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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetraphenyllead and Diphenyllead Dihalides (1939)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 61 (1939), S. 1609-1610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01875a512
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rutherford magnetic spectrograph for intense ion beam measurements on PBFA-II (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1700-1702 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A time-resolved magnetic spectrograph employing a gold Rutherford-scattering foil has been constructed to measure the parameters of the intense ion beams generated by Sandia National Laboratories' PBFA-II accelerator. The spectrograph operates by allowing the direct intense beam of PBFA-II to scatter from a thin gold foil to reduce its intensity for magnetic analysis. Details of the spectrograph's construction, detector package, and recent PBFA-II proton data are included in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140138
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intense ion beam Kα measurements on PBFA-II (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1706-1708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Inertial confinement fusion research efforts at Sandia National Laboratories center on generating and focusing high-intensity light ion beams on the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator PBFA-II. A time-integrating three-frame ion beam spatial monitor was developed for these experiments to determine proton and lithium ion beam uniformity and orbit characteristics by imaging the ion-induced Kα line radiation. The three views of the ion beam are made off axis in three diode quadrants at a 3.8-cm radius. This spatial monitor, in conjunction with other beam diagnostics, allows experimenters to determine the high-voltage focusing characteristics of the ion diode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140140
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiframe ion pinhole camera for intense ion beam transport and focusing experiments (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1703-1705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a new ion pinhole camera to obtain energy density profiles of a focused multiterawatt ion beam as a function of ion energy. Beam ions that are elastically scattered from a thin gold foil are imaged through six baffled pinholes onto six separate areas of a sheet of CR-39 nuclear track detector. Each of the areas is covered by an aluminum range filter and records an image with a different lower bound on the ion energy. Subtracting images with adjacent cutoff energies results in images with upper and lower bounds on the ion energy. Ion images are read from the CR-39 with VERA, a fully automatic, image-processor-based nuclear track counting system. Images of the Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator-II (PBFA-II) proton beam have been obtained and show that the beam has been focused to achieve a horizontal FWHM of 5.7 mm and has delivered 9 kJ/cm2 to a target.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140139
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intense ion beam diagnostics for particle beam fusion experiments on PBFA II (invited) (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1860-1865 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A review of the diagnostics used at Sandia National Laboratories to measure the parameters of intense proton and lithium beams generated on the PBFA-II accelerator will be presented. These diagnostics consist of several types, namely: Kα x-ray pinhole cameras, a multiframe dE/dx ion pinhole camera, a p-i-n array ion pinhole camera, Thomson parabola spectrographs, a Rutherford magnetic spectrograph, plasma visible spectroscopy, and several nuclear activation diagnostics. These components, when taken together, enable a rather thorough description of the 5-MV, 10-TW ion beams presently being produced. A unique feature of these diagnostics is that they are capable of operating in hard (several MeV) x-ray bremsstrahlung backgrounds of some 109–1010 rad/s. Details of each diagnostic, its integration, data reduction procedures, and recent PBFA-II data will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140089
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature dynamic hohlraums on the pulsed power driver Z : The 40th annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the american physical society (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 2023-2029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In the concept of the dynamic hohlraum an imploding Z pinch is optically thick to its own radiation. Radiation may be trapped inside the pinch to give a radiation temperature inside the pinch greater than that outside the pinch. The radiation is typically produced by colliding an outer Z-pinch liner onto an inner liner. The collision generates a strongly radiating shock, and the radiation is trapped by the outer liner. As the implosion continues after the collision, the radiation temperature may continue to increase due to ongoing PdV (pressure times change in volume) work done by the implosion. In principal, the radiation temperature may increase to the point at which the outer liner burns through, becomes optically thin, and no longer traps the radiation. One application of the dynamic hohlraum is to drive an ICF (inertial confinement fusion) pellet with the trapped radiation field. Members of the dynamic hohlraum team at Sandia National Labs have used the pulsed power driver Z (20 MA, 100 ns) to create a dynamic hohlraum with temperature linearly ramping from 100 to 180 eV over 5 ns. On this shot zp214 a nested tungsten wire array of 4 and 2 cm diam with masses of 2 and 1 mg imploded onto a 2.5 mg plastic annulus at 5 mm diam. The current return can on this shot was slotted. It is likely the radiation temperature may be increased to over 200 eV by stabilizing the pinch with a solid current return can. A current return can with nine slots imprints nine filaments onto the imploding pinch. This degrades the optical trapping and the quality of the liner collision. A 1.6 mm diam capsule situated inside this dynamic hohlraum of zp214 would see 15 kJ of radiation impinging on its surface before the pinch itself collapses to a 1.6 mm diam. Dynamic hohlraum shots including pellets were scheduled to take place on Z in September of 1998. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873457
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inertial confinement fusion ablator physics experiments on Saturn and Nova : The 38th annual meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics (DPP) of the American Physical Society (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 1818-1824 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Saturn pulsed power accelerator [R. B. Spielman et al., in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Dense Z-pinches, Laguna Beach, CA, 1989, edited by N. R. Pereira, J. Davis, and N. Rostoker (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989), p. 3] at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Nova laser [J. T. Hunt and D. R. Speck, Opt. Eng. 28, 461 (1989)] at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have been used to explore techniques for studying the behavior of ablator material in x-ray radiation environments comparable in magnitude, spectrum, and duration to those that would be experienced in National Ignition Facility (NIF) hohlraums [J. D. Lindl, Phys. Plasmas 2, 3933 (1995)]. The large x-ray outputs available from the Saturn pulsed-power-driven z pinch have enabled us to drive hohlraums of full NIF ignition scale size at radiation temperatures and time scales comparable to those required for the low-power foot pulse of an ignition capsule. The high-intensity drives available in the Nova laser have allowed us to study capsule ablator physics in smaller-scale hohlraums at radiation temperatures and time scales relevant to the peak power pulse for an ignition capsule. Taken together, these experiments have pointed the way to possible techniques for testing radiation-hydrodynamics code predictions of radiation flow, opacity, equation of state, and ablator shock velocity over the range of radiation environments that will be encountered in a NIF hohlraum. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872295
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of a Z-pinch x-ray source for heating inertial-confinement-fusion relevant hohlraums to 120–160 eV (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 4669-4682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A Z-pinch radiation source has been developed that generates 60±20 kJ of x rays with a peak power of 13±4 TW through a 4-mm-diam axial aperture on the Z facility. The source has heated National Ignition Facility-scale (6-mm-diam by 7-mm-high) hohlraums to 122±6 eV and reduced-scale (4-mm-diam by 4-mm-high) hohlraums to 155±8 eV—providing environments suitable for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion studies. Eulerian-RMHC (radiation-magnetohydrodynamics code) simulations that take into account the development of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in the r–z plane provide integrated calculations of the implosion, x-ray generation, and hohlraum heating, as well as estimates of wall motion and plasma fill within the hohlraums. Lagrangian-RMHC simulations suggest that the addition of a 6 mg/cm3 CH2 fill in the reduced-scale hohlraum decreases hohlraum inner-wall velocity by ∼40% with only a 3%–5% decrease in peak temperature, in agreement with measurements. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1316087
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and characteristics of a 215-eV dynamic-hohlraum x-ray source on Z (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 3573-3594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A radiation source has been developed on the 20-MA Z facility that produces a high-power x-ray pulse, generated in the axial direction primarily from the interior of a collapsing dynamic hohlraum (DH). The hohlraum is created from a solid cylindrical CH2 target centered within an imploding tungsten wire-array Z pinch. Analyses and interpretation of measurements made of the x-ray generation within and radiated from the hohlraum target have been done using radiation-magnetohydrodynamic-code simulations in the r-z plane that take account of the magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability. These analyses suggest that a significantly reduced RT seed (relative to that used to explain targetless Z-pinch data on Z) is required to explain the observations. Although some quantitative and qualitative agreement with the measurements is obtained with the reduced RT seed, differences remain. Initial attempts to include into the simulations a precursor plasma, arising from wire material driven ahead of the main implosion, did not ameliorate the differences. Modification of the simulated W/CH2 interface may be required to properly explain the measured axial radiation pulse. This pulse, which exits a 4.5-mm2 hole centered above the target, begins ∼5 ns prior to stagnation (as defined by peak radial radiation power). The 5-ns interval leading to stagnation represents the duration when the imploding tungsten plasma acts as a hohlraum wall, trapping radiation within the interior of the foam target. The hohlraum radiation exiting the hole at 6 degrees to the z-axis reaches a maximum intensity of 3.1±0.6 TW/str (associated with an average hohlraum temperature of 215±10 eV), 1.4±0.4 ns prior to stagnation. (The uncertainties represent rms shot-to-shot variations.) This radiation pulse, characterized here, is useful for performing radiation-transport experiments with drive temperatures in excess of 200 eV. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1489676
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axial diagnostic package for Z : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 464-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed and fielded an axial diagnostic package for the 20 MA, 100 ns, z-pinch driver Z. The package is used to diagnose dynamic hohlraum experiments which require an axial line of sight. The heart of the package is a reentrant cone originally used to diagnose ion-beam-driven hohlraums on PBFA-II. It has one diagnostic line of sight at 0°, two at 4°, four at 6°, and four at 9°. In addition it has a number of viewing, alignment, and vacuum feedthrough ports. The front of the package sits approximately 1.5 m from the pinch. This allows much closer proximity to the pinch, with inherently better resolution and signal, than is presently possible in viewing the pinch from the side. Debris that is preferentially directed along the axis is mitigated by two apertures for each line of sight, and by fast valves and imaging pinholes or cross slits for each diagnostic. In the initial run with this package we fielded a time-resolved pinhole camera, a five-channel pinhole-apertured x-ray diode array, a bolometer, a spatially resolved time-integrated crystal spectrometer, and a spatially and temporally resolved crystal spectrometer. We will present data obtained from these diagnostics in the dynamic hohlraum research conducted on Z. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149308
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