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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auger electron spectroscopy studies on TiNx (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 22 (1994), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new method for the determination of N/Ti ratio for TiNx samples has been proposed. High energy resolution Auger spectra recorded of the Ti L3M23M45 peak have shown that on nitridation of Ti to TiNx a second peak, labelled the L3M23Hybrid peak, emerges at 3.9 eV below the L3M23M45 peak in the raw data, which grows with the grade of nitridation. After a simple Shirley background correction a linear dependence between the ratio of the L3M23Hybrid/L3M23M45 peak height of the raw data and the N/Ti ratio was found. This relation can be used directly to evaluate the nitrogen content of an unknown TiNx compound by recording only the Ti L3M23M45 region. The changes of the L3M23M45 peak structure have been interpreted and compared with earlier DOS calculations for Ti and TiN. Good agreement between experiment and theory was found, enabling a discussion of the valence electronic structure changes for Ti on nitridation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740220137
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of chemical state AES and SAM to the examination of spray-formed aluminium alloy fracture surfaces (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 589-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The fracture surface of a spray-formed Al-5.2Cr-1.4Zr alloy has been examined using AES and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). Cratered regions of the surface were identified and high-energy resolution AES analysis showed a localized 20 Å thick Al2O3 film to be present in these areas. Chemical-state imaging of the Al fracture surface enabled the local distribution of oxide to be determined. The surface topography was not found to be suppressed using the standard (P—B)/B or (P—B)/(P + B) correction algorithms. This point is discussed with consideration of the electron emission from such highly structured surfaces. The oxide thickness measured from the craters is in good agreement with that previously determined by XPS for powder particles produced in the atomization process. Crater formation is suggested to occur as a result of complete powder particle solidification prior to the particles impacting the substrate/deposit. The localized oxide, revealed by fracture, presents areas of weakness in the unworked material.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740200708
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interfacial study of a sigma fibre/Ti-6Al-4V composite using scanning Auger/EDX microscopy (1994)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 22 (1994), S. 308-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interfacial region of a Sigma fibre/Ti-6Al-4V composite has been studied by Auger/EDX microscopy. The SiC fibre has a duplex coating consisting of an inner layer of C and outer TiBx layer. Point analyses, line scans and images were acquired from the fibre/matrix interface region for a specimen taper sectioned at 10° to the fibre axis and a sample fractured in situ along the fibre length. Fracture of the composite reveals the presence of a brittle B rich oxide layer probably of the form TixByO at the boride coating/matrix interface. The fracture path occurs either through this oxide or the graphitic carbon layer. C is shown to have diffused through the entire boride coating. B diffuses from the TiBx layer into the matrix, forming TiB at the interface. The presence of excess boron in the coating and the strong affinity of B for O are proposed as the main driving forces for oxide formation at the TiBx/matrix interface.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740220167
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of surface imaging techniques to the study of pitting corrosion initiation in stainless steels (1993)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 20 (1993), S. 535-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A combined Auger, EDX and SEM surface imaging study of the initial stages of pitting corrosion is presented. Examples of different pitting initiation situations are shown and the importance of multi-technique imaging to interpret the results is demonstrated. The information provided by the images is compared with theories established primarily from electrochemical results. The development of scanning probe microscopies presents the opportunity of directly studying pitting initiation using imaging. Initial atomic force microscopy images of the corrosion of sulphide inclusions in stainless steels are given and the possible capabilities of the technique for application in this field are considered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740200609
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic starch-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer latexesPresented at the 8th Great Lakes Regional Meeting, American Chemical Society, West Lafayette, Indiana, June 3-5, 1974. (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 12 (1974), S. 2683-2692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acrylonitrile (AN) was graft-polymerized onto gelatinized cationic starch (CS) possessing diethylaminoethyl ether groups by cerium (IV) initiation to give stable latexlike copolymer dispersions. Dispersions of the latex copolymers, having up to 50% grafted polyacrylonitrile (PAN), air- and heat-dry on glass to clear, adhesive films. Sonification of up to 8% dispersions at 20 Khz reduced their viscosities from 1500-3000 cP to 15-40 cP. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that both nonsonified and sonified dispersions consist of ball-like particles measuring about 0.05-0.15 μ in diameter when dry. The films are formed by coalescence of these particles. The degree to which AN grafts onto CS at ambient temperature is related to the nitrogen content of CS, gelatinization time of CS at 95°C, sequence of AN and cerium(IV) addition, concentration of cerium (IV), concentration of AN, and severity of reaction agitation. Number-average molecular weight values of PAN were about 106 when grafting was conducted under stirring and about 5 × 105 when conducted under shaking action.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.170121122
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous electron microscopic observation of the behavior of ziegler-natta catalysts (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 11 (1973), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.130110108
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of asymmetric loeb-sourirajan membranes (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 11 (1973), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.130110311
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer optimization of reverse osmosis processing of soy whey with cellulose acetate modules (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 749-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In processing full-fat soy flour to an acid-precipitated lipid protein concentrate a byproduct whey fraction results which, because of its high biological oxygen demand, represents a serious disposal problem. Processing of food waste streams by reverse osmosis has received considerable attention because of its low theoretical energy requirement since no phase change is involved. In a previous study at this Center a mathematical model was developed for the diffusive transport of soy lipid protein concentrate whey across cellulose acetate membranes. In this study, pumping energy and power costs combined with membrane life and replacement costs were incorporated into the original model to provide a basis for optimization from an energy cost standpoint. Computer-simulated runs were compared with experimental pilot-plant runs, and the agreement between predicted and actual results was quite good. Water flux rates were in the range of 3 to 7 gal/ft2/day. Computer runs were used to optimize the processing of 100,000 gal/day of soy whey at 8000 ppm biological oxygen demand (BOD). Costs were at a minimum with a six-stage tapered flow primary reverse osmosis treatment over a porous cellulose acetate membrane, followed by a six-stage tapered flow reverse osmosis over a tighter membrane. BOD reduction was 94% at a cost of $5.45/1000 gal.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240312
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functionalization of polyethylenes and their use in reactive blending (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 2285-2300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The grafting of maleic anhydride (MAn) to low density polyethylenes (PEs) dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) has been studied. Grafting was successful at temperatures of about 160°C both in air without initiator and under nitrogen with the radical initiator 2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne (LPO). The presence of succinic anhydride grafts was shown by FTIR spectroscopy of the product; 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates that the grafts consist of single succinic anhydride units. The graft content was determined by nonaqueous titration, and the extent of crosslinking inferred from the melt flow rates (MFR) of the products. The effects of concentration of initiator, MAn, and PE on the graft content were determined; the influence of PE structure, reaction time, and temperature was also studied. Melt blending of the grafted PE with polystyrene containing oxazoline functional groups (OPS) was investigated using a Rheomix mixer. The interpolymer reaction which occurs during blending was studied by means of FTIR, and the morphology of the blends by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Information was also gained from the change in torque viscosity during the blending process.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410931
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ compatibilization of polystyrene/polyethylene blends using amino-methacrylate-grafted polyethylene (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44 (1992), S. 2167-2177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of a styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) with polyethlene (PE) or polyethylene melt grafted with tertiary (PE-g-DMAEMA) or secondary (PE-g-tBAEMA) amino methacrylate were prepared by blending in a batch melt mixer. The morphology of these blends at various compositions was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and related to their tensile and impact properties. The SMA/PE blends are found to have the typical coarse morphology of incompatible blends and poor mechanical properties, while their reactive conterparts, SMA/PE-g-DMAEMA or SMA/PE-g-tBAEMA blends, show finer morphology and modestly improved tensile and impact strength. This was attributed to chemical interaction of the acidic anhydride and the basic amino groups. The greater improvement in morphology for SMA/PE-g-tBAEMA than for SMA/PE-g-DMAEMA suggests a stronger interaction between the secondary amino groups and the anhydride groups, possibly with the formation of SMA-g-tBAEMA-g-PE graft polymer through amide covalent bonds. The amide formation appears to occur at the interfacial region in the blends and is too little to be detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. However, differential scanning calorimeters (DSC) and the viscosity measurements indicate crystallinity and molecular weight changes for the SMA/PE-g-tBAEMA blends, supporting an argument for the formation of SMA-g-tBAEMA-g-PE grafts at the phase interface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070441213
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