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  • 1
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    Polar patterns of driven filaments (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: The emergence of collective motion exhibited by systems ranging from flocks of animals to self-propelled microorganisms to the cytoskeleton is a ubiquitous and fascinating self-organization phenomenon. Similarities between these systems, such as the inherent polarity of the constituents, a density-dependent transition to ordered phases or the existence of very large density fluctuations, suggest universal principles underlying pattern formation. This idea is followed by theoretical models at all levels of description: micro- or mesoscopic models directly map local forces and interactions using only a few, preferably simple, interaction rules, and more macroscopic approaches in the hydrodynamic limit rely on the systems' generic symmetries. All these models characteristically have a broad parameter space with a manifold of possible patterns, most of which have not yet been experimentally verified. The complexity of interactions and the limited parameter control of existing experimental systems are major obstacles to our understanding of the underlying ordering principles. Here we demonstrate the emergence of collective motion in a high-density motility assay that consists of highly concentrated actin filaments propelled by immobilized molecular motors in a planar geometry. Above a critical density, the filaments self-organize to form coherently moving structures with persistent density modulations, such as clusters, swirls and interconnected bands. These polar nematic structures are long lived and can span length scales orders of magnitudes larger than their constituents. Our experimental approach, which offers control of all relevant system parameters, complemented by agent-based simulations, allows backtracking of the assembly and disassembly pathways to the underlying local interactions. We identify weak and local alignment interactions to be essential for the observed formation of patterns and their dynamics. The presented minimal polar-pattern-forming system may thus provide new insight into emerging order in the broad class of active fluids and self-propelled particles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaller, Volker -- Weber, Christoph -- Semmrich, Christine -- Frey, Erwin -- Bausch, Andreas R -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):73-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09312.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl fur Biophysik-E27, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85748 Garching, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cytoskeleton/*chemistry ; Microtubules/chemistry ; *Models, Biological ; Myosin Subfragments/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac controls the motility of living cells (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-08-21
    Description: The precise spatio-temporal dynamics of protein activity are often critical in determining cell behaviour, yet for most proteins they remain poorly understood; it remains difficult to manipulate protein activity at precise times and places within living cells. Protein activity has been controlled by light, through protein derivatization with photocleavable moieties or using photoreactive small-molecule ligands. However, this requires use of toxic ultraviolet wavelengths, activation is irreversible, and/or cell loading is accomplished via disruption of the cell membrane (for example, through microinjection). Here we have developed a new approach to produce genetically encoded photoactivatable derivatives of Rac1, a key GTPase regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in metazoan cells. Rac1 mutants were fused to the photoreactive LOV (light oxygen voltage) domain from phototropin, sterically blocking Rac1 interactions until irradiation unwound a helix linking LOV to Rac1. Photoactivatable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) could be reversibly and repeatedly activated using 458- or 473-nm light to generate precisely localized cell protrusions and ruffling. Localized Rac activation or inactivation was sufficient to produce cell motility and control the direction of cell movement. Myosin was involved in Rac control of directionality but not in Rac-induced protrusion, whereas PAK was required for Rac-induced protrusion. PA-Rac1 was used to elucidate Rac regulation of RhoA in cell motility. Rac and Rho coordinate cytoskeletal behaviours with seconds and submicrometre precision. Their mutual regulation remains controversial, with data indicating that Rac inhibits and/or activates Rho. Rac was shown to inhibit RhoA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with inhibition modulated at protrusions and ruffles. A PA-Rac crystal structure and modelling revealed LOV-Rac interactions that will facilitate extension of this photoactivation approach to other proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766670/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766670/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Yi I -- Frey, Daniel -- Lungu, Oana I -- Jaehrig, Angelika -- Schlichting, Ilme -- Kuhlman, Brian -- Hahn, Klaus M -- GM057464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM64346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057464-09/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM064346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM064346-089026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):104-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08241. Epub 2009 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. yiwu@med.unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avena/genetics ; Cell Line ; *Cell Movement/radiation effects ; Cell Surface Extensions ; Cell Survival ; Cryptochromes ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Enzyme Activation/radiation effects ; Fibroblasts ; Flavoproteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Myosins/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Deciphering the splicing code (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-07
    Description: Alternative splicing has a crucial role in the generation of biological complexity, and its misregulation is often involved in human disease. Here we describe the assembly of a 'splicing code', which uses combinations of hundreds of RNA features to predict tissue-dependent changes in alternative splicing for thousands of exons. The code determines new classes of splicing patterns, identifies distinct regulatory programs in different tissues, and identifies mutation-verified regulatory sequences. Widespread regulatory strategies are revealed, including the use of unexpectedly large combinations of features, the establishment of low exon inclusion levels that are overcome by features in specific tissues, the appearance of features deeper into introns than previously appreciated, and the modulation of splice variant levels by transcript structure characteristics. The code detected a class of exons whose inclusion silences expression in adult tissues by activating nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay, but whose exclusion promotes expression during embryogenesis. The code facilitates the discovery and detailed characterization of regulated alternative splicing events on a genome-wide scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barash, Yoseph -- Calarco, John A -- Gao, Weijun -- Pan, Qun -- Wang, Xinchen -- Shai, Ofer -- Blencowe, Benjamin J -- Frey, Brendan J -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 6;465(7294):53-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing/*genetics ; Animals ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Genetic Code/*genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; *Models, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Until recently, northern Bering Sea ecosystems were characterized by extensive seasonal sea ice cover, high water column and sediment carbon production, and tight pelagic-benthic coupling of organic production. Here, we show that these ecosystems are shifting away from these characteristics. Changes in biological communities are contemporaneous with shifts in regional atmospheric and hydrographic forcing. In the past decade, geographic displacement of marine mammal population distributions has coincided with a reduction of benthic prey populations, an increase in pelagic fish, a reduction in sea ice, and an increase in air and ocean temperatures. These changes now observed on the shallow shelf of the northern Bering Sea should be expected to affect a much broader portion of the Pacific-influenced sector of the Arctic Ocean.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grebmeier, Jacqueline M -- Overland, James E -- Moore, Sue E -- Farley, Ed V -- Carmack, Eddy C -- Cooper, Lee W -- Frey, Karen E -- Helle, John H -- McLaughlin, Fiona A -- McNutt, S Lyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1461-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecology Group, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 10515 Research Drive, Building A, Suite 100, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA. jgrebmei@utk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Ducks ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; *Ice Cover ; Oxygen/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Walruses ; Whales
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Exogenous induction of cerebral beta-amyloidogenesis is governed by agent and host (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: Protein aggregation is an established pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the initiation of this process in vivo. Intracerebral injection of dilute, amyloid-beta (Abeta)-containing brain extracts from humans with Alzheimer's disease or beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice induced cerebral beta-amyloidosis and associated pathology in APP transgenic mice in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The seeding activity of brain extracts was reduced or abolished by Abeta immunodepletion, protein denaturation, or by Abeta immunization of the host. The phenotype of the exogenously induced amyloidosis depended on both the host and the source of the agent, suggesting the existence of polymorphic Abeta strains with varying biological activities reminiscent of prion strains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer-Luehmann, Melanie -- Coomaraswamy, Janaky -- Bolmont, Tristan -- Kaeser, Stephan -- Schaefer, Claudia -- Kilger, Ellen -- Neuenschwander, Anton -- Abramowski, Dorothee -- Frey, Peter -- Jaton, Anneliese L -- Vigouret, Jean-Marie -- Paganetti, Paolo -- Walsh, Dominic M -- Mathews, Paul M -- Ghiso, Jorge -- Staufenbiel, Matthias -- Walker, Lary C -- Jucker, Mathias -- NS45357/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RR-00165/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1781-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*administration & dosage/*analysis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Amyloidosis/*metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Brain Diseases/*metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Hippocampus/*chemistry/pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Protein Denaturation ; Time Factors ; Tissue Extracts
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    MBNL proteins repress ES-cell-specific alternative splicing and reprogramming (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-07
    Description: Previous investigations of the core gene regulatory circuitry that controls the pluripotency of embryonic stem (ES) cells have largely focused on the roles of transcription, chromatin and non-coding RNA regulators. Alternative splicing represents a widely acting mode of gene regulation, yet its role in regulating ES-cell pluripotency and differentiation is poorly understood. Here we identify the muscleblind-like RNA binding proteins, MBNL1 and MBNL2, as conserved and direct negative regulators of a large program of cassette exon alternative splicing events that are differentially regulated between ES cells and other cell types. Knockdown of MBNL proteins in differentiated cells causes switching to an ES-cell-like alternative splicing pattern for approximately half of these events, whereas overexpression of MBNL proteins in ES cells promotes differentiated-cell-like alternative splicing patterns. Among the MBNL-regulated events is an ES-cell-specific alternative splicing switch in the forkhead family transcription factor FOXP1 that controls pluripotency. Consistent with a central and negative regulatory role for MBNL proteins in pluripotency, their knockdown significantly enhances the expression of key pluripotency genes and the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells during somatic cell reprogramming.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933998/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933998/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, Hong -- Irimia, Manuel -- Ross, P Joel -- Sung, Hoon-Ki -- Alipanahi, Babak -- David, Laurent -- Golipour, Azadeh -- Gabut, Mathieu -- Michael, Iacovos P -- Nachman, Emil N -- Wang, Eric -- Trcka, Dan -- Thompson, Tadeo -- O'Hanlon, Dave -- Slobodeniuc, Valentina -- Barbosa-Morais, Nuno L -- Burge, Christopher B -- Moffat, Jason -- Frey, Brendan J -- Nagy, Andras -- Ellis, James -- Wrana, Jeffrey L -- Blencowe, Benjamin J -- R01 HG002439/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R33 MH087908/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R33MH087908/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 13;498(7453):241-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12270. Epub 2013 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alternative Splicing/genetics ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cell Line ; *Cellular Reprogramming ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Mice ; RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Effects of cAMP simulate a late stage of LTP in hippocampal CA1 neurons (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to serve as an elementary mechanism for the establishment of certain forms of explicit memory in the mammalian brain. As is the case with behavioral memory, LTP in the CA1 region has stages: a short-term early potentiation lasting 1 to 3 hours, which is independent of protein synthesis, precedes a later, longer lasting stage (L-LTP), which requires protein synthesis. Inhibitors of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) blocked L-LTP, and analogs of cAMP induced a potentiation that blocked naturally induced L-LTP. The action of the cAMP analog was blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Thus, activation of PKA may be a component of the mechanism that generates L-LTP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, U -- Huang, Y Y -- Kandel, E R -- GM32099/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1661-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP/*physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems/physiology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    How many new genes are there? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Leo J -- Hughes, Timothy R -- Frey, Brendan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1709-11; author reply 1709-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computational Biology ; *Genes ; *Genome ; Humans ; Mice/*genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Open Reading Frames ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    How low can you go? Physical production mechanism of elephant infrasonic vocalizations (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-04
    Description: Elephants can communicate using sounds below the range of human hearing ("infrasounds" below 20 hertz). It is commonly speculated that these vocalizations are produced in the larynx, either by neurally controlled muscle twitching (as in cat purring) or by flow-induced self-sustained vibrations of the vocal folds (as in human speech and song). We used direct high-speed video observations of an excised elephant larynx to demonstrate flow-induced self-sustained vocal fold vibration in the absence of any neural signals, thus excluding the need for any "purring" mechanism. The observed physical principles of voice production apply to a wide variety of mammals, extending across a remarkably large range of fundamental frequencies and body sizes, spanning more than five orders of magnitude.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herbst, Christian T -- Stoeger, Angela S -- Frey, Roland -- Lohscheller, Jorg -- Titze, Ingo R -- Gumpenberger, Michaela -- Fitch, W Tecumseh -- P 23099/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- R01 DC 008612/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 3;337(6094):595-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1219712.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. christian.herbst@univie.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Elephants/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Larynx/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Sound ; Vibration ; Vocal Cords/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    The evolutionary landscape of alternative splicing in vertebrate species (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-22
    Description: How species with similar repertoires of protein-coding genes differ so markedly at the phenotypic level is poorly understood. By comparing organ transcriptomes from vertebrate species spanning ~350 million years of evolution, we observed significant differences in alternative splicing complexity between vertebrate lineages, with the highest complexity in primates. Within 6 million years, the splicing profiles of physiologically equivalent organs diverged such that they are more strongly related to the identity of a species than they are to organ type. Most vertebrate species-specific splicing patterns are cis-directed. However, a subset of pronounced splicing changes are predicted to remodel protein interactions involving trans-acting regulators. These events likely further contributed to the diversification of splicing and other transcriptomic changes that underlie phenotypic differences among vertebrate species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbosa-Morais, Nuno L -- Irimia, Manuel -- Pan, Qun -- Xiong, Hui Y -- Gueroussov, Serge -- Lee, Leo J -- Slobodeniuc, Valentina -- Kutter, Claudia -- Watt, Stephen -- Colak, Recep -- Kim, TaeHyung -- Misquitta-Ali, Christine M -- Wilson, Michael D -- Kim, Philip M -- Odom, Duncan T -- Frey, Brendan J -- Blencowe, Benjamin J -- 15603/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A15603/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 21;338(6114):1587-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1230612.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23258890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chickens/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Introns ; Lizards/genetics ; Mice/genetics ; Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics ; Opossums/genetics ; Phenotype ; Platypus/genetics ; Primates/genetics ; RNA Splice Sites ; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; *Transcriptome ; Vertebrates/*genetics ; Xenopus/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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