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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-07-05
    Description: Primary productivity in the Southern Ocean is approximately 3.5 gigatons of carbon per year, which accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global total. The presence of high concentrations of nitrate in Antarctic waters suggests that it might be possible to increase primary production significantly and thereby alleviate the net accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. An analysis of the food web for these waters implies that the Southern Ocean may be remarkably inefficient as a carbon sink. This inefficiency is caused by the large flux of carbon respired to the atmosphere by air-breathing birds and mammals, dominant predators in the unusually simple food web of Antarctic waters. These top predators may transfer into the atmosphere as much as 20 to 25 percent of photosynthetically fixed carbon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huntley, M E -- Lopez, M D -- Karl, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 5;253(5015):64-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1905841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Respiration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: For self-splicing of Tetrahymena ribosomal RNA precursor, guanosine binding is required for 5' splice-site cleavage and exon ligation. Whether these two reactions use the same or different guanosine-binding sites has been debated. A double mutation in a previously identified guanosine-binding site within the intron resulted in preference for adenosine (or adenosine triphosphate) as the substrate for cleavage at the 5' splice site. However, splicing was blocked in the exon ligation step. Blockage was reversed by a change from guanine to adenine at the 3' splice site. These results indicate that a single determinant specifies nucleoside binding for both steps of splicing. Furthermore, it suggests that RNA could form an active site specific for adenosine triphosphate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Been, M D -- Perrotta, A T -- GM-40689/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):434-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Exons ; Guanosine/metabolism ; *Introns ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Mutagenesis ; RNA Precursors/chemistry/genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/metabolism ; Tetrahymena/genetics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: Diabetic complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and renal and cardiovascular disease continue to pose major health risks for diabetic patients. Consequently, much effort has focused on approaches that could replace conventional insulin therapy and provide more precise regulation of blood glucose levels. The biohybrid perfused artificial pancreas was designed to incorporate islet tissue and a selectively permeable membrane that isolates this tissue from the immune system of the recipient. Biohybrid pancreas devices containing canine islet allografts were implanted in ten pancreatectomized dogs requiring 18 to 32 units of injected insulin daily. These implants resulted in good control of fasting glucose levels in six of these animals without further exogenous insulin for periods of up to 5 months.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sullivan, S J -- Maki, T -- Borland, K M -- Mahoney, M D -- Solomon, B A -- Muller, T E -- Monaco, A P -- Chick, W L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):718-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉BioHybrid Technologies, Inc., Shrewsbury, MA 01545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cattle ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood/*therapy ; Dogs ; Insulin/secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/secretion ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Pancreatectomy ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Transplantation, Homologous
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1992-03-27
    Description: A slowly activating, voltage-dependent potassium channel protein cloned from rat kidney was expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Two activators of protein kinase C, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol and phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, inhibited the current. This inhibition was blocked by the kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Inhibition of the current was not seen in channels in which Ser103 was replaced by Ala, although other properties of the current were unchanged. These results indicate that inhibition of the potassium current results from direct phosphorylation of the channel subunit protein at Ser103.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Busch, A E -- Varnum, M D -- North, R A -- Adelman, J P -- DA03160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- NS28504/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 27;255(5052):1705-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; DNA/genetics ; Diglycerides/pharmacology ; Ion Channel Gating ; Membrane Potentials ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phorbol Esters/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium Channels/*physiology ; Protein Kinase C/*metabolism ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1991-02-15
    Description: Transfer of a normal Chinese hamster X chromosome (carried in a mouse A9 donor cell line) to a nickel-transformed Chinese hamster cell line with an Xq chromosome deletion resulted in senescense of these previously immortal cells. At early passages of the A9/CX donor cells, the hamster X chromosome was highly active, inducing senescence in 100% of the colonies obtained after its transfer into the nickel-transformed cells. However, senescence was reduced to 50% when Chinese hamster X chromosomes were transferred from later passage A9 cells. Full senescing activity of the intact hamster X chromosome was restored by treatment of the donor mouse cells with 5-azacytidine, which induced demethylation of DNA. These results suggest that a senescence gene or genes, which may be located on the Chinese hamster X chromosome, can be regulated by DNA methylation, and that escape from senescence and possibly loss of tumor suppressor gene activity can occur by epigenetic mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klein, C B -- Conway, K -- Wang, X W -- Bhamra, R K -- Lin, X H -- Cohen, M D -- Annab, L -- Barrett, J C -- Costa, M -- ES 04715/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- ES 04895/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- ES 05512/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 15;251(4995):796-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1990442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Survival/*genetics ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced/*genetics ; Chromosome Deletion ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics ; Mice ; Nickel/*pharmacology ; X Chromosome/*drug effects
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1992-12-18
    Description: Vaccine protection against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in animal models is proving to be a difficult task. The difficulty is due in large part to the persistent, unrelenting nature of HIV and SIV infection once infection is initiated. SIV with a constructed deletion in the auxiliary gene nef replicates poorly in rhesus monkeys and appears to be nonpathogenic in this normally susceptible host. Rhesus monkeys vaccinated with live SIV deleted in nef were completely protected against challenge by intravenous inoculation of live, pathogenic SIV. Deletion of nef or of multiple genetic elements from HIV may provide the means for creating a safe, effective, live attenuated vaccine to protect against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daniel, M D -- Kirchhoff, F -- Czajak, S C -- Sehgal, P K -- Desrosiers, R C -- AI25328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI26463/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI26507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1938-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral/analysis/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Genes, nef ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Sequence Deletion ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology/prevention & control ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification ; Vaccines, Attenuated/*immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1991-04-19
    Description: Evidence indicates that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may be important in containing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the infected host. Although the use of recombinant viruses has been proposed as an approach to elicit protective immunity against HIV, the ability of recombinant viral constructs to elicit CD8+ CTL responses in higher primates has never been demonstrated. A live recombinant virus, vaccinia-simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac), was used to determine whether such a genetically restricted, T lymphocyte-mediated antiviral response could be generated in a primate. Vaccinia-SIVmac vaccination elicited an SIVmac Gag-specific, CD8+ CTL response in rhesus monkeys. These CTLs recognized a peptide fragment that spans residues 171 to 195 of the Gag protein. The rhesus monkey major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene product restricting this CTL response was defined. Both the vaccinated and SIVmac-infected monkeys that shared this MHC class I gene product developed CTLs with the same Gag epitope specificity. These findings support the use of recombinant virus vaccines for the prevention of HIV infections in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shen, L -- Chen, Z W -- Miller, M D -- Stallard, V -- Mazzara, G P -- Panicali, D L -- Letvin, N L -- AI20729/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI26507/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA50139/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 19;252(5004):440-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard Medical School, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1708168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, CD8 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis ; Epitopes/chemistry/immunology ; Gene Products, gag/chemistry/*immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1993-04-02
    Description: The VPS34 gene product (Vps34p) is required for protein sorting to the lysosome-like vacuole of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Vps34p shares significant sequence similarity with the catalytic subunit of bovine phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase [the 110-kilodalton (p110) subunit of PI 3-kinase], which is known to interact with activated cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. Yeast strains deleted for the VPS34 gene or carrying vps34 point mutations lacked detectable PI 3-kinase activity and exhibited severe defects in vacuolar protein sorting. Overexpression of Vps34p resulted in an increase in PI 3-kinase activity, and this activity was specifically precipitated with antisera to Vps34p. VPS34 encodes a yeast PI 3-kinase, and this enzyme appears to regulate intracellular protein trafficking decisions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schu, P V -- Takegawa, K -- Fry, M J -- Stack, J H -- Waterfield, M D -- Emr, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 2;260(5104):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8385367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Brain/enzymology ; Cattle ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Fungal ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphotransferases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Point Mutation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Signal Transduction ; Vacuoles/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: The nucleoli of vertebrate cells contain a number of small RNAs that are generated by the processing of intron fragments of protein-coding gene transcripts. The host gene (UHG) for intro-encoded human U22 is unusual in that it specifies a polyadenylated but apparently noncoding RNA. Depletion of U22 from Xenopus oocytes by oligonucleotide-directed ribonuclease H targeting prevented the processing of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at both ends. The appearance of 18S rRNA was restored by injection of in vitro-synthesized U22 RNA. These results identify a cellular function for an intron-encoded small RNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tycowski, K T -- Shu, M D -- Steitz, J A -- GM26154/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Northern ; Cell Nucleolus/*chemistry ; Humans ; *Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oocytes/metabolism ; RNA Precursors/*metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Xenopus
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1993-04-02
    Description: Murine neural precursor cells and cell lines derived from them are stimulated by members of the heparin-binding fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. The activity of FGF is regulated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and this interaction is an essential prerequisite for the binding of growth factor to the signal transducing receptors. Messenger RNA for FGF-2 was detectable in the neuroepithelium at embryonic day 9, and the HSPGs produced by these cells at this time preferentially bound FGF-2. However, at embryonic day 11, when messenger RNA for FGF-1 was first detectable, there was a switch in the binding specificity of the HSPG to FGF-1. Thus, a single species of HSPG undergoes a rapid, tightly controlled change in growth factor-binding specificity concomitant with the temporal expression of the FGFs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nurcombe, V -- Ford, M D -- Wildschut, J A -- Bartlett, P F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 2;260(5104):103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7682010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Epithelium/chemistry/embryology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/genetics/*pharmacology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics/*pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; Gestational Age ; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ; Heparitin Sulfate/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Molecular Weight ; Nervous System/chemistry/*embryology/metabolism ; Neurons/cytology ; Polysaccharide-Lyases/metabolism ; Proteoglycans/*pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Stem Cells/cytology
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