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  • Articles  (24)
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  • 1
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    A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopes-Gautier, R -- Doute, S -- Smythe, W D -- Kamp, L W -- Carlson, R W -- Davies, A G -- Leader, F E -- McEwen, A S -- Geissler, P E -- Kieffer, S W -- Keszthelyi, L -- Barbinis, E -- Mehlman, R -- Segura, M -- Shirley, J -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1201-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10817988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; *Jupiter ; *Spacecraft ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Prometheus: Io's wandering plume (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: Unlike any volcanic behavior ever observed on Earth, the plume from Prometheus on Io has wandered 75 to 95 kilometers west over the last 20 years since it was first discovered by Voyager and more recently observed by Galileo. Despite the source motion, the geometric and optical properties of the plume have remained constant. We propose that this can be explained by vaporization of a sulfur dioxide and/or sulfur "snowfield" over which a lava flow is moving. Eruption of a boundary-layer slurry through a rootless conduit with sonic conditions at the intake of the melted snow can account for the constancy of plume properties.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kieffer, S W -- Lopes-Gautier, R -- McEwen, A -- Smythe, W -- Keszthelyi, L -- Carlson, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1204-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉S. W. Kieffer Science Consulting, Inc., 6 Queen Street, Suite 206, Post Office Box 520, Bolton, ON L7E 5T4, Canada. skieffer@geyser.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10817989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cold Temperature ; Entropy ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; Ice ; *Jupiter ; Models, Chemical ; Snow ; Spacecraft ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Geologic tubes: explosion pipes (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kieffer, S W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Apr 28;244(4903):479.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17807618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Volcanic mesocyclones (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-28
    Description: A strong volcanic plume consists of a vertical column of hot gases and dust topped with a horizontal 'umbrella'. The column rises, buoyed by entrained and heated ambient air, reaches the neutral-buoyancy level, then spreads radially to form the umbrella. In classical models of strong volcanic plumes, the plume is assumed to remain always axisymmetric and non-rotating. Here we show that the updraught of the rising column induces a hydrodynamic effect not addressed to date-a 'volcanic mesocyclone'. This volcanic mesocyclone sets the entire plume rotating about its axis, as confirmed by an unprecedented analysis of satellite images from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Destabilized by the rotation, the umbrella loses axial symmetry and becomes lobate in plan view, in accord with satellite records of recent eruptions on Mounts Pinatubo, Manam, Reventador, Okmok, Chaiten and Ruang. The volcanic mesocyclone spawns waterspouts or dust devils, as seen in numerous eruptions, and groups the electric charges about the plume to form the 'lightning sheath' that was so prominent in the recent eruption of Mount Chaiten. The concept of a volcanic mesocyclone provides a unified explanation for a disparate set of poorly understood phenomena in strong volcanic plumes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chakraborty, Pinaki -- Gioia, Gustavo -- Kieffer, Susan W -- England -- Nature. 2009 Mar 26;458(7237):497-500. doi: 10.1038/nature07866.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA. chakrabo@illinois.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Isotope fractionation in silicate melts by thermal diffusion (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-20
    Description: The phenomenon of thermal diffusion (mass diffusion driven by a temperature gradient, known as the Ludwig-Soret effect) has been investigated for over 150 years, but an understanding of its underlying physical basis remains elusive. A significant hurdle in studying thermal diffusion has been the difficulty of characterizing it. Extensive experiments over the past century have established that the Soret coefficient, S(T) (a single parameter that describes the steady-state result of thermal diffusion), is highly sensitive to many factors. This sensitivity makes it very difficult to obtain a robust characterization of thermal diffusion, even for a single material. Here we show that for thermal diffusion experiments that span a wide range in composition and temperature, the difference in S(T) between isotopes of diffusing elements that are network modifiers (iron, calcium and magnesium) is independent of the composition and temperature. On the basis of this finding, we propose an additive decomposition for the functional form of S(T) and argue that a theoretical approach based on local thermodynamic equilibrium holds promise for describing thermal diffusion in silicate melts and other complex solutions. Our results lead to a simple and robust framework for characterizing isotope fractionation by thermal diffusion in natural and synthetic systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, F -- Chakraborty, P -- Lundstrom, C C -- Holmden, C -- Glessner, J J G -- Kieffer, S W -- Lesher, C E -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 18;464(7287):396-400. doi: 10.1038/nature08840.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes: Discovery and Basic Characterization (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-10-19
    Description: At least four active geyser-like eruptions were discovered in Voyager 2 images of Triton, Neptune's large satellite. The two best documented eruptions occur as columns of dark material rising to an altitude of about 8 kilometers where dark clouds of material are left suspended to drift downwind over 100 kilometers. The radii of the rising columns appear to be in the range of several tens of meters to a kilometer. One model for the mechanism to drive the plumes involves heating of nitrogen ice in a subsurface greenhouse environment; nitrogen gas pressurized by the solar heating explosively vents to the surface carrying clouds of ice and dark partides into the atmosphere. A temperature increase of less than 4 kelvins above the ambient surface value of 38 +/- 3 kelvins is more than adequate to drive the plumes to an 8-kilometer altitude. The mass flux in the trailing clouds is estimated to consist of up to 10 kilograms of fine dark particles per second or twice as much nitrogen ice and perhaps several hundred or more kilograms of nitrogen gas per second. Each eruption may last a year or more, during which on the order of a tenth of a cubic kilometer of ice is sublimed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soderblom, L A -- Kieffer, S W -- Becker, T L -- Brown, R H -- Cook, A F 2nd -- Hansen, C J -- Johnson, T V -- Kirk, R L -- Shoemaker, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 19;250(4979):410-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    A clathrate reservoir hypothesis for Enceladus' south polar plume (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: We hypothesize that active tectonic processes in the south polar terrain of Enceladus, the 500-kilometer-diameter moon of Saturn, are creating fractures that cause degassing of a clathrate reservoir to produce the plume documented by the instruments on the Cassini spacecraft. Advection of gas and ice transports energy, supplied at depth as latent heat of clathrate decomposition, to shallower levels, where it reappears as latent heat of condensation of ice. The plume itself, which has a discharge rate comparable to Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, probably represents small leaks from this massive advective system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kieffer, Susan W -- Lu, Xinli -- Bethke, Craig M -- Spencer, John R -- Marshak, Stephen -- Navrotsky, Alexandra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1764-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1301 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. skieffer@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Gases ; *Ice ; Mathematics ; Methane ; Models, Theoretical ; Nitrogen ; Pressure ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Planetary science. Enceladus--oasis or ice ball? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kieffer, Susan W -- Jakosky, Bruce M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1432-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1159702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA. skieffer@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon ; Elements ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen ; Ice ; *Life ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen ; *Saturn ; *Solar System ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Emplacement of cretaceous-tertiary boundary shocked quartz from chicxulub crater (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-18
    Description: Observations on shocked quartz in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary sediments compellingly tied to Chicxulub crater raise three problems. First, in North America shocked quartz occurs above the main K-T ejecta layer. Second, shocked quartz is more abundant west than east of Chicxulub. Third, shocked quartz reached distances requiring initial velocities up to 8 kilometers per second, corresponding to shock pressures that would produce melt, not the moderate-pressure shock lamellae observed. Shock devolatilization and the expansion of carbon dioxide and water from impacted wet carbonate, producing a warm, accelerating fireball after the initial hot fireball of silicate vapor, may explain all three problems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, W -- Claeys, P -- Kieffer, S W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Aug 18;269(5226):930-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17807728" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Numerical models of caldera-scale volcanic eruptions on Earth, venus, and Mars (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-09-08
    Description: Volcanic eruptions of gassy magmas on Earth, Venus, and Mars produce plumes with markedly different fluid dynamics regimes. In large part the differences are caused by the differing atmospheric pressures and ratios of volcanic vent pressure to atmospheric pressure. For each of these planets, numerical simulations of an eruption of magma containing 4 weight percent gas were run on a workstation. On Venus the simulated eruption of a pressure-balanced plume formed a dense fountain over the vent and continuous pyroclastic flows. On Earth and Mars, simulated pressure-balanced plumes produced ash columns, ash falls, and possible small pyroclastic flows. An overpressured plume, illustrated for Mars, exhibited a complex supersonic velocity structure and internal shocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kieffer, S W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 8;269(5229):1385-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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