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  • pharmacokinetics  (2)
  • *Economic Development  (1)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: China is the world's most populous country and a major emitter of greenhouse gases. Consequently, much research has focused on China's influence on climate change but somewhat less has been written about the impact of climate change on China. China experienced explosive economic growth in recent decades, but with only 7% of the world's arable land available to feed 22% of the world's population, China's economy may be vulnerable to climate change itself. We find, however, that notwithstanding the clear warming that has occurred in China in recent decades, current understanding does not allow a clear assessment of the impact of anthropogenic climate change on China's water resources and agriculture and therefore China's ability to feed its people. To reach a more definitive conclusion, future work must improve regional climate simulations-especially of precipitation-and develop a better understanding of the managed and unmanaged responses of crops to changes in climate, diseases, pests and atmospheric constituents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Huang, Yao -- Shen, Zehao -- Peng, Shushi -- Li, Junsheng -- Zhou, Liping -- Liu, Hongyan -- Ma, Yuecun -- Ding, Yihui -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Liu, Chunzhen -- Tan, Kun -- Yu, Yongqiang -- Zhang, Tianyi -- Fang, Jingyun -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):43-51. doi: 10.1038/nature09364.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, and Center of Climate Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. slpiao@pku.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; China ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Economic Development ; Population Dynamics ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Cyclosporin ; Cystic fibrosis ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; formulation ; transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Patients with cystic fibrosis absorb cyclosporin poorly and erratically. We have compared the relative bioavailability of cyclosporin from conventional and microemulsion formulations in 5 adult heart-lung transplant candidates with cystic fibrosis. Relative bioavailability was compared at two dose levels (200 mg and 800 mg). A randomized 4-period cross-over study was performed with at least a 7 days washout period between each single dose pharmacokinetic study. Blood cyclosporin concentrations were measured by a selective monoclonal antibody-based radioimmunoassay. The bioavailability of cyclosporin from the microemulsion formulation was 1.84 (95% C.I. 1.05 to 3.22; P−0.04) and 2.09 (95% C.I. 0.95 to 4.61; P−0.06) times higher compared with the conventional formulation at 200 mg and 800 mg respectively. Cmax following the microemulsion formulation was 3.38 (C.I. 1.14 to 10.59; P−0.04) and 2.77 (C.I. 1.48 to 5.19; P−0.01) times higher compared with the conventional formulation at 200 mg and 800 mg respectively. The higher Cmax following the microemulsion formulation was accompanied by shorter tmax. An enhancement of cyclosporin absorption with the microemulsion formulation was demonstrated in each patient for at least one dose level. We conclude that rate and extent of cyclosporin absorption from the microemulsion formulation is greater compared with the conventional formulation in patients with cystic fibrosis. The potential therapeutic and economic benefits of the micro-emulsion formulation should be evaluated in cystic fibrosis patients following heart-lung transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 91-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Salbutamol; nebulised ; pharmacokinetics ; COPD ; overnight urinary salbutamol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To evaluate the use of trough plasma salbutamol and overnight urinary salbutamol excretion in the assessment of nebulised salbutamol delivery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Twenty in-patients with COPD receiving nebulised salbutamol, age 69.7 years, FEV1 38.1% predicted, were studied on two consecutive days, receiving four 2.5 mg doses of nebulised salbutamol on day 1 and four 5 mg doses of nebulised salbutamol on day 2, the first dose at 8.00 h the last dose at 22.00 h. Salbutamol delivery was assessed after the last dose by trough plasma salbutamol 8.00 h and overnight urinary excretion of salbutamol (22.00–8.00 h). Results: Levels of urinary salbutamol were detectable in all 20 patients at both doses, whereas for plasma salbutamol detectable levels were only found in 16/20 cases at the 2.5 mg dose and in all cases at the 5 mg dose. For overnight urinary salbutamol (μg⋅10 h−1  n = 20) the results were 141 for 2.5 mg and 249 for 5 mg. The dose ratio for urinary salbutamol between 2.5 mg and 5 mg doses was 1.83. Results for plasma salbutamol (ng/ml, n = 16) were 1.58 at 2.5 mg and 2.43 at 5 mg: dose ratio (geometric mean) 1.49. Conclusion: Overnight urinary salbutamol provides a simple and effective measure of nebulised salbutamol delivery in patients with COPD, which would be suitable for studying nebuliser performance and compliance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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