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  • 1
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    Series-Bosch Technology for Oxygen Recovery During Lunar or Martian Surface Missions (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Long-duration surface missions to the Moon or Mars will require life support systems that maximize resource recovery to minimize resupply from Earth. To address this need, NASA previously proposed a Series-Bosch (S-Bosch) oxygen recovery system, based on the Bosch process, which can theoretically recover 100% of the oxygen from metabolic carbon dioxide. Bosch processes have the added benefits of the potential to recover oxygen from atmospheric carbon dioxide and the use of regolith materials as catalysts, thereby eliminating the need for catalyst resupply from Earth. In 2012, NASA completed an initial design for an S-Bosch development test stand that incorporates two catalytic reactors in series including a Reverse Water-Gas Shift (RWGS) Reactor and a Carbon Formation Reactor (CFR). In 2013, fabrication of system components, with the exception of a CFR, and assembly of the test stand was initiated. Stand-alone testing of the RWGS reactor was completed to compare performance with design models. Continued testing of Lunar and Martian regolith simulants provided sufficient data to design a CFR intended to utilize these materials as catalysts. Finally, a study was conducted to explore the possibility of producing bricks from spent regolith catalysts. The results of initial demonstration testing of the RWGS reactor, results of continued catalyst performance testing of regolith simulants, and results of brick material properties testing are reported. Additionally, design considerations for a regolith-based CFR are discussed.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2014-160 , M14-3693 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 13, 2014 - Jul 17, 2014; Tuscon, AZ; United States
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  • 2
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    Series-Bosch Technology For Oxygen Recovery During Lunar or Martian Surface Missions (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M14-3855 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 13, 2014 - Jul 17, 2014; Tuscon, AZ; United States
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  • 3
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    On the Performance Potential of Bioelectrochemical Life Support Systems (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An area of growing multi-disciplinary research and revolutionary development for bio-processing on Earth is bioelectrochemical systems. These systems exploit the capability of many microorganisms to act as biocatalysts, enhancing the performance of electrochemical processes which convert low-value materials into valuable products. Many varieties of such processes hold potential value for space exploration as means to recycle metabolic waste and other undesirable materials or insitu resources into oxygen, water, and other valuable substances. However, the wide range of possible reactants, products, configurations, and operating parameters, along with the early stage of development and application on the ground necessitate thorough consideration of which, if any, possibilities could outperform existing technologies and should thus receive investment for space applications. In turn, the decision depends on the theoretical and practical limits of performance and the value of the reactant-product conversions within spaceflight scenarios, and should, to the greatest extent possible, be examined from the perspective of a fully designed, integrated system, rather than as an isolated unit lacking critical components like valves and pumps. Herein, we select a series of possible reactant-product conversions, develop concept process flow diagrams for each, and estimate theoretical and (where sufficient literature data allows) practical performance limitations of each. The objective was to estimate the costs, benefits, and risks of each concept in order to aid strategic decisions in the early-phase technology development effort.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M12-2226 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 14, 2013 - Jul 18, 2013; Vail, CO; United States
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  • 4
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    Demonstration of Robustness and Integrated Operation of a Series-Bosch System (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Manned missions beyond low Earth orbit will require highly robust, reliable, and maintainable life support systems that maximize recycling of water and oxygen. Bosch technology is one option to maximize oxygen recovery, in the form of water, from metabolically-produced carbon dioxide (CO2). A two stage approach to Bosch, called Series-Bosch, reduces metabolic CO2 with hydrogen (H2) to produce water and solid carbon using two reactors: a Reverse Water-Gas Shift (RWGS) reactor and a carbon formation (CF) reactor. Previous development efforts demonstrated the stand-alone performance of a RWGS reactor containing Incofoam(TradeMark) catalyst and designed for robustness against carbon formation, two membrane separators intended to maximize single pass conversion of reactants, and a batch CF reactor with both transit and surface catalysts. In the past year, Precision Combustion, Inc. (PCI) developed and delivered a RWGS reactor for testing at NASA. The reactor design was based on their patented Microlith(TradeMark) technology and was first evaluated under a Phase I Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) effort in 2010. The Microlith(TradeMark) RWGS reactor was recently evaluated at NASA to compare its performance and operating conditions with the Incofoam(TradeMark) RWGS reactor. Separately, in 2015, a fully integrated demonstration of an S-Bosch system was conducted. In an effort to mitigate risk, a second integrated test was conducted to evaluate the effect of membrane failure on a closed-loop Bosch system. Here, we report and discuss the performance and robustness to carbon formation of both RWGS reactors. We report the results of the integrated operation of a Series-Bosch system and we discuss the technology readiness level. 1
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2016-262 , M16-5351 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 10, 2016 - Jul 14, 2016; Vienna; Austria
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  • 5
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    Advanced Oxygen Recovery via Series-Bosch Technology (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2015-82 , M15-4754 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES 2015); Jul 12, 2015 - Jul 16, 2015; Bellevue, WA; United States
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  • 6
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    Evaluation of Bosch-Based Systems Using Non-Traditional Catalysts at Reduced Temperatures (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Oxygen and water resupply make open loop atmosphere revitalization (AR) systems unfavorable for long-term missions beyond low Earth orbit. Crucial to closing the AR loop are carbon dioxide reduction systems with low mass and volume, minimal power requirements, and minimal consumables. For this purpose, NASA is exploring using Bosch-based systems. The Bosch process is favorable over state-of-the-art Sabatier-based processes due to complete loop closure. However, traditional operation of the Bosch required high reaction temperatures, high recycle rates, and significant consumables in the form of catalyst resupply due to carbon fouling. A number of configurations have been proposed for next-generation Bosch systems. First, alternative catalysts (catalysts other than steel wool) can be used in a traditional single-stage Bosch reactor to improve reaction kinetics and increase carbon packing density. Second, the Bosch reactor may be split into separate stages wherein the first reactor stage is dedicated to carbon monoxide and water formation via the reverse water-gas shift reaction and the second reactor stage is dedicated to carbon formation. A series system will enable maximum efficiency of both steps of the Bosch reaction, resulting in optimized operation and maximum carbon formation rate. This paper details the results of testing of both single-stage and two-stage Bosch systems with alternative catalysts at reduced temperatures. These results are compared to a traditional Bosch system operated with a steel wool catalyst.
    Keywords: Mechanical Engineering
    Type: M11-0067 , M11-0439 , M11-0697 , 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 17, 2011 - Jul 21, 2011; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 7
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    Influence of Oxygenated Compounds on Reaction Products in a Microwave Plasma Methane Pyrolysis Assembly for Post-Processing of Sabatier Methane (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The state-of-the-art Carbon Dioxide Reduction Assembly (CRA) was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) in April 2010. The system is designed to accept carbon dioxide from the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly and hydrogen from the Oxygen Generation Assembly. The two gases are reacted in the CRA in a Sabatier reactor to produce water and methane. Venting of methane results in an oxygen resupply requirement of about 378 lbs per crew member per year. If the oxygen is supplied as water, the total weight for resupply is about 476 lb per crew member per year. For long-term missions beyond low Earth orbit, during which resupply capabilities will be further limited, recovery of hydrogen from methane is highly desirable. For this purpose, NASA is pursuing development of a Plasma Pyrolysis Assembly (PPA) capable of recovering hydrogen from methane. Under certain conditions, water vapor and carbon dioxide (nominally intended to be separated from the CRA outlet stream) may be present in the PPA feed stream. Thus, testing was conducted in 2010 to determine the effect of these oxygenated compounds on PPA performance, particularly the effect of inlet carbon dioxide and water variations on the PPA product stream. This paper discusses the test set-up, analysis, and results of this testing.
    Keywords: Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: M11-0065 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 17, 2011 - Jul 21, 2011; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 8
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    Influence of Oxygenated Compounds on Reaction Products in a Microwave Plasma Methane Pyrolysis Assembly for Post-Processing of Sabatier Methane (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The state-of-the-art Carbon Dioxide Reduction Assembly (CRA) was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) in April 2010. The system is designed to accept carbon dioxide from the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly and hydrogen from the Oxygen Generation Assembly. The two gases are reacted in the CRA in a Sabatier reactor to produce water and methane. Venting of methane results in an oxygen resupply requirement of about 378 lbs per crew member per year. If the oxygen is supplied as water, the total weight for resupply is about 476 lb per crew member per year. For long-term missions beyond low Earth orbit, during which resupply capabilities will be further limited, recovery of hydrogen from methane is highly desirable. For this purpose, NASA is pursuing development of a Plasma Pyrolysis Assembly (PPA) capable of recovering hydrogen from methane. Under certain conditions, water vapor and carbon dioxide (nominally intended to be separated from the CRA outlet stream) may be present in the PPA feed stream. Thus, testing was conducted in 2010 to determine the effect of these "oxygenated" compounds on PPA performance, particularly the effect of inlet carbon dioxide and water variations on the PPA product stream. This paper discusses the test set-up, analysis, and results of this testing
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: M11-0441 , M11-0694 , 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 11, 2011 - Jul 21, 2011; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 9
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    The Bosch Process-Performance of a Developmental Reactor and Experimental Evaluation of Alternative Catalysts (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Bosch-based reactors have been in development at NASA since the 1960's. Traditional operation involves the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen over a steel wool catalyst to produce water and solid carbon. While the system is capable of completely closing the loop on oxygen and hydrogen for Atmosphere Revitalization, steel wool requires a reaction temperature of 650C or higher for optimum performance. The single pass efficiency of the reaction over steel wool has been shown to be less than 10% resulting in a high recycle stream. Finally, the formation of solid carbon on steel wool ultimately fouls the catalyst necessitating catalyst resupply. These factors result in high mass, volume and power demands for a Bosch system. Interplanetary transportation and surface exploration missions of the moon, Mars, and near-earth objects will require higher levels of loop closure than current technology cannot provide. A Bosch system can provide the level of loop closure necessary for these long-term missions if mass, volume, and power can be kept low. The keys to improving the Bosch system lie in reactor and catalyst development. In 2009, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration refurbished a circa 1980's developmental Bosch reactor and built a sub-scale Bosch Catalyst Test Stand for the purpose of reactor and catalyst development. This paper describes the baseline performance of two commercially available steel wool catalysts as compared to performance reported in the 1960's and 80's. Additionally, the results of sub-scale testing of alternative Bosch catalysts, including nickel- and cobalt-based catalysts, are discussed.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: M10-0218 , M10-0522 , 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 11, 2010 - Jul 15, 2010; Barcelona; Spain
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  • 10
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    Advanced Oxygen Recovery via Series-Bosch Technology (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Oxygen recovery from metabolically-produced carbon dioxide (CO2) is of critical importance for long-duration manned space missions beyond low Earth orbit. On the International Space Station (ISS), oxygen is provided to the crew through electrolysis of water in the Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA). Prior to 2011, this water was entirely resupplied from Earth. A CO2 Reduction Assembly based on the Sabatier reaction (1) was developed by Hamilton Sundstrand and delivered to ISS in 2010. The unit recovers oxygen by reducing metabolic CO2 with diatomic hydrogen (H2) to produce methane and product water. The water is cleaned by the Water Purification Assembly and recycled to the OGA for continued oxygen production. The methane product is vented overboard.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2015-82 , M15-4675 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 12, 2015 - Jul 16, 2015; Bellevue, WA; United States
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