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  • 11
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    Coordination of heart and lung co-development by a multipotent cardiopulmonary progenitor (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: Co-development of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems is a recent evolutionary adaption to terrestrial life that couples cardiac output with the gas exchange function of the lung. Here we show that the murine pulmonary vasculature develops even in the absence of lung development. We have identified a population of multipotent cardiopulmonary mesoderm progenitors (CPPs) within the posterior pole of the heart that are marked by the expression of Wnt2, Gli1 and Isl1. We show that CPPs arise from cardiac progenitors before lung development. Lineage tracing and clonal analysis demonstrates that CPPs generate the mesoderm lineages within the cardiac inflow tract and lung including cardiomyocytes, pulmonary vascular and airway smooth muscle, proximal vascular endothelium, and pericyte-like cells. CPPs are regulated by hedgehog expression from the foregut endoderm, which is required for connection of the pulmonary vasculature to the heart. Together, these studies identify a novel population of multipotent cardiopulmonary progenitors that coordinates heart and lung co-development that is required for adaptation to terrestrial existence.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758448/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758448/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peng, Tien -- Tian, Ying -- Boogerd, Cornelis J -- Lu, Min Min -- Kadzik, Rachel S -- Stewart, Kathleen M -- Evans, Sylvia M -- Morrisey, Edward E -- HL087825/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL100405/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL110942/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL117649/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS047101/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL074066/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087825/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL07586-23/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL107442/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 29;500(7464):589-92. doi: 10.1038/nature12358. Epub 2013 Jul 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23873040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cardiac Output ; Cell Lineage ; Endoderm/metabolism ; Heart/anatomy & histology/*embryology ; Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism ; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Lung/blood supply/*cytology/*embryology ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Multipotent Stem Cells/*cytology ; Myoblasts, Cardiac/*cytology ; *Organogenesis ; Pericytes/cytology ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 12
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    Distinct physiological and behavioural functions for parental alleles of imprinted Grb10 (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-29
    Description: Imprinted genes, defined by their preferential expression of a single parental allele, represent a subset of the mammalian genome and often have key roles in embryonic development, but also postnatal functions including energy homeostasis and behaviour. When the two parental alleles are unequally represented within a social group (when there is sex bias in dispersal and/or variance in reproductive success), imprinted genes may evolve to modulate social behaviour, although so far no such instance is known. Predominantly expressed from the maternal allele during embryogenesis, Grb10 encodes an intracellular adaptor protein that can interact with several receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signalling molecules. Here we demonstrate that within the brain Grb10 is expressed from the paternal allele from fetal life into adulthood and that ablation of this expression engenders increased social dominance specifically among other aspects of social behaviour, a finding supported by the observed increase in allogrooming by paternal Grb10-deficient animals. Grb10 is, therefore, the first example of an imprinted gene that regulates social behaviour. It is also currently alone in exhibiting imprinted expression from each of the parental alleles in a tissue-specific manner, as loss of the peripherally expressed maternal allele leads to significant fetal and placental overgrowth. Thus Grb10 is, so far, a unique imprinted gene, able to influence distinct physiological processes, fetal growth and adult behaviour, owing to actions of the two parental alleles in different tissues.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031026/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031026/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garfield, Alastair S -- Cowley, Michael -- Smith, Florentia M -- Moorwood, Kim -- Stewart-Cox, Joanne E -- Gilroy, Kerry -- Baker, Sian -- Xia, Jing -- Dalley, Jeffrey W -- Hurst, Laurence D -- Wilkinson, Lawrence S -- Isles, Anthony R -- Ward, Andrew -- 093875/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0300415/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0300415(66812)/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G11786/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 27;469(7331):534-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09651.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology & Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21270893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Female ; GRB10 Adaptor Protein/*genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genomic Imprinting/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Social Dominance
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 13
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    Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: Many successful vaccines induce persistent antibody responses that can last a lifetime. The mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear, but emerging evidence indicates that they activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). For example, the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D, one of the most successful empiric vaccines ever developed, activates dendritic cells via multiple TLRs to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines. Triggering specific combinations of TLRs in dendritic cells can induce synergistic production of cytokines, which results in enhanced T-cell responses, but its impact on antibody responses remain unknown. Learning the critical parameters of innate immunity that program such antibody responses remains a major challenge in vaccinology. Here we demonstrate that immunization of mice with synthetic nanoparticles containing antigens plus ligands that signal through TLR4 and TLR7 induces synergistic increases in antigen-specific, neutralizing antibodies compared to immunization with nanoparticles containing antigens plus a single TLR ligand. Consistent with this there was enhanced persistence of germinal centres and of plasma-cell responses, which persisted in the lymph nodes for 〉1.5 years. Surprisingly, there was no enhancement of the early short-lived plasma-cell response relative to that observed with single TLR ligands. Molecular profiling of activated B cells, isolated 7 days after immunization, indicated that there was early programming towards B-cell memory. Antibody responses were dependent on direct triggering of both TLRs on B cells and dendritic cells, as well as on T-cell help. Immunization protected completely against lethal avian and swine influenza virus strains in mice, and induced robust immunity against pandemic H1N1 influenza in rhesus macaques.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057367/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057367/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasturi, Sudhir Pai -- Skountzou, Ioanna -- Albrecht, Randy A -- Koutsonanos, Dimitrios -- Hua, Tang -- Nakaya, Helder I -- Ravindran, Rajesh -- Stewart, Shelley -- Alam, Munir -- Kwissa, Marcin -- Villinger, Francois -- Murthy, Niren -- Steel, John -- Jacob, Joshy -- Hogan, Robert J -- Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo -- Compans, Richard -- Pulendran, Bali -- HHSN266200700006C/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- N01 AI50025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048638-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048638-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK057665/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK057665-09/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK057665-10/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK057665-11/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK057665-12/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK057665-13/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01DK057665/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI048638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI048638-09A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI048638-10/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI048638-11/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI48638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI048638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R56 AI048638-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01AI070469/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19AI057266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19AI090023/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54AI057157/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54AI57158/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Feb 24;470(7335):543-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09737.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis/*immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/*immunology ; Antibody Formation/*immunology ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/immunology ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Immunologic Memory/*immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology ; Lactic Acid ; Ligands ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta/immunology/virology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nanoparticles/administration & dosage ; Plasma Cells/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Polyglycolic Acid ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Toll-Like Receptors/immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-17
    Description: Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells has become the principal technology for manipulation of the mouse genome, offering unrivalled accuracy in allele design and access to conditional mutagenesis. To bring these advantages to the wider research community, large-scale mouse knockout programmes are producing a permanent resource of targeted mutations in all protein-coding genes. Here we report the establishment of a high-throughput gene-targeting pipeline for the generation of reporter-tagged, conditional alleles. Computational allele design, 96-well modular vector construction and high-efficiency gene-targeting strategies have been combined to mutate genes on an unprecedented scale. So far, more than 12,000 vectors and 9,000 conditional targeted alleles have been produced in highly germline-competent C57BL/6N embryonic stem cells. High-throughput genome engineering highlighted by this study is broadly applicable to rat and human stem cells and provides a foundation for future genome-wide efforts aimed at deciphering the function of all genes encoded by the mammalian genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572410/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572410/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skarnes, William C -- Rosen, Barry -- West, Anthony P -- Koutsourakis, Manousos -- Bushell, Wendy -- Iyer, Vivek -- Mujica, Alejandro O -- Thomas, Mark -- Harrow, Jennifer -- Cox, Tony -- Jackson, David -- Severin, Jessica -- Biggs, Patrick -- Fu, Jun -- Nefedov, Michael -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Stewart, A Francis -- Bradley, Allan -- 077188/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- U01-HG004080/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 15;474(7351):337-42. doi: 10.1038/nature10163.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. skarnes@sanger.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Computational Biology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Gene Deletion ; Gene Knockout Techniques/*methods ; Genes/*genetics ; Genes, Lethal/genetics ; Genetic Association Studies/*methods ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout/*genetics ; Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Germline mitochondrial DNA mutations aggravate ageing and can impair brain development (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-24
    Description: Ageing is due to an accumulation of various types of damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction has long been considered to be important in this process. There is substantial sequence variation in mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and the high mutation rate is counteracted by different mechanisms that decrease maternal transmission of mutated mtDNA. Despite these protective mechanisms, it is becoming increasingly clear that low-level mtDNA heteroplasmy is quite common and often inherited in humans. We designed a series of mouse mutants to investigate the extent to which inherited mtDNA mutations can contribute to ageing. Here we report that maternally transmitted mtDNA mutations can induce mild ageing phenotypes in mice with a wild-type nuclear genome. Furthermore, maternally transmitted mtDNA mutations lead to anticipation of reduced fertility in mice that are heterozygous for the mtDNA mutator allele (PolgA(wt/mut)) and aggravate premature ageing phenotypes in mtDNA mutator mice (PolgA(mut/mut)). Unexpectedly, a combination of maternally transmitted and somatic mtDNA mutations also leads to stochastic brain malformations. Our findings show that a pre-existing mutation load will not only allow somatic mutagenesis to create a critically high total mtDNA mutation load sooner but will also increase clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations to enhance the normally occurring mosaic respiratory chain deficiency in ageing tissues. Our findings suggest that maternally transmitted mtDNA mutations may have a similar role in aggravating aspects of normal human ageing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3820420/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3820420/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ross, Jaime M -- Stewart, James B -- Hagstrom, Erik -- Brene, Stefan -- Mourier, Arnaud -- Coppotelli, Giuseppe -- Freyer, Christoph -- Lagouge, Marie -- Hoffer, Barry J -- Olson, Lars -- Larsson, Nils-Goran -- AG04418/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS070825/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG004418/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS070825/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 19;501(7467):412-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12474. Epub 2013 Aug 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius vag 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*genetics/pathology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Brain/*abnormalities/growth & development/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Extrachromosomal Inheritance/*genetics ; Female ; Genome/genetics ; Heterozygote ; Litter Size ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/*genetics ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Mutation/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Reproduction/genetics/physiology ; Stochastic Processes
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Multiple defects of immune cell function in mice with disrupted interferon-gamma genes (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1993-03-19
    Description: Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotrophic cytokine with immunomodulatory effects on a variety of immune cells. Mice with a targeted disruption of the IFN-gamma gene were generated. These mice developed normally and were healthy in the absence of pathogens. However, mice deficient in IFN-gamma had impaired production of macrophage antimicrobial products and reduced expression of macrophage major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. IFN-gamma-deficient mice were killed by a sublethal dose of the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. Splenocytes exhibited uncontrolled proliferation in response to mitogen and alloantigen. After a mixed lymphocyte reaction, T cell cytolytic activity was enhanced against allogeneic target cells. Resting splenic natural killer cell activity was reduced in IFN-gamma-deficient mice. Thus, IFN-gamma is essential for the function of several cell types of the murine immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, D K -- Pitts-Meek, S -- Keshav, S -- Figari, I S -- Bradley, A -- Stewart, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1739-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; *Immunity ; Interferon-gamma/*genetics/physiology ; Isoantigens/immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Macrophages/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Transfection ; Tuberculosis/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Induction of type I diabetes by interferon-alpha in transgenic mice (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-06-25
    Description: Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease involving an interaction between an epigenetic event (possibly a viral infection), the pancreatic beta cells, and the immune system in a genetically susceptible host. The possibility that the type I interferons could mediate this interaction was tested with transgenic mice in which the insulin-producing beta cells expressed an interferon-alpha. These mice developed a hypoinsulinemic diabetes associated with a mixed inflammation centered on the islets. The inflammation and the diabetes were prevented with a neutralizing antibody to the interferon-alpha. Thus, the expression of interferon-alpha by the beta cells could be causal in the development of type I diabetes, which suggests a therapeutic approach to this disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stewart, T A -- Hultgren, B -- Huang, X -- Pitts-Meek, S -- Hully, J -- MacLachlan, N J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 25;260(5116):1942-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Endocrine Research, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8100367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; CD4-CD8 Ratio ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*etiology/immunology/pathology ; Female ; Glucagon/analysis ; Insulin/analysis/blood ; Interferon-alpha/*biosynthesis/immunology ; Islets of Langerhans/immunology/*metabolism/pathology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neutralization Tests ; Somatostatin/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Lack of N regions in antigen receptor variable region genes of TdT-deficient lymphocytes (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-27
    Description: During the assembly of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor variable region genes from variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments, the germline-encoded repertoire is further diversified by processes that include the template-independent addition of nucleotides (N regions) at gene segment junctions. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-deficient lymphocytes had no N regions in their variable region genes, which shows that TdT is responsible for N region addition. In addition, certain variable region genes appeared at increased frequency in TdT-deficient thymocytes, which indicates that N region addition also influences repertoire development by alleviating sequence-specific constraints imposed on the joining of particular V, D, and J segments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Komori, T -- Okada, A -- Stewart, V -- Alt, F W -- AI20047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 27;261(5125):1171-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8356451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/enzymology/*immunology ; Base Sequence ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/*metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte ; Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*genetics ; T-Lymphocytes/enzymology/*immunology ; VDJ Recombinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-11-22
    Description: Somatic cell nuclear transfer allows trans-acting factors present in the mammalian oocyte to reprogram somatic cell nuclei to an undifferentiated state. We show that four factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) are sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells. These induced pluripotent human stem cells have normal karyotypes, express telomerase activity, express cell surface markers and genes that characterize human ES cells, and maintain the developmental potential to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Such induced pluripotent human cell lines should be useful in the production of new disease models and in drug development, as well as for applications in transplantation medicine, once technical limitations (for example, mutation through viral integration) are eliminated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, Junying -- Vodyanik, Maxim A -- Smuga-Otto, Kim -- Antosiewicz-Bourget, Jessica -- Frane, Jennifer L -- Tian, Shulan -- Nie, Jeff -- Jonsdottir, Gudrun A -- Ruotti, Victor -- Stewart, Ron -- Slukvin, Igor I -- Thomson, James A -- P20 GM069981/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P51 RR000167/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1917-20. Epub 2007 Nov 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA. jyu@primate.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Shape ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology ; Fetus ; Fibroblasts/*cytology ; HMGB Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Karyotyping ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Teratoma/pathology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Transduction, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Sensing X chromosome pairs before X inactivation via a novel X-pairing region of the Xic (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-08
    Description: Mammalian dosage compensation involves silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in females and is controlled by the X-inactivation center (Xic). The Xic, which includes Xist and its antisense transcription unit Tsix/Xite, somehow senses the number of X chromosomes and triggers Xist up-regulation from one of the two X chromosomes in females. We found that a segment of the mouse Xic lying several hundred kilobases upstream of Xist brings the two Xics together before the onset of X inactivation. This region can autonomously drive Xic trans-interactions even as an ectopic single-copy transgene. Its introduction into male embryonic stem cells is strongly selected against, consistent with a possible role in trans-activating Xist. We propose that homologous associations driven by this novel X-pairing region (Xpr) of the Xic enable a cell to sense that more than one X chromosome is present and coordinate reciprocal Xist/Tsix expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Augui, S -- Filion, G J -- Huart, S -- Nora, E -- Guggiari, M -- Maresca, M -- Stewart, A F -- Heard, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 7;318(5856):1632-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR218, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Down-Regulation ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; S Phase ; Transfection ; Transgenes ; Up-Regulation ; X Chromosome/*genetics/physiology ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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