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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 408-420 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il modello polaronico dell’eccitone è utilizzato per studiare la risposta dielettrica del mezzo all’eccitazione di un livello profondo, usando il metodo della risoluzione diretta dell’equazione euleriana della variazione funzionale. La risposta dinamica della polarizzazione elettronica influisce sull’attrazione elettrone-buca e sull’energia di legame dell’eccitone, in un modo che dipende dai parametri di base del cristallo (costante dielettrica, massa effettiva, parametro reticolare) attraverso il raggio dell’eccitone di nocciolo e il raggio del polarone. Quando il primo è molto maggiore del secondo, si ottiene un’attrazione schermata dalla costante dielettrica statica. Quando i due raggi sono confrontabili, lo schermo è ridotto e l’energia di legame aumenta. Le energie di legame sono calcolate in vari semiconduttori usando l’approssimazione della massa effettiva. La dispersione spaziale della funzione dielettrica, accompagnata all’interazione tra piú minimi della banda di conduzione, può tuttavia contribuire a ridurre il raggio dell’eccitone e produrre un’instabilità ad uno stato profondo tale da invalidare l’approssimazione della massa effettiva.
    Abstract: Резюме Поляронная модель экситонов используется для исследования диэлектрического отклика среды на возбуждение уровней «остова», применяя метод прямого решения уравнений Эйлера для вариационных производных. Динамический отклик электронной поляризации влияет на электрон-дырочное притяжение и энергию связи экситона таким образом, который зависит от основных параметров кристалла (диэлектрической постоянной, эффективных масс, параметра решетки) через экситонный радиус остова и поляронный радиус. Когда экситонный радиус много больше поляронного, то получается статическое диэлектрическое экранирование. Когда экситонный радиус сравним с поляронным радиусом, то экранирование уменьшается и энергия связи увеличивается. Используя приближение эффективной массы, вычисляются энергии связи для различных полупроводников. Пространственная дисперсия диэлектрической функции, связанная с взаимодействием между минимумами зоны проводимости, может давать вклад и уменьшать экситонный радиус, а также приводить к неустойчивости глубокого состояния, что обусловливает нарушение применимости приближения эффективной массы.
    Notes: Summary The electronic polaron model of the exciton is used to study the dielectric response of a medium to the excitation of a «core» level, by adopting the method of direct solution of the Eulerian functional variational equations. The dynamical response of the electronic polarization affects the electron-hole attraction and the exciton binding energy, in a way which depends on the basic parameters of the crystal (dielectric constant, effective masses, lattice parameter) through the core exciton radius and the polaron radius. When the former is much larger than the latter, static dielectric screening results. When the exciton radius is comparable to the polaron radius, the screening is reduced and the binding energy is increased. Core exciton binding energies are computed in a number of substances using the effective-mass approximation. Space dispersion of the dielectric function coupled to intervalley interaction may, however, contribute in some cases to reducing the excitonic radius and bringing about an instability to a deep state that would invalidate the effective-mass approximation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 9 (1987), S. 703-714 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Una correzione significativa al valore della massa totale dell'eccitone si produce nei cristalli polari a causa dell'interazione dell'elettrone e della buca con i fononi ottici longitudinali. Si fornisce un procedimento per calcolare la rinormalizzazione della massa totale dell'eccitone estendendo la teoria dell'eccitone polaronico al caso d'impulso diverso da zero; si ottengono risultati numerici per un gran numero di sostanze polari. L'evidenza sperimentale di questo effetto è trovata mediante un'analisi dettagliata di dati sperimentali sulla dispersione spaziale dei polaritoni.
    Abstract: Резюме В полярных кристаллах взаимодействе злектрона и дыры с продольными оптическими фононами производит значительное изменение значения полной массы экситона. Предлогается метод для вычисления перенормализации полной массы экситона при помощи распространеия теории поляритоного экситона на случай ненулевого импулса. Численные результаты получены для болыщого числа вещества. Экспериментальное выявление этого эффекта получено при помощи детального анализа экспериментальных данных п простраственной дисперсии поляритонов.
    Notes: Summary A significant correction to the value of the total exciton mass in polar materials results from the interaction of the electron and the hole with the longitudinal optical phonons. A procedure is given for computing this mass renormalization by means of the excitonic-polaron theory; numerical results are obtained for many substances. Evidence for this effect is found from a detailed analysis of experimental polariton dispersion data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1747-1751 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Quantum optics ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A great interest in the study of exciton-photon coupling in resonant optical media such as semiconductor microcavities is currently developing both in experiments and in theory. We investigate the spectral response of a new semiconductor quantum system in which the cavity material itself is the active medium. If the Fabry-Perot quasi-mode is carefully tuned on the excitonic transition of the cavity bulk material, strong exciton-photon coupling takes place and produces new features such as a Rabi-like splitting as large as that observed in quantum well microcavities and comparable optical absorption. In addition, the polaritonic spatial dispersion and the quantization of the centre-of-mass motion introduce remarkable fine structures which are absent in the quantum well case. We demonstrate the above effects from a spectroscopic analysis of GaAs cavities, using standard reflectance and photoluminescence techniques. The experimental results are further clarified with theoretical calculations performed with an adapted transfer-matrix approach. The case of semi-cavities is finally considered and a new way to control the exciton-photon interaction in our system is achieved tailoring the photonic wave function with a change in the reflectivity phase of the mirrors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 10 (1988), S. 1473-1486 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-photon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Level splitting and interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Nella teoria degli eccitoni di Wannier, la parte a lungo raggio e non analitica dell’interazione di scambio è generalmente espressa in termini dell’elemento di matrice di dipolo fra funzioni di Wannier. Noi mostriamo che può invece essere espressa in termini dell’elemento di matrice di dipolo fra funzioni di Bloch al centro della zona di Brillouin, senza assumere che le funzioni di Wannier siano localizzate. Otteniamo quindi un’espressione per lo splitting longitudinale-trasverso in termini dell’elemento di matrice di dipolo fra stato fondamentale del cristallo e stato eccitonico. Ciò è necessario per dimostrare che il polaritone trasverso del ramo superiore è degenere con l’eccitone longitudinale nel limitek ex→0. Otteniamo inoltre una nuova espressione per la parte a corto raggio dell’interazione di scambio, che è più appropriata per un calcolo microscopico e che calcoliamo nel caso del CuCl. Otteniamo un parametro di scambioΔ ex = 12.6 meV, in buon accordo col valore sperimentale.
    Abstract: Резюме В теории экситонов Ваннье дальнодействуйщая неаналитическая часть обменного взаимодействия обычно выражается через дипольный матричный элемент между функциями Ваннье. Мы показываем, что эта часть обменного взаимодействия может быть выражена через дипольный матричный элемент между функциями Б=qlоха без каких-либо предположений о локализации функций Ваннье. Мы получаем выражение для продольно-поперечного расщепления в терминах дипольного матричного элемента между основным состоянием кристалла и экситонным состоянием. Это выражение требуется, чтобы доказать, что поперечный поляритон является вырожденным с продольным экситоном в пределеk ex→0. Получается новое выражение для короткодействующей части обменного взаимодействия, которое более удобно для микроскопических вычислений и которое оценивается для случая CuCl. Вычисляется обменный параметрΔ ex = 12.6 мэВ, который хорошо согласуется с экспериментальной величиной.
    Notes: Summary In the theory of Wannier excitons, the long-range nonanalytical part of the exchange interaction is usually expressed in terms of the dipole matrix element between Wannier functions. We show that it can be expressed in terms of the dipole matrix element between zone-centre Bloch functions, without any assumption on the localization of Wannier functions. We obtain an expression for the longitudinal-transverse splitting in terms of the dipole matrix element between the crystal ground state and the excition state. This is required in order to prove that the transverse upper polariton is degenerate with the longitudinal exciton in the limitk ex→0. A new expression for the short-range part of the exchange interaction is also obtained, which is more suitable for microscopic calculations and which is evaluated for the case of CuCl. The resulting exchange parameter isΔ ex = 12.6 meV, which compares well with the experimental value.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1555-1559 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Nonlinear optics ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and thin layer structures (including superlattices, heterostructures, and intercalation compounds) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In a system comprising an organic layer coupled to a semiconductor layer, if the energy of the Frenkel exciton in the first is close to that of the Wannier exciton in the second, the lowest electronic excitations can be described as hybrid resonances. These new excitons give rise to very pronounced optical non-linearities because they have at the same time large oscillator strengths, typical of Frenkel excitons, and large radii, typical of Wannier excitons. The results of a microscopic calculation of the optical properties of such a system are presented and discussed: compared with the usual semiconductor quantum wells, enhancements of two orders of magnitude both in the size of the susceptibility (linear part) and in its relative change with increasing excitation density (Kerr non-linearity) are predicted.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1417-1422 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The excitonic energies are computed in superlattices from the poles in the imaginary part of the susceptibility, using an appropriate Green's function expression for the coherent amplitude function of the electron-hole pair. Solving the Maxwell equations, the polariton states are obtained and the optical properties are computed. The procedure includes the effects of coherence between the carriers and the electromagnetic field, and it does not require any type of additional boundary conditions. Detailed calculations in GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As superlattices show polaritonic effects in the optical properties, in particular a peculiar fine-structure lineshape of then=1 andn=2 hh and lh excitons is obtained. A comparison with similar calculations in bulk GaAs clearly shows the roles of quantum confinement and of anisotropy in the superlattice.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 10 (1988), S. 847-859 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts,p-n junctions ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presenta uno studio sistematico della luminescenza e della riflettività di strutture a buche quantiche multiple di GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As da 12K a temperatura ambiente. Un confronto diretto tra i picchi di fluorescenza dovuti a stati nelle buche quantiche e a quelli nell'arseniuro di gallio, cosí come il confronto tra fotoluminescenza e riflettività, forniscono una prova diretta del ruolo degli eccitoni a tutte le temperature. L'analisi spettrale della fluorescenza a temperatura ambiente ci consente di identificare il contributo degli eccitoni di buca pesante, degli eccitoni di buca leggera e degli stati del continuo. Un'analisi dettagliata delle energie di transizione in funzione della temperatura mostra che l'energia di confinamento aumenta del 5% quando la temperatura aumenta da 12K a temperatura ambiente. Questo effetto è dovuto alla variazione delle masse effettive dell'elettrone e della buca.
    Abstract: Резюме Мы исследуем фотолюминесценцию и отражение структур множественных квантовых ям в GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As в области от 12K до комнатной температуры. Прямое сравнение между эмиссионными пиками для квантовых ям и для объема арсенида галлия, а также между спектрами фотолюминесценции и отражения обнаруживает наличие экситонных особенностей при всех исследованных температурах. Подгоняя форму линий для спектра фотолюминесценции при комнатной температуре, мы определяем вклад экситонов тяжелых дырок, экситонов легких дырок и состояний непрерывного спектра. Из подробного анализа энергий перехода в зависимости от температуры показывается, что энергия удержания увеличивается на 5% при возрастании температуры от 12K до комнатной температуры. Отмечается, что этот эффект обусловлен изменением эффективных масс электрона и дырки.
    Notes: Summary We report a study of photoluminescence and reflectivity of GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As multiple quantum well structures from 12 K to room temperature. A direct comparison between the emission peaks of the quantum wells and of bulk GaAs, as well as between the photoluminescence and reflectance spectra, shows strong evidence of exciton features up to room temperature. By means of a line shape fit of the room temperature emission spectrum, we determine the contribution of the heavy and light hole excitons and of the continuum states. From a detailed analysis of the transition energies, a 5% increase of the confinement energy is found to occur when the temperature increases from 12 K to room temperature. This effect is shown to be due to the change in the electron and hole effective masses.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 12 (1990), S. 1673-1687 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-photon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and and thin layer structures (including superlattices, heterostructures, and intercalation compounds)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We show how the breaking of the translational invariance in a quantum well modifies the concept of polariton with respect to that defined for bulk material. Polaritons in quantum wells result from the combination of the exciton states with the radiation field. They are here obtained as the solutions of Maxwell equations with retardation, provided an appropriate nonlocal response function is used for the electric susceptibility, and Maxwell boundary conditions are imposed. We find two types of polaritons depending on the values of the in-plane wavevectork II: those atk II〈ω/v (wherev=c/n is the velocity of light in the sample) are resonant with the radiation field in the barrier and those atk II〉ω/v cannot be coupled to waves in the barrier. In both cases explicit expressions are given for radiative shifts and radiative broadenings as functions ofk II. Numerical results are obtained for GaAs-Ga1−x Al x As and for CuCl quantum wells and new experiments are suggested. The existence of resonant and surface polaritons justifies an interpretation of the temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime suggested by the same authors. It also decreases the radiative efficiency in the direction perpendicular to the planes and increases the radiative efficiency parallel to the planes with increasing temperature.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 15 (1993), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Optical properties of bulk materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We consider the case of a plurality of polariton modes due to the valence band structure, and give a one-dimensional model to compute the optical functions in the exciton frequency range. Interference effects of each mode with itself and with the other modes are identified by a fine structure in the reflectivity spectrum.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 801-829 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Atomic photon processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si calcolano le probabilità di transizione a due fotoni nell’elio atomico dallo stato fondamentale 11 S e dagli stati metastabili 21 S e 23 S agli stati eccitati di piú bassa energia (n≤4). Si usa il metodo dell’interazione di configurazioni, che dà un’accuratezza dell’1%, stimata dal confronto tra la «gauge di lunghezza» e «la gauge di velocità». Effetti di correlazione contribuiscono circa 20% alle probabilità di transizione. La vita media dello stato 21 S è di circa 19.6 ms. Le probabilità di transizione a due fotoni mostrano una forte dipendenza dalla frequenza, caratterizzata da risonanze e da trasparenze.
    Notes: Summary The two-photon transition probabilities from the ground state 11 S and from the metastable states 21 S and 23 S to the lowest excited states are computed in He. A configuration interaction approach is used, and a detailed comparison between the «length» and the «velocity» gauges leads to an estimate of 1% accuracy. Correlation effects are found to account for about 20% of the transition probabilities. The life-time of the 21 S state is ≅19.6 ms. The two-photon transition probabilities display a dramatic dependence on frequency, characterized by resonances and transparencies.
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