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  • 1
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: The heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) act as switches that regulate information processing circuits connecting cell surface receptors to a variety of effectors. The G proteins are present in all eukaryotic cells, and they control metabolic, humoral, neural, and developmental functions. More than a hundred different kinds of receptors and many different effectors have been described. The G proteins that coordinate receptor-effector activity are derived from a large gene family. At present, the family is known to contain at least sixteen different genes that encode the alpha subunit of the heterotrimer, four that encode beta subunits, and multiple genes encoding gamma subunits. Specific transient interactions between these components generate the pathways that modulate cellular responses to complex chemical signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, M I -- Strathmann, M P -- Gautam, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):802-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Signal Transduction/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1997-01-24
    Description: Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) participate in cellular signaling and regulate a variety of physiological processes. Disruption of the gene encoding the G protein subunit alpha13 (Galpha13) in mice impaired the ability of endothelial cells to develop into an organized vascular system, resulting in intrauterine death. In addition, Galpha13 (-/-) embryonic fibroblasts showed greatly impaired migratory responses to thrombin. These results demonstrate that Galpha13 participates in the regulation of cell movement in response to specific ligands, as well as in developmental angiogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Offermanns, S -- Mancino, V -- Revel, J P -- Simon, M I -- AG 12288/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- GM 34236/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 24;275(5299):533-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 147-75, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood ; Bradykinin/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/embryology ; Female ; Fibronectins/pharmacology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Lysophospholipids/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Signal Transduction ; Thrombin/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2005-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altman, Sidney -- Bassler, Bonnie L -- Beckwith, Jon -- Belfort, Marlene -- Berg, Howard C -- Bloom, Barry -- Brenchley, Jean E -- Campbell, Allan -- Collier, R John -- Connell, Nancy -- Cozzarelli, Nicholas R -- Craig, Nancy L -- Darst, Seth -- Ebright, Richard H -- Elledge, Stephen J -- Falkow, Stanley -- Galan, Jorge E -- Gottesman, Max -- Gourse, Richard -- Grindley, Nigel D F -- Gross, Carol A -- Grossman, Alan -- Hochschild, Ann -- Howe, Martha -- Hurwitz, Jerard -- Isberg, Ralph R -- Kaplan, Samuel -- Kornberg, Arthur -- Kustu, Sydney G -- Landick, Robert C -- Landy, Arthur -- Levy, Stuart B -- Losick, Richard -- Long, Sharon R -- Maloy, Stanley R -- Mekalanos, John J -- Neidhardt, Frederick C -- Pace, Norman R -- Ptashne, Mark -- Roberts, Jeffrey W -- Roth, John R -- Rothman-Denes, Lucia B -- Salyers, Abigail -- Schaechter, Moselio -- Shapiro, Lucy -- Silhavy, Thomas J -- Simon, Melvin I -- Walker, Graham -- Yanofsky, Charles -- Zinder, Norton -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Mar 4;307(5714):1409-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Warfare ; *Biomedical Research/economics ; *Bioterrorism ; Financing, Government ; *Microbiology ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Peer Review, Research ; Public Health ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: Non-mammalian vertebrates have an intrinsically photosensitive iris and thus a local pupillary light reflex (PLR). In contrast, it is thought that the PLR in mammals generally requires neuronal circuitry connecting the eye and the brain. Here we report that an intrinsic component of the PLR is in fact widespread in nocturnal and crepuscular mammals. In mouse, this intrinsic PLR requires the visual pigment melanopsin; it also requires PLCbeta4, a vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila NorpA phospholipase C which mediates rhabdomeric phototransduction. The Plcb4(-/-) genotype, in addition to removing the intrinsic PLR, also essentially eliminates the intrinsic light response of the M1 subtype of melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (M1-ipRGCs), which are by far the most photosensitive ipRGC subtype and also have the largest response to light. Ablating in mouse the expression of both TRPC6 and TRPC7, members of the TRP channel superfamily, also essentially eliminated the M1-ipRGC light response but the intrinsic PLR was not affected. Thus, melanopsin signalling exists in both iris and retina, involving a PLCbeta4-mediated pathway that nonetheless diverges in the two locations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270891/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270891/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xue, T -- Do, M T H -- Riccio, A -- Jiang, Z -- Hsieh, J -- Wang, H C -- Merbs, S L -- Welsbie, D S -- Yoshioka, T -- Weissgerber, P -- Stolz, S -- Flockerzi, V -- Freichel, M -- Simon, M I -- Clapham, D E -- Yau, K-W -- EY14596/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-07/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-08/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC006904-09/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-22/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-23/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY006837-24/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-13/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R37 EY006837-15S1/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Nov 2;479(7371):67-73. doi: 10.1038/nature10567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. txue77@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Iris/anatomy & histology/cytology/*metabolism/*radiation effects ; Light Signal Transduction/physiology/*radiation effects ; Mammals/*physiology ; Mice ; Phospholipase C beta/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Primates/physiology ; Reflex, Pupillary/physiology/radiation effects ; Retina/cytology/*metabolism/*radiation effects ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/radiation effects ; Rod Opsins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-05-26
    Description: Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) that transduce signals from cell surface receptors to effector molecules are made up of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma. A complementary DNA clone that encodes a 71-amino acid protein was isolated from bovine brain; this protein contains peptide sequences that were derived from the purified gamma subunit of Gi and Go. The primary sequence of this G protein gamma subunit (G gamma) has 55 percent homology to the gamma subunit of transducin (T gamma) and also has homology to functional domains of mammalian ras proteins. The probe for isolating the clone was generated with the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The extent of divergence between T gamma and G gamma, the isolation of homologous PCR-generated fragments, and the differences between the predicted amino acid sequence of G gamma and that derived from the gamma subunit of Gi and Go indicate that gamma subunits are encoded by a family of genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gautam, N -- Baetscher, M -- Aebersold, R -- Simon, M I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 May 26;244(4907):971-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2499046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brain Chemistry ; Cattle ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Gene Amplification ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1995-01-20
    Description: Although biochemical experiments suggest that rhodopsin and other receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins) are inactivated by phosphorylation near the carboxyl (COOH)-terminus and the subsequent binding of a capping protein, little is known about the quenching process in vivo. Flash responses were recorded from rods of transgenic mice in which a fraction of the rhodopsin molecules lacked the COOH-terminal phosphorylation sites. In the single photon regime, abnormally prolonged responses, attributed to activation of individual truncated rhodopsins, occurred interspersed with normal responses. The occurrence of the prolonged responses suggests that phosphorylation is required for normal shutoff. Comparison of normal and prolonged single photon responses indicated that rhodopsin begins to be quenched before the peak of the electrical response and that quenching limits the response amplitude.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, J -- Makino, C L -- Peachey, N S -- Baylor, D A -- Simon, M I -- AG12288/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- EY0570/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 EY06405/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Jan 20;267(5196):374-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7824934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Electroretinography ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phosphorylation ; Photic Stimulation ; Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Rhodopsin/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1995-03-17
    Description: The goa-1 gene encoding the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) Go from Caenorhabditis elegans is expressed in most neurons, and in the muscles involved in egg laying and male mating. Reduction-of-function mutations in goa-1 caused a variety of behavioral defects including hyperactive movement, premature egg laying, and male impotence. Expression of the activated Go alpha subunit (G alpha o) in transgenic nematodes resulted in lethargic movement, delayed egg laying, and reduced mating efficiency. Induced expression of activated G alpha o in adults was sufficient to cause these phenotypes, indicating that G alpha o mediates behavior through its role in neuronal function and the functioning of specialized muscles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mendel, J E -- Korswagen, H C -- Liu, K S -- Hajdu-Cronin, Y M -- Simon, M I -- Plasterk, R H -- Sternberg, P W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 17;267(5204):1652-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7886455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Base Sequence ; Behavior, Animal ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Female ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Genes, Helminth ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Movement ; Muscles/innervation/physiology ; Mutation ; Neurons/physiology ; Oviposition ; Phenotype ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-07-02
    Description: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is one of the major mediators of the inflammatory response. The pathways by which IL-8 activates inositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) were investigated by co-expression of different components of the guanosine triphosphate binding protein (G protein) pathway in COS-7 cells. Two distinct IL-8 receptors reconstituted ligand-dependent activation of endogenous PLC when transfected together with the G protein alpha subunits G alpha 14, G alpha 15, or G alpha 16. However, reconstitution was not observed with cells that overexpressed G alpha q or G alpha 11. Furthermore, IL-8 receptors interacted with endogenous pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins or with the recombinant G protein Gi to release free beta gamma subunits that could then specifically activate the beta 2 isoform of PLC. These findings suggest that IL-8 acts through signal-transducing pathways that are limited to specific heterotrimeric G proteins and effectors. These may provide suitable targets for the development of anti-inflammatory agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, D -- LaRosa, G J -- Simon, M I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 2;261(5117):101-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8316840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Interleukin-8/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Pertussis Toxin ; Receptors, Immunologic/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-8A ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1984-11-16
    Description: The guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins) found in a variety of tissues transduce signals generated by ligand binding to cell surface receptors into changes in intracellular metabolism. Amino acid sequences of peptides prepared by partial proteolysis of the alpha subunit of a bovine brain G protein and the alpha subunit of rod outer-segment transducin were determined. The two proteins show regions of sequence identity as well as regions of diversity. A portion of the amino-terminal peptide sequence of each protein is highly homologous with the corresponding region in the ras protein (a protooncogene product). These similarities suggest that G proteins and ras proteins may have analogous functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hurley, J B -- Simon, M I -- Teplow, D B -- Robishaw, J D -- Gilman, A G -- GM 09731-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS 18153/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):860-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6436980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cattle ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Neoplasm Proteins/*metabolism ; Oncogenes ; Protein Conformation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; Transduction, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1987-11-20
    Description: A synthetic 52-residue peptide based on the sequence-specific DNA-binding domain of Hin recombinase (139-190) has been equipped with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at the amino terminus. In the presence of Fe(II), this synthetic EDTA-peptide cleaves DNA at Hin recombination sites. The cleavage data reveal that the amino terminus of Hin(139-190) is bound in the minor groove of DNA near the symmetry axis of Hin recombination sites. This work demonstrates the construction of a hybrid peptide combining two functional domains: sequence-specific DNA binding and DNA cleavage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sluka, J P -- Horvath, S J -- Bruist, M F -- Simon, M I -- Dervan, P B -- GM-09534-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07616/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Nov 20;238(4830):1129-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3120311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemical synthesis ; Edetic Acid ; Ferrous Compounds ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peptide Fragments ; Protein Binding ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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