komplexen aktiv und wurden schon im Seiad Ultramafc Complex in Kalifornien erkannt und beschrieben. Metasomatismus begleitet überlicherweise die Klinopyroxenit- und Hornblendit-Gänge. Orthopyroxenite, Olivinite und auch Plagioklasite zeigen jedoch keine Wechselwirkung mit den Wirtgesteinen. Olivinite sind wahrscheinlich die zuletzt gebildeten Ganggesteine. Der zuletzt sich bildende Olivin wurde der schönste und zum gesuchten Peridot. Alle ultramafschen Gesteine von Zabargad enthalten Minerale aus verschiedenen Bildungsepochen. Einige Relikte erinnern an eine Herkunft aus einer Tiefe von mehr als 85 km. Klinopyroxenite konservierten die höchsten p-T-Bedingungen. Sie waren daher wahrscheinlich die ersten (noch erhaltenen) Ganggesteine, welche sich im peridotitischen Erdmantel unterhalb des heutigen Roten Meeres bildeten. Der p-T-Pfad der Zabargad Ultramafitite deckt sich in großer Tiefe mit der ozeanischen Geotherme. Mit abnehmender Tiefe entfernt sich dieser Pfad allerdings zunehmend von der Geotherme und läßt eine Reihe von tektonischen Aktivitäten verbunden mit Metasomatose und Rekristallisation erkennen. Die p-T-Geschichte der Zabargad Ultramaftite deuten auf einen raschen Aufstieg aus dem Erdmantel hin. Diese Daten werden durch die weitverbreitete und intensive Kontaktmetamorphose der mit den Peridotiten assoziierten Metasedimenten unterstützt.
    Notes: Summary Zabargad (St. John's) Island in the Red Sea contains three ultramafic bodies, one of which bas produced the famous gem olivine (peridot). The ultramafic rock types consist of two major groups—the peridotites and the vein rocks within them. The peridotites are divided into three groups: primitive, depleted and metasomatized. The primitive peridotites are the most abundant and are represented by mainly pristine spinellherzolites which have chemical compositions representative of the subcontinental upper mantle. The depleted peridotites are mainly harzburgites and nome dunites and both are similar to worldwide occurrences. The most depleted peridotites also appear to have the greatest metasomatic additions of incompatible elements, as has been noted at other localities. Metasomatic additions were clearly accompanied by tectonic shearing. Metasomatism included infiltration of incompatible elements and the formation of porphyroblasts of clinopyroxene, amphibole, Al-spinel and plagioclase; il took place under a variety of p-T conditions and with fluids of differing compositions. The vein rocks are mainly monomineralic and comprise olivinites, orthopyroxenites, clinopyroxenites, websterites, hornblendites and plagioclasites. These rocks are believed to have formed from fluids similar to that which metasomatized the host rock, rather than by some kind of igneous process. The fluids were derived from peridotite reservoirs (fertile and depleted) and apparently were in equilibrium with these reservoirs. Highly abundant fluid inclusions document the hypersaline and CO2-dominated character of these fluids. Monomineralic vein rocks are closely associated with metasomatic and tectonic processes, and there is a complete transition between metasomatic impregnation and formation of vein rocks. These processes may have also been active in other peridotite bodies of the world, as was earlier recognized and documented in the Seiad Ultramafic Complex, California. Metasomatism is evident along clinopyroxenite and hornblendite veins, whereas orthopyroxenites, olivinites and plagioclasites do not show any interaction with the wall rocks. Olivinites are probably the latest (lowest p-T) vein rock type, and the latest olivine which formed within their open cavities became the gem peridot. Zabargad ultramafic rocks preserve relic phases indicating an initial depth of origin greater than 85 km. Clinopyroxenites preserve the memories of the highest p-T conditions and they may be the first vein rock type formed in the peridotites. The p-T path of uplift coincides with the oceanic geotherm at great depth but deviates systematically from it with falling pressure in a series of tectonic stages accompanied by metasomatism and recrystallization. The p-T and petrologic history indicates rapid uplift, a feature which is supported by extensive contact metamorphism of the associated metasediments.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 59 (1997), S. 239-250 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Karbonatit-Komplex von Nkombwa Hill kommt Bastnäsit-(Ce), (Ce-La) CO3F, als eine weitverbreitete Komponente in Xenolithen in späten Ferrokarbonatit-Lagergängen und Gängen vor. Bastnäsit-(Ce) bildet faserige gelbe Kristalle in einer Matrix aus Dolomit, die ungefähr 1 µm groß sind, Monazit verdrängen und mit Baryt assoziiert sind. Ähnlich wie Bastnäsit von anderen Lokalitäten, enthält auch dieser bis zu 70% RE2O3 fast ausschließlich als Oxide der Leichten Seltenen Erden. Der Bastnäsite-(Ce) von Nkombwa Hill ist jedoch relativ verarmt an La und an Pr und Nd angereichert.
    Notes: Summary Within the Nkombwa Hill carbonatite complex, bastnäsite-(Ce), (Ce,La)CO3F, has been identified as an abundant mineral in xenoliths hosted by late-stage ferrocarbonatite sills and dykes. Bastnäsite-(Ce) occurs as fibrous yellow crystals, about 1 µm in size, replacing monazite and in association with baryte, in a matrix of dolomite. In common with bastnäsite-(Ce) from other locations, the bastnäsite-(Ce) of Nkombwa Hill contains up to 70% RE2O3, almost entirely as light rare-earth oxides. However, Nkombwa Hill bastnäsite-(Ce) is relatively deficient in La and enriched in Pr and Nd.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 52 (1975), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The carbon isotopic composition of CO2 from fluid inclusions in granulite facies rocks has been determined. The “primary” carbonic fluid — most probably being of Upper Mantle origin — appears to have δ 13C-values around −15%. or even lighter up to −20%. During the late stages of retromorphosis an enrichment in the heavy carbon isotope seems to occur resulting in δ-values between −5 and −7%. which, on the basis of 13C/12C ratios of carbonatites, kimberlites and diamonds have been taken up till now as representative for juvenile carbon. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 78 (1982), S. 332-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sulfur and carbon isotope data are presented of 15 granulite samples from the Furua Complex, southern Tanzania, in which scapolite is a primary and major rock-forming constituent (up to 30 vol%). From these data, the isotopic composition is deduced of the sulfate and carbonate group in the scapolite structure. Subsequently, the composition and origin is discussed of the volatile species that are present in the deep crustal environment in which these scapolites formed. The δ 34S-values show a narrow range from 0.3 to 3.6‰, consistent with a deep-seated (mantle) origin of the sulfur; the mean value of 1.9‰ is slightly higher than usually found in rocks of assumed mantle provenance. The results of the carbon isotope analyses are more difficult to interpret; they suggest that the granulites contain two different carbon components with different isotopic compositions. Firstly, one component, liberated by phosphoric acid at room temperature, has δ 13Cvalues between −3.8 and −11.2‰ and a mean value of −6.7‰. This carbon component is assumed to occur as finely dispersed, submicroscopic carbonate inclusions. The second carbon fraction is liberated by phosphoric acid treatment at temperatures between 200 and 400° C and has considerably lower δ 13Cvalues with a mean value of −14.1‰ This seems to represent the carbon isotope composition in the scapolite structure. Such low δ 13C-values do not agree with the generally accepted value of −7‰ for “juvenile” carbon, but they are comparable to those found in early, primary carbonic inclusions from various granulite regions. It is argued that these low δ 13C-values are typical for granulite-facies metamorphism and that they may characterize an important fluid phase of the lower crust.
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