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  • 1
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    Translocation of C. elegans CED-4 to nuclear membranes during programmed cell death (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The Caenorhabditis elegans Bcl-2-like protein CED-9 prevents programmed cell death by antagonizing the Apaf-1-like cell-death activator CED-4. Endogenous CED-9 and CED-4 proteins localized to mitochondria in wild-type embryos, in which most cells survive. By contrast, in embryos in which cells had been induced to die, CED-4 assumed a perinuclear localization. CED-4 translocation induced by the cell-death activator EGL-1 was blocked by a gain-of-function mutation in ced-9 but was not dependent on ced-3 function, suggesting that CED-4 translocation precedes caspase activation and the execution phase of programmed cell death. Thus, a change in the subcellular localization of CED-4 may drive programmed cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, F -- Hersh, B M -- Conradt, B -- Zhou, Z -- Riemer, D -- Gruenbaum, Y -- Horvitz, H R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1485-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, 68-425, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*cytology/embryology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caspases ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    A primitive enantiornithine bird and the origin of feathers (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-09
    Description: A fossil enantiornithine bird, Protopteryx fengningensis gen. et sp. nov., was collected from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Northern China. It provides fossil evidence of a triosseal canal in early birds. The manus and the alular digit are long, as in Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis, but are relatively short in other enantiornithines. The alula or bastard wing is attached to an unreduced alular digit. The two central tail feathers are scalelike without branching. This type of feather may suggest that modern feathers evolved through the following stages: (i) elongated scale, (ii) central shaft, (iii) barbs, and finally (iv) barbules and barbicel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, F -- Zhou, Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1955-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 643, Beijing 100044, China. fuchengzhang@yeah.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11110660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Birds/anatomy & histology ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; China ; *Feathers/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Reptiles/anatomy & histology ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    A precocial avian embryo from the Lower Cretaceous of China (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: An embryo of an enantiornithine bird has been recovered from the Lower Cretaceous rocks of Liaoning, in northeast China. The bird has a nearly complete articulated skeleton with feather sheet impressions and is enclosed in egg-shaped confines. The tucking posture of the skeleton suggests that the embryo had attained the final stage of development. The presence of well-developed wing and tail feather sheets indicates a precocial developmental mode, supporting the hypothesis that precocial birds appeared before altricial birds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Zhonghe -- Zhang, Fucheng -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 22;306(5696):653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 643, Beijing 100044, China. zhonghe@yeah.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/*embryology ; China ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*anatomy & histology ; Feathers/embryology ; *Fossils ; Wings, Animal/embryology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-14
    Description: We report a draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori), covering 90.9% of all known silkworm genes. Our estimated gene count is 18,510, which exceeds the 13,379 genes reported for Drosophila melanogaster. Comparative analyses to fruitfly, mosquito, spider, and butterfly reveal both similarities and differences in gene content.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xia, Qingyou -- Zhou, Zeyang -- Lu, Cheng -- Cheng, Daojun -- Dai, Fangyin -- Li, Bin -- Zhao, Ping -- Zha, Xingfu -- Cheng, Tingcai -- Chai, Chunli -- Pan, Guoqing -- Xu, Jinshan -- Liu, Chun -- Lin, Ying -- Qian, Jifeng -- Hou, Yong -- Wu, Zhengli -- Li, Guanrong -- Pan, Minhui -- Li, Chunfeng -- Shen, Yihong -- Lan, Xiqian -- Yuan, Lianwei -- Li, Tian -- Xu, Hanfu -- Yang, Guangwei -- Wan, Yongji -- Zhu, Yong -- Yu, Maode -- Shen, Weide -- Wu, Dayang -- Xiang, Zhonghuai -- Yu, Jun -- Wang, Jun -- Li, Ruiqiang -- Shi, Jianping -- Li, Heng -- Li, Guangyuan -- Su, Jianning -- Wang, Xiaoling -- Li, Guoqing -- Zhang, Zengjin -- Wu, Qingfa -- Li, Jun -- Zhang, Qingpeng -- Wei, Ning -- Xu, Jianzhe -- Sun, Haibo -- Dong, Le -- Liu, Dongyuan -- Zhao, Shengli -- Zhao, Xiaolan -- Meng, Qingshun -- Lan, Fengdi -- Huang, Xiangang -- Li, Yuanzhe -- Fang, Lin -- Li, Changfeng -- Li, Dawei -- Sun, Yongqiao -- Zhang, Zhenpeng -- Yang, Zheng -- Huang, Yanqing -- Xi, Yan -- Qi, Qiuhui -- He, Dandan -- Huang, Haiyan -- Zhang, Xiaowei -- Wang, Zhiqiang -- Li, Wenjie -- Cao, Yuzhu -- Yu, Yingpu -- Yu, Hong -- Li, Jinhong -- Ye, Jiehua -- Chen, Huan -- Zhou, Yan -- Liu, Bin -- Wang, Jing -- Ye, Jia -- Ji, Hai -- Li, Shengting -- Ni, Peixiang -- Zhang, Jianguo -- Zhang, Yong -- Zheng, Hongkun -- Mao, Bingyu -- Wang, Wen -- Ye, Chen -- Li, Songgang -- Wang, Jian -- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu -- Yang, Huanming -- Biology Analysis Group -- 1 P50 HG02351/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1937-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Agricultural University, Chongqing Beibei, 400716, China. xiaqy@swau.cq.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; Body Patterning/genetics ; Bombyx/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Butterflies/genetics ; Computational Biology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Exocrine Glands/metabolism ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Genes, Homeobox ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Insect Hormones/genetics ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Sex Determination Processes ; Spiders/genetics ; Wings, Animal/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuations and thermodynamics properties of the constant shear strain ensemble (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 8769-8774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We develop the statistical mechanics of a pair of new ensembles called the constant shear strain ensembles that include the uniform dilation ensemble used frequently in computer simulations. We present a direct calculation of fluctuation formulas for the elastic constants, the specific heat, and the thermal expansion tensor in these new ensembles. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1367016
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of rapid thermal annealing on the optical properties of GaNxAs1−x/GaAs single quantum well structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the optical properties of GaNxAs1−x/GaAs strained single quantum well (SQW) was studied by low-temperature photoluminescence (PL). The GaNxAs1−x/GaAs SQW structures were prepared by dc active nitrogen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. PL measurements on a series of samples with different well widths and nitrogen compositions were used to evaluate the effects of RTA. The annealing temperature and time were varied from 650 to 850 °C and 30 s to 15 min, respectively. Remarkable improvements of the optical properties of the samples were observed after RTA under optimum conditions. The interdiffusion constants have been calculated by taking into account error function diffusion and solving the Schrodinger equation. The estimated interdiffusion constants D are 10−17–10−16 cm2/s for the earlier annealing conditions. Activation energies of 6–7 eV are obtained by fitting the temperature dependence of the interdiffusion constants. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371852
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NiFe2O4 nanoparticles formed in situ in silica matrix by mechanical activation (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 6015-6020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanocrystalline nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) particles were successfully synthesized in situ in an amorphous silica matrix by mechanical activation at room temperature. Phase development in the amorphous precursors, derived via a modified sol–gel synthesis route, with increasing mechanical activation time was studied in detail by employing transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. NiFe2O4 nanoparticles of 8.05 nm in mean particle size with a standard deviation of 1.24 nm, which were well dispersed in the silica matrix, were realized by 30 h of mechanical activation. The phase formation of nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 particles involves the nucleation of Fe3O4 in amorphous silica at the initial stage of mechanical activation, followed by the growth of nickel ferrite by incorporation of Ni2+ caions into Fe3O4. Their magnetic anisotropy, surface spin disorder, and cation distribution are investigated by considering both the strain imposed by silica matrix and the buffer effect during mechanical activation. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1462853
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transparent magnetic composites of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles in silica (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 4169-4174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Uniformly dispersed zinc ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in a silica matrix with both the magnetic properties and optical transparency designed in the visible wavelength region. The phases and morphologies of these zinc ferrite particles were examined using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A much lower formation temperature of ZnFe2O4 in nanocomposites was observed in this study compared to in conventional ceramic processing. The particle size of zinc ferrite was found to vary with the initial drying temperature, suggesting that a well-established silica network provides more confinement to the growth of ZnFe2O4 particles. The magnetic properties, measured at both 78 K and room temperature, exhibit strong dependence on the particle size, and are related to the unusual cation distribution and the surface effect of nanoparticles. The optical properties of the nanocomposites can be adjusted by varying the concentration of the zinc ferrite nanoparticles. Their absorption coefficient remains below 400 cm−1 in the red visible light region. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1404423
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cluster glass structure in nanohybrids of nonstoichiometric zinc ferrite in silica matrix (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 3167-3169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A cluster glass structure has been observed to occur in nanohybrids consisting of zinc ferrite in an amorphous silica matrix. Such a unique cluster glass structure has been supported by studies of x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and magnetic characterization. By increasing the Fe/Zn ratio in silica gel to 10, crystallites of zinc ferrite of partially inverted structure were nucleated and grown in amorphous iron oxide pockets dispersed in the silica network. The zinc ferrite crystallites, together with the confinement of silica matrix, suppress nucleation and crystallization of α-Fe2O3 to a temperature above 900 °C, preserving the cluster glass structure. The resulting cluster glass structure consists of amorphous iron oxide pockets of ∼10 nm in dimensions together with zinc ferrite crystallites of ∼3 nm in sizes, which are uniformly dispersed in the amorphous silica glass matrix.© 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1415375
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization, and size variation of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (2003)
    Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Verlag GmbH
    Journal of applied ichthyology 19 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0426
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Juvenile (3.0 ± 0.2 g) gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) were fed to satiation for 8 weeks to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization and size variation. Five feeding frequencies were tested: two meals per day (M2), three meals per day (M3), four meals per day (M4), 12 meals per day (M12) and 24 meals per day (M24). The results showed that daily food intake increased significantly with the increase in feeding frequency and there was no significant difference between daily food intakes in M12 and M24 treatments. Growth rate, feed efficiency increased significantly with increasing feeding frequencies. Size variation was not affected by feeding frequency. Apparent digestibility of dry matter was not influenced by feeding frequency, while apparent digestibility of protein and energy increased significantly at high feeding frequencies. The feeding frequency had no significant effect on the moisture, lipid, protein, or energy contents of gibel carp, while the ash content decreased with increased feeding frequency. It was recommended that 24 meals per day was the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile gibel carp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00453.x
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