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  • Chemistry  (29)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2)
  • *Economic Development  (1)
  • 1
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    The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in China (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: China is the world's most populous country and a major emitter of greenhouse gases. Consequently, much research has focused on China's influence on climate change but somewhat less has been written about the impact of climate change on China. China experienced explosive economic growth in recent decades, but with only 7% of the world's arable land available to feed 22% of the world's population, China's economy may be vulnerable to climate change itself. We find, however, that notwithstanding the clear warming that has occurred in China in recent decades, current understanding does not allow a clear assessment of the impact of anthropogenic climate change on China's water resources and agriculture and therefore China's ability to feed its people. To reach a more definitive conclusion, future work must improve regional climate simulations-especially of precipitation-and develop a better understanding of the managed and unmanaged responses of crops to changes in climate, diseases, pests and atmospheric constituents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Ciais, Philippe -- Huang, Yao -- Shen, Zehao -- Peng, Shushi -- Li, Junsheng -- Zhou, Liping -- Liu, Hongyan -- Ma, Yuecun -- Ding, Yihui -- Friedlingstein, Pierre -- Liu, Chunzhen -- Tan, Kun -- Yu, Yongqiang -- Zhang, Tianyi -- Fang, Jingyun -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):43-51. doi: 10.1038/nature09364.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, and Center of Climate Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. slpiao@pku.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; China ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Economic Development ; Population Dynamics ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of electrically conducting polyaniline-TCNE complexes (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4365-4374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyaniline-tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) complexes can be synthesized either from emeraldine base or emeraldine hydrochloride by a relatively simple method. The complexes demonstrate greater stability than the emeraldine hydrochloride at elevated temperatures and under high current densities. The electrical conductivity of the complexes synthesized from emeraldine base can be varied from 〈 10-6 to 0.2 S/cm by varying the amount of TCNE incorporated. The complexes synthesized from emeraldine hydrochloride are slightly more conductive than the starting emeraldine hydrochloride. In both types of complexes, it appears that electron transfer between the polyaniline and TCNE has occurred resulting in the formation of some positively charged polyaniline nitrogen and TCNE anions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080271313
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification and adhesion characteristics of polycarbonate films after graft copolymerization (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 357-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: surface graft copolymerization ; adhesive-free adhesion ; polycarbonate ; XPS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The surfaces of ozone-pretreated polycarbonate films were subjected to further modification by thermally induced graft copolymerization with acrylic acid (AAc), sodium salt of styrene sulfonic acid (NaSS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), N,N-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and 3-dimethyl(methacryloyl ethyl)-ammonium propanesulfonate (DMAPS) monomers. The structure and composition at the copolymer interface were studied by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For polycarbonate films with a substantial amount of grafted polymer, the hydrophilic graft penetrates or becomes partially submerged beneath a thin surface layer of dense substrate chains. This microstructure was further supported by the water contact angle measurements. Adhesive-free adhesion studies revealed that the AAc, DMAA or DMAPS graft copolymerized polycarbonate film surface adhered strongly to another similarly modified surface (homo-interface) when brought into direct contact in the presence of water and subsequently dried. The development of the lap shear strength is dependent on the concentration of the surface graft, the microstructure of the grafted surface, the adhesion (drying) time, and the nature of the interfacial interaction. The simultaneous presence of chain entanglement and electrostatic interaction readily results in substantially enhanced adhesion strengths between two DMAPS graft copolymerized surfaces or between an AAc and a DMAA graft copolymerized surface (hetero-interface). XPS analyses of the delaminated surfaces suggest that failure occurred cohesively below the graft-substrate interface. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 357-366, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study on the structural changes in leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base upon doping by perchlorate (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 29 (1991), S. 759-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The changes in the structure of leucoemeraldine (LM) and emeraldine (EM) base upon doping by perchlorate anions are studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. In the case of LM, interactions of the amine nitrogens with the perchlorate anions result in a nitrogenonium ion structure analogous to that arising from the protonation of imine nitrogens in EM by HCl except the chloride anion in the latter has been replaced by the perchlorate anion. A small amount of partially ionic and covalent chlorine is also incorporated in the LM-perchlorate complexes. The maximum electrical conductivity that is achieved in these complexes is about 4 S/cm. In contrast, the maximum conductivity of the EM-perchlorate complexes is three orders of magnitude lower. The interactions of perchlorate anions with EM base result in the preferential disappearance of the imine units over the amine units.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1991.080290518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene films via graft copolymerization for auto-adhesion (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 3107-3114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: PTFE ; auto-adhesion ; surface grafting ; amphoteric monomer ; Ar plasma ; XPS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The surfaces of Ar plasma-pretreated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films are further functionalized via UV-induced graft copolymerization with amphoteric N,N′-dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propansulfonate (DMAPS) either in Ar atmosphere, or under atmospheric conditions and in the absence of a polymerization initiator. The so-modified PTFE films from either process are capable of exhibiting adhesive-free adhesion or auto-adhesion with one another when brought into intimate contact in the presence of a small quantity of water. The lap shear adhesion strength increases with increasing graft concentration and can readily exceed the yield strength of the PTFE substrate. Two plasma-pretreated PTFE films also readily undergo thermal graft copolymerization with concurrent lamination when lapped together in the presence of a small quantity of the DMAPS monomer solution at elevated temperature in the atmosphere. The surface compositions of the graft-copolymerized PTFE films and the delaminated surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In most cases, adhesional failure occurred near the graft-substrate interphase. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 3107-3114, 1998
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of charge transfer interactions in electroactive polyaniline (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 5 (1994), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polyaniline ; XPS ; Charge transfer ; Oxidation states ; Films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Four modes of charge transfer interactions in polyaniline (PAN), viz. acid protonation, self-doping, charge transfer interactions with organic acceptors, and charge transfer interactions with surface grafted functional polymers have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the case of acid protonation, the protonation behavior of volatile and non-volatile acid differs. The structures of sulfonated leucomeraldine (LM) and nigraniline (NA) are similar to those of sulfonated and self-protonated emeraldine (EM). A substantially higher degree of charge transfer interaction with the organic acceptors is observed for EM film that has been subjected to one cycle of acid/base treatment. The charge transfer interactions with the organic acceptors have proceeded further than the pure formation of molecular complexes. Both pristine and Ar plasma or O3 pretreated EM films are susceptible to surface modifications by graft copolymerization. The protonic acid functional groups of the graft readily give rise to a self-protonated EM surface.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1994.220050305
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface structures of fluoropolymer, polyolefin and polyester films after modification by graft polymerization (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 5 (1994), S. 837-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Polyolefin ; Fluoropolymer ; Polyester ; Graft Polymerization ; Surface structure ; XPS ; SIMS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Pristine and argon plasma pretreated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(ethylene terrephthalate) (PET) films have been subjected to near-UV light-induced graft polymerization with water-soluble acrylamide (AAm), the sodium salt of styrene sulfonic acid (NaSS), acrylic acid (AAc) and N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethylacrylate (DMAEMA) monomers. The structure and composition at the substrate surface with grafted polymer were studied by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In most cases, the density of surface grafting is enhanced by plasma pretreatment. For each polymer substrate with a substantial amount of grafting, the hydrophilic graft penetrates or becomes partially submerged beneath a thin surface layer of dense substrate chains. This stratified microstructure is consistent with the static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Ar+ beam depth profiling results. The two latter techniques also suggest that when the grafted polymer has a bulky substituent, there is less efficient penetration of the grafted polymer below the surface.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1994.220051211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal degradation studies of perchlorate-doped conductive polymers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 573-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermogravimetric behavior of polypyrrole (PPY), polybithiophene (PBT), and poly-aniline (PAN) perchlorate complexes and their corresponding base polymers have been studied. The PBT-perchlorate complex and base polymer decompose at significantly lower temperatures than do the PPY and PAN counterparts. All three perchlorate complexes retain half or more of their original conductivities with no changes in the doping levels after one cycle of heating to 150°C in air and cooling to room temperature. However, after heating at 150°C for 24 h, only the PAN-perchlorate complex shows no significant change in the doping level, although its conductivity decreases by more than two orders of magnitude. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the perchlorate complexes reveal the presence of at least two distinct chlorine species. The thermal decomposition of the perchlorate anions results in the formation of volatile chlorine species as well in chlorine covalently bonded to the polymer. The thermal decomposition of the PPY-perchlorate complex also results in the conversion of positively charged nitrogens to iminelike structures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430319
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface studies of pristine and surface-modified polypyrrole films (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 625-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypyrrole (PPY) films having high conductivity were synthesized electrochemically in acetonitrile at low temperature and low current density. Pristine, deprotonated, and ozone-pretreated PPY films were subjected to either thermally induced or near-UV-light-induced graft copolymerization with acrylic acid (AAc), or sodium salt of 4-styrenesulfonic acid (NaSS). Surface structures and redox states of the pristine, deprotonated, reprotonated, and surface-modified polypyrrole films were studied by angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphology of the PPY surface after modification by graft co-polymerization was revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the density of surface grafting decreased with ozone pretreatment. Surface grafting of the two polymeric acids also gave rise to a self-protonated surface structure. A substantial proportion of the grafted protonic acid groups at the surface remained free for further surface functionalization. The surface characteristics, in particular the charge-transfer interactions and the changes in the intrinsic redox states of the substrate films, associated with the external protonation and surface self-protonation processes were also discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroless reduction and precipitation of gold from acid solution by polypyrrole (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 1539-1545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation of the 25% intrinsically oxidized polypyrrole, containing 25% [=N-] and 75% [—NH—], and the subsequent reprotonation and reduction of the highly intrinsically oxidized polymer in acid gold solution were utilized for the spontaneous and sustained reduction of gold. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results indicate that only elemental gold [or Au (0)] accumulates on the polymer film or powder surfaces. The N1s core-level spectra of the protonated and deprotonated polypyrrole after metal reduction suggest that the intrinsic structure of the polymer at the polymer/Au interface remains intact, even at [Au]/[N] mol ratios substantially above 1. The process, however, is limited by the decreasing effective surface area of the polymer due to Au coverage. The Au reduction behavior of polypyrrole was also compared to that of polyaniline. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070531116
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