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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe neuer Polyimide mit Phenylchinoxalin-Einheiten wurde durch Lösungspolykondensation von 2,2-Bis(1,3-dioxo-1H,3h-isobenzofuran-5-yl) hexafluoropropan (Hexafluorisopropyliden-diphthalsäure-anhydrid) mit Phynylchinoxalin-Einheiten enthaltenden aromatischen Diaminen synthetisiert. Aus diesen, in polaren Amiden löslichen Polymeren lassen sich transparente, flexible Filme mit niedriger Dielektrizitätskonstante und hoher thermischer Stabiltät (Zersetzungstemperaturen oberhalb 400°C) herstellen.
    Notes: A series of new polyimides with phenylquinoxaline units have been synthesized by solution polycondensation of 2,2-bis(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-isobenzofuran-5-yl)hexafluoropropane (hexafloroisopropylidene-diphthalic anhydride) with aromatic diamines containing preformed phenylquinoxaline units. These polymers are soluble in polar amidic solvents and can be processed into transparent, flexible films, having low dielectric constants and high thermal stability with decomposition temperatures above 400°C.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 253 (1997), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zwei Reihen aromatischer Polyamide mit Silicium und Phenylchinoxalin- oder Hexafluorisopropyliden-Gruppen wurden hergestellt und ihre Eigenschaften mit denen verwandter Polymerer verglichen. Die Polymeren sind leicht löslich in polaren amidischen Lösungsmitteln wie N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinon und Dimethylformamid sowie in Tetrahydrofuran. Aus diesen Lösungen können dünne, transparente Filme gegossen werden. Die gewichts- und zahlenmittleren Molekulargewichte der Polyamide liegen im Bereich 10000-40000 bzw. 3000-6000, die Uneinheitlichkeiten im Bereich 3-10. Die Glasübergangstemperaturen liegen zwischen 236°C und 275°C, die Zersetzungstemperaturen oberhalb von 400°C. Die Dielektrizitätskonstanten der Polymerfilme sind niedrig (3.26-3.68), die mechanischen Eigenschaften gut (Zugfestigkeit 74-100 MPa, Zugmodul 180-386 MPa) und mit denen anderer „high performance“-Dielektrika vergleichbar.
    Notes: Two series of aromatic polyamides incorporating silicon together with phenylquinoxaline or with hexafluoroisopropylidene groups have been synthesized and their properties have been characterized and compared with those of related polymers. These polymers are easily soluble in polar amidic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and dimethylformamide, and in tetrahydrofuran, and can be cast into thin, transparent films from solution. The polyamides have weight- and number-average molecular weights in the range of 10 000-40 000 and 3 000-6 000, respectively, and polydispersities in the range of 3-10. They show glass transition temperatures in the range of 236°C-275°C and decomposition temperatures above 400°C. The polymer films have low dielectric constants in the range of 3.26-3.68, and good mechanical properties (tensile strength 74-100 MPa, tensile modulus 180-386 MPa), thus being comparable with other high performance dielectrics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 1767-1770 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: decafluorobiphenyl ; polyarylether ; polyether ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(aryl ether ketone) ; naphthalene derivatives ; fluorinated ; Ullmann ether synthesis ; Friedel-Crafts acylation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new monomer 2,2-bis[4-(4-{4-fluorobenzoyl}-1-naphthoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (2) was synthesized in a two-step reaction sequence. 2,2-his[4-(1-naphthoxy)phenyl]-hexafluoropropane (1) was prepared using the Ullmann ether synthesis reaction of 4,4-(hex-afluoroisopropylidiene)diphenol with 1-bromonaphthalene. Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1 with 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride in methylene chloride containing dimethylsulfone selectively afforded 2 in 82% yield. The polycondensation of 2 with various bisphenols in DMAc in the presence of an excess of potassium carbonate as a condensation reagent was carried out at 165°C to quantitatively afford the corresponding fluorinated poly(aryl ether ketone)s containing 1,4-naphthalene moieties. Thermal analysis of the polymers showed them to have Tgs ranging from 194 to 230°C and to be thermally stable in air up with initial weight losses at about 500°C. In addition, these novel polymers exhibited excellent solubility in organic solvents including NMP, DMAc, and chloroform. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 863-877 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of pilot plant studies using a glass airlift fermentation device (55 liter fermentation volume) have proven the relative merits of such a system in the fermentation of a filamentous mold, Monascus purpureus, on 4% (w/w) starch media. The resultant overall yield of cell mass (Yx/s) of 0.38 was an appreciable increase over the 0.32 obtained with a pilot scale stirred tank fermentor previously studied. Power requirements of the airlift fermentor were approximately 50% of those for the mechanically agitated system. The lack of mechanical shear in the airlift system provides a more gentle environment or the cultivation of organisms than does the high degree of shear prevalent in the mechanically agitated vessels. Mass transfer of oxygen to the aqueous phase of the fermentation volume is improved significantly through use of the airlift device. Mass transfer coefficients in the range of 200 reciprocal hr were obtained to approximately 80 reciprocal hr in the stirred tank fermentor.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 2421-2431 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of aeration on the flow characteristics of water in a glass pilot-scale airlift fermentor have been examined. The 55-L capacity fermentor consisted of a 15.2-cm-i.d. riser column with a 5.1-cm-i.d. downcomer tube. It was found that the average bubble size diminished with increased aeration. Typically, average bubble sizes ranged from 4.32 mm at a superficial gas velocity of 0.64 cm/s to 1.92 mm at 10.3 cm/s. A gas holdup of 0.19 was attained with superficial gas velocities (vs) on the order of 10 cm/s, indicating the highly gassed nature of the fluid in the riser section of the fermentor. Circulation velocities of markers placed in the fermentor decreased with increasing aeration rates due to increased turbulence and axial liquid back mixing within the riser section. Actual volumetric liquid circulation rates remained relatively constant (0.36-0.49 L/s) for values of (vs) up to 10 cm/s. Based on theoretical calculations, the ascending velocity of bubbles in a swarm reached 54 cm/s in the range of (vs) values studied.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 2447-2464 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model for the reaction sequence catalyzed by coimmobilized invertase and glucose oxidase with a sucrose substrate in a tubular reactor has been developed. The computerized mathematical model employs and orthogonal collection technique for solving oxidase were coimmobilized in poly(2-hydroxyethlmethacrylate) gels and used in a continuous flow packed-bed tubular reactor system. In addition to describing the development of the kinetic model, this article compares experimentally determined reactor effluent concentrations for various sucrose feed solutions to those predicted by the model. Variations between experimental and predicted reactor effluent concentrations were found to be on the micromolar level for sucrose feed concentrations as low as 1.38mM.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 2465-2481 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical model for the reaction sequence catalyzed by immobilized invertase and glucose oxidase discussed in the preceding article has been used successfully to duplicate experimental findings. In addition, it has been used as a tool for the simulation and prediction of effects derived from alterations to system-related and gel-related parameters. The effects of gel diffusivity on the overall conversion of sucrose substrate to reaction products was investigated through use of this model. Changes in the enzyme loading within a gel and the results of varying the ration of invertase activity to glucose activity were also evaluated. Through use of concentrations of the molecular species determined at the collocation points within a gel particle and in the bulk liquid phase, an estimate of the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer around the gel particle was determined which was in close agreement with values obtained from classical mass transfer relationships. For most of this study, the enzymes were coimmobilized within the same polymeric matrix. However, a number of tests were run with the enzymes immobilized individually and placed in separate reactors in a sequential reactor system. The experimental results from these tests were duplicated successfully by means of the model with little modification to the basic computer program. Such an example illustrates the potential flexibility of the model and its overall versatility.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid tolerant lactase (I), α-chymotrypsin (II), and acid phosphatase (III) were immobilized on chitin with glutaraldehyde. Pretreatments of the chit in with acid, alkali, ammonia, and pronase were compared with respect to release of titratable amino groups and ability to retain lactase activity. Shrimp chitin appeared to be more sensitive to pretreatment conditions and so effort was concentrated on crab. An acid-alkali pretreatment was selected as most practical and economical, and the properties of enzymes fixed on crab chitin were studied intensively. The pH optima of the fixed enzymes were shifted about one pH unit; the shift for I was toward more acid pH, for II was toward alkaline pH, and for III was toward acid pH. The retained activity of immobilized I was approximately 60% that of the native enzyme. A column in continuous operation with I on chitin-glutaraldehyde gave an apparent activity half-life of 27 days.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 1277-1286 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: chemotaxis ; growth rate ; migration ; bacteria ; transport coefficients ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In many natural environments, bacterial populations experience suboptimal growth due to the competition with other microorganisms for limited resources. The chemotactic response provides a mechanism by which bacterial populations can improve their situation by migrating toward more favorable growth conditions. For bacteria cultured under suboptimal growth conditions, evidence for an enhanced chemotactic response has been observed previously. In this article, for the first time, we have quantitatively characterized this behavior in terms of two macroscopic transport coefficients, the random motility and chemotactic sensitivity coefficients, measured in the stopped-flow diffusion chamber assay. Escherichia coli cultured over a range of growth rates in a chemostat exhibits a dramatic increase in the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient for D-fucose at low growth rates, while the random motility coefficient remains relatively constant by comparison. The change in the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient is accounted for by an independently measured increase in the number of galactose-binding proteins which mediate the chemotactic signal. This result is consistent with the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic parameters for chemotaxis, which was proposed in the mathematical model of Rivero and co-workers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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