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  • Articles  (7,607)
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  • Articles  (7,607)
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  • Other Sources  (71)
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  • 11
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    Giant panda colostrum to milk transition (2015)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-31
    Description: Bears produce the most altricial neonates of any placental mammal. We hypothesized that the transition from colostrum to mature milk in bears reflects a temporal and biochemical adaptation for altricial development and immune protection. Comparison of bear milks with milks of other eutherians yielded distinctive protein profiles. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of serial milk samples collected from six giant pandas showed a prolonged transition from colostrum to main-phase lactation over approximately 30 days. Particularly striking are the persistence or sequential appearance of adaptive and innate immune factors. The endurance of immunoglobulin G suggests an unusual duration of trans-intestinal absorption of maternal antibodies, and is potentially relevant to the underdeveloped lymphoid system of giant panda neonates. Levels of certain milk oligosaccharides known to exert anti-microbial activities and/or that are conducive to the development of neonatal gut microbiomes underwent an almost complete changeover around days 20–30 postpartum, coincident with the maturation of the protein profile. A potential metabolic marker of starvation was detected, the prominence of which may reflect the natural postpartum period of anorexia in giant panda mothers. Early lactation in giant pandas, and possibly in other ursids, appears to be adapted for the unique requirements of unusually altricial eutherian neonates.
    Keywords: biochemistry, developmental biology, immunology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 12
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    Liu et al. Reply: (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Author(s): X. Q. Liu, X. B. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Q. Cheng, Z. G. Yan, M. Xu, X. D. Han, S. B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and E. Ma [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 239602] Published Tue Jun 05, 2012
    Keywords: Comments
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 13
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    A key mechanism underlying sensory experience-dependent maturation of neocortical GABAergic circuits in vivo [Neuroscience] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-20
    Description: Mechanisms underlying experience-dependent refinement of cortical connections, especially GABAergic inhibitory circuits, are unknown. By using a line of mutant mice that lack activity-dependent BDNF expression (bdnf-KIV), we show that experience regulation of cortical GABAergic network is mediated by activity-driven BDNF expression. Levels of endogenous BDNF protein in the barrel cortex are strongly regulated by sensory inputs from whiskers. There is a severe alteration of excitation and inhibition balance in the barrel cortex of bdnf-KIV mice as a result of reduced inhibitory but not excitatory conductance. Within the inhibitory circuits, the mutant barrel cortex exhibits significantly reduced levels of GABA release only from the parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking (FS) interneurons, but not other interneuron subtypes. Postnatal deprivation of sensory inputs markedly decreased perisomatic inhibition selectively from FS cells in wild-type but not bdnf-KIV mice. These results suggest that postnatal experience, through activity-driven BDNF expression, controls cortical development by regulating FS cell-mediated perisomatic inhibition in vivo.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 14
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    New Structural Picture of the Ge_{2} Sb_{2} Te_{5} Phase-Change Alloy (2011)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: Author(s): X. Q. Liu, X. B. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Q. Cheng, Z. G. Yan, M. Xu, X. D. Han, S. B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and E. Ma Using electron microscopy and diffraction techniques, as well as first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that as much as 35% of the total Ge atoms in the cubic phase of Ge_{2} Sb_{2} Te_{5} locate in tetrahedral environments. The Ge-vacancy interactions play a crucial stabilizing role, leading... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 025501] Published Thu Jan 13, 2011
    Keywords: Condensed Matter: Structure, etc.
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 15
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    CRISPR/Cas-induced gene modifications [Plant Biology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system has emerged as a powerful tool for targeted gene editing in many organisms, including plants. However, all of the reported studies in plants focused on either transient systems or the first generation after the CRISPR/Cas system was stably transformed into...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 16
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    Peak luminosity correlated low-frequency oscillations in black holes (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
    Description: Based on Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ) observational data, we study the timing and spectral properties of some peculiar low-frequency (LF) quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), which have been found at the peak luminosity of the outburst of some transient black hole (BH) binaries: the 2005 outburst of GRO J1655–40, the 2003 outburst of H1743–322 and the 1998 outburst of XTE J1550–564. Appearing in the ultraluminous state, these QPOs from different sources show some common properties. The amplitude is very weak (less than 1 per cent) and the quality factor is larger than 6. Moreover, these QPOs (about several Hz) sometimes show up simultaneously with another QPO (about 10 Hz), but their frequencies are not harmonically related. We also find that the frequencies of these QPOs are inversely correlated with the mass of the BH, which implies that these QPOs might be correlated with the innermost stable circular orbit. The QPO frequency is also negative correlated with the inner disc radius among BHs. However, its frequency is too low to ascribe it to the Keperlian orbit frequency. Moreover, we discuss the physical origin of these QPOs and we suggest that they are not produced by the viscous variability of the inner disc either.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 17
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    Prediction of a Dirac state in monolayer TiB2 (2014)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: Author(s): L. Z. Zhang, Z. F. Wang, S. X. Du, H.-J. Gao, and Feng Liu We predict the existence of a Dirac state in a monolayer TiB2 sheet (m-TiB2), a two-dimensional metal diboride, based on first-principles calculations. The band structure of m-TiB2 is found to be characterized with anisotropic Dirac cones with the largest Fermi velocity of 0.57×106 m/s, which is abo... [Phys. Rev. B 90, 161402] Published Fri Oct 03, 2014
    Keywords: Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 18
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    Phase transformations in multiferroic Bi1−xLaxFe1−yTiyO3 ceramics probed by temperature dependent Raman scattering (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-28
    Description: Optical phonons and phase transitions of Bi 1− x La x Fe 1− y Ti y O 3 (BLFTO, 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.12, 0.01 ≤ y ≤ 0.08) ceramics have been investigated by Raman scattering in the temperature range from 80 to 680 K. Four phase transitions around 140, 205, 570, and 640 K can be observed. The Raman modes are sensitive to the spin reorientation around 140 and 205 K, owing to the strong magnon-phonon coupling. The transformation around 570 K is a structural transition from rhombohedral to orthorhombic phase due to an external pressure induced by the chemical substitution. The anomalies of the phonon frequencies near Néel temperature T N have been discussed in the light of the multiferroicity. Moreover, it was found that the structural transition temperature and T N of BLFTO ceramics decrease towards room temperature with increasing doping composition as a result of size mismatch between substitution and host cations.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 19
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    Three-dimensional curved grid finite-difference modelling for non-planar rupture dynamics (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-07
    Description: In this study, we present a new method for simulating the 3-D dynamic rupture process occurring on a non-planar fault. The method is based on the curved-grid finite-difference method (CG-FDM) proposed by Zhang & Chen and Zhang et al. to simulate the propagation of seismic waves in media with arbitrary irregular surface topography. While keeping the advantages of conventional FDM, that is computational efficiency and easy implementation, the CG-FDM also is flexible in modelling the complex fault model by using general curvilinear grids, and thus is able to model the rupture dynamics of a fault with complex geometry, such as oblique dipping fault, non-planar fault, fault with step-over, fault branching, even if irregular topography exists. The accuracy and robustness of this new method have been validated by comparing with the previous results of Day et al. , and benchmarks for rupture dynamics simulations. Finally, two simulations of rupture dynamics with complex fault geometry, that is a non-planar fault and a fault rupturing a free surface with topography, are presented. A very interesting phenomenon was observed that topography can weaken the tendency for supershear transition to occur when rupture breaks out at a free surface. Undoubtedly, this new method provides an effective, at least an alternative, tool to simulate the rupture dynamics of a complex non-planar fault, and can be applied to model the rupture dynamics of a real earthquake with complex geometry.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 20
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    Tumor-targeted in vivo gene silencing via systemic delivery of cRGD-conjugated siRNA (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-10
    Description: RNAi technology is taking strong position among the key therapeutic modalities, with dozens of siRNA-based programs entering and successfully progressing through clinical stages of drug development. To further explore potentials of RNAi technology as therapeutics, we engineered and tested VEGFR2 siRNA molecules specifically targeted to tumors through covalently conjugated cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp- d -Phe-Lys[PEG-MAL]) (cRGD) peptide, known to bind αvβ3 integrin receptors. cRGD-siRNAs were demonstrated to specifically enter and silence targeted genes in cultured αvβ3 positive human cells (HUVEC). Microinjection of zebrafish blastocysts with VEGFR2 cRGD-siRNA resulted in specific inhibition of blood vessel growth. In tumor-bearing mice, intravenously injected cRGD-siRNA molecules generated no innate immune response and bio-distributed to tumor tissues. Continuous systemic delivery of two different VEGFR2 cRGD-siRNAs resulted in down-regulation of corresponding mRNA (55 and 45%) and protein (65 and 45%) in tumors, as well as in overall reduction of tumor volume (90 and 70%). These findings demonstrate strong potential of cRGD-siRNA molecules as anti-tumor therapy.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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