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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1916-02-01
    Print ISSN: 1618-2642
    Electronic ISSN: 1618-2650
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 69 (1986), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Eine Bikristall-Teststruktur, die aus SILSO-Solarzellenmaterial herauspräpariert worden ist, wurde unter elektrischer Anregung untersucht. Messungen des Gleichstrom-Leitwertes am Spannungs-Nullpunkt bei niedriger Temperatur (200 K) zeigen, daß die Höhe der Potentialbarriere der Korngrenze mit wachsender elektrischer Anregung unter ihren Gleichgewichtswert absinkt. Genaue numerische Bestimmung der Barrierenhöhe führt jedoch auf Probleme, die mit der Planargeometrie der Teststruktur zusammenhängen. Im Hinblick auf ihre leichte Verwendbarkeit bei den folgenden Auswertungen werden untere und obere Grenzen für die räumliche Tiefe der elektrischen Anregung innerhalb der Teststruktur angenommen. Diese Grenzen definieren einen Bereich, für den man gesicherte Werte der Höhe der Potentialbarriereψ gb bestimmen kann. Der Gleichgewichtswert der Barrierenhöheψ gb beträgt 0,24 V, der sich auf 0,1V und weniger im Falle von Ladungsträger-Injektion über die Korngrenze hinweg erniedrigt.
    Notes: Contents A bicrystal test structure prepared from SILSO solar cell material was investigated under electrical excitation. Measurements of the DC zero bias conductance at a low temperature (200 K) gives evidence that the barrier height of the grain boundary decreases from an equilibrium value with growing excitation. Correct numerical determination of the barrier height, however, involves problems arising from the planar geometry of the test structure. In view of a simple applicability minimum and maximum values for the depth of excitation within the test structure are assumed. That defined a range within which reliable data of barrier heightψ gb at the grain boundary have been determined. The equilibrium value of barrier heightψ gb results in a value of 0.24 V, which is lowered to 0.1 V and less by carrier injection across the grain boundary.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 70 (1987), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Ausgangspunkt für die Bestimmung der Zustandsdichte und der Energieverteilung von Korngrenzen-Zuständen sind die Ergebnisse für die Höhe der Potentialbarriere an den Korngrenzen von Solarzellenmaterial. Die Barrierenhöhe ist dabei aus Messungen des Gleichstrom-Leitwertes am Spannungs-Nullpunkt von Bikristall-Teststrukturen gewonnen worden. Bei dieser Bestimmung der Energieverteilung der Zustandsdichte von Korngrenzen-Zuständen handelt es sich um eine spektroskopische Methode, die den Gesamtverlauf in diskontinuierlichen Stufen beschreibt. Dabei ergibt sich, daß die Zustandsdichte in der Mitte der Verbotenen Zone unter die Nachweisgrenze sinkt und in Richtung der Leitungsbandkante bis auf Werte von 1012 cm−2 eV−1 ansteigt. Die hier erhaltene Energieverteilung von Korngrenzen-Zuständen wurde durch Modellrechnungen für vorgegebene Zustandsverteilungen bestätigt. Für das Verhältnis der Einfangquerschnitte findet man 1≦C p C n ≦10. Anhand zusätzlicher Modellrechnungen kann gezeigt werden, daß die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungsmethode numerisch abgesichert und eindeutig sind.
    Notes: Contents Proceeding from the results for the barrier height of a grain boundary in solar cell material evaluated from the measurement of the zero bias conductance at a bicrystal test structure the density of grain boundary states and their distribution in energy have been determined. The method is a spectroscopic one and yields a steplike energy distribution. In accordance with theoretical calculations simulating typical energy distributions of the states we find, that the density of states in the middle of the gap is negligible and increases towards the conduction band edge to values of about 1012 cm−2 V−1. The capture cross section ratio is found to range from 1≦C p C n ≦10. The method is proved to yield definite and unambiguous results by means of additional model calculations.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 315-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dextromethorphan ; pharmacogenetics ; debrisoquin ; metabolizer phenotype ; Caucasians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dextromethorphan metabolizer phenotype in 450 healthy volunteers (299 men, 151 women) was determined after oral administration of a 15 mg dose. In 8 h-postdose urine samples the ratio of dextrorphan (DOP) to dextromethorphan (DMP) was measured by HPLC. Urinary excretion of DMP and DOP within 8 h after the dose varied greatly between individuals, ranging from 0–11% and 0.04–100% of dose, respectively. In 143 test subjects the fraction of the dose of DMP in urine was below the detection limit. In the remaining 307 volunteers the metabolic ratio (MR) of DOP to DMP varied from 0.07 to 2906. In 404 test subjects the MR was 〉10 and they were classified as extensive metabolizers (90% of the entire group). Of the entire group 5% had MRs of 1–10 and 〈1, respectively. Depending on the limit for classification of poor metabolizers, their frequency was 5–10% in the Caucasian population studied. The present data are in agreement with previous findings that the oxidative metabolic polymorphisms of debrisoquin and DMP co-segregate; the frequency of the PM phenotype of dextromethorphan in Caucasian populations varies between 5 and 10%.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: canrenone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma level ; bioavailability ; urinary excretion ; spironolactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five healthy male volunteers received canrenoate-K 200 mg (Sincomen® pro injectione) by intravenous injection and one week later spironolactone 200 mg (Sincomen®-100) orally. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of unchanged canrenone were determined up to 24 h by a specific HPLC method. Following intravenous administration, the maximum plasma level of 2066±876 ng/ml was found after 29±15 min and thereafter the concentration declined with a half-life of 3.7±1.2 h. Total clearance was 4.2±1.7 ml/min·kg. After oral ingestion, the maximum concentration of 177±33 ng/ml was observed at 4.4±0.9 h. The absolute bioavailability of canrenone was 25±9%. Within 24 h, respectively 0.4 and 0.6 mg, canrenone were excreted by the kidney after intravenous and oral administration. The half-life of elimination was 4.9±1.8 h (i.v.) and 3.9±1.2 h (p.o.).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: spirorenone ; pharmacokinetics ; aldosterone antagonist ; active metabolite ; absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of spirorenone in two groups of male volunteers have been determined after single and 14 daily doses of spirorenone 10 and 40 mg. Independent of the dose and pretreatment, spirorenone was absorbed with a half-life of 20–30 min, achieving maximum concentrations of about 100 ng/ml (10 mg) and 260 ng/ml (40 mg) after 1–2 h. Disposition of the parent drug was biphasic with half-lives of 50–60 min (distribution) and 5–6 h (elimination). Neither significant accumulation nor enzyme induction were observed after prolonged treatment. In one test subject given spirorenone 40 mg, the concentration of an active metabolite, 1,2-dihydrospirorenone, was measured. This compound accumulated considerably after multiple dosing and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased from 16 to 52% relative to that of spirorenone itself.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 525-526 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: caffeine ; acetylation polymorphism ; age dependency ; Caucasians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylator status in 595 healthy Caucasian volunteers was determined with caffeine. The test group consisted of 372 males and 223 females, 18 to 78 years of age. 312 volunteers were smokers. Caffeine was taken orally as Coffein Comprette (200 mg caffeine × H2O) and urine was collected for 8 h. The metabolic ratio (MR) of 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-1-methyluracil (AFMU) to 1-methyl-xanthine (MX) was determined by HPLC. In total 61.7% of the group had a MR〈0.48 and were classified as slow acetylators. MR varied from 0.01 to 0.47 in the slow acetylators and from 0.48 to 4.7 in the fast acetylator group. Clear dependence of acetylator type upon age, sex or smoking behaviour was not observed. The present study has confirmed the caffeine test as a feasible tool to determine acetylation capacity.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von ultramafischen Xenolithen (Spinell-Peridotite, ein Olivin-KlinopyroxenHornblendit und ein Spinell-Pyroxenit) aus tertiären Basalten der Rhön wurde petrologisch and geochemisch untersucht. Zwei Gruppen von Peridotiten können hinsichtlich ihrer Äquilibrierungstemperaturen unterschieden werden: (I) Spinell-Lherzolithe and -Wehrlite mit niedrigen und mittleren Temperaturen von 840–1050 °C bei Drucken von 11-24 kbar zeigen zumeist granulare Gefüge. Die große Schwankungsbreite dieser P-T-Abschätzungen ist durch mineralchemische Ungleichgewichte und unterschiedliche Schließungstemperaturen der Geothermometer und Geobarometer bedingt. Spinell-Pyroxen-Symplektite, die in einigen dieser Xenolithe auftreten, weisen auf eine vormalige Position im Stabilitätsfeld von GranatLherzolith hin. Diese Xenolithe sind durch partielle Schmelzextraktion unterschiedlich stark depletiert. Häufig zeigen she eine Anreicherung der leichten and mittleren Seltenerdelemente, was durch eine spätere kryptometasomatische Überprägung bedingt ist. (II) Eine Gruppe hochtemperierter, vorwiegend porphyroklastischer und untergeordnet granularer Spinell-Lherzolithe und -Harzburgite wurde unter Temperaturen von 1190–1270 °C bei Drucken von 19–26 kbar überprägt. Die P-T Werte für diese Xenolithe liegen auf einem geothermischen Gradienten von über 90 mW/m2, was auf intensive Aufheizprozesse im Mantel hinweist. Oftmals wurde these Aufheizung von einer duktilen Deformation begleitet, deren Ursache eine Dehnung der Mantellithosphäre war. Aufgrund der fehlenden Gleichgewichtstexturen, der Abwesenheit von retrograden Mineralzonierungen und partieller Schmelzprozesse bei den Klinopyroxenen dieser Xenolithe müssen ihre Deformation and Hochtemperaturüberprägung während des tertiären Magmatismus stattgefunden haben. Die porphyroklastischen, hochtemperierten Xenolithe zeigen die stärkste Abreicherung an basaltischer Komponente, den schweren Seltenerdelementen sowie an Y and Sc. Bei dem Olivin-Klinopyroxen-Hornblendit handelt es sich um ein basaltisches Kumulat, welches aufgrund seiner P-T Abschätzung (um 1150 °C bei 9 kbar) aus dem Übergangsbereich von unterer Kruste zu oberem Mantel stammt. Eine40Ar-39Ar Datierung von Kaersutiten dieser Probe weist auf ein Alter von etwa 25 Ma, was in Übereinstimmung mit dem Beginn des tertiären Vulkanismus in dieser Region ist. Diese Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, daß ein Teil des lithosphärischen Mantels unter der Rhön eine thermische Äquilibrierung während des tertiären magmatischen Ereignisses erfuhr. Dagegen zeigen andere Teile noch Relikte einer älteren Geschichte, speziell eine kryptische Metasomatose and den Übergang vom Stabilitätsfeld des Granat-Lherzoliths zum Spinell-Lherzolith. Ein mögliches geotektonisches Szenario für diesen Transfer könnte die postvariscische Krustenreäquilibrierung sein.
    Notes: Summary A suite of ultramafic xenoliths (spinel peridotites, one olivine-clinopyroxene hornblendite, and one spinel pyroxenite) from Tertiary basalt vents and lava flows of the Rhön area (Central Germany) were investigated petrologically and geochemically. With regard to P-T estimates two distinct groups of peridotite xenoliths can be discriminated: (I) A low- to intermediate-temperature group of spinel lherzolites and wehrlites mainly displaying coarse equant textures yielded temperature estimates in the range of 840–1050 °C at rather variable pressures of 11–24 kbar. The strong variability of the P-T estimates is attributed to mineral chemical disequilibria and different diffusion rates of the elements used for geothermometry and geobarometry. Spinel-pyroxene symplectites within part of these xenoliths point to a former position in the stability field of garnet lherzolite. These xenoliths are variably depleted in the basaltic component by partial melt extraction. They often show an enrichment in LREE and MREE which is due to a later overprinting by cryptic metasomatism. (II) A high-temperature group of xenoliths, which mainly consists of porphyroclastic and subordinate coarse equant spinel lherzolites and harzburgites, experienced temperatures of 1190–1270 °C at 19–26 kbar. The P-T values for these xenoliths fall close to a geothermal gradient of about 90 mW/m2 and illustrate intense heating processes in the mantle which were often coupled with ductile deformation caused by lithospheric stretching. The thermal disturbance which led to the reequilibration of these peridotites must have occurred during the Tertiary magmatic event as indicated by the absence of retrograde mineral zoning, missing textural reequilibration, and the presence of partial melting phenomena in clinopyroxene. Unlike sheared xenoliths from other locations, the porphyroclastic high-temperature peridotites from the Rhön are depleted in basaltic component, in HREE, Y, and Sc. An olivine-clinopyroxene hornblendite is classified as some kind of basaltic cumulate which - according to its P-T estimate of about 1150 °C at 9 kbar - originates from hte transition zone between the lower crust and the upper mantle.40Ar-39Ar dating of kaersutite from this sample indicates an age of about 25 Ma which is in accordance with the beginning of Tertiary volcanism in the Rhön area. These investigations show that part of the lithospheric mantle underneath the Rhön area experienced a thermal reequilibration during the Tertiary magmatic event while other parts give evidence of an older history, i.e. a cryptic metasomatism and a transition from the garnet- to the spinel-lherzolite field. A possible geotectonic scenario for the transition could be the post-Variscan crustal reequilibration.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 3 (1970), S. 96-102 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A method for the determination of heat conductivity, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity is described. It is especially suited for the investigation of small particles in the temperature region up to 500 K. Examples for its applicability and its limits are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Methode zur Bestimmung der WärmeleitfÄhigkeit, der spezifischen WärmekapazitÄt und der TemperaturleitfÄhigkeit berichtet, welche besonders geeignet ist für die Untersuchung kleiner Festkörperproben im Temperaturbereich bis 500 K. Ihre Anwendbarkeit und Grenzen werden an einigen Beispielen diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 14 (1893), S. 719-738 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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