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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel RFLPs and microsatellite repeats increase informativity at four loci mapping to Xq22-q25 (1994)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 93 (1994), S. 218-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three microsatellites and five restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been detected at loci DXS275, DXS97, DXS11 and DXS100. All of the reported polymorphisms are in linkage equilibrium with existing polymorphisms at these loci. However, two RFLPs at DXS275 and two at DXS97 appear to be in linkage disequilibrium with each other. Increased informativity at these loci have enabled exclusion of Xq22-q25 as a candidate region for X-linked spina bifida and anencephaly, and should aid in the mapping of other genes in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210618
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The immune response of inbred mouse strains to DNP-BGG (1977)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 4 (1977), S. 449-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immune response of six inbred mouse strains (SJL, A, C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/c, and DBA/1) to DNP56BGG was tested under three separate immunization schedules: 1 Μg DNP-BGG in 1 mg Al(OH)3 adjuvant, 50 Μg DNP-BGG in 1 mg A1(OH)3 adjuvant, and 1 Μg DNP-BGG in complete Freund's adjuvant. Individual serum samples were titered using a modified Farr assay. It was found that the first schedule allowed classification of the mice into responder (SJL, A) and nonresponder (C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/ c, DBA/1) strains. The second schedule produced quantitative as well as qualitative differences among the strains and allowed classification of the mice into higher-responder (SJL, A), intermediate-responder (C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/c), and low-responder (DBA/1) categories. When complete Freund's adjuvant was used in the third schedule, the differences among strains became insignificant. The sera from each strain were pooled and assayed for relative antibody affinity and IgM content. Both of these parameters were dependent largely on the dose of antigen and type of adjuvant used, rather than on the particular mouse strain being studied. The mechanism of adjuvant action, and possible cell interactions in the genetic control of the immune response, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575680
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Form und Schichtungsgefüge periodischer Sandkörper im Strömungsfeld des Außenelbewatts (1970)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 60 (1970), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The asymmetric character of periodic sedimentary sand bodies found on tidal flats (largescale ripples and here particularly “sand waves”) can be mapped on aerial photographs to give an indication of sand transport directions. These sand waves, in contrast to largescale and giant ripples, exhibit cross-lamination which formed from migrating smallscale ripples. The asymmetry of the large form is established through the migration of the smallscale ripples. The vector distributions obtained from aerial photograph analyses show good agreement with a map of current vectors (Göhren) based on “normal” tidal conditions. Not every current is reflected in the sediment; dominant are the frequently occurring currents having a moderately high velocity. Extreme conditions (which are infrequent) have a smaller chance to be recorded in the sediment.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans la zone intertidale, on trouve des mégarides et d'autres crêtes sableuses, groupées periodiquement, qui sont appelées ici «Sandwellen» (vagues de sable). L'asymmetrie de ces formes, bien reconnaissable sur les photographies aériennes, donne des indications sur le mouvement du sable. Les vagues de sable montrent, au contraire des mégarides ordinaires, une stratification croisée de rides à l'intérieur. La migration de ces rides cause l'asymmetrie. La distribution des directions concorde avec une carte des vecteurs de courants (Göhren) dérivée des conditions ordinaires de marée. La totalité des courants présents dans la zone intertidale n'est pas réflétée dans la stratification, mais ce sont les courants, qui ont lieu le plus fréquemment avec des vélocités relativement fortes qui dominent. Les conditions extrêmes n'ont pas une grande chance d'être fossilisées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Periodisch gescharte Sandkörper auf den Sandwattflächen (große Rippeln und- hier besonders - „Sandwellen“) geben durch ihre im Luftbild erkennbare Asymmetrie Indizien für den Sandtransport. Diese Sandwellen sind, im Gegensatz zu Groß- und Riesenrippeln, aus einer Kreuzschichtung aufgebaut, die durch wandernde Kleinrippeln entstanden ist. Dadurch entsteht auch die Asymmetrie der Großformen. Die aus der Luftbildanalyse resultierende Richtungsverteilung stimmt mit einer Stromvektorenkarte (Göhren), die von normalen Tideverhältnissen abgeleitet ist, gut überein. Die Gesamtheit der auftretenden Strömungen spiegelt sich in der Schichtung nicht wider, sondern es dominiert diejenige Strömung, die am häufigsten mit einer relativ großen Geschwindigkeit eintritt. Extreme Bedingungen haben so geringere Chancen, im Sediment dokumentiert zu werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01820948
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grossular activity-composition relationships in ternary garnets determined by reversed displaced-equilibrium experiments (1989)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 103 (1989), S. 423-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Activity-composition relationships of Ca3Al2Si3O12 (grs) in ternary Ca-Mg-Fe garnets of various compositions have been determined by reversed displaced equilibrium experiments at 1000° C and 900° C and pressures of 8 to 17 kbar. The mixing of grs in garnet is nearly ideal at 30 mol% grs, with positive deviations from ideality at lower grs contents. Models of garnet mixing currently in the literature do not predict this trend. Analysis of the present reversals, in conjunction with a garnet mixing model based solely on calorimetry measurements on the binary joins, indicates that a ternary interaction constant for a ternary asymmetric Margules model (Wohl 1953) cannot be constrained. Apparently, some aspects of the garnet binary joins are still not well-known. An alternative asymmetric empirical model, based on analysis of pseudobinary joins of constant Mg/Mg + Fe(Mg #), reproduces the data well and is able to predict grs activity coefficients for garnets with grs contents between 3 and 40 mol% and Mg numbers between 0 and 0.60. The grossular activity coefficient,γ grs, is given by: $$RT\ln \gamma _{grs} = (1 - X_{grs} )^2 [W_{Ca} + 2X_{grs} (W_{FM} - W_{Ca} )]$$ where: $$\begin{gathered} W_{Ca} (J) = - 2060 + 3.57 \times 10^4 (Mg\# ) - 4.95 \times 10^4 (Mg\# )^2 \hfill \\ W_{FM} (J) = 3390 - 3.71 \times 10^4 (Mg\# ) + 6.49 \times 10^4 (Mg\# )^2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ These expressions are valid only over the composition range investigated. The formulation cannot be used to extract Fe and Mg activity coefficients. There appears to be no temperature or pressure dependence of theW-parameters over theP-T range investigated. The improved definition of the grossular activity coefficient which results from the present work contributes to an improved formulation of the garnet-Al2SiO5-quartz-plagioclase (GASP) geobarometer and other phase equilibria relevant to metamorphic petrology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041750
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aragonite crystallization from strained calcite at reduced pressures and its bearing on aragonite in low-grade metamorphism (1969)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 22 (1969), S. 335-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Aragonite, the dense form of CaCO3, grew hydrothermally at 100–300° C and dry at 300–400° C at very low pressures from calcite strained by grinding. Nearly complete inversion to aragonite occurred in some runs with Ca-Mg chloride solutions at 0–2.4 kb and 100–200° C on strained calcite having a (10¯14) reflection with a half-width of 0.48° 2 Θ Cu Kα. A little aragonite grew dry at one atm. from the ground calcite at 300–400° C in a few hrs. Simultaneous shear during recrystallization of calcite in a rotating squeezer resulted in significant aragonite at 300–400° C several kb. below the stability field. No inversion occurred in any ground calcite when previously annealed in CO2 at 500° C for a few hrs. Thermochemical data show that at least 200 cal/mole of strain energy can be produced in calcite by mild deformation. This much stored energy would lower the pressure requirements of aragonite, relative to the strained calcite by more than 3 kb, and our observation that aragonite growth was faster than strain recovery of calcite indicates that aragonite can grow in nature at reduced pressures from strained calcite. Some experiments were also carried out on highly magnesian calcites with the thought that aragonite might also form at the expense of this metastable material. No aragonite was produced, but the possibility that this mechanism could be operative in nature cannot be discounted. The microtexture of aragonitic deformed marbles from NW Washington (prehnite-pumpellyite facies rocks, courtesy of J. A. Vance) as well as electron probe microanalysis of these rocks indicates that aragonite selectively replaced highly strained calcite. The calcite-aragonite transition is thus a questionable indicator of high-pressure in certain metamorphic rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400128
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of the scapolite meionite (3CaAl2Si2O2 · CaCO3) at high pressures and storage of CO2 in the deep crust (1975)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 49 (1975), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stability field of the end-member scapolite meionite was determined in piston-cylinder apparatus. Meionite has very high thermal stability at high pressures, exceeding 1500° C at 20 kbar. Below 6 kbar and 1270 ° C scapolite breakdown is subsolidus, to an-orthite + gehlenite + wollastonite + CO2, with a slope of 20 bars/degree. An extrapolation of existing thermodynamic data for CO2 permits calculation of ΔG F o =-2384.5 kcal/mol for meionite at 1270 ° C, very close to the value for 3 anorthite + calcite. Above 1270 ° C, scapolite begins to melt to An+Geh+Liq+CO2, and as pressure increases the melting curve steepens, the Geh and An being progressively replaced by Liq+corundum with Al in 6-coordination. At pressures 〉25kbar dp/dt becomes negative, corundum is the only crystalline product, and CO2 bubbles disappear from the quenched glass, indicating a solubility of CO2 under these conditions of about 5 wt. percent in the liquid. The subsolidus breakdown of meionite at high pressures to grossularite + kyanite + quartz + calcite nearly coincides with the upper pressure limits of anorthite. Thus scapolite is essentially limited to crustal rocks. In view of its great thermal stability, meionite can play a role as a primary mineral in deep-seated basic or intermediate magmatic processes. It is also likely that CO2 coming from the earth's interior will be captured by reaction with plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Scapolite has been noted in basic granulite inclusions from basaltic pipes in three continents. It seems probable that scapolite acts as a major storage site for CO2 in the deep crust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371078
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnet in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 at 900°–1,100°C and high pressures (1981)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 75 (1981), S. 291-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The compositions of coexisting orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system are fixed at any givenP andT. Reversed hydrothermal experiments over theP/T range 15–40 kb/900°–l,100° C indicate that the garnet composition is nearly constant at Py86Gr14; the Alcontent and Ca/Ca+Mg values of the pyroxenes vary significantly, however: T P Wt. %Al2O3 $$\frac{{Ca}}{{Ca + Mg}} \times 100$$ °C kbar in opx in cpx in opx in cpx 900 15 3.55 2.92 0.72 47.05 900 30 1.62 0.92 0.81 47.30 1,100 20 1.11 0.92 1.22 45.20 1,100 40 1.26 0.88 0.81 45.64 The significant variation of A12O3 content with pressure supports its use as a geobarometer. The Ca/Ca +Mg values of coexisting orthoand clino-pyroxene have been used as a geothermometer. However, the present results show that the presence of A12O3 in the pyroxenes decreases significantly the mutual solubility of the pyroxenes, which may cause errors of up to 200° C if the A12O3 effect is ignored. Thermodynamic analyses of the experimental results for the reaction Mg3Al2Si3O12(gar) =Mg3Al2Si3O12(opx) yield average values ofΔH 0 andΔS 0 of 7.4 Kcal and 5.7 eu, respectively, which are in marginal agreement with calorimetric results. Similar analysis of our results for the reaction MgSiO3(cpx)=MgSiO3(opx) support earlier conclusions that MgSiO3 substitution in clinopyroxene behaves as a regular solution (Holland et al. 1979) and that Al substitution is quasi-ideal (Wood 1979). Application of the present results to garnet lherzolites from southern Africa yields a geotherm which is parallel to those previously proposed, although the indicated heat flow is greater. Similar rocks, from the Solomon Islands, show a much steeper geothermal gradient, as expected for an oceanic plate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01166769
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The historical acceleration of the earth (1973)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 1 (1973), S. 123-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge about the acceleration of the Earth's spin, and about the closely related acceleration of the Moon. It is now established at a high confidence level that the acceleration of the Moon, when taken respect to Universal time, has changed by a large amount, and that it has even changed sign, within historic times. This almost certainly means that the acceleration of the Earth's spin has also changed by a large amount. At present we do not have enough information to say whether the changes have been in the contributions from tidal friction, in the contributions that do not arise from tidal friction, or both. Further, we do not know yet whether or not the variations in the Earth's rotation can account for the observed fluctuations in the longitudes of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01449760
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between surface water chemistry and geology in the North Branch of the Moose River (1987)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 3 (1987), S. 21-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acidic deposition ; surficial geology ; flow paths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The chemistry of lakes and streams within the North Branch of the Moose River is strongly correlated with the nature and distrubution of geologic materials in the watershed. The dominance of thin glacial till and granitic gneiss bedrock in the region north and east of Big Moose Lake results in a geologically sensitive terrain that is characterized by surface water with low alkalinity and chemical compositions only slightly modified from ambient precipitation. In contrast, extensive deposits of thick glacial till and stratified drift in the lower part of the system (e.g. Moss-Cascade valley) allow for much infiltration of precipitation to the groundwater system where weathering reactions increase alkalinity and significantly alter water chemistry. The hypothesis that surficial geology controls the chemistry of surface waters in the Adirondacks holds true for 70 percent of the Moose River watershed. Exceptions include the Windfall Pond subcatchment which is predominantly covered by thin till, yet has a high surface water alkalinity due to the presence of carbonate-bearing bedrock. The rapid reaction rates of carbonate minerals allow for complete acid neutralization to occur despite the short residence time of water moving through the system. Another important source of alkalinity in at least one of the subcatchments is sulfate reduction. This process appears to be most important in systems containing extensive peat deposits. An analysis of only those subcatchments controlled by the thickness of surficial sediments indicates that under current atmospheric loadings watersheds containing less than 3 percent thick surficial sediments will be acidic while those with up to 12 percent will be extremely sensitive to acidification and only those with over 50 percent will have a low sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185183
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the integrated lake-watershed acidification study model to watershed liming at woods Lake, New York (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 32 (1996), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acid mitigation ; ILWAS model ; watershed liming ; watershed modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Woods Lake, in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, was the site of the Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) in which base addition was investigated as a method for mitigation of lake acidity. In an effort to predict the duration of effects, the treatment was simulated using the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) model. To simulate terrestrial liming, calcite was applied to treated subcatchments as a rapidly weathering mineral in the upper horizon. Soil solution and lake outlet chemistry showed a response to calcite addition within four months of the start of the simulation. Calcium concentrations, acid neutralizing capacities (ANC), and pH increased in the upper soil layer and aluminum concentrations decreased in the upper three soil layers (0–70 cm). The response of ANC was delayed in lower soil layers due to proton production associated with aluminum hydrolysis. Moreover, soil water pH in the third soil layer decreased in response to calcite treatment due to the displacement of hydrogen ions by calcium added to the exchange complex. Calcium concentrations, ANC and pH increased and aluminum concentrations decreased in the simulated lake outlet. The modeled effects of calcite treatment on the soil and lake outlet chemistry were not as great as field observations. This was, in part, attributed to the model representation of the watershed, which did not include streams, ponds, or wetlands located in the treated subcatchments. Calcite applied to these saturated areas in the field readily dissolved, supplying ANC to lake water. Additionally, incorporation of calcite into a thick organic layer in the model diminished the possibility of dissolution by contact with overland flow. Observed concentrations of calcium, ANC, and pH in the outlet decreased after high values in the two years after treatment. Although the model failed to match observed short-term data, it may simulate the long-term response as calcium is transported through the soil. A long-term simulation of the model suggests that effects of base treatment will persist for at least 50 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187146
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