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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 10 (1953), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of reaction of sulfur dioxide in styrene solutions at 60°C., with azodiisobutyronitrile as thermal catalyst, has been measured: (1) by gravimetric determination of the total rate of polymerization and analysis of the polymer formed and (2) volumetrically. An experimental arrangement for the latter method, which can be used when the partial pressure of the solvent (styrene solution) is appreciable compared to that of the solute (sulfur dioxide) is described. The kinetics of reaction conform to the mechanism previously proposed, according to which sulfur dioxide reacts in the form of a 1/1 styrene/sulfur dioxide complex C. It is shown that certain features attributable to depropagation reactions, such as the increase in the styrene content of the copolymer with decreasing styrene concentration in the reaction mixture, are much more marked at 60°C than at 20°C. By combining the rate measurements with new data on the temperature dependence of copolymer composition at elevated temperatures, it is possible to assign an approximate value to the velocity constant of a depropagation reaction involving breakage of a carbon-sulfur bond. The activation energy is estimated at 50 to 62 kJ. (12 to 15 kcals.), which is much lower than that for depropagation of a vinyl polymer; the frequency factor is about 4 X 1010 to 3 X 1012sec.-1. Some data on the composition of polymers prepared at 0° and -20°C. are appended. It is shown that the C· + C propagation step, which seems negligible at 20°C. or above, becomes of some significance at lower temperatures. Under these conditions polymers containing less than two styrene units per sulfur dioxide can be prepared.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 11 (1953), S. 558-558 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 505-507 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 6 (1975), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Use of Titanium Castings to Produce a Complex Shaped Intermediate Casing of RB 199.This paper describes the present position on a highly stressed casing and its functions in the RB 199-34 R engine. When the parts of the casing are made from solid forged titanium billets, up to 93% of the material used is machined away. For this reason, the most complicated parts of the casing were procured as castings and welded together by TIG welding. The paper describes the present quality standard of the titanium castings. The tests on the materials and their mechanical properties show that the castings are inferior to the forgings only with respect to their HCF behaviour and their elongation at rupture. Macroscopic flaws are not entirely inevitable but can be detected by X-ray tests. The future prospects for titanium castings are considered favourable.
    Notes: Der Bericht beschreibt die Lage eines hochbeanspruchten Gehäuses und dessen Funktionen im Triebwerk RB 199-34 R. Bei der Herstellung der Einzelteile des Gehäuses aus massiv geschmiedeten Titanblöcken wird bis zu 93% des eingesetzten Materials zerspant. Die kompliziertesten Partien des Gehäuses wurden deshalb als Gußteil bezogen und mittels WIG-Schweißung verbunden. Der Bericht beschreibt den heutigen Qualitätsstand der Titangußteile. Die Ergebnisse der Werkstoff- und Festigkeitsuntersuchungen weisen nur im HCF-Verhalten und der Bruchdehnung Nachteile des Gusses gegenüber dem geschmiedeten Material aus. Makroskopische Fehler sind nicht vollständing vermeidbar, aber durch Röntgenprüfung nachzuweisen. Die künftigen Aussichten des Titangusses werden positiv beurteilt.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational transitions induced by pH changes in random copolymers of leucine and glutamic acid have been studied. Significant differences were observed in the potentiometric titration curves of copolymers with small (up to 4%) and large leucine contents. The helical stability of copolymers with small leucine content, determined from titration curves by the Zimm and Rice method, decreases slightly with an increase in the leucine content, whereas the helical stability of copolymers with large leucine content increases sharply with an increase of the leucine content. It is shown that copolymers with large leucine content aggregate in the region of transition into the helical state, but the increase of their helical state stability is not connected with intermolecular aggregation, as it was also observed for a nonaggregating fraction isolated from one of the copolymers by gel chromatography. A conclusion is made that the helix-coil equilibrium constant s for leucine does not itself exceed the s constant for uncharged polyglutamic acid. The stabilization of the helical state in copolymers with large leucine content is due to intramolecular aggregation of helices in these copolymers. The analysis of the leucine residue distribution between helical and nonhelical regions in globular proteins also gives no real arguments to ascribe special helix-forming properties to leucine.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 11 (1953), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Certain abnormalities in the compositional relationship of styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers indicate that nonterminal monomer units in a polymer radical (principally the penultimate unit) can detectably influence radical reactivity, through electrostatic interactions with reacting monomer molecules. This effect should be particularly pronounced for monomers of type CHX=CHX, where X is a dipole. Several examples from the literature are cited to show that abnormal dependences of copolymer composition on monomer concentration ratio can be explained along these lines. It is suggested that the recently observed variation of cross-termination velocity coefficients with composition of the monomer mixture is attributable to a similar cause.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of Corrosion Resistance of Typical Aluminium Materials in Sea-WaterThe aluminium alloys Al99,5; AlMn 1 Mg 0,5, AlMg 2 Mn 0,8; AlMg3; AlMg 4,5 Mg 1 were subjected to polarization measurements as well as immersion tests on unpolarized samples in artificial sea water. The Free Corrosion Potential and the surface attack were measured.The determined values for the pitting potential of Al99,5 as well as the investigated alloys AlMg and AlMgMn, were found to be nearly independent of the composition. Differences between the alloys were found in immersion test by measurement of the Free Corrosion Potential. These differences can also be seen in the change of potential and surface conditions. The different investigations permit a general concept of the partial corrosion reactions.The results indicate that in aerated artificial sea water the investigated aluminium materials are generally cathodically controlled.
    Notes: An den Aluminiumwerkstoffen Al99,5: AlMn 1 Mg 0,5: AlMg 2 Mn 0,8; AlMg 3; AlMg 4,5 Mn und AlZn 4,5 Mg 1 wurden in künstlichem Meerwasser sowohl potentiostatische Polarisationsmessungen als auch Dauertauchversuche an unpolarisierten Proben unter Registrierung des Freien Korrosionspotentials durchgeführt und die Oberflächenveränderungen mikroskopisch ausgemessen.Die ermittelten Werte für das Lochfraßpotential von Al99,5 sowie von den untersuchten AlMg- und AlMgMn-Legierungen waren unter den genannten Bedingungen nahezu legierungsunabhängig. Bei den Dauertauchversuchen mit Messung des Freien Korrosionspotentials wurden graduelle Unterschiede im Korrosionsverhalten festgestellt, die in der Verlagerung der Potentiale und im Oberflächenbefund erkennbar waren. Die verschiedenen Untersuchungen lassen im Zusammenhang Rückschlüsse über den Ablauf der einzelnen Teilreaktionen der Korrosion zu. Ihre Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß bei den untersuchten Aluminiumwerkstoffen die Korrosionsreaktionen in lufthaltigem bzw. belüftetem künstlichem Meerwasser von 22°C überwiegend kathodisch gesteuert werden.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence on the fatigue corrosion behaviour of the steel X20Cr13 in chloride containing media by molybdenum additionsThe fatigue corrosion behaviour of a 13% Cr steel (used for turbine blades) has been studied in terms of its dependence on carbide shape and molybdenum additions in aqueous NaCl solutions of various concentrations at temperatures between room temperature and 200°C. Further tests in autoclaves were carried out in order to study the surface layers formed above 150°C without mechanical loads. Addition of 1% molybdenum yields a considerable increase of corrosion fatigue strength at room temperature, while there is no influence attributable to different shapes of graphite precipitations. At 150°C the corrosion fatigue strength is largely independent from sodium chloride concentration (0,1 to 27%); this means that very small quantities of sodium chloride are sufficient to produce heavy corrosion in wet steam at 〉 106 cycles. A range particularly suitable for such tests is the load range between ± 150 and ± 200 N/mm2 at 150°C, because these conditions approach those encountered in practice. The passivating layers are very thin (interference phenomena). Considering the increase of corrosion resistance produced by 1% Mo it is expected that 2.5% Mo will produce a further improvement, in particular with regard to pitting corrosion since rupture generally starts at the pits.
    Notes: Das Schwingungsrißkorrosionsverhalten von 13% Cr-Stahl (eingesetzt für Turbinenschaufeln) wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Carbidausbildung und vom Molybdänzusatz ermittelt, und zwar in wässerigen NaCl-Lösungen verschiedener Konzentrationen bei Temperaturen zwischen Raumtemperatur und 200°C. Weitere Versuche in Autoklaven wurden durchgeführt, um die oberhalb 150°C ohne Belastung entstehenden Deckschichten zu untersuchen. Durch Zusatz von 1% Mo wird die Korrosionszeitfestigkeit bei Raumtemperatur wesentlich erhöht, während sich Unterschiede in der Carbidausbildung nicht auswirken. Bei 150°C ist die Korrosionszeit-festigkeit weitgehend unabhängig von der NaCl-Konzentration (0,1 bis 27%), d. h. daß schon geringe NaCl-Mengen genügen, um bei Lastspielzahlen über 106 starke Korrosion in Naßdampf hervorzurufen. Besonders geeignet für Untersuchungen ist der Belastungsbereich zwischen ± 150 und ± 200 N/mm2 bei 150°C, da diese Bedingungen betriebsnah sind. Die Passivierungsschichten sind sehr dünn (Interferenzerscheinungen). Aufgrund der Verbesserung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit bei 1% Mo-Zusatz wird erwartet, daß 2,5% Mo eine deutliche weitere Verbesserung bringen, besonders im Hinblick auf die Lochkorrosion, da der Bruch an Lochkorrosionsstellen seinen Ausgang nimmt.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 60 (1977), S. 157-214 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Reinforced thermoplastics are composites consisting of a viscoelastic plastics matrix of low strength and a material (mostly inorganic) which has a high strength and a high modulus of elasticity, showing purely elastic strain. Globular and fibrous particles can be used for reinforcing. In the first case, the reinforcing action is largely due to an isotropic reduction of the strainability of the thermoplastic. In the second, more important case, the fibres can also accumulate stress from the matrix. In both cases, the elastic and viscous components of strain are pushed closer together.In practice, irregularities in the orientation of the fibres and continually changing patterns of stress cannot be avoided. These give rise to difficulties in checking the theoretical treatment of thermoplastics reinforced with short fibres. The basic element itself, i.e., the individual fibre embedded in the matrix has several variants, i.e., the length of the fibre, the ratio of the fibre length to the diameter, the critical fibre length determined from the interfacial shear strength and fibre strength, and the tensile strength in the transverse direction.
    Notes: Die Verstärkung von Thermoplasten bedeutet die Kombination einer Kunststoffmatrix mit niedriger Festigkeit und einem viskoelastischen Verformungsverhalten mit einem meist anorganischen Material mit hoher Festigkeit, höherem Elastizitätsmodul und überwiegend rein elastischem Verformungsverhalten. Als Verstärkungsmaterialien können globuläre und faserförmige Teilchen verwendet werden. Während im ersten Fall die Wirkung des Verstärkungsmaterials im wesentlichen auf einer isotropen Erniedrigung der Deformierbarkeit des Thermoplasten beruht, ist es im zweiten, wichtigeren Fall auch möglich, Spannungen von der Matrix auf die Fasern zu kumulieren. In beiden Fällen wird das Verhältnis der elastischen und viskosen Verformungsanteile zueinander verschoben.Schwierigkeiten bei der Überprüfung theoretischer Behandlungen der Verstärkungswirkung ergeben sich bei kurzfaserverstärkten Thermoplasten durch in der Praxis nicht zu vermeidende Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Faserorientierung und ständig wechselnde Spannungsfelder. Allein vom Grundelement, der in die Matrix eingebetteten Einzelfaser, ergeben sich Varianten durch die Faserlänge, das Faserlängen-Durchmesser-Verhältnis, die durch die Grenzflächenschubfestigkeit und Faserfestigkeit bestimmte kritische Faserlänge und die Querzugfestigkeit.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eine sehr wichtige Aufgabe bei der Verfahrensentwicklung ist die Ausarbeitung und Festlegung der „richtigen“ Reaktionsführung. Von den verschiedenen Kriterien des „richtig“ ist die Vergrößerbarkeit nur ein, wenn auch wichtiges Kriterium. Am Beispiel der Entwicklung eines kontinuierlichen Verfahrens zur Herstellung von Phthalimid aus Phthalsäureanhydrid und Ammoniak wird gezeigt, in welchen typischen Schritten eine solche auf die chemische Reaktionstechnik gerichtete Verfahrensentwicklung verläuft. Wichtige Merkmale der Reaktion können schon im Laboratoriumsmaßstab untersucht werden. Solche Merkmale sind Wärmetönung, chemisches Gleichgewicht und Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit. Die Laboratoriumsversuche führten zu dem Ergebnis, daß eine mehrstufige Bodenkolonne, der am Kopf geschmolzenes Phthalsäureanhydrid und im Sumpf gasförmiges Ammoniak zugeführt wird, der geeignetste Reaktor sein würde. Ein Versuchsbetrieb nach diesem Prinzip in sehr kleinem Maßstab lieferte ein Urteil über die relative Bedeutung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und Stoffübergang. Aus den Ergebnissen des Versuchsbetriebes konnten alle wesentlichen Unterlagen zum Bau einer großtechnischen Anlage ermittelt werden.
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