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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-Oxidation enzymes in the mitochondria of Arum and oilseed rape (1990)
    Springer
    Planta 182 (1990), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Arum ; Brassica (β-oxidation) ; β-Oxidation ; (enzyme location) ; Microbody ; Mitochondrion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract β-Oxidation enzymes were detected both in the mitochondria and microbodies of Arum maculatum L. spadices and Brassica napus L. seeds. It is apparent that the mitochondrial membrane barrier, which remains intact after sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation, prevents rapid access of acyl-GoA substrates to matrix βoxidation tes. Thus intact mitochondria showed little β-oxidation enzyme activity. Rupturing of the mitochondrial membrane allowed rapid access of acyl CoAs to matrix sites. Consequently, in ruptured mitochondria, high β-oxidation enzyme activities were measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239994
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The two β-oxidation sites in pea cotyledons (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 168 (1986), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (location, function) ; Cotyledon (β-oxidation) ; Microbody ; Mitochondrion ; β-Oxidation ; Pisum (β-oxidation)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two sites for β-oxidation of fatty acids in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons exist. One site is the microbody, the other the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids is carnitine-dependent. The fatty acid permeates the membrane as palmitoylcarnitine which is formed from cytosolic-side palmitoyl-CoA by a carnitine palmitoyltransferase located on the exterior face of the inner mitochondrial membrane as a peripheral protein. A single-gated pore integral membrane translocator is proposed to exchange the palmitoylcarnitine for carnitine or acetylcarnitine across the membrane. An internal (matrix side) carnitine palmitoyltransferase then reforms palmitoyl-CoA which enters β-oxidation and subsequently the tricarboxylic-acid cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402972
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-chain acyl CoA synthetase, carnitine and β-oxidation in the pea-seed mitochondrion (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 173 (1988), S. 263-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carnitine ; Carnitine palmitoyltrans-ferase ; Long-chain acylCoA synthetase ; Mitochondrion (outer membrane) ; Mitoplast ; β-Oxidation ; Palmitate ; PalmitoylCoA ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria from pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds were separated into two fractions, mitoplasts (intact inner membrane) and the outer-membrane fraction. The mitoplasts only oxidised palmitate in the presence of carnitine and added outermembrane fraction. Mitoplasts were able to oxidise palmitoylCoA in the presence of carnitine and added outer-membrane fraction had no effect on this oxidation. It was concluded that a long-chain acylCoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3) was located on the outer membrane and that the activity of this enzyme in assays was more than sufficient to account for any observed rate of O2 uptake during palmitate oxidation by pea mitochondria. The location of carnitine long-chain acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyl transferase EC 2.3.1.21) would appear to be the mitoplast i.e. the inner mitochondrial membrane, and confirms the previous work at Newcastle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403019
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  • 4
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    Evaluation of antimotion sickness drug side effects on performance (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of antimotion-sickness drugs on the performance in computerized-pursuit-meter tests of groups of ten 18-30-yr-old male and female subjects are investigated experimentally using double-blind placebo techniques. The results are presented in tables and graphs and discussed in detail. The proficiency scores are as good as or better than placebo values for subjects given d-amphetamine (DA) 5 or 10 mg, promethazine (P) 25 mg + scopolamine (S) 400 ng + DA 10 mg, S 1 mg + DA 10 mg, S 250-600 ng, marezine 50 mg, meclizine 50 mg, dimenhydrinate 50 mg, S 1 mg + DA 5 mg, or P 25 mg + DA 10 mg. Significantly lower scores are seen in subjects given S 800 ng or 1 mg, P 25 mg (oral or IM), P 25 mg + S 400 ng, and P 25 mg oral + P 25 mg IM + DA 10 mg.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 56; 310-316
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  • 5
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    Side effects of antimotion sickness drugs (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects on operational proficiency of the antimotion sickness drugs scopolamine, promethazine and d-amphetamine are tested using a computerized pursuit meter. Proficiency is not significantly affected by oral doses of 0.25 mg or 0.50 mg scopolamine but is descreased by oral or I.M. doses of 25 mg promethazine. The performance decrement associated with 25 mg oral promethazine is prevented when combined with 10 mg oral d-amphetamine. The combination of 25 mg I.M. promethazine, 25 mg oral promethazine and 10 mg d-amphetamine produces less performance decrement than oral or I.M. doses of promethazine alone, though more performance decrement than a placebo. I.M. promethazine is adsorbed slowly and consequently may provoke drowsiness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-0562); 55; 113-116
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  • 6
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    Therapeutic effects of antimotion sickness medications on the secondary symptoms of motion sickness (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In addition to nausea and vomiting, motion sickness involves slowing of brain waves, loss of performance, inhibition of gastric motility and the Sopite Syndrome. The therapeutic effects of antimotion sickness drugs on these reactions were evaluated. The subjects were rotated to the M-III end-point of motion sickness. Intramuscular (IM) medications were then administered. Side effects before and after rotation were reported on the Cornell Medical Index. Brain waves were recorded on a Grass Model 6 Electroencephalograph (EEG), and gastric emptying was studied after an oral dose of 1 mCi Technetium 99m DTPA in 10 oz. isotonic saline. An increase in dizziness and drowsiness was reported with placebo after rotation. This was not prevented by IM scopolamine 0.1 mg or ephedrine 25 mg. EEG recordings indicated a slowing of alpha waves with some thea and delta waves from the frontal areas after rotation. IM ephedine and dimenhydrinate counteracted the slowing while 0.3 mg scopolamine had an additive effect. Alterations of performance on the pursuit meter correlated with the brain wave changes. Gastric emptying was restored by IM metoclopramide. Ephedrine IM but not scopolamine is effective for some of the secondary effects of motion sickness after it is established.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 61; 157-161
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  • 7
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    Experimental motion sickness - Efficacy of transdermal scopolamine plus ephedrine (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy of transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine administered alone and combined with ephedrine sulfate given orally in doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg. Eight normal male students were exposed to stressful accelerations in a slow-rotation room after receiving 10 apparently identical treatments comprising the four drugs and six placebos. Efficacy of the drug was defined in terms of the placebo range and categorized as beneficial, inconsequential, or detrimental. None of the effects was detrimental. Overall beneficial effects were 60% for transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine (plus placebo) and 57% for the three transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine plus ephedrine combinations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 8
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    The effect of antimotion sickness drugs on habituation to motion (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The mechanism which allows for increased exposure to motion and accelerates habituation is investigated. The responses of 12 male and female subjects between 18-30 years rotated once a day for 5 days on the Contraves Goerz rotating chair after receiving placebo, 10 mg d-amphetamine, 0.6 mg scopolamine with 5 mg d-amphetamine, and 1.0 mg scopolamine are studied. It is observed that with placebo the subjects performed 48 more head movements than untreated subjects, 118 more movements with d-amphetamine, 176 more with 0.6 mg scopolamine with d-amphetamine, and 186 more with 1.0 scopolamine. The data reveal that exposure to rotation increases tolerance from 88 head movements on day 2 to 159 on day 4 at 17.4 rpm and with placebo; 96 to 186 at 19.9 rpm with 10 mg d-amphetamine; 111 to 273 at 20.2 rpm with scopolamine with d-amphetamine, and 141 to 279 at 22.4 rpm with 1.0 mg scopolamine. It is noted that a combination of cholinergic blocking and norepinephrine activation action is most effective in preventing the development of motion sickness and habituation is due to the greater exposure to vestibular simulation permitted by the drugs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 57; 539-542
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  • 9
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    Mechanisms of antimotion sickness drugs (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Eight subjects, male and female, were rotated using the step method to progressively increase the speed of rotation (+2 rpm) after every 40 head movements to a maximum of 35 rpm. The end point for motion sickness was the Graybiel Malaise III total of symptoms short of frank nausea. The drug treatments were placebo, scopolamine 0.6 mg and 1 mg, scopolamine 0.6 mg/d-amphetamine 10 mg, scopolamine 1 mg/d-amphetamine 10 mg, and amphetamine 10 mg. Scopolamine increased tolerated head movements over placebo level by + 81; scopolamine 1 mg + 183; d-amphetamine by + 118; scopolamine 0.6/d-amphetamine by + 165; and scopolamine 1 mg/d-amphetamine 10 mg by + 201. The drugs effective in preventing motion sickness are considered to be divided into those with central acetylcholine blocking activity and those which enhance norepinephrine activity. A combination of both of these actions produces the most effective antimotion sickness medications. It is concluded that the balance between the acetylcholine and norepinephrine activity in the CNS appears to be responsible for motion sickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 58; A262-A26
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  • 10
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    Antimotion-sickness efficacy of scopolamine 12 and 72 hours after transdermal administration (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The antimotion sickness remedy, transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine, administered in this experiment was scheduled to deliver 1.0 mg of scopolamine over a period of 3 d, and this paper compares its efficacy 12 and 72 h after administration. In a double-blind study, six male college students were individually exposed to a standardized provocative test in a slow rotation room after six apparently identical treatments comprising four placebos and two medications. Efficacy was categorized as beneficial, inconsequential, or detrimental. None of the responses was detrimental. Following the first administration of the therapeutic system, there were four beneficial responses after 12 h but none was beneficial after 72 h. Following the second treatment regimen, there were four beneficial responses after 12 h and three beneficial responses after 72 h. Great individual differences were demonstrated, two subjects accounting for six beneficial responses and two accounting for only one beneficial response. The difference in efficacy after 12 and 72 h has practical and theoretical significance.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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