ALBERT

Beschreibung: Epileptic encephalopathies are a devastating group of severe childhood epilepsy disorders for which the cause is often unknown. Here we report a screen for de novo mutations in patients with two classical epileptic encephalopathies: infantile spasms (n = 149) and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (n = 115). We sequenced the exomes of 264 probands, and their parents, and confirmed 329 de novo mutations. A likelihood analysis showed a significant excess of de novo mutations in the approximately 4,000 genes that are the most intolerant to functional genetic variation in the human population (P = 2.9 x 10(-3)). Among these are GABRB3, with de novo mutations in four patients, and ALG13, with the same de novo mutation in two patients; both genes show clear statistical evidence of association with epileptic encephalopathy. Given the relevant site-specific mutation rates, the probabilities of these outcomes occurring by chance are P = 4.1 x 10(-10) and P = 7.8 x 10(-12), respectively. Other genes with de novo mutations in this cohort include CACNA1A, CHD2, FLNA, GABRA1, GRIN1, GRIN2B, HNRNPU, IQSEC2, MTOR and NEDD4L. Finally, we show that the de novo mutations observed are enriched in specific gene sets including genes regulated by the fragile X protein (P 〈 10(-8)), as has been reported previously for autism spectrum disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773011/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773011/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Epi4K Consortium -- Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project -- Allen, Andrew S -- Berkovic, Samuel F -- Cossette, Patrick -- Delanty, Norman -- Dlugos, Dennis -- Eichler, Evan E -- Epstein, Michael P -- Glauser, Tracy -- Goldstein, David B -- Han, Yujun -- Heinzen, Erin L -- Hitomi, Yuki -- Howell, Katherine B -- Johnson, Michael R -- Kuzniecky, Ruben -- Lowenstein, Daniel H -- Lu, Yi-Fan -- Madou, Maura R Z -- Marson, Anthony G -- Mefford, Heather C -- Esmaeeli Nieh, Sahar -- O'Brien, Terence J -- Ottman, Ruth -- Petrovski, Slave -- Poduri, Annapurna -- Ruzzo, Elizabeth K -- Scheffer, Ingrid E -- Sherr, Elliott H -- Yuskaitis, Christopher J -- Abou-Khalil, Bassel -- Alldredge, Brian K -- Bautista, Jocelyn F -- Boro, Alex -- Cascino, Gregory D -- Consalvo, Damian -- Crumrine, Patricia -- Devinsky, Orrin -- Fiol, Miguel -- Fountain, Nathan B -- French, Jacqueline -- Friedman, Daniel -- Geller, Eric B -- Glynn, Simon -- Haut, Sheryl R -- Hayward, Jean -- Helmers, Sandra L -- Joshi, Sucheta -- Kanner, Andres -- Kirsch, Heidi E -- Knowlton, Robert C -- Kossoff, Eric H -- Kuperman, Rachel -- McGuire, Shannon M -- Motika, Paul V -- Novotny, Edward J -- Paolicchi, Juliann M -- Parent, Jack M -- Park, Kristen -- Shellhaas, Renee A -- Shih, Jerry J -- Singh, Rani -- Sirven, Joseph -- Smith, Michael C -- Sullivan, Joseph -- Lin Thio, Liu -- Venkat, Anu -- Vining, Eileen P G -- Von Allmen, Gretchen K -- Weisenberg, Judith L -- Widdess-Walsh, Peter -- Winawer, Melodie R -- 1RC2NS070342/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS053998/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS077274/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS077276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS077303/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS077364/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R56AI098588/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS053998/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS077274/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS077276/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS077303/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 NS077364/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01AI067854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000005/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 12;501(7466):217-21. doi: 10.1038/nature12439. Epub 2013 Aug 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23934111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: The 2002-3 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was one of the most significant public health events in recent history. An ongoing outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus suggests that this group of viruses remains a key threat and that their distribution is wider than previously recognized. Although bats have been suggested to be the natural reservoirs of both viruses, attempts to isolate the progenitor virus of SARS-CoV from bats have been unsuccessful. Diverse SARS-like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs) have now been reported from bats in China, Europe and Africa, but none is considered a direct progenitor of SARS-CoV because of their phylogenetic disparity from this virus and the inability of their spike proteins to use the SARS-CoV cellular receptor molecule, the human angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Here we report whole-genome sequences of two novel bat coronaviruses from Chinese horseshoe bats (family: Rhinolophidae) in Yunnan, China: RsSHC014 and Rs3367. These viruses are far more closely related to SARS-CoV than any previously identified bat coronaviruses, particularly in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein. Most importantly, we report the first recorded isolation of a live SL-CoV (bat SL-CoV-WIV1) from bat faecal samples in Vero E6 cells, which has typical coronavirus morphology, 99.9% sequence identity to Rs3367 and uses ACE2 from humans, civets and Chinese horseshoe bats for cell entry. Preliminary in vitro testing indicates that WIV1 also has a broad species tropism. Our results provide the strongest evidence to date that Chinese horseshoe bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV, and that intermediate hosts may not be necessary for direct human infection by some bat SL-CoVs. They also highlight the importance of pathogen-discovery programs targeting high-risk wildlife groups in emerging disease hotspots as a strategy for pandemic preparedness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ge, Xing-Yi -- Li, Jia-Lu -- Yang, Xing-Lou -- Chmura, Aleksei A -- Zhu, Guangjian -- Epstein, Jonathan H -- Mazet, Jonna K -- Hu, Ben -- Zhang, Wei -- Peng, Cheng -- Zhang, Yu-Ji -- Luo, Chu-Ming -- Tan, Bing -- Wang, Ning -- Zhu, Yan -- Crameri, Gary -- Zhang, Shu-Yi -- Wang, Lin-Fa -- Daszak, Peter -- Shi, Zheng-Li -- R01AI079231/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01TW005869/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- R56TW009502/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 28;503(7477):535-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12711. Epub 2013 Oct 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24172901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: Genome function is dynamically regulated in part by chromatin, which consists of the histones, non-histone proteins and RNA molecules that package DNA. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have contributed substantially to our understanding of molecular mechanisms of genome function in humans, and have revealed conservation of chromatin components and mechanisms. Nevertheless, the three organisms have markedly different genome sizes, chromosome architecture and gene organization. On human and fly chromosomes, for example, pericentric heterochromatin flanks single centromeres, whereas worm chromosomes have dispersed heterochromatin-like regions enriched in the distal chromosomal 'arms', and centromeres distributed along their lengths. To systematically investigate chromatin organization and associated gene regulation across species, we generated and analysed a large collection of genome-wide chromatin data sets from cell lines and developmental stages in worm, fly and human. Here we present over 800 new data sets from our ENCODE and modENCODE consortia, bringing the total to over 1,400. Comparison of combinatorial patterns of histone modifications, nuclear lamina-associated domains, organization of large-scale topological domains, chromatin environment at promoters and enhancers, nucleosome positioning, and DNA replication patterns reveals many conserved features of chromatin organization among the three organisms. We also find notable differences in the composition and locations of repressive chromatin. These data sets and analyses provide a rich resource for comparative and species-specific investigations of chromatin composition, organization and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227084/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4227084/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, Joshua W K -- Jung, Youngsook L -- Liu, Tao -- Alver, Burak H -- Lee, Soohyun -- Ikegami, Kohta -- Sohn, Kyung-Ah -- Minoda, Aki -- Tolstorukov, Michael Y -- Appert, Alex -- Parker, Stephen C J -- Gu, Tingting -- Kundaje, Anshul -- Riddle, Nicole C -- Bishop, Eric -- Egelhofer, Thea A -- Hu, Sheng'en Shawn -- Alekseyenko, Artyom A -- Rechtsteiner, Andreas -- Asker, Dalal -- Belsky, Jason A -- Bowman, Sarah K -- Chen, Q Brent -- Chen, Ron A-J -- Day, Daniel S -- Dong, Yan -- Dose, Andrea C -- Duan, Xikun -- Epstein, Charles B -- Ercan, Sevinc -- Feingold, Elise A -- Ferrari, Francesco -- Garrigues, Jacob M -- Gehlenborg, Nils -- Good, Peter J -- Haseley, Psalm -- He, Daniel -- Herrmann, Moritz -- Hoffman, Michael M -- Jeffers, Tess E -- Kharchenko, Peter V -- Kolasinska-Zwierz, Paulina -- Kotwaliwale, Chitra V -- Kumar, Nischay -- Langley, Sasha A -- Larschan, Erica N -- Latorre, Isabel -- Libbrecht, Maxwell W -- Lin, Xueqiu -- Park, Richard -- Pazin, Michael J -- Pham, Hoang N -- Plachetka, Annette -- Qin, Bo -- Schwartz, Yuri B -- Shoresh, Noam -- Stempor, Przemyslaw -- Vielle, Anne -- Wang, Chengyang -- Whittle, Christina M -- Xue, Huiling -- Kingston, Robert E -- Kim, Ju Han -- Bernstein, Bradley E -- Dernburg, Abby F -- Pirrotta, Vincenzo -- Kuroda, Mitzi I -- Noble, William S -- Tullius, Thomas D -- Kellis, Manolis -- MacAlpine, David M -- Strome, Susan -- Elgin, Sarah C R -- Liu, Xiaole Shirley -- Lieb, Jason D -- Ahringer, Julie -- Karpen, Gary H -- Park, Peter J -- 092096/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 101863/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 54523/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 5RL9EB008539/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- K99 HG006259/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- K99HG006259/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098461/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004037/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM048405/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM071340/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG002295/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004258/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004270/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004279/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004695/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004258/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004270/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004279/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004695/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 CA121852/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004570/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006991/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54CA121852/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG004570/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 28;512(7515):449-52. doi: 10.1038/nature13415.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] [4] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.K.H.); Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (T.L.); Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA (K.I., T.E.J.); Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 06037, USA (J.D.L.); Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (A.M.); Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (A.K.); Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA (N.C.R.). ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3]. ; 1] Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] [4] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.K.H.); Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (T.L.); Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA (K.I., T.E.J.); Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 06037, USA (J.D.L.); Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (A.M.); Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (A.K.); Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA (N.C.R.). ; Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.K.H.); Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (T.L.); Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA (K.I., T.E.J.); Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 06037, USA (J.D.L.); Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (A.M.); Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (A.K.); Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA (N.C.R.). ; 1] Department of Information and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea [2] Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; 1] Department of Genome Dynamics, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.K.H.); Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (T.L.); Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA (K.I., T.E.J.); Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 06037, USA (J.D.L.); Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (A.M.); Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (A.K.); Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA (N.C.R.). ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK. ; 1] National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. ; 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA [3] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.K.H.); Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (T.L.); Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA (K.I., T.E.J.); Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 06037, USA (J.D.L.); Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (A.M.); Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (A.K.); Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA (N.C.R.). ; 1] Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA [2] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.K.H.); Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA (T.L.); Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA (K.I., T.E.J.); Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 06037, USA (J.D.L.); Division of Genomic Technologies, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan (A.M.); Department of Genetics, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (A.K.); Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA (N.C.R.). ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. ; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. ; 1] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA [2] Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545 El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt. ; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Department of Anatomy Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. ; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA. ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M6G 1L7, Canada. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA. ; 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA. ; 1] Department of Genome Dynamics, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. ; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Genome Dynamics, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA. ; 1] Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden. ; 1] Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea [2] Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics, Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; 1] Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. ; 1] Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; 1] Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA. ; 1] Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Informatics Program, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Beschreibung: We present an analytical method for evaluating the first and second moments of the effective exciton spatial distribution in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) from measured emission patterns. Specifically, the suggested algorithm estimates the emission zone mean position and width, respectively, from two distinct features of the pattern produced by interference between the emission sources and their images (induced by the reflective cathode): the angles in which interference extrema are observed, and the prominence of interference fringes. The relations between these parameters are derived rigorously for a general OLED structure, indicating that extrema angles are related to the mean position of the radiating excitons via Bragg's condition, and the spatial broadening is related to the attenuation of the image-source interference prominence due to an averaging effect. The method is applied successfully both on simulated emission patterns and on experimental data, exhibiting a very good agreement with the results obtained by numerical techniques. We investigate the method performance in detail, showing that it is capable of producing accurate estimations for a wide range of source-cathode separation distances, provided that the measured spectral interval is large enough; guidelines for achieving reliable evaluations are deduced from these results as well. As opposed to numerical fitting tools employed to perform similar tasks to date, our approximate method explicitly utilizes physical intuition and requires far less computational effort (no fitting is involved). Hence, applications that do not require highly resolved estimations, e.g., preliminary design and production-line verification, can benefit substantially from the analytical algorithm, when applicable. This introduces a novel set of efficient tools for OLED engineering, highly important in the view of the crucial role the exciton distribution plays in determining the device performance.

Beschreibung: A high-performance cryogenic DT inertial confinement fusion implosion experiment is an especially challenging backlighting configuration because of the high self-emission of the core at stagnation and the low opacity of the DT shell. High-energy petawatt lasers such as OMEGA EP promise significantly improved backlighting capabilities by generating high x-ray intensities and short emission times. A narrowband x-ray imager with an astigmatism-corrected bent quartz crystal for the Si He α line at ∼1.86 keV was developed to record backlit images of cryogenic direct-drive implosions. A time-gated recording system minimized the self-emission of the imploding target. A fast target-insertion system capable of moving the backlighter target ∼7 cm in ∼100 ms was developed to avoid interference with the cryogenic shroud system. With backlighter laser energies of ∼1.25 kJ at a 10-ps pulse duration, the radiographic images show a high signal-to-background ratio of 〉100:1 and a spatial resolution of the order of 10 μ m. The backlit images can be used to assess the symmetry of the implosions close to stagnation and the mix of ablator material into the dense shell.

Beschreibung: We present the growth of thin films of the organic-based ferrimagnetic semiconductor V[TCNE] x ( x  ∼ 2, TCNE: tetracyanoethylene) via chemical vapor deposition. Under optimized growth conditions, we observe a significant increase in magnetic homogeneity, as evidenced by a Curie temperature above 600 K and sharp magnetization switching. Further, ferromagnetic resonance studies reveal a single resonance with full width at half maximum linewidth of 1.4 G, comparable to the narrowest lines measured in inorganic magnetic materials and in contrast to previous studies that showed multiple resonance features. These characteristics are promising for the development of high frequency electronic devices that take advantage of the unique properties of this organic-based material, such as the potential for low cost synthesis combined with low temperature and conformal deposition on a wide variety of substrates.

Beschreibung: Spiral waves composed of coherent traveling waves surrounding a core containing stochastically distributed stationary areas are found in numerical simulations of a three-variable reaction-diffusion system with one diffusible species. In the spiral core, diffusion of this component ( w ) mediates transitions between dynamic states of the subsystem formed by the other two components, whose dynamics is more rapid than that of w . Diffusive coupling between adjacent sites can be “on” or “off” depending on the subsystem state. The incoherent structures in the spiral core are produced by this decoupling of the slow diffusive component from the fast non-diffusing subsystem. The phase diagram reveals that the region of incoherent behavior in chimera spirals grows drastically, leading to modulation and breakup of the spirals, in the transition zones between 1 n-1 and 1 n local mixed-mode oscillations.