Abstract
This report documents root and ectomycorrhizal development on container-produced (1-0), outplanted, western white pine and Douglas-fir seedlings growing in site-prepared forest soils typical of the Inland Northwestern US. The following site preparations were used: 1) mounding organic and surface mineral horizons; 2) mounding with subsequent physical removal or chemical control of competing vegetation; 3) scalping to reduce competing vegetation; and, 4) a control or no post-harvest disturbance. Treatments were applied on relatively harsh and moderate sites in northern Idaho. Most ectomycorrhizae on the seedling population were found in the mineral substrates that dominated planting sites. However, compared to mineral substrates, highest seedling ectomycorrhizal tip counts were recorded in organic matter, particularly decayed wood or mixtures containing decayed wood. Strong ectomycorrhizal development was characteristic of western white pine. It supported highest ectomycorrhizal activity in organic substrates on the harshest treatments (scalps). Douglas-fir showed even stronger relative increases of ectomycorrhizae in organic substrates on harsh treatments. Three of the four common ectomycorrhizal morphological types were concentrated in mineral substrates with all treatments. A treatment-induced change of behavior was shown by the principal pine type. It occurred at highest numbers in organic substrates of the mound with competing vegetation treatment and in mineral substrates with the control. If relative availability to seedling roots was considered, organics (especially decomposed wood) were generally equal or superior to mineral substrates for supporting ectomycorrhizal activity on planted seedlings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez I F, Rowney D L and Cobb F W Jr. 1979 Mycorrhizae and growth of white fir seedlings in mineral soil with and without organic layers in a California forest. Can. J. For. Res. 9, 311–314.
Amaranthus M P 1991 Factors affecting ectomycorrhizae and forest regeneration following disturbance in the Pacific Northwest. InProceedings-Management and Productivity ofWestern-Montane Forest Soils. Eds. A E Harvey and L F Neunschwander. pp 205–208. USDA For. Serv. Intermountain Res. Sta. Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. 254 p.
Amaranthus M P, Parrish D and Perry D A 1989 Decaying logs as moisture reservoirs following drought and wildfire. InStewardship of Soil, Air, and Water Resources. Proceedings Watershed 89. Ed. E B Alexander. pp 91–194. March 1989 Juneau, Alaska. USDA, For. Serv. R10-MB-77. 215 p.
Barr J W, Ozinga A, Sweers I L and Kuyper Th W 1994 Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of needle litter and grass extracts on the growth of some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26,1073–1079.
Christy E J, Sollins P and Trappe J M 1982 First-year survival of Tsuga heterophyllawithout mycorrhizae and subsequent ectomycorrhizal development on decaying logs and mineral soil. Can. J. Bot. 60,1601–1605.
Cooper S V, Neiman K E and Roberts DW 1991 Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. USDA For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta., Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236. 135 p.
Dahlberg A 1990 Effect of soil humus cover on the establishment and development ofmycorrhiza on containerised Pinus sylvestrisL. and Pinus contortassp. Latifolia Engelm. after outplanting. Scand. J. For. Res. 5, 103–112.
Finklin A 1983 Climate of Priest River Experimental Forest, northern Idaho. USDA, For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta., Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-159. 53 p.
Graham R T, Harvey A E and Jurgensen M F 1989 Effect of site preparation on survival and growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesiiMirb. Franco.) seedlings. New For. 3,89-98.
Hallsby G 1994 The influence of different forest organic matter on the growth of one-year-old planted Norway spruce seedlings in a greenhouse experiment. New For. 8,43-60.
Harvey A E, Page-Dumroese D S, Jurgensen M F, Graham R T and Tonn J R 1996 Site preparation alters biomass, root and ectomycorrhizal development of outplanted western white pine and Douglas-fir. New For. 11,225-270.
Harvey AE, Jurgensen M F and Graham R T 1988 The role of woody residues in soils of ponderosa pine forests. InPonderosa pine, the species and its management. Symposium Proceedings. pp 141–148. Washington State University Extension Service, Pullman, WA. 281 p.
Harvey A E, Jurgensen M F, Larsen M J and Graham R T 1987 Relationships among soilmicrosite, ectomycorrhizae, and natural conifer regeneration of old-growth forests in western Montana. Can. J. For. Res. 17,58–62.
Harvey A E, Jurgensen M F, Larsen M J, and Schlieter J A 1986 Distribution of active ectomycorrhizal short roots in forest soils of the Inland Northwest: Effects of site and disturbance. USDA, For. Serv., Intermountain Res. Sta. Ogden, Utah. Res. Pap. INT-374. 8 p.
Harvey A E 1982 The importance of residual organic debris in site preparation and amelioration for reforestation. InSite preparation and fuels management on steep terrain. Symposium Proceedings. pp 75–85. 1982 February 15-17. Spokane, WA.Washington State University, Pullman. Cooperative Extension. 281 p.
Harvey A E, Larsen M J and Jurgensen M F 1979 Comparative distribution of ectomycorrhizae in soils of three western Montana forest habitat types. For. Sci. 25, 350–360.
Harvey A E, Jurgensen M F and Larsen MJ 1978 Seasonal distribution of ectomycorrhizae in a mature Douglas-fir/larch forest soil in western Montana. For. Sci. 24, 203–208.
Jurgensen M F, Harvey A E, Graham R T, Larsen M J, Tonn J T and Page-Dumroese D S 1990 Soil organic matter, timber harvesting and forest productivity in the Inland Northwest. InSustained Productivity of forest Soils: Proceedings of the seventh North American Forest Soils Conference. Eds. S P Gessel, D S Lacate, G F Weetman and R F Powers. pp 392–415. Univ. of British Colombia, Vancouver. 525 p.
Kropp B R 1982 Fungi from decayed wood as ectomycorrhizal symbionts of western hemlock. Can. J. For. Res. 12, 36–39.
Kropp B R and Langlois CG 1990 Ectomycorrhizae in reforestation. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 438–451.
Lee K J 1981 Correlation between ectomycorrhizal formation in Pinusand organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus contents and acidity in the forest soil. InProceedings, 17th IUFRO Congress pp 83–87. IUFRO Congr. Comm., Ibaeaki, Sept. 6-19, Kyoto.
McAfee B J and Fortin J A 1989 Ectomycorrhizal colonization on black spruce and jack pine seedlings outplanted in reforestation sites. Plant Soil 116, 9–17.
Meyer F H 1973 Distribution of ectomycorrhizae in native and manmade forests. InEctomycorrhizae: their Ecology and Physiology. Eds. G C Marks and T T Kozlowski. pp 79–105. Academic Press, New York.
Minore D and Weatherly H G 1990 Effects of site preparation on Douglas-fir seedling growth and survival. West. J. Appl. For. 5, 49–51.
Mize C W and Schultz R C 1985 Comparing treatment means correctly and appropriately. Can. J. For. Res. 16, 1142–1148.
Page-Dumroese D S, Jurgensen M F, Graham R T and Harvey A E 1986 Soil physical properties of raised planting beds in a northern Idaho forest. USDA, For. Serv. Intermountain Res. Sta. Ogden, Utah. Res. Pap. INT-360. 6 p.
Page-Dumroese D S, Jurgensen M F, Graham R T and Harvey A E 1989. Soil chemical properties of raised planting beds in a northern Idaho forest. USDA, For. Serv. Intermountain Res. Sta. Ogden, Utah. Res. Pap. INT-419. 7 p.
Page-Dumroese D S, Harvey A E, Jurgensen M F and Graham R T 1991 Organic matter function in the western-montane forest soil system. InProceedings-Management and Productivity of Western-Montane Forest Soils. Eds. A E Harvey and L F Neuenschwander. pp 95–100. USDA, For. Serv. Intermountain Res. Sta. Ogden, Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. 254 p.
Parke J L, Linderman R J and Trappe JM 1983 Effects of forest litter on ectomycorrhizae development and growth of Douglas-fir and western red cedar seedlings. Can J. For. Res. 13, 666–671.
Perry D A, Molina R and Amaranthus M P 1987 Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs. Can. J. For. Res. 17, 929–940.
Pregitzer K S, Hendrick R L and Fogel R 1993 The demography of fine roots in response to patches of water and nitrogen. New Phytol. 125, 575–580.
Rehfeldt G E 1979 Ecological adaptations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesiivar. glauca) populations. I. North Idaho and northeastern Washington. Heredity 43, 383–397.
Rehfeldt G E, Hoff R J and Steinhoff R J 1981 Geographic patterns of genetic variation in Pinus monticola. Bot. Gaz. 145, 229–239.
Rose S L, Perry D A, Pilz D and Schoeneberger M M 1983 Allelopathic effects of litter on the growth and colonization of mycorrhizal fungi. J. Chem. Ecol. 9, 1153–1162.
Schoeneberger M M and Perry D A 1982 The effect of site disturbances on growth and ectomycorrhizae on Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings: A greenhouse bioassay. Can. J. For. Res. 12, 343–353.
Sidle R C and Shaw C G III 1987 Evaluation of planting sites common to a south east Alaska clear-cut. IV. Nutrient levels in ectomycorrhizal Sitka spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 17, 340–345.
Shaw C G III, Sidle R C and Harris A S 1987 Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. III. Effects of microsite type and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on growth and survival of Sitka spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 17, 334–339.
Soil Survey Staff 1987 Keys to soil taxonomy (third printing). SMSS Tech. Mon. No. 6. Ithaca, New York. 280 p.
Steele R D and Torrie JH 1960 Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York. 481 p.
Trappe J M and Fogel R D 1977 Ecosystematic functions of mycorrhizae. InThe belowground Ecosystem. pp. 205–214. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. Range Science Department Scientific Series. 351 p.
Tyler G 1985 Macrofungal flora of Swedish beech forests related to soil organic matter and acidity characteristics. For. Ecol. Manage. 10, 13–29.
Vare H 1989 Influence of decaying birch logs to scots pine mycorrhizae at clear-cutted ploughed sites in northern Finland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 28, 539–545.
Vare H 1988 The mycorrhizal condition of weakened Scots pine saplings grown on ploughed sites in northern Finland. Can. J. For. Res. 19, 341-346.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Harvey, A.E., Page-Dumroese, D.S., Jurgensen, M.F. et al. Site preparation alters soil distribution of roots and ectomycorrhizae on outplanted western white pine and Douglas-fir. Plant and Soil 188, 107–117 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004299928220
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004299928220