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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States Under Changing Conditions : A Comprehensive Science Synthesis (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Biotic communities. ; Agriculture. ; Physical geography. ; Earth sciences. ; Ecosystems. ; Agriculture. ; Earth System Sciences. ; Earth Sciences.
    Description / Table of Contents: Executive Summary -- Overview and Purposes -- Key Message -- Chapter 1. State Of Forest And Rangeland Soils Research In The United States (Dan Binkley, Daniel D. Richter, Richard V. Pouyat, and Linda Geiser) -- Chapter 2. Soil Carbon (Erin Berryman, Jeff Hatten, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Kate Heckman, David D’Amore, Jennifer Puttere, Michael SanClements, Stephanie Connolly, Charles H. (Hobie) Perry, and Grant Domke) -- Chapter 3. Soils And Water (Mary Beth Adams, Vince Archer, Scott Bailey, Kevin McGuire, Chelcy Miniat, Dan Neary, Toby O’Geen, Pete Robichaud, and Mike Strobel) -- Chapter 4. Biogeochemical Cycling In Forest And Rangeland Soils Of The United States (Lindsey E. Rustad, Jennifer Knoepp, Daniel D. Richter, and Andrew Scott) -- Chapter 5. Forest And Rangeland Soil Biodiversity (Stephanie A. Yarwood, Elizabeth Bach, Matt Busse, Jane E. Smith, Mac A. Callaham, Jr., Chih-Han Chang, Taniya Roy Chowdhury, and Steven D. Warren) -- Chapter 6. Wetland And Hydric Soils (Carl Trettin, Randall Kolka, Anne Marsh, Sheel Bansal, Eric Lilleskov, Patrick Megonigal, Marla Stelk, Graeme Lockaby, David D’Amore, Richard MacKenzie, Brian Tangen, Rodney Chimner, and James Gries) -- Chapter 7. Urban Soils (Richard Pouyat, Susan Day, Sally Brown, Kirsten Schwarz, Richard Shaw, Katalin Szlavecz, Tara Trammell, and Ian Yesilonis) -- Chapter 8. Soil Management And Restoration (Mary Williams, Cara Farr, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Stephanie Connolly, and Eunice Padley) -- Chapter 9. Soil Mapping, Monitoring, And Assessment (Mark J. Kimsey, Larry E. Laing, Sarah Anderson, Jeff Bruggink, Steve Campbell, David Diamond, Grant Domke, James Gries, Scott Holub, Greg Nowacki, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Charles H. (Hobie) Perry, Lindsey Rustad, Kyle Stephens, and Robert Vaughan) -- Chapter 10. Challenges And Opportunities (Linda Geiser, Toral Patel-Weynand, Anne Marsh, Korena Mafune, and Daniel Vogt) -- Appendix A: Regional Summaries -- Appendix B: Soils Networks And Resources -- Appendix C: Summary Of Research Questions.
    Abstract: This open access book synthesizes leading-edge science and management information about forest and rangeland soils of the United States. It offers ways to better understand changing conditions and their impacts on soils, and explores directions that positively affect the future of forest and rangeland soil health. This book outlines soil processes and identifies the research needed to manage forest and rangeland soils in the United States. Chapters give an overview of the state of forest and rangeland soils research in the Nation, including multi-decadal programs (chapter 1), then summarizes various human-caused and natural impacts and their effects on soil carbon, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biological diversity (chapters 2–5). Other chapters look at the effects of changing conditions on forest soils in wetland and urban settings (chapters 6–7). Impacts include: climate change, severe wildfires, invasive species, pests and diseases, pollution, and land use change. Chapter 8 considers approaches to maintaining or regaining forest and rangeland soil health in the face of these varied impacts. Mapping, monitoring, and data sharing are discussed in chapter 9 as ways to leverage scientific and human resources to address soil health at scales from the landscape to the individual parcel (monitoring networks, data sharing Web sites, and educational soils-centered programs are tabulated in appendix B). Chapter 10 highlights opportunities for deepening our understanding of soils and for sustaining long-term ecosystem health and appendix C summarizes research needs. Nine regional summaries (appendix A) offer a more detailed look at forest and rangeland soils in the United States and its Affiliates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XXVI, 289 p. 86 illus., 71 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030452162
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45216-2
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45216-2
    DDC: 577
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site preparation alters biomass, root and ectomycorrhizal development of outplanted western white pine and Douglas-fir (1996)
    Springer
    New forests 11 (1996), S. 255-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: reforestation ; mounding ; scalping ; plant competition ; herbicide ; root development ; northern Idaho ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Pinus monticola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This report documents impacts from manipulations of native forest soils and competing vegetation on development and ectomycorrhizal formation of outplanted western white pine and Douglas-fir in the Inland Northwest. Treatments were: 1) mounding surface horizons with competition left in place, 2) mounding surface horizons with subsequent physical or chemical control of competing vegetation, 3) scalping for control of competing vegetation, and 4) a control, or no postharvest disturbance. Treatments were applied on a low-altitude, relatively harsh site and on a higher altitude, more moderate site. Wich established seedlings, mounding with no competition control generally produced small seedlings (5–15g; both species) with low numbers of ectomycorrhizal short roots (21). Mounding with competition control produced large seedlings (20–48g) with moderate numbers of short roots (25). Scalping produced small seedlings (8–16g) with high numbers of short roots (41). The control also produced small seedlings (8–13g) but with a moderate number of short roots (27). Douglas-fir produced more short roots on the harsh than the moderate site. Western white pine produced high root to shoot ratios (above 0.60) in the mound with competition on the harsh site. Douglas-fir produced very high root to shoot ratios (above 1.0) in both the mound with no competition of the harsh site and in the mound with competition of the moderate site. Throughout, western white pine produced more ectomycorrhizae more rapidly than Douglas-fir. Ectomycorrhizal development and root and shoot weight of both conifers were adversely affected by competing vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036785
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site preparation alters soil distribution of roots and ectomycorrhizae on outplanted western white pine and Douglas-fir (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: herbicide ; mounding ; plant competition ; reforestation ; scalping ; soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This report documents root and ectomycorrhizal development on container-produced (1-0), outplanted, western white pine and Douglas-fir seedlings growing in site-prepared forest soils typical of the Inland Northwestern US. The following site preparations were used: 1) mounding organic and surface mineral horizons; 2) mounding with subsequent physical removal or chemical control of competing vegetation; 3) scalping to reduce competing vegetation; and, 4) a control or no post-harvest disturbance. Treatments were applied on relatively harsh and moderate sites in northern Idaho. Most ectomycorrhizae on the seedling population were found in the mineral substrates that dominated planting sites. However, compared to mineral substrates, highest seedling ectomycorrhizal tip counts were recorded in organic matter, particularly decayed wood or mixtures containing decayed wood. Strong ectomycorrhizal development was characteristic of western white pine. It supported highest ectomycorrhizal activity in organic substrates on the harshest treatments (scalps). Douglas-fir showed even stronger relative increases of ectomycorrhizae in organic substrates on harsh treatments. Three of the four common ectomycorrhizal morphological types were concentrated in mineral substrates with all treatments. A treatment-induced change of behavior was shown by the principal pine type. It occurred at highest numbers in organic substrates of the mound with competing vegetation treatment and in mineral substrates with the control. If relative availability to seedling roots was considered, organics (especially decomposed wood) were generally equal or superior to mineral substrates for supporting ectomycorrhizal activity on planted seedlings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004299928220
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  • 4
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    Allometry, nitrogen status, and carbon stable isotope composition ofPinus ponderosaseedlings in two growing media with contrasting nursery irrigation regimes (2011)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Description: Nursery irrigation regimes that recharged container capacity when target volumetric water content reached 72%, 58%, and 44% (by volume) influenced Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson growth more than either a 1:1 (by volume) Sphagnum peat – vermiculite (PV) or a 7:3 (by volume) Sphagnum peat – sawdust (PS) medium. Exponential fertilization avoided confounding irrigation and fertilization. Temporary nitrogen (N) immobilization in PS caused transient allometric differences prior to hardening. Subsequent release of immobilized N during the onset of hardening, when daily N flux decreased from 4.2% to 1.6%, allowed PS seedlings to avoid foliar N dilution experienced by PV seedlings. Media yielded seedlings with similar final morphological characteristics, although PS seedlings had improved N status. At onset, particle density and volumetric water content were similar for both media, but PS held about 10% more water than PV at all water potentials at experiment conclusion. Exposure to the driest water content (44%) decreased seedling growth and root N status compared with cohorts that were provided ample moisture (72%). Despite maximum tissue heterogeneity within samples and regardless of irrigation regime, seedlings became 1.3‰ more depleted of13C as the growing season progressed. Refinement of sampling procedures, with focus on ontogenetics, may improve subsequent use of stable carbon isotopes in nursery research.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 5
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    Effects of organic matter removal, soil compaction, and vegetation control on 5-year seedling performance: a regional comparison of Long-Term Soil Productivity sites (2006)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: We examined fifth-year seedling response to soil disturbance and vegetation control at 42 experimental locations representing 25 replicated studies within the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) program. These studies share a common experimental design while encompassing a wide range of climate, site conditions, and forest types. Whole-tree harvest had limited effects on planted seedling performance compared with the effects of stem-only harvest (the control); slight increases in survival were usually offset by decreases in growth. Forest-floor removal improved seedling survival and increased growth in Mediterranean climates, but reduced growth on productive, nutrient-limited, warmhumid sites. Soil compaction with intact forest floors usually benefited conifer survival and growth, regardless of climate or species. Compaction combined with forest-floor removal generally increased survival, had limited effects on individual tree growth, and increased stand growth in Mediterranean climates. Vegetation control benefited seedling growth in all treatments, particularly on more productive sites, but did not affect survival or alter the relative impact of organic matter removal and compaction on growth. Organic matter removal increased aspen coppice densities and, as with compaction, reduced aspen growth.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    Soil compaction from cut-to-length thinning operations in young redwood forests in northern California (2020)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-01
    Description: In northern California, United States, a cut-to-length (CTL) system was recently used for the first time to harvest young redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.) forests. Landowners and public agencies in this region have been concerned about the potential negative impacts of CTL on soils during wet-season harvest operations. To determine soil impacts, we measured changes in soil bulk density (BD) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) after CTL operations in May and August. Soil samples were collected at two locations (track and center) along forwarder trails and at a reference point at three soil depths (0–5, 10–15, and 20–25 cm), and HC samples were collected only at the 0–5 cm soil depth from the same sample points. We found a significant difference in BD between the reference point and track at 0–5 cm, which decreased as soil depth increased. There was a negative correlation between initial BD values and percent increase of BD, supporting the fact that the percent increase in BD was high at the soil surface (25%–30%), but BD did not exceed 1.13 Mg·m–3 at the 0–5 cm depth. However, our HC results were different from what we expected and were not as consistent as the BD results, as the HC data had much higher variability.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    Exponential fertilization of Pinus monticola seedlings: nutrient uptake efficiency, leaching fractions, and early outplanting performance (2005)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-12-01
    Description: We evaluated nutrient uptake efficiency and subsequent leaching fractions for western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) seedlings grown with exponentially increasing or conventional (constant) fertilization in a greenhouse. Conventional fertilization was associated with higher leachate electrical conductivity and greater nutrient losses, which were more pronounced for the more mobile NO3-N than for NH4-N. Exponential fertilization increased seedling nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency (75%), which helped reduce leaching losses compared to conventional fertilization (50%). Although exponentially fertilized plants received 45% less fertilizer (20 mg N·plant1) during the establishment and accelerated growth phases compared with conventional cohorts (36 mg N·plant1), seedling morphological characteristics and nutrient status were similar at the end of greenhouse culture and after 2 years of growth in the field, except that exponential fertilization increased root volume after the first year and also increased ectomycorrhizal colonization. Reduction of applied fertilizer quantities and enhanced fertilizer uptake efficiency through exponential fertilization allows for production of high-quality seedlings while simultaneously minimizing fertilizer inputs and mitigating potential environmental contamination.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Soil compaction associated with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting of a coniferous forest (2009)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-01
    Description: The degree and extent of soil compaction, which may reduce productivity of forest soils, is believed to vary by the type of harvesting system, and a field-based study was conducted to compare soil compaction from cut-to-length (CTL) and whole-tree (WT) harvesting operations. The CTL harvesting system used less area to transport logs to the landings than did the WT harvesting system (19%–20% vs. 24%–25%). At high soil moisture levels (25%–30%), both CTL and WT harvestings caused a significant increase of soil resistance to penetration (SRP) and bulk density (BD) in the track compared with the undisturbed area (p 〈 0.05). In the center of trails, however, only WT harvesting resulted in a significant increase of SRP and BD compared with the undisturbed area (p 〈 0.05). Slash covered 69% of the forwarding trail area in the CTL harvesting units; 37% was covered by heavy slash (40 kg·m–2) while 32% was covered by light slash (7.3 kg·m–2). Heavy slash was more effective in reducing soil compaction in the CTL units (p 〈 0.05). Prediction models were developed that can be used to estimate percent increases in SRP and BD over undisturbed areas for both CTL and WT harvesting systems.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    Soil physical property changes at the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity study sites: 1 and 5 years after compaction (2006)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: The impact of forest management operations on soil physical properties is important to understand, since management can significantly change site productivity by altering root growth potential, water infiltration and soil erosion, and water and nutrient availability. We studied soil bulk density and strength changes as indicators of soil compaction before harvesting and 1 and 5 years after harvest and site treatment on 12 of the North American Long-Term Soil Productivity sites. Severe soil compaction treatments approached root-limiting bulk densities for each soil texture, while moderate compaction levels were between severe and preharvest values. Immediately after harvesting, soil bulk density on the severely compacted plots ranged from 1% less than to 58% higher than preharvest levels across all sites. Soil compaction increases were noticeable to a depth of 30 cm. After 5 years, bulk density recovery on coarse-textured soils was evident in the surface (010 cm) soil, but recovery was less in the subsoil (1030 cm depth); fine-textured soils exhibited little recovery. When measured as a percentage, initial bulk density increases were greater on fine-textured soils than on coarser-textured soils and were mainly due to higher initial bulk density values in coarse-textured soils. Development of soil monitoring methods applicable to all soil types may not be appropriate, and more site-specific techniques may be needed for soil monitoring after disturbance.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    A detrimental soil disturbance prediction model for ground-based timber harvesting (2012)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: Soil properties and forest productivity can be affected during ground-based harvest operations and site preparation. The degree of impact varies widely depending on topographic features and soil properties. Forest managers who understand site-specific limits to ground-based harvesting can alter harvest method or season to limit soil disturbance. To determine the potential areal extent of detrimental (potentially plant growth limiting) soil disturbance based on site characteristics and season of harvest, we developed a predictive model based on soil monitoring data collected from 167 ground-based harvest units. Data collected included dominant site parameters (e.g., slope, aspect, soil texture, and landtype), harvest season, harvest type (intermediate or regeneration), and the machine(s) used during ground-based harvest operations. Aspect (p = 0.0217), slope (p = 0.0738), landtype (p = 0.0002), and the interaction of harvest season × landtype (p = 0.0002) were the key variables controlling the areal extent and magnitude of detrimental soil disturbance. For example, harvesting during non-winter months on gently rolling topography resulted in greater soil disturbance than similar harvest operations on landscapes that are highly dissected. This is likely due to the ease with which equipment can move off designated trails. A geospatially explicit predictive model was developed using general linear model variables found to significantly influence the areal extent of detrimental soil disturbance on nine defined landtypes. This tool provides a framework that, with local calibration, can be used on other forest lands as a decision support tool to geospatially depict landtypes susceptible to detrimental soil disturbance during ground-based harvest operations.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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