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  • 1
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    Comment on "Permanent human occupation of the central Tibetan Plateau in the early Holocene" (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-11
    Description: Meyer et al . (Reports, 6 January 2017, p. 64) claim that permanent human occupation of the central Tibetan Plateau started in the early Holocene without the support of an agropastoral economy. By careful examination, we find that neither the archaeological evidence nor the travel cost modeling provided by Meyer et al . could support the permanent human occupation assertion.
    Keywords: Anthropology, Online Only
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A cascade of phase transitions in an orbitally mixed half-filled Landau level (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-15
    Description: Half-filled Landau levels host an emergent Fermi liquid that displays instability toward pairing, culminating in a gapped even-denominator fractional quantum Hall ground state. While this pairing may be probed by tuning the polarization of carriers in competing orbital and spin degrees of freedom, sufficiently high quality platforms offering such tunability remain few. We explore the ground states at filling factor = 5/2 in ZnO-based two-dimensional electron systems through a forced intersection of opposing spin branches of Landau levels taking quantum numbers N = 1 and 0. We reveal a cascade of phases with distinct magnetotransport features including a gapped phase polarized in the N = 1 level and a compressible phase in N = 0, along with an unexpected Fermi liquid, a second gapped, and a strongly anisotropic nematic-like phase at intermediate polarizations when the levels are near degeneracy. The phase diagram is produced by analyzing the proximity of the intersecting levels and highlights the excellent reproducibility and controllability that ZnO offers for exploring exotic fractionalized electronic phases.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Hippocampal theta phases organize the reactivation of large-scale electrophysiological representations during goal-directed navigation (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Humans are adept in simultaneously following multiple goals, but the neural mechanisms for maintaining specific goals and distinguishing them from other goals are incompletely understood. For short time scales, working memory studies suggest that multiple mental contents are maintained by theta-coupled reactivation, but evidence for similar mechanisms during complex behaviors such as goal-directed navigation is scarce. We examined intracranial electroencephalography recordings of epilepsy patients performing an object-location memory task in a virtual environment. We report that large-scale electrophysiological representations of objects that cue for specific goal locations are dynamically reactivated during goal-directed navigation. Reactivation of different cue representations occurred at stimulus-specific hippocampal theta phases. Locking to more distinct theta phases predicted better memory performance, identifying hippocampal theta phase coding as a mechanism for separating competing goals. Our findings suggest shared neural mechanisms between working memory and goal-directed navigation and provide new insights into the functions of the hippocampal theta rhythm.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Contribution of biomimetic collagen-ligand interaction to intrafibrillar mineralization (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Contemporary models of intrafibrillar mineralization mechanisms are established using collagen fibrils as templates without considering the contribution from collagen-bound apatite nucleation inhibitors. However, collagen matrices destined for mineralization in vertebrates contain bound matrix proteins for intrafibrillar mineralization. Negatively charged, high–molecular weight polycarboxylic acid is cross-linked to reconstituted collagen to create a model for examining the contribution of collagen-ligand interaction to intrafibrillar mineralization. Cryogenic electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation show that, after cross-linking to collagen, the bound polyelectrolyte caches prenucleation cluster singlets into chain-like aggregates along the fibrillar surface to increase the pool of mineralization precursors available for intrafibrillar mineralization. Higher-quality mineralized scaffolds with better biomechanical properties are achieved compared with mineralization of unmodified scaffolds in polyelectrolyte-stabilized mineralization solution. Collagen-ligand interaction provides insights on the genesis of heterogeneously mineralized tissues and the potential causes of ectopic calcification in nonmineralized body tissues.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Matrix-bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-12
    Description: Biologic scaffold materials composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been used in a variety of surgical and tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications and are associated with favorable constructive remodeling properties including angiogenesis, stem cell recruitment, and modulation of macrophage phenotype toward an anti-inflammatory effector cell type. However, the mechanisms by which these events are mediated are largely unknown. Matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) are identified as an integral and functional component of ECM bioscaffolds. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent vehicles of intercellular communication due to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting physiologic and pathologic processes. Formerly identified exclusively in biologic fluids, the presence of EVs within the ECM of connective tissue has not been reported. In both laboratory-produced and commercially available biologic scaffolds, MBVs can be separated from the matrix only after enzymatic digestion of the ECM scaffold material, a temporal sequence similar to the functional activity attributed to implanted bioscaffolds during and following their degradation when used in clinical applications. The present study shows that MBVs contain microRNA capable of exerting phenotypical and functional effects on macrophage activation and neuroblastoma cell differentiation. The identification of MBVs embedded within the ECM of biologic scaffolds provides mechanistic insights not only into the inductive properties of ECM bioscaffolds but also into the regulation of tissue homeostasis.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Enhanced CAR-T cell activity against solid tumors by vaccine boosting through the chimeric receptor (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Chimeric antigen receptor–T cell (CAR-T) therapy has been effective in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but it has shown limited efficacy against solid tumors. Here we demonstrate an approach to enhancing CAR-T function in solid tumors by directly vaccine-boosting donor cells through their chimeric receptor in vivo. We designed amphiphile CAR-T ligands (amph-ligands) that, upon injection, trafficked to lymph nodes and decorated the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells, thereby priming CAR-Ts in the native lymph node microenvironment. Amph-ligand boosting triggered massive CAR-T expansion, increased donor cell polyfunctionality, and enhanced antitumor efficacy in multiple immunocompetent mouse tumor models. We demonstrate two approaches to generalizing this strategy to any chimeric antigen receptor, enabling this simple non–human leukocyte antigen–restricted approach to enhanced CAR-T functionality to be applied to existing CAR-T designs.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Impaired cued and contextual memory in NPAS2-deficient mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-24
    Description: Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) PAS domain transcription factor expressed in multiple regions of the vertebrate brain. Targeted insertion of a beta-galactosidase reporter gene (lacZ) resulted in the production of an NPAS2-lacZ fusion protein and an altered form of NPAS2 lacking the bHLH domain. The neuroanatomical expression pattern of NPAS2-lacZ was temporally and spatially coincident with formation of the mature frontal association/limbic forebrain pathway. NPAS2-deficient mice were subjected to a series of behavioral tests and were found to exhibit deficits in the long-term memory arm of the cued and contextual fear task. Thus, NPAS2 may serve a dedicated regulatory role in the acquisition of specific types of memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, J A -- Zhang, D -- Estill, S J -- Michnoff, C -- Rutter, J -- Reick, M -- Scott, K -- Diaz-Arrastia, R -- McKnight, S L -- AG12297/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG16450/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS01763/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2226-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain/metabolism/*physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Fear ; Gene Targeting ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Learning/*physiology ; Limbic System/metabolism/physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Prosencephalon/metabolism/physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Touch ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Spermiogenesis deficiency in mice lacking the Trf2 gene (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-16
    Description: The discovery of TATA-binding protein-related factors (TRFs) has suggested alternative mechanisms for gene-specific transcriptional regulation and raised interest in their biological functions. In contrast to recent observations of an embryonic lethal phenotype for TRF2 inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans and Xenopus laevis, we found that Trf2-deficient mice are viable. However, Trf2-/- mice are sterile because of a severe defect in spermiogenesis. Postmeiotic round spermatids advance at most to step 7 of differentiation but fail to progress to the elongated form, and gene-specific transcription deficiencies were identified. We speculate that mammals may have evolved more specialized TRF2 functions in the testis that involve transcriptional regulation of genes essential for spermiogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, D -- Penttila, T L -- Morris, P L -- Teichmann, M -- Roeder, R G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1153-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Size ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; *Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Targeting ; Genotype ; Infertility, Male/genetics/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Organ Size ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Spermatogenesis/*genetics ; Spermatozoa/metabolism/pathology ; Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 ; Testis/abnormalities/metabolism/pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    An antimicrobial peptide gene found in the male reproductive system of rats (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: Little is known about the innate defense mechanisms of the male reproductive tract. We cloned a 385-base pair complementary DNA and its genomic DNA named Bin1b that is exclusively expressed in the caput region of the rat epididymis and that is responsible for sperm maturation, storage, and protection. Bin1b exhibits structural characteristics and antimicrobial activity similar to that of cationic antimicrobial peptides, beta-defensins. Bin1b is maximally expressed when the rats are sexually mature and can be up-regulated by inflammation. Bin1b appears to be a natural epididymis-specific antimicrobial peptide that plays a role in reproductive tract host defense and male fertility.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, P -- Chan, H C -- He, B -- So, S C -- Chung, Y W -- Shang, Q -- Zhang, Y D -- Zhang, Y L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1783-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320, Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Epididymis/*immunology/physiology ; Epididymitis/immunology ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sequence Alignment ; Sexual Maturation ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Up-Regulation ; beta-Defensins/chemistry/*genetics/pharmacology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Impacts of species richness on productivity in a large-scale subtropical forest experiment (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: Biodiversity experiments have shown that species loss reduces ecosystem functioning in grassland. To test whether this result can be extrapolated to forests, the main contributors to terrestrial primary productivity, requires large-scale experiments. We manipulated tree species richness by planting more than 150,000 trees in plots with 1 to 16 species. Simulating multiple extinction scenarios, we found that richness strongly increased stand-level productivity. After 8 years, 16-species mixtures had accumulated over twice the amount of carbon found in average monocultures and similar amounts as those of two commercial monocultures. Species richness effects were strongly associated with functional and phylogenetic diversity. A shrub addition treatment reduced tree productivity, but this reduction was smaller at high shrub species richness. Our results encourage multispecies afforestation strategies to restore biodiversity and mitigate climate change.
    Keywords: Ecology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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