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  • Articles  (17)
  • Science  (6)
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  • Articles  (17)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉We used ultrahigh-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging to quantify the phenomenon of vapor depressions (also known as keyholes) during laser melting of metals as practiced in additive manufacturing. Although expected from welding and inferred from postmortem cross sections of fusion zones, the direct visualization of the keyhole morphology and dynamics with high-energy x-rays shows that (i) keyholes are present across the range of power and scanning velocity used in laser powder bed fusion; (ii) there is a well-defined threshold from conduction mode to keyhole based on laser power density; and (iii) the transition follows the sequence of vaporization, depression of the liquid surface, instability, and then deep keyhole formation. These and other aspects provide a physical basis for three-dimensional printing in laser powder bed machines.〈/p〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1991-08-02
    Description: The trapping-mediated dissociative chemisorption of three isotopes of propane (C(3)H(8), CH(3),CD(2)CH(3), and C(3)D(8)) has been investigated on the Pt(110)-(1 x 2) surface, and both the apparent activation energies and the preexponential factors of the surface reaction rate coefficients have been measured. In addition, the probabilities of primary and secondary C-H bond cleavage for alkane activation on a surface were evaluated. The activation energy for primary C-H bond cleavage was 425 calories per mole greater than that of secondary C-H bond cleavage, and the two true activation energies that embody the single measured activation energy were determined for each of the three isotopes. Secondary C-H bond cleavage is also preferred on entropic grounds, and the magnitude of the effect was quantified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weinberg, W H -- Sun, Y K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 2;253(5019):542-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17745187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: In mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in the female. The noncoding Xist gene initiates silencing of the X chromosome, whereas its antisense partner Tsix blocks silencing. The complementarity of Xist and Tsix RNAs has long suggested a role for RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we report that murine Xist and Tsix form duplexes in vivo. During XCI, the duplexes are processed to small RNAs (sRNAs), most likely on the active X (Xa) in a Dicer-dependent manner. Deleting Dicer compromises sRNA production and derepresses Xist. Furthermore, without Dicer, Xist RNA cannot accumulate and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation is blocked on the inactive X (Xi). The defects are partially rescued by truncating Tsix. Thus, XCI and RNAi intersect, down-regulating Xist on Xa and spreading silencing on Xi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584363/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584363/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, Yuya -- Sun, Bryan K -- Lee, Jeannie T -- R01 GM058839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058839-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1336-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1157676.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Histones/metabolism ; Male ; Methylation ; Mice ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Small Nuclear/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ribonuclease III ; X Chromosome/*genetics/metabolism ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: To equalize X-chromosome dosages between the sexes, the female mammal inactivates one of her two X chromosomes. X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is initiated by expression of Xist, a 17-kb noncoding RNA (ncRNA) that accumulates on the X in cis. Because interacting factors have not been isolated, the mechanism by which Xist induces silencing remains unknown. We discovered a 1.6-kilobase ncRNA (RepA) within Xist and identified the Polycomb complex, PRC2, as its direct target. PRC2 is initially recruited to the X by RepA RNA, with Ezh2 serving as the RNA binding subunit. The antisense Tsix RNA inhibits this interaction. RepA depletion abolishes full-length Xist induction and trimethylation on lysine 27 of histone H3 of the X. Likewise, PRC2 deficiency compromises Xist up-regulation. Therefore, RepA, together with PRC2, is required for the initiation and spread of XCI. We conclude that a ncRNA cofactor recruits Polycomb complexes to their target locus.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748911/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748911/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhao, Jing -- Sun, Bryan K -- Erwin, Jennifer A -- Song, Ji-Joon -- Lee, Jeannie T -- R01 GM058839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058839-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM110090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM58839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):750-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1163045.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974356" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polycomb-Group Proteins ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Repressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; X Chromosome/*metabolism ; X Chromosome Inactivation
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-02-13
    Description: The collective properties of nanoparticles manifest in their ability to self-organize into complex microscale structures. Slow oxidation of tellurium ions in cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanoparticles results in the assembly of 1- to 4-micrometer-long flat ribbons made of several layers of individual cadmium sulfide (CdS)/CdTe nanocrystals. Twisting of the ribbons with an equal distribution of left and right helices was induced by illumination with visible light. The pitch lengths (250 to 1500 nanometers) varied with illumination dose, and the twisting was associated with the relief of mechanical shear stress in assembled ribbons caused by photooxidation of CdS. Unusual shapes of multiparticle assemblies, such as ellipsoidal clouds, dog-bone agglomerates, and ribbon bunches, were observed as intermediate stages. Computer simulations revealed that the balance between attraction and electrostatic repulsion determines the resulting geometry and dimensionality of the nanoparticle assemblies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Srivastava, Sudhanshu -- Santos, Aaron -- Critchley, Kevin -- Kim, Ki-Sub -- Podsiadlo, Paul -- Sun, Kai -- Lee, Jaebeom -- Xu, Chuanlai -- Lilly, G Daniel -- Glotzer, Sharon C -- Kotov, Nicholas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Mar 12;327(5971):1355-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1177218. Epub 2010 Feb 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cadmium Compounds/chemistry ; Computer Simulation ; *Light ; Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Quantum Dots ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Sulfides/chemistry ; Tellurium/chemistry
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: In the Kondo insulator samarium hexaboride (SmB6), strong correlation and band hybridization lead to an insulating gap and a diverging resistance at low temperature. The resistance divergence ends at about 3 kelvin, a behavior that may arise from surface conductance. We used torque magnetometry to resolve the Fermi surface topology in this material. The observed oscillation patterns reveal two Fermi surfaces on the (100) surface plane and one Fermi surface on the (101) surface plane. The measured Fermi surface cross sections scale as the inverse cosine function of the magnetic field tilt angles, which demonstrates the two-dimensional nature of the conducting electronic states of SmB6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, G -- Xiang, Z -- Yu, F -- Asaba, T -- Lawson, B -- Cai, P -- Tinsman, C -- Berkley, A -- Wolgast, S -- Eo, Y S -- Kim, Dae-Jeong -- Kurdak, C -- Allen, J W -- Sun, K -- Chen, X H -- Wang, Y Y -- Fisk, Z -- Li, Lu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1208-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1250366.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China. ; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. ; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China. ; Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. ; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. luli@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-01-24
    Description: Understanding how molecules can restructure the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts under reaction conditions requires methods that can visualize atoms in real space and time. We applied a newly developed aberration-corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy to show that adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO) molecules caused the {100} facets of a gold nanoparticle to reconstruct during CO oxidation at room temperature. The CO molecules adsorbed at the on-top sites of gold atoms in the reconstructed surface, and the energetic favorability of this reconstructed structure was confirmed by ab initio calculations and image simulations. This atomic-scale visualizing method can be applied to help elucidate reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoshida, Hideto -- Kuwauchi, Yasufumi -- Jinschek, Joerg R -- Sun, Keju -- Tanaka, Shingo -- Kohyama, Masanori -- Shimada, Satoshi -- Haruta, Masatake -- Takeda, Seiji -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 20;335(6066):317-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1213194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-11-22
    Description: The ability of the skin to repair itself after injury is vital to human survival and is disrupted in a spectrum of disorders. The process of cutaneous wound healing is complex, requiring a coordinated response by immune cells, hematopoietic cells, and resident cells of the skin. We review the classic paradigms of wound healing and evaluate how recent discoveries have enriched our understanding of this process. We evaluate current and experimental approaches to treating cutaneous wounds, with an emphasis on cell-based therapies and skin transplantation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Bryan K -- Siprashvili, Zurab -- Khavari, Paul A -- F32 ARO63508/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AR045192/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR055914/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):941-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1253836.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. khavari@stanford.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Skin/*injuries ; Skin Transplantation/*trends ; Skin, Artificial ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Engineering ; Wound Healing/*physiology ; Wounds and Injuries/*surgery
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1979-01-26
    Description: A diffusion cloud chamber has been used to qualitatively study some dynamic properties of liquid drops by suspending them in an electric field at the plane of saturation (p/ps = 1, where p is the actual partial pressure of the vapor at a given elevation and ps is the equilibrium pressure at that temperature characteristic of that elevation). By varying the strength of the electric field, it is possible to change the size of the suspended droplets and even, if desired, to isolate a single drop.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, L K -- Gertler, A W -- Reiss, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Jan 26;203(4378):353-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1986-05-30
    Description: An antiserum prepared against thymosin alpha 1, a hormone secreted by the thymus gland, effectively neutralized the AIDS-associated virus [HTLV-III/LAV (clone BH-10)] and blocked its replication in H9 cells. Reverse transcriptase activity and expression of the HTLV-III/LAV antigens p15 and p24 were inhibited by purified immunoglobulin G preparations of antisera to thymosin alpha 1. The antiviral activity of the antiserum was found to be due to a region of homology between thymosin alpha 1 and p17, a product of the gag gene of HTLV-III/LAV. Comparison of the primary sequences of thymosin alpha 1 and the gag protein revealed a 44% to 50% homology in an 18-amino acid region, between positions 11 and 28 on thymosin alpha 1 and 92 and 109 on the gag protein. The effectiveness of the thymosin alpha 1 antiserum and of immunoglobulin G-enriched preparations in blocking replication of HTLV-III(BH-10) in H9 cells suggests a novel approach to the development of an AIDS vaccine. A vaccine directed against the gag protein might overcome the problem of genetic drift in the envelope region of the virus and be useful against all genetic variants of HTLV-III/LAV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sarin, P S -- Sun, D K -- Thornton, A H -- Naylor, P H -- Goldstein, A L -- CA 24974/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 30;232(4754):1135-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3010464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology ; Adult ; Animals ; Child ; Deltaretrovirus/*drug effects/physiology ; Gene Products, gag ; Humans ; Immune Sera/immunology/*pharmacology ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Rabbits/immunology ; Retroviridae Proteins/immunology ; Thymosin/*analogs & derivatives/immunology ; Virus Replication/*drug effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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