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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Insel Zabargad (St.John's Island) im Roten Meer befinden sich drei Peridotit-Körper von denen einer seit Jahrtausenden den berühmten Peridot (Edelolivin) geliefert hat. Die ultramafischen Gesteine von Zabargad gliedern sich in zwei Hauptgruppen: die Peridotite und die mit diesen vergesellschafteten Ganggesteine. Die Peridotite können in drei Gruppen gegliedert werden: die primitiven, die verarmten und die metasomatisch veränderten Peridotite. Am meisten verbreitet auf Zabargad sind die primitiven Peridotite. Diese sind meist Spinell-Lherzolithe mit einer chemischen Zusammensetzung, welche dem subkontinentalen Oberen Erdmantel entspricht. Die verarmten Peridotite werden hauptsächlich von Harzburgiten und einigen wenigen Duniten repräsentiert. Beide sind jenen aus anderen Vorkommen der Welt sehr ähnlich. Die am stärksten verarmten Peridotite scheinen auch die stärksten metasomatischen Veränderungen erfahren zu haben—ein Trend, der auch schon an anderen ultramafischen Komplexen erkannt wurde. Metasomatische Anreicherungen inkompatibler Spurenelemente sind häufig direkt mit tektonischer Verformung und Kataklase gekoppelt. Die Metasomatose ist als Infiltration inkompatibler Elemente erkennbar und führte auch zur Bildung von Porphyroblasten von Klinopyroxen, Amphibol, Al-Spinell und Plagioklas. Diese Bildungen fanden unter verschiedenen p-T-Bedingungen statt und erfolgten durch Fluide mit unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen. Die (meist ultramafischen) Ganggesteine sind häufig monomineralisch und umfassen Olivinite, Orthopyroxenite, Klinopyroxenite, Websterite, Hornblendite und Plagioklasite. Wir glauben, daß diese Gesteine von Fluiden gebildet wurden, welche ähnlich jenen waren, die die Metasomatosen der Peridotite verursachten. Diese Genese wird von uns der magmatischen vorgezogen. Die Fluide stammten aus peridotitischen Reservoiren (fertilen und verarmten) und waren mit diesen offenbar im Gleichgewicht. Die Ganggesteine sind sehr reich an “fluid inclusions”, welche allerdings keine Flüssigkeit enthalten, sondern nur Festkörper (Salze) und CO2 (± N2), also einen trockenen, hypersalinen Charakter haben. Auch die monomineralischen Ganggesteine sind eng mit tektonischen Prozessen verknüpft und somit auch mit metasomatischen Prozessen. Es existieren vollkommene Übergänge von metasomatischen Imprägnationen bis zu echten Ganggesteinen. Solche Prozesse waren offensichtlich auch weltweit in anderen ultramafschen Komplexen aktiv und wurden schon im Seiad Ultramafc Complex in Kalifornien erkannt und beschrieben. Metasomatismus begleitet überlicherweise die Klinopyroxenit- und Hornblendit-Gänge. Orthopyroxenite, Olivinite und auch Plagioklasite zeigen jedoch keine Wechselwirkung mit den Wirtgesteinen. Olivinite sind wahrscheinlich die zuletzt gebildeten Ganggesteine. Der zuletzt sich bildende Olivin wurde der schönste und zum gesuchten Peridot. Alle ultramafschen Gesteine von Zabargad enthalten Minerale aus verschiedenen Bildungsepochen. Einige Relikte erinnern an eine Herkunft aus einer Tiefe von mehr als 85 km. Klinopyroxenite konservierten die höchsten p-T-Bedingungen. Sie waren daher wahrscheinlich die ersten (noch erhaltenen) Ganggesteine, welche sich im peridotitischen Erdmantel unterhalb des heutigen Roten Meeres bildeten. Der p-T-Pfad der Zabargad Ultramafitite deckt sich in großer Tiefe mit der ozeanischen Geotherme. Mit abnehmender Tiefe entfernt sich dieser Pfad allerdings zunehmend von der Geotherme und läßt eine Reihe von tektonischen Aktivitäten verbunden mit Metasomatose und Rekristallisation erkennen. Die p-T-Geschichte der Zabargad Ultramaftite deuten auf einen raschen Aufstieg aus dem Erdmantel hin. Diese Daten werden durch die weitverbreitete und intensive Kontaktmetamorphose der mit den Peridotiten assoziierten Metasedimenten unterstützt.
    Notes: Summary Zabargad (St. John's) Island in the Red Sea contains three ultramafic bodies, one of which bas produced the famous gem olivine (peridot). The ultramafic rock types consist of two major groups—the peridotites and the vein rocks within them. The peridotites are divided into three groups: primitive, depleted and metasomatized. The primitive peridotites are the most abundant and are represented by mainly pristine spinellherzolites which have chemical compositions representative of the subcontinental upper mantle. The depleted peridotites are mainly harzburgites and nome dunites and both are similar to worldwide occurrences. The most depleted peridotites also appear to have the greatest metasomatic additions of incompatible elements, as has been noted at other localities. Metasomatic additions were clearly accompanied by tectonic shearing. Metasomatism included infiltration of incompatible elements and the formation of porphyroblasts of clinopyroxene, amphibole, Al-spinel and plagioclase; il took place under a variety of p-T conditions and with fluids of differing compositions. The vein rocks are mainly monomineralic and comprise olivinites, orthopyroxenites, clinopyroxenites, websterites, hornblendites and plagioclasites. These rocks are believed to have formed from fluids similar to that which metasomatized the host rock, rather than by some kind of igneous process. The fluids were derived from peridotite reservoirs (fertile and depleted) and apparently were in equilibrium with these reservoirs. Highly abundant fluid inclusions document the hypersaline and CO2-dominated character of these fluids. Monomineralic vein rocks are closely associated with metasomatic and tectonic processes, and there is a complete transition between metasomatic impregnation and formation of vein rocks. These processes may have also been active in other peridotite bodies of the world, as was earlier recognized and documented in the Seiad Ultramafic Complex, California. Metasomatism is evident along clinopyroxenite and hornblendite veins, whereas orthopyroxenites, olivinites and plagioclasites do not show any interaction with the wall rocks. Olivinites are probably the latest (lowest p-T) vein rock type, and the latest olivine which formed within their open cavities became the gem peridot. Zabargad ultramafic rocks preserve relic phases indicating an initial depth of origin greater than 85 km. Clinopyroxenites preserve the memories of the highest p-T conditions and they may be the first vein rock type formed in the peridotites. The p-T path of uplift coincides with the oceanic geotherm at great depth but deviates systematically from it with falling pressure in a series of tectonic stages accompanied by metasomatism and recrystallization. The p-T and petrologic history indicates rapid uplift, a feature which is supported by extensive contact metamorphism of the associated metasediments.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Stochastic simulation ; seismic ground motion ; Ashigara prediction experiment ; simulated ; annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract More than 40 groups from 10 different countries participated in a weak- and strong-motion prediction experiment at Ashigara Valley which required the blind prediction of time series, spectra and spectral ratios for selected and instrumented sedimentary sites with well-known geotechnical properties. The wide scatter of the results of this experiment have raised a number of questions as to how to model high-frequency ground motion in the presence of available geotechnical and geophysical data. Using a simulated annealing waveform inversion method, we have tried to optimize and automate the model construction for ID site-dependent ground-motion simulation. We found a whole set of successfull models which provide good waveform fit (r 〉 0.8) for the observed displacement records at site KS2 but also yield sufficiently accurate response spectra and peak value predictions for both surface and downhole site. This shows that ID models are fully adequate to model the site conditions at least for the weak motion data. The resulting ‘successful’ layer models consistently show a slower, less dense, and slightly thicker low velocity coverage with stronger damping than the official geotechnical model. Furthermore, their statistical properties directly measure the sensitivity of the individual parameters for the simulations. The critical re-evaluation of our own prediction which was based on stochastic simulation shows that although this approach has its greatest merits in situations where little information is available, it can also be successfully applied to model individual records if sufficient care is taken to determine the source parameters. Simulated annealing waveform inversion has shown to be a powerful tool to optimize that process.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2010-01-27
    Description: We applied the Bakun and Wentworth (1997) method to the 26 March 1812 Venezuelan earthquake. Previous studies have shown that it had at least two large subevents, one associated with the Bocono Fault and an intensity center between Barquisimeto and San Felipe, the other associated with the San Sebastian Fault near Caracas. We used the method with two modifications. First, we introduced intensity intervals to account for the uncertainties associated with historical information. Second, we incorporated a correction that considers the fault's strike, but not its actual position. These modifications were tested with three earthquakes: the 1989 Loma Prieta; a 1980 M (sub w) 5.2 event in Tachira, Venezuela; and the 1967 earthquake in Caracas, M (sub w) 6.6. The third one was important for the interpretation of the 1812 Caracas subevent. For the Barquisimeto-San Felipe subevent we obtained M (sub WI) 7.4+ or -0.35, and an intensity center 10.20 degrees N, 69.95 degrees W that lies between Barquisimeto and San Felipe. Our preferred rupture length was between 90 and 100 km. The Caracas subevent had M (sub WI) 7.1+ or -0.33, with an intensity center 10.60 degrees N, 67.10 degrees W, close to the Venezuelan north coast. The expected rupture length was on the order of 70 km.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1994-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0921-030X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0840
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
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