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  • 1
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    Observations of global ionospheric responses to the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming event by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-29
    Description: The global ionospheric response to a stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) is studied using three-dimensional electron density maps derived from radio occultation observations of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC during the 2009 SSW periods. Results show that the ionospheric electron density at EIA crests exhibit a morning/early afternoon increase followed by an afternoon decrease and an evening increase, indicative of a semidiurnal component during the SSW period, which is consistent with recent studies. The latitude-altitude electron density slice maps show that the SSW related modifications of the equatorial plasma fountain interact with the existing summer-to-winter neutral winds and resulting in a north–south asymmetry. The global ionospheric response shows a clear longitudinal dependence in the equatorial plasma fountain enhancement during morning/early afternoon, inferred from the duration of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) enhancement. Following the enhancement, prominent global EIA reductions resulting from the equatorial plasma fountain weakening in the afternoon sector are seen. The ionospheric response to the 2009 SSW event is also compared with the usual seasonal variation during January–February 2007. Instead of showing the electron density increase in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the southern hemisphere as the usual seasonal variation does, the SSW period ionosphere shows prominent global electron density reductions in the afternoon period during the 2009 SSW event.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Global equatorial plasma bubble growth rates using ionosphere data assimilation (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-03-16
    Description: Flux tube integrated Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rates computed using the results of ionosphere data assimilation are used for the first time to investigate global plasma bubble occurrence. The study is carried out by assimilating total electron content measurements using ground based global positioning system (GPS) receivers into thermosphere ionosphere electrodynamic general circulation model, and the growth rates are calculated using standalone model run without assimilation (control run) as well as using prior (or forecast) state output of the assimilation run. The growth rates are compared with rate of change of total electron content index (ROTI), estimated from global network of GPS receivers, as well as all sky airglow observations carried out over Taiwan on the nights of 16, and 17 March 2015. In contrast to the growth rates using the control run, results using data assimilation show remarkable agreement with the ROTI. Further, the all sky images reveal intense plasma bubbles over Taiwan on the night of 16 March, when the corresponding assimilated growth rate is also pronounced. Similarly, absence of plasma bubbles in the all sky images on the night of 17 March (St. Patrick's day storm) is supported by smaller growth rates predicted by the assimilation model. Significant improvements in the calculated growth rates could be achieved because of the accurate updating of zonal electric field in the data assimilation forecast. The results suggest that realistic estimate or prediction of plasma bubble occurrence could be feasible by taking advantage of the data assimilation approach adopted in this work.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Depletion of {beta}-catenin from mature hepatocytes of mice promotes expansion of hepatic progenitor cells and tumor development [Medical Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: Depletion of β-catenin impairs regeneration of the rapid turn-over gut epithelial cells, but appears dispensable for that of the slow turn-over mature hepatocytes in mice until 1 y of age. As the life span of mature murine hepatocytes is about 400 d, we studied conditional β-catenin knockout mice (Alb-Cre;Ctnnb1flx/flx) until 20 mo of age to determine the function of β-catenin in the postnatal liver. β-catenin was absent from the hepatocytes of β-catenin knockout mice 4 wk after delivery. From 9 mo of age, hepatocytes were gradually replaced by newly formed β-catenin-positive hepatocytes, which constituted about 90% of hepatocytes at 18–20 mo of age. This process was accompanied by active proliferation of bile duct/ductule cells. β-catenin-positive hepatocytes exhibited elevated proliferation activity and expression of progenitor cell markers, but lower albumin and Cre. This might explain their intact β-catenin protein, and suggest their origins from hepatic progenitor cells. Liver tumors arose spontaneously from β-catenin-positive cells, and tumorigenesis was accelerated by hepatitis B X protein. These results indicate β-catenin critical for the regeneration of mature hepatocytes. Failure to regenerate mature hepatocytes results in proliferation of hepatic progenitor cells that are able to maintain liver function but are predisposed to form liver tumors.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Proteome organization in a genome-reduced bacterium (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: The genome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is among the smallest found in self-replicating organisms. To study the basic principles of bacterial proteome organization, we used tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) in a proteome-wide screen. The analysis revealed 62 homomultimeric and 116 heteromultimeric soluble protein complexes, of which the majority are novel. About a third of the heteromultimeric complexes show higher levels of proteome organization, including assembly into larger, multiprotein complex entities, suggesting sequential steps in biological processes, and extensive sharing of components, implying protein multifunctionality. Incorporation of structural models for 484 proteins, single-particle electron microscopy, and cellular electron tomograms provided supporting structural details for this proteome organization. The data set provides a blueprint of the minimal cellular machinery required for life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhner, Sebastian -- van Noort, Vera -- Betts, Matthew J -- Leo-Macias, Alejandra -- Batisse, Claire -- Rode, Michaela -- Yamada, Takuji -- Maier, Tobias -- Bader, Samuel -- Beltran-Alvarez, Pedro -- Castano-Diez, Daniel -- Chen, Wei-Hua -- Devos, Damien -- Guell, Marc -- Norambuena, Tomas -- Racke, Ines -- Rybin, Vladimir -- Schmidt, Alexander -- Yus, Eva -- Aebersold, Ruedi -- Herrmann, Richard -- Bottcher, Bettina -- Frangakis, Achilleas S -- Russell, Robert B -- Serrano, Luis -- Bork, Peer -- Gavin, Anne-Claude -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1235-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1176343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*analysis/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Computational Biology ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Multiprotein Complexes/*analysis/metabolism ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; *Proteome ; Systems Biology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Impact of genome reduction on bacterial metabolism and its regulation (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: To understand basic principles of bacterial metabolism organization and regulation, but also the impact of genome size, we systematically studied one of the smallest bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A manually curated metabolic network of 189 reactions catalyzed by 129 enzymes allowed the design of a defined, minimal medium with 19 essential nutrients. More than 1300 growth curves were recorded in the presence of various nutrient concentrations. Measurements of biomass indicators, metabolites, and 13C-glucose experiments provided information on directionality, fluxes, and energetics; integration with transcription profiling enabled the global analysis of metabolic regulation. Compared with more complex bacteria, the M. pneumoniae metabolic network has a more linear topology and contains a higher fraction of multifunctional enzymes; general features such as metabolite concentrations, cellular energetics, adaptability, and global gene expression responses are similar, however.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yus, Eva -- Maier, Tobias -- Michalodimitrakis, Konstantinos -- van Noort, Vera -- Yamada, Takuji -- Chen, Wei-Hua -- Wodke, Judith A H -- Guell, Marc -- Martinez, Sira -- Bourgeois, Ronan -- Kuhner, Sebastian -- Raineri, Emanuele -- Letunic, Ivica -- Kalinina, Olga V -- Rode, Michaela -- Herrmann, Richard -- Gutierrez-Gallego, Ricardo -- Russell, Robert B -- Gavin, Anne-Claude -- Bork, Peer -- Serrano, Luis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1263-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177263.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Avenida Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Culture Media ; Energy Metabolism ; Enzymes/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Glycolysis ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/*genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Systems Biology ; Transcription, Genetic ; rRNA Operon
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Transcriptome complexity in a genome-reduced bacterium (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: To study basic principles of transcriptome organization in bacteria, we analyzed one of the smallest self-replicating organisms, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We combined strand-specific tiling arrays, complemented by transcriptome sequencing, with more than 252 spotted arrays. We detected 117 previously undescribed, mostly noncoding transcripts, 89 of them in antisense configuration to known genes. We identified 341 operons, of which 139 are polycistronic; almost half of the latter show decaying expression in a staircase-like manner. Under various conditions, operons could be divided into 447 smaller transcriptional units, resulting in many alternative transcripts. Frequent antisense transcripts, alternative transcripts, and multiple regulators per gene imply a highly dynamic transcriptome, more similar to that of eukaryotes than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guell, Marc -- van Noort, Vera -- Yus, Eva -- Chen, Wei-Hua -- Leigh-Bell, Justine -- Michalodimitrakis, Konstantinos -- Yamada, Takuji -- Arumugam, Manimozhiyan -- Doerks, Tobias -- Kuhner, Sebastian -- Rode, Michaela -- Suyama, Mikita -- Schmidt, Sabine -- Gavin, Anne-Claude -- Bork, Peer -- Serrano, Luis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 27;326(5957):1268-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1176951.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/*genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Operon ; RNA, Antisense/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/analysis/*genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Gene transfer from bacteria and archaea facilitated evolution of an extremophilic eukaryote (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-09
    Description: Some microbial eukaryotes, such as the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria, live in hot, toxic metal-rich, acidic environments. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, we sequenced the 13.7-megabase genome of G. sulphuraria. This alga shows an enormous metabolic flexibility, growing either photoautotrophically or heterotrophically on more than 50 carbon sources. Environmental adaptation seems to have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer from various bacteria and archaea, often followed by gene family expansion. At least 5% of protein-coding genes of G. sulphuraria were probably acquired horizontally. These proteins are involved in ecologically important processes ranging from heavy-metal detoxification to glycerol uptake and metabolism. Thus, our findings show that a pan-domain gene pool has facilitated environmental adaptation in this unicellular eukaryote.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schonknecht, Gerald -- Chen, Wei-Hua -- Ternes, Chad M -- Barbier, Guillaume G -- Shrestha, Roshan P -- Stanke, Mario -- Brautigam, Andrea -- Baker, Brett J -- Banfield, Jillian F -- Garavito, R Michael -- Carr, Kevin -- Wilkerson, Curtis -- Rensing, Stefan A -- Gagneul, David -- Dickenson, Nicholas E -- Oesterhelt, Christine -- Lercher, Martin J -- Weber, Andreas P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1207-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1231707.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. gerald.schoenknecht@okstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23471408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics ; Archaea/classification/genetics ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; DNA, Algal ; *Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; *Genes, Archaeal ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genome, Plant/*genetics ; Phylogeny ; Rhodophyta/*genetics/*microbiology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    The TLR4 antagonist Eritoran protects mice from lethal influenza infection (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-03
    Description: There is a pressing need to develop alternatives to annual influenza vaccines and antiviral agents licensed for mitigating influenza infection. Previous studies reported that acute lung injury caused by chemical or microbial insults is secondary to the generation of host-derived, oxidized phospholipid that potently stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammation. Subsequently, we reported that Tlr4(-/-) mice are highly refractory to influenza-induced lethality, and proposed that therapeutic antagonism of TLR4 signalling would protect against influenza-induced acute lung injury. Here we report that therapeutic administration of Eritoran (also known as E5564)-a potent, well-tolerated, synthetic TLR4 antagonist-blocks influenza-induced lethality in mice, as well as lung pathology, clinical symptoms, cytokine and oxidized phospholipid expression, and decreases viral titres. CD14 and TLR2 are also required for Eritoran-mediated protection, and CD14 directly binds Eritoran and inhibits ligand binding to MD2. Thus, Eritoran blockade of TLR signalling represents a novel therapeutic approach for inflammation associated with influenza, and possibly other infections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725830/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725830/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shirey, Kari Ann -- Lai, Wendy -- Scott, Alison J -- Lipsky, Michael -- Mistry, Pragnesh -- Pletneva, Lioubov M -- Karp, Christopher L -- McAlees, Jaclyn -- Gioannini, Theresa L -- Weiss, Jerrold -- Chen, Wilbur H -- Ernst, Robert K -- Rossignol, Daniel P -- Gusovsky, Fabian -- Blanco, Jorge C G -- Vogel, Stefanie N -- AI018797/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI057575/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI059372/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- NCRR K12-RR-023250/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI018797/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057575/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI059372/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007540/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 23;497(7450):498-502. doi: 10.1038/nature12118. Epub 2013 May 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Lung Injury/complications/drug therapy/pathology/prevention & control ; Animals ; Antigens, CD14/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cytokines/genetics/immunology ; Disaccharides/metabolism/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/*drug effects/*pathogenicity ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Antigen 96/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology/virology ; Sugar Phosphates/metabolism/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Survival Analysis ; Time Factors ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/*antagonists & inhibitors/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    A statistical study on ELF-whistlers/emissions and M ≧ 5.0 earthquakes in Taiwan (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-26
    Description: [1]  In this paper, we conduct statistical approaches to study the potential relation between ELF-whistlers/emissions below 100Hz and 20 M ≧ 5.0 earthquakes occurred in Taiwan in the period of August 26, 2003 - July 13, 2004. Occurrence ratios of the ELF-whistler and ELF-emission of the entire study period are computed as the reference backgrounds. Our study shows that the ELF-whistlers and ELF-emissions during the earthquake period appear less and more frequently than their associated backgrounds, respectively. For the ELF-emission, the larger earthquakes generally yield the higher occurrence ratios. The statistical analyses confirm that the occurrence ratios of the ELF-emission significantly enhance 5–7 days before the earthquakes, and are proportional to the earthquake magnitude but inversely to the distance from the observatory to the epicenter.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Equatorial plasma bubble generation / inhibition during 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-01
    Description: All sky camera observations carried out over Taiwan showed intense equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) in 630.0 nm airglow images on consecutive nights of 13-16 March, 2015, but was absent in the following night of 17 March when St. Patrick's Day magnetic storm occurred. Rate of total electron content (TEC) index by using Global Positioning System (GPS) network data also confirmed the absence of irregularities on the night 17 March. The results however revealed strong irregularities over Indian sector on the same night. Flux tube integrated Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rates computed using the prior (forecast) state of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model output after assimilating the GPS-TEC measurements also agree with the observations, showing smaller values over Taiwan and larger values over India on the night of 17 March. The ionospheric response to the storm over Taiwan that resulted in the apparent inhibition of EPB is investigated in this study by using the data assimilation output. Results indicate that on the night of the magnetic storm, pre-reversal enhancement of zonal electric field over Taiwan was weaker when compared to that over India. Further analysis suggests that the absence of enhancement in the zonal electric field could be due to westward penetration electric field in response to rapid northward turning of interplanetary magnetic field that occurred during the dusk period over Taiwan.
    Print ISSN: 1539-4964
    Electronic ISSN: 1542-7390
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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