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  • 1
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    Evolution of a highly active and enantiospecific metalloenzyme from short peptides (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Primordial sequence signatures in modern proteins imply ancestral origins tracing back to simple peptides. Although short peptides seldom adopt unique folds, metal ions might have templated their assembly into higher-order structures in early evolution and imparted useful chemical reactivity. Recapitulating such a biogenetic scenario, we have combined design and laboratory evolution to transform a zinc-binding peptide into a globular enzyme capable of accelerating ester cleavage with exacting enantiospecificity and high catalytic efficiency (〈i〉k〈/i〉〈sub〉cat〈/sub〉/〈i〉K〈/i〉〈sub〉M〈/sub〉 ~ 10〈sup〉6〈/sup〉 M〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉). The simultaneous optimization of structure and function in a naïve peptide scaffold not only illustrates a plausible enzyme evolutionary pathway from the distant past to the present but also proffers exciting future opportunities for enzyme design and engineering.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Differentiation of embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are fully pluripotent in that they can differentiate into all cell types, including gametes. We have derived 35 ES cell lines via nuclear transfer (ntES cell lines) from adult mouse somatic cells of inbred, hybrid, and mutant strains. ntES cells contributed to an extensive variety of cell types, including dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in vitro and germ cells in vivo. Cloning by transfer of ntES cell nuclei could result in normal development of fertile adults. These studies demonstrate the full pluripotency of ntES cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wakayama, T -- Tabar, V -- Rodriguez, I -- Perry, A C -- Studer, L -- Mombaerts, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):740-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. teru@advancedcell.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; Chimera ; Cloning, Organism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mice, Nude ; Neurons/*cytology ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*cytology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Evolution of a highly active and enantiospecific metalloenzyme from short peptides (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: Primordial sequence signatures in modern proteins imply ancestral origins tracing back to simple peptides. Although short peptides seldom adopt unique folds, metal ions might have templated their assembly into higher-order structures in early evolution and imparted useful chemical reactivity. Recapitulating such a biogenetic scenario, we have combined design and laboratory evolution to transform a zinc-binding peptide into a globular enzyme capable of accelerating ester cleavage with exacting enantiospecificity and high catalytic efficiency ( k cat / K M ~ 10 6 M –1 s –1 ). The simultaneous optimization of structure and function in a naïve peptide scaffold not only illustrates a plausible enzyme evolutionary pathway from the distant past to the present but also proffers exciting future opportunities for enzyme design and engineering.
    Keywords: Biochemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Modelling pathogenesis and treatment of familial dysautonomia using patient-specific iPSCs (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-21
    Description: The isolation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a new strategy for modelling human disease. Recent studies have reported the derivation and differentiation of disease-specific human iPSCs. However, a key challenge in the field is the demonstration of disease-related phenotypes and the ability to model pathogenesis and treatment of disease in iPSCs. Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a rare but fatal peripheral neuropathy, caused by a point mutation in the IKBKAP gene involved in transcriptional elongation. The disease is characterized by the depletion of autonomic and sensory neurons. The specificity to the peripheral nervous system and the mechanism of neuron loss in FD are poorly understood owing to the lack of an appropriate model system. Here we report the derivation of patient-specific FD-iPSCs and the directed differentiation into cells of all three germ layers including peripheral neurons. Gene expression analysis in purified FD-iPSC-derived lineages demonstrates tissue-specific mis-splicing of IKBKAP in vitro. Patient-specific neural crest precursors express particularly low levels of normal IKBKAP transcript, suggesting a mechanism for disease specificity. FD pathogenesis is further characterized by transcriptome analysis and cell-based assays revealing marked defects in neurogenic differentiation and migration behaviour. Furthermore, we use FD-iPSCs for validating the potency of candidate drugs in reversing aberrant splicing and ameliorating neuronal differentiation and migration. Our study illustrates the promise of iPSC technology for gaining new insights into human disease pathogenesis and treatment.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784695/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784695/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Gabsang -- Papapetrou, Eirini P -- Kim, Hyesoo -- Chambers, Stuart M -- Tomishima, Mark J -- Fasano, Christopher A -- Ganat, Yosif M -- Menon, Jayanthi -- Shimizu, Fumiko -- Viale, Agnes -- Tabar, Viviane -- Sadelain, Michel -- Studer, Lorenz -- R01 NS052671/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS052671-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 17;461(7262):402-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08320. Epub 2009 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Alternative Splicing/drug effects/genetics ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Cell Dedifferentiation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Movement ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Dysautonomia, Familial/drug therapy/genetics/*pathology/*therapy ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Kinetin/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; Mice ; *Models, Biological ; Neural Crest/cytology/drug effects ; Organ Specificity ; Phenotype ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects/*metabolism/*transplantation
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Neuroscience: Excessive mobility interrupted (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Studer, Lorenz -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 18;468(7322):383-4. doi: 10.1038/468383a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21085168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements/*genetics ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Neuroepithelial Cells/metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic/*genetics ; Rett Syndrome/genetics/pathology ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Fluorous synthesis: a fluorous-phase strategy for improving separation efficiency in organic synthesis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-07
    Description: Recovery and purification difficulties can limit the yield and utility of otherwise successful organic synthesis strategies. A "fluorous synthesis" approach is outlined in which organic molecules are rendered soluble in fluorocarbon solvents by attachment of a suitable fluorocarbon group. Fluorocarbon solvents are usually immiscible in organic solutions, and fluorous molecules partition out of an organic phase and into a fluorous phase in a standard liquid-liquid extraction. Simple yet substantive separations of organic reaction mixtures are achieved without resorting to chromatography. Because fluorous synthesis combines in many respects the favorable purification features of solid-phase synthesis with the favorable reaction, identification, and analysis features of traditional organic synthesis, it should prove valuable in the automated synthesis of libraries of individual pure organic compounds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Studer, A -- Hadida, S -- Ferritto, R -- Kim, S Y -- Jeger, P -- Wipf, P -- Curran, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 7;275(5301):823-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Benzamides/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Benzoates/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic/*methods ; Cyclohexylamines/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Fluorocarbons/*chemistry ; Nitriles/chemistry ; Pyrimidinones/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Solubility ; Solvents
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Parthenogenetic stem cells in nonhuman primates (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-02-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cibelli, Jose B -- Grant, Kathleen A -- Chapman, Karen B -- Cunniff, Kerrianne -- Worst, Travis -- Green, Heather L -- Walker, Stephen J -- Gutin, Philip H -- Vilner, Lucy -- Tabar, Viviane -- Dominko, Tanja -- Kane, Jeff -- Wettstein, Peter J -- Lanza, Robert P -- Studer, Lorenz -- Vrana, Kent E -- West, Michael D -- P50-AA11997/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- T32-AA07565/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 1;295(5556):819.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Advanced Cell Technology, One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Blastocyst/*cytology/physiology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Separation ; Cloning, Organism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Karyotyping ; *Macaca fascicularis ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Neurons/cytology ; *Parthenogenesis ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Teratoma/pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson's disease (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-08
    Description: Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a promising source of cells for applications in regenerative medicine. Directed differentiation of PSCs into specialized cells such as spinal motoneurons or midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons has been achieved. However, the effective use of PSCs for cell therapy has lagged behind. Whereas mouse PSC-derived DA neurons have shown efficacy in models of Parkinson's disease, DA neurons from human PSCs generally show poor in vivo performance. There are also considerable safety concerns for PSCs related to their potential for teratoma formation or neural overgrowth. Here we present a novel floor-plate-based strategy for the derivation of human DA neurons that efficiently engraft in vivo, suggesting that past failures were due to incomplete specification rather than a specific vulnerability of the cells. Midbrain floor-plate precursors are derived from PSCs 11 days after exposure to small molecule activators of sonic hedgehog (SHH) and canonical WNT signalling. Engraftable midbrain DA neurons are obtained by day 25 and can be maintained in vitro for several months. Extensive molecular profiling, biochemical and electrophysiological data define developmental progression and confirm identity of PSC-derived midbrain DA neurons. In vivo survival and function is demonstrated in Parkinson's disease models using three host species. Long-term engraftment in 6-hydroxy-dopamine-lesioned mice and rats demonstrates robust survival of midbrain DA neurons derived from human embryonic stem (ES) cells, complete restoration of amphetamine-induced rotation behaviour and improvements in tests of forelimb use and akinesia. Finally, scalability is demonstrated by transplantation into parkinsonian monkeys. Excellent DA neuron survival, function and lack of neural overgrowth in the three animal models indicate promise for the development of cell-based therapies in Parkinson's disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245796/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3245796/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kriks, Sonja -- Shim, Jae-Won -- Piao, Jinghua -- Ganat, Yosif M -- Wakeman, Dustin R -- Xie, Zhong -- Carrillo-Reid, Luis -- Auyeung, Gordon -- Antonacci, Chris -- Buch, Amanda -- Yang, Lichuan -- Beal, M Flint -- Surmeier, D James -- Kordower, Jeffrey H -- Tabar, Viviane -- Studer, Lorenz -- NS052671/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 NS047085/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 NS071669/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 NS071669-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Nov 6;480(7378):547-51. doi: 10.1038/nature10648.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Brain Tissue Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Dopaminergic Neurons/*cytology/*transplantation ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Mesencephalon/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Parkinson Disease/*therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Impaired intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 in human iPSC-derived TLR3-deficient CNS cells (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-30
    Description: In the course of primary infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), children with inborn errors of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) immunity are prone to HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE). We tested the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of HSE involves non-haematopoietic CNS-resident cells. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the dermal fibroblasts of TLR3- and UNC-93B-deficient patients and from controls. These iPSCs were differentiated into highly purified populations of neural stem cells (NSCs), neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The induction of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and/or IFN-lambda1 in response to stimulation by the dsRNA analogue polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) was dependent on TLR3 and UNC-93B in all cells tested. However, the induction of IFN-beta and IFN-lambda1 in response to HSV-1 infection was impaired selectively in UNC-93B-deficient neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cells were also much more susceptible to HSV-1 infection than control cells, whereas UNC-93B-deficient NSCs and astrocytes were not. TLR3-deficient neurons were also found to be susceptible to HSV-1 infection. The rescue of UNC-93B- and TLR3-deficient cells with the corresponding wild-type allele showed that the genetic defect was the cause of the poly(I:C) and HSV-1 phenotypes. The viral infection phenotype was rescued further by treatment with exogenous IFN-alpha or IFN-beta ( IFN-alpha/beta) but not IFN-lambda1. Thus, impaired TLR3- and UNC-93B-dependent IFN-alpha/beta intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, in neurons and oligodendrocytes in particular, may underlie the pathogenesis of HSE in children with TLR3-pathway deficiencies.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527075/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527075/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lafaille, Fabien G -- Pessach, Itai M -- Zhang, Shen-Ying -- Ciancanelli, Michael J -- Herman, Melina -- Abhyankar, Avinash -- Ying, Shui-Wang -- Keros, Sotirios -- Goldstein, Peter A -- Mostoslavsky, Gustavo -- Ordovas-Montanes, Jose -- Jouanguy, Emmanuelle -- Plancoulaine, Sabine -- Tu, Edmund -- Elkabetz, Yechiel -- Al-Muhsen, Saleh -- Tardieu, Marc -- Schlaeger, Thorsten M -- Daley, George Q -- Abel, Laurent -- Casanova, Jean-Laurent -- Studer, Lorenz -- Notarangelo, Luigi D -- 1R01NS066390/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- 1R03AI0883502-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5R01NS072381-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- 8UL1TR000043/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- K12 NS066274/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS066390/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS072381/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R03 AI088352/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000043/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 29;491(7426):769-73. doi: 10.1038/nature11583. Epub 2012 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23103873" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astrocytes/immunology/virology ; Biomarkers ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Separation ; Cells, Cultured ; Central Nervous System/cytology/immunology/*pathology/virology ; Child ; Disease Susceptibility ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/immunology/metabolism/pathology/virology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/*immunology/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/virology ; Interferons/immunology ; Membrane Transport Proteins/deficiency/genetics ; Neural Stem Cells/immunology/virology ; Neurons/immunology/pathology/virology ; Oligodendroglia/immunology/pathology/virology ; Toll-Like Receptor 3/*deficiency/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Role of a conserved retinoic acid response element in rhombomere restriction of Hoxb-1 (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: After activation in mesoderm and neuroectoderm, expression of the Hoxb-1 gene is progressively restricted to rhombomere (r) 4 in the hindbrain. Analysis of the chick and mouse Hoxb-1 genes identified positive and negative regulatory regions that cooperate to mediate segment-restricted expression during rhombomere formation. An enhancer generates expression extending into r3 and r5, and a repressor limits this domain to r4. The repressor contains a conserved retinoic acid response element, point mutations in which allow expression to spread into adjacent rhombomeres. Retinoids and their nuclear receptors may therefore participate in sharpening segment-restricted expression of Hoxb-1 during rhombomere boundary formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Studer, M -- Popperl, H -- Marshall, H -- Kuroiwa, A -- Krumlauf, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1728-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lab of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7916164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chick Embryo ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neural Crest/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides/metabolism ; Point Mutation ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; *Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Rhombencephalon/*embryology/metabolism ; *Transcription Factors ; Tretinoin/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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