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  • 1995-1999  (102)
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  • 1
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    IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-02-02
    Description: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an important mediator of insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes through its ability to decrease the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor (IR). Treatment of cultured murine adipocytes with TNF-alpha was shown to induce serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and convert IRS-1 into an inhibitor of the IR tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. Myeloid 32D cells, which lack endogenous IRS-1, were resistant to TNF-alpha-mediated inhibition of IR signaling, whereas transfected 32D cells that express IRS-1 were very sensitive to this effect of TNF-alpha. An inhibitory form of IRS-1 was observed in muscle and fat tissues from obese rats. These results indicate that TNF-alpha induces insulin resistance through an unexpected action of IRS-1 to attenuate insulin receptor signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hotamisligil, G S -- Peraldi, P -- Budavari, A -- Ellis, R -- White, M F -- Spiegelman, B M -- DK 42539/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Feb 2;271(5249):665-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8571133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; Insulin Resistance/*physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Obesity/*metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Rats, Zucker ; Receptor, Insulin/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Death in athens (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ellis, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Jul 26;273(5274):417a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17776182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Uncoupling of obesity from insulin resistance through a targeted mutation in aP2, the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-11-22
    Description: Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are small cytoplasmic proteins that are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner and bind to fatty acids such as oleic and retinoic acid. Mice with a null mutation in aP2, the gene encoding the adipocyte FABP, were developmentally and metabolically normal. The aP2-deficient mice developed dietary obesity but, unlike control mice, they did not develop insulin resistance or diabetes. Also unlike their obese wild-type counterparts, obese aP2-/- animals failed to express in adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a molecule implicated in obesity-related insulin resistance. These results indicate that aP2 is central to the pathway that links obesity to insulin resistance, possibly by linking fatty acid metabolism to expression of TNF-alpha.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hotamisligil, G S -- Johnson, R S -- Distel, R J -- Ellis, R -- Papaioannou, V E -- Spiegelman, B M -- DK31405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HD27295/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Nov 22;274(5291):1377-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8910278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/*metabolism ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/blood ; *Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Myelin P2 Protein/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; *Neoplasm Proteins ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Obesity/*metabolism ; Triglycerides/blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*biosynthesis/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Obituary Oleg Ptitsyn (1929-99) (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 400 (1999), S. 122-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ... Oleg Ptitsyn was one of those rare scientists who are prepared to advance new but unfashionable ideas, and pursue them until they either fall by the wayside or become generally accepted and move a subject forward. For nearly 30 years Ptitsyn advocated the concept of the ‘molten ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/22019
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of component number on Rhynchosporium secalis infection and yield in mixtures of winter barley cultivars (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Mixtures of winter barley cultivars containing up to six components were grown over three years with and without fungicide treatment. Yield increases were recorded for mixtures compared with the mean of their monoculture components and there was a significant trend towards greater benefit from increased number of components. These benefits were partially attributable to a corresponding increase in control of Rhynchosporium secalis as component number increased. The potential for exploitation of mixtures in cereals for control of splash-dispersed pathogens is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-83.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron temperature measurements from optically gray third harmonic electron cyclotron emission in the DIII-D tokamak (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 3725-3731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In many high-performance discharges in the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon and L. G. Davis, Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)] high electron density prevents determining the electron temperature from the second harmonic electron cyclotron emission (ECE). A technique for obtaining central electron temperatures from optically gray third harmonic ECE is presented that does not require knowledge of the reflective properties of the vessel wall. The temperature values derived from ECE spectra measured with an absolutely calibrated Michelson interferometer agree with independent measurements by Thomson scattering. As part of this work, a method of determining the optical depth of third harmonic frequencies in a low aspect ratio tokamak is also demonstrated. The optical depth measurements are in agreement with calculations correct to first order in the Larmor radius. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871506
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved operation of the Michelson interferometer electron cyclotron emission diagnostic on DIII-D : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 480-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The measurement of accurate temperature profiles is critical for transport analysis and equilibrium reconstruction in the DIII-D tokamak. Recent refinements in the Michelson interferometer diagnostic have produced more precise electron temperature measurements from electron cyclotron emission and made them available for a wider range of discharge conditions. Replacement of a lens-relay with a low-loss corrugated waveguide transmission system resulted in an increase in throughput of 6 dB and a reduction of calibration error from 15% to 5%. The waveguide exhibits a small polarization scrambling fraction of 0.05 at the quarter-wavelength frequency and very stable transmission characteristics over time. Further reduction in error was realized through special signal processing of the calibration and plasma interferograms. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147612
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neutron penumbral aperture images of inertial confinement fusion targets achieve 60 μm resolution (abstract) : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1220-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Images formed by 14 MeV neutrons emitted from the core of inertial confinement fusion targets demonstrate 60 μm resolution for the penumbral aperture imaging system used in our 1988 experiments. Hohlraums containing deuterium–tritium filled capsules were irradiated at the Nova Laser Facility and produced images with detector limited resolution. Neutron yields ranged from 5×1010 to 2×1011. The results imply that convolution of the aperture point spread function with the neutron emitting region of the target core is less than 40 μm. Images produced by the indirect-drive hohlraum targets are compared with previously reported images of high-yield (1×1013) exploding-pusher targets that show 150 μm (full width half maximum) diameters for the emitting region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149457
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-sensitivity scintillating-fiber imaging detector for high-energy neutrons (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 4943-4948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have created a detector to image the neutrons emitted by imploded inertial-confinement fusion targets. The 14 MeV neutrons, which are produced by deuterium–tritium fusion events in the target, pass through an aperture to create an image on the detector. The neutron radiation is converted to blue light (430 nm) with a 20 cm2 array of plastic scintillating fibers. Each fiber is 10 cm long with a 1 mm2 cross section; approximately 35 000 fibers make up the array. The resulting blue-light image is reduced in size and amplified by a sequence of fiber-optic tapers and image intensifiers, then acquired by a charge-coupled device camera. The fiber-optic readout system was tested separately for overall throughput and spatial resolution; the throughput was 0.22 electrons/photon, and the resolution was 0.8 mm. We also characterized the overall efficiency of the detector using the DT-fusion neutrons emitted by inertial confinement targets; the measured value was 14 electrons/pixel/neutron. Several neutron images of laser-fusion targets have been obtained with the detector. We describe the detector, present characterization results, and give examples of the neutron images. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146179
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron temperature measurements from optically gray third harmonic ECE in DIII-D (abstract)a) : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 426-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The electron cyclotron emission spectrum on DIII-D is measured using an absolutely calibrated Michelson interferometer. During high performance discharges, electron densities above 9×1013 cm−3 preclude determination of the electron temperature from the second harmonic ECE. Under these conditions the third harmonic X mode is generally optically gray (0.4〈τ〈3.0) and can be used to determine Te by correcting the emission intensity for optical thickness. Overlap of the central third harmonic frequencies with optically thick inside-edge second harmonic frequencies on DIII-D allows a particularly simple formalism for determining the correction to the emission. To check the accuracy of the method, the Te values derived from the third harmonic can be compared to those from the second for discharges where it is not cutoff. These comparisons are presented along with an evaluation of various sources of error associated with calculations of the optical depth and the radiation transport. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146367
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