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  • 1
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    Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-22
    Description: In the lowermost layer of the atmosphere-the troposphere-ozone is an important source of the hydroxyl radical, an oxidant that breaks down most pollutants and some greenhouse gases. High concentrations of tropospheric ozone are toxic, however, and have a detrimental effect on human health and ecosystem productivity. Moreover, tropospheric ozone itself acts as an effective greenhouse gas. Much of the present tropospheric ozone burden is a consequence of anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors resulting in widespread increases in ozone concentrations since the late 1800s. At present, east Asia has the fastest-growing ozone precursor emissions. Much of the springtime east Asian pollution is exported eastwards towards western North America. Despite evidence that the exported Asian pollution produces ozone, no previous study has found a significant increase in free tropospheric ozone concentrations above the western USA since measurements began in the late 1970s. Here we compile springtime ozone measurements from many different platforms across western North America. We show a strong increase in springtime ozone mixing ratios during 1995-2008 and we have some additional evidence that a similar rate of increase in ozone mixing ratio has occurred since 1984. We find that the rate of increase in ozone mixing ratio is greatest when measurements are more heavily influenced by direct transport from Asia. Our result agrees with previous modelling studies, which indicate that global ozone concentrations should be increasing during the early part of the twenty-first century as a result of increasing precursor emissions, especially at northern mid-latitudes, with western North America being particularly sensitive to rising Asian emissions. We suggest that the observed increase in springtime background ozone mixing ratio may hinder the USA's compliance with its ozone air quality standard.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cooper, O R -- Parrish, D D -- Stohl, A -- Trainer, M -- Nedelec, P -- Thouret, V -- Cammas, J P -- Oltmans, S J -- Johnson, B J -- Tarasick, D -- Leblanc, T -- McDermid, I S -- Jaffe, D -- Gao, R -- Stith, J -- Ryerson, T -- Aikin, K -- Campos, T -- Weinheimer, A -- Avery, M A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 21;463(7279):344-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. owen.r.cooper@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20090751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis/chemistry ; Asia ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; North America ; Ozone/*analysis/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Sample Size ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Draper-dependent glial phagocytic activity is mediated by Src and Syk family kinase signalling (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-25
    Description: The cellular machinery promoting phagocytosis of corpses of apoptotic cells is well conserved from worms to mammals. An important component is the Caenorhabditis elegans engulfment receptor CED-1 (ref. 1) and its Drosophila orthologue, Draper. The CED-1/Draper signalling pathway is also essential for the phagocytosis of other types of 'modified self' including necrotic cells, developmentally pruned axons and dendrites, and axons undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Here we show that Drosophila Shark, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase similar to mammalian Syk and Zap-70, binds Draper through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in the Draper intracellular domain. We show that Shark activity is essential for Draper-mediated signalling events in vivo, including the recruitment of glial membranes to severed axons and the phagocytosis of axonal debris and neuronal cell corpses by glia. We also show that the Src family kinase (SFK) Src42A can markedly increase Draper phosphorylation and is essential for glial phagocytic activity. We propose that ligand-dependent Draper receptor activation initiates the Src42A-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Draper, the association of Shark and the activation of the Draper pathway. These Draper-Src42A-Shark interactions are strikingly similar to mammalian immunoreceptor-SFK-Syk signalling events in mammalian myeloid and lymphoid cells. Thus, Draper seems to be an ancient immunoreceptor with an extracellular domain tuned to modified self, and an intracellular domain promoting phagocytosis through an ITAM-domain-SFK-Syk-mediated signalling cascade.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493287/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493287/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ziegenfuss, Jennifer S -- Biswas, Romi -- Avery, Michelle A -- Hong, Kyoungja -- Sheehan, Amy E -- Yeung, Yee-Guide -- Stanley, E Richard -- Freeman, Marc R -- 1R01CA26504/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 1R01GM55293/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 1R01NS053538/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA026504/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA026504-30/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):935-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06901. Epub 2008 Apr 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2324, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18432193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Axons/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Central Nervous System ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Neuroglia/*cytology ; *Phagocytosis ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    dSarm/Sarm1 is required for activation of an injury-induced axon death pathway (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: Axonal and synaptic degeneration is a hallmark of peripheral neuropathy, brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease. Axonal degeneration has been proposed to be mediated by an active autodestruction program, akin to apoptotic cell death; however, loss-of-function mutations capable of potently blocking axon self-destruction have not been described. Here, we show that loss of the Drosophila Toll receptor adaptor dSarm (sterile alpha/Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein) cell-autonomously suppresses Wallerian degeneration for weeks after axotomy. Severed mouse Sarm1 null axons exhibit remarkable long-term survival both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that Sarm1 prodegenerative signaling is conserved in mammals. Our results provide direct evidence that axons actively promote their own destruction after injury and identify dSarm/Sarm1 as a member of an ancient axon death signaling pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Osterloh, Jeannette M -- Yang, Jing -- Rooney, Timothy M -- Fox, A Nicole -- Adalbert, Robert -- Powell, Eric H -- Sheehan, Amy E -- Avery, Michelle A -- Hackett, Rachel -- Logan, Mary A -- MacDonald, Jennifer M -- Ziegenfuss, Jennifer S -- Milde, Stefan -- Hou, Ying-Ju -- Nathan, Carl -- Ding, Aihao -- Brown, Robert H Jr -- Conforti, Laura -- Coleman, Michael -- Tessier-Lavigne, Marc -- Zuchner, Stephan -- Freeman, Marc R -- 5R01-NS050557-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- AI030165/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01NS059991/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01NS072248/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RC2-NS070-342/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U54NS065712/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 27;337(6093):481-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1223899. Epub 2012 Jun 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Apoptosis ; Armadillo Domain Proteins/analysis/*genetics/*physiology ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/analysis/*genetics/*physiology ; Denervation ; Drosophila/embryology/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/analysis/*genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neurons/*physiology ; Sciatic Nerve/injuries/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Superior Cervical Ganglion/cytology ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; *Wallerian Degeneration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Transformation of artemisinin by Cunninghamella elegans (2004)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
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    Sampling of Chemical Constituents in Electrically Active Convective Systems: Results and Cautions (2006)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-7764
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0662
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    3,3′,5,5′-Tetranitrobiphenyl (2009)
    International Union of Crystallography
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-04-18
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5368
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by International Union of Crystallography
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  • 7
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    Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-24
    Description: We use an ensemble of aircraft, satellite, sonde, and surface observations for April–May 2006 (NASA/INTEX-B aircraft campaign) to better understand the mechanisms for transpacific ozone pollution and its implications for North American air quality. The observations are interpreted with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). OMI NO2 satellite observations constrain Asian anthropogenic NOx emissions and indicate a factor of 2 increase from 2000 to 2006 in China. Satellite observations of CO from AIRS and TES indicate two major events of Asian transpacific pollution during INTEX-B. Correlation between TES CO and ozone observations shows evidence for transpacific ozone pollution. The semi-permanent Pacific High and Aleutian Low cause splitting of transpacific pollution plumes over the Northeast Pacific. The northern branch circulates around the Aleutian Low and has little impact on North America. The southern branch circulates around the Pacific High and impacts western North America. Both aircraft measurements and model results show sustained ozone production driven by peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) decomposition in the southern branch, roughly doubling the transpacific influence from ozone produced in the Asian boundary layer. Model simulation of ozone observations at Mt. Bachelor Observatory in Oregon (2.7 km altitude) indicates a mean Asian ozone pollution contribution of 9±3 ppbv to the mean observed concentration of 54 ppbv, reflecting mostly an enhancement in background ozone rather than episodic Asian plumes. Asian pollution enhanced surface ozone concentrations by 5–7 ppbv over western North America in spring 2006. The 2000–2006 rise in Asian anthropogenic emissions increased the influence by 1–2 ppbv.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    Airborne measurements of HCl from the marine boundary layer to the lower stratosphere over the North Pacific Ocean during INTEX-B (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-20
    Description: Gas phase HCl was measured from the marine boundary layer (MBL) to the lower stratosphere from the NASA DC-8 during five science flights (41 h) of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B) field campaign. In the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS, 8–12 km) HCl was observed to range from a few tens to 100 pptv due to stratospheric influence with a background tropospheric level of less than 2 pptv. In the 8–12 km altitude range, a simple analysis of the O3/HCl correlation shows that pure stratospheric and mixed tropospheric/stratospheric air masses were encountered 30% and 15% of the time, respectively. In the mid troposphere (4–8 km) HCl levels were usually below 2 pptv except for a few cases of stratospheric influence and were much lower than reported in previous work. These data indicate that background levels of HCl in the mid and upper troposphere are very low and confirm its use in these regions as a tracer of stratospheric ozone. However, a case study suggests that HCl may be produced in the mid troposphere by the dechlorination of dust aerosols. In the remote marine boundary layer HCl levels were consistently above 20 pptv (up to 140 pptv) and strongly correlated with HNO3. Cl atom levels were estimated from the background level of HCl in the MBL. This analysis suggests a Cl concentration of ~3×103 atoms cm−3, which corresponds to the lower range of previous studies. Finally, the observed HCl levels are compared to predictions by the Real-time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) to assess its ability to characterize the impact of stratospheric transport on the upper troposphere.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Retrieval of ozone column content from airborne Sun photometer measurements during SOLVE II: comparison with coincident satellite and aircraft measurements (2005)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-08-08
    Description: During the 2003 SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) II, the fourteen-channel NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14) was mounted on the NASA DC-8 aircraft and measured spectra of total and aerosol optical depth (TOD and AOD) during the sunlit portions of eight science flights. Values of ozone column content above the aircraft have been derived from the AATS-14 measurements by using a linear least squares method that exploits the differential ozone absorption in the seven AATS-14 channels located within the Chappuis band. We compare AATS-14 columnar ozone retrievals with temporally and spatially near-coincident measurements acquired by the SAGE III and the Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III satellite sensors during four solar occultation events observed by each satellite. RMS differences are 19 DU (7% of the AATS value) for AATS-SAGE and 10 DU (3% of the AATS value) for AATS-POAM. In these checks of consistency between AATS-14 and SAGE III or POAM III ozone results, the AATS-14 analyses use airmass factors derived from the relative vertical profiles of ozone and aerosol extinction obtained by SAGE III or POAM III. We also compare AATS-14 ozone retrievals for measurements obtained during three DC-8 flights that included extended horizontal transects with total column ozone data acquired by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite sensors. To enable these comparisons, the amount of ozone in the column below the aircraft is estimated either by assuming a climatological model or by combining SAGE and/or POAM data with high resolution in-situ ozone measurements acquired by the NASA Langley Research Center chemiluminescent ozone sensor, FASTOZ, during the aircraft vertical profile at the start or end of each flight. Resultant total column ozone values agree with corresponding TOMS and GOME measurements to within 10-15 DU (~3%) for AATS data acquired during two flights - a longitudinal transect from Sweden to Greenland on 21 January, and a latitudinal transect from 47° N to 35° N on 6 February. For the round trip DC-8 latitudinal transect between 34° N and 22° N on 19-20 December 2002, resultant AATS-14 ozone retrievals plus below-aircraft ozone estimates yield a latitudinal gradient that is similar in shape to that observed by TOMS and GOME, but resultant AATS values exceed the corresponding satellite values by up to 30 DU at certain latitudes. These differences are unexplained, but they are attributed to spatial and temporal variability that was associated with the dynamics near the subtropical jet but was unresolved by the satellite sensors. For selected cases, we also compare AATS-14 ozone retrievals with values derived from coincident measurements by the other two DC-8 based solar occultation instruments: the National Center for Atmospheric Research Direct beam Irradiance Airborne Spectrometer (DIAS) and the NASA Langley Research Center Gas and Aerosol Monitoring System (GAMS). AATS and DIAS retrievals agree to within RMS differences of 1% of the AATS values for the 21 January and 19-20 December flights, and 2.3% for the 6 February flight. Corresponding AATS-GAMS RMS differences are ~1.5% for the 21 January flight; GAMS data were not compared for the 6 February flight and were not available for the 19-20 December flight. Line of sight ozone retrievals from coincident measurements obtained by the three DC-8 solar occultation instruments during the SAGE III solar occultation event on 24 January yield RMS differences of 2.1% for AATS-DIAS and 0.5% for AATS-GAMS.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-22
    Description: We use an ensemble of aircraft, satellite, sonde, and surface observations for April–May 2006 (NASA/INTEX-B aircraft campaign) to better understand the mechanisms for transpacific ozone pollution and its implications for North American air quality. The observations are interpreted with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). OMI NO2 satellite observations constrain Asian anthropogenic NOx emissions and indicate a factor of 2 increase from 2000 to 2006 in China. Satellite observations of CO from AIRS and TES indicate two major events of Asian transpacific pollution during INTEX-B. Correlation between TES CO and ozone observations shows evidence for transpacific ozone pollution. The semi-permanent Pacific High and Aleutian Low cause splitting of transpacific pollution plumes over the Northeast Pacific. The northern branch circulates around the Aleutian Low and has little impact on North America. The southern branch circulates around the Pacific High and some of that air impacts western North America. Both aircraft measurements and model results show sustained ozone production driven by peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) decomposition in the southern branch, roughly doubling the transpacific influence from ozone produced in the Asian boundary layer. Model simulation of ozone observations at Mt. Bachelor Observatory in Oregon (2.7 km altitude) indicates a mean Asian ozone pollution contribution of 9±3 ppbv to the mean observed concentration of 54 ppbv, reflecting mostly an enhancement in background ozone rather than episodic Asian plumes. Asian pollution enhanced surface ozone concentrations by 5–7 ppbv over western North America in spring 2006. The 2000–2006 rise in Asian anthropogenic emissions increased this influence by 1–2 ppbv.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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